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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
1.0 Introduction:
A single-cylinder 4-stroke SI engine was tested on an engine dynamometer at LSBU. Engine
torque, fuel flow, airflow, and exhaust gas temperature were measured at 7 different engine
speeds, all full-load (FT). However, the small internal combustion engine is extensively used
as a convenient and compact source of power such as cultivators, pumps, cement mixers and
motor cycles. [1] Here I tried to address the questionnaires directly according to the concept of
lecture notes, text books and laboratory engine performance test. Engine specification and
performance test results were given as follows:
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
fuel energy rapidly. The work done and thus torque would be the same each engine cycle. In
fact ideal world the same amount of torque would be produced at any engine speed.[2] The
calculations for test one is as follows:
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) allows comparison of work output between engines
CD
A = B F = 2 I JKC CLMNLC
of different types and sizes.
CE
( ) CD
A = B F /2 = 4 I JKC CLMNLC
( ) ( / ) CE
iii) BMEP = (kPa)
.! "
&'(
.#! "$% ( )
O
=
)(*
6=
= 195 10 ? .-
195 cc
= 412.44 10-
= 1.95 10 @
.-
Pa
= 412.44 kPa
= 652.29 g/kWh
From the test bed figure 2.6 (viscous Flow meter calibration) graphs
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
." - "'
4R7 =
= 9.95 m3/hr
TUV
fd
= (". :P " ) #-
= 1.205 Kg/m3
viii) Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR),
/ TUV
/ <= >
AFR =
.#"
.?@
=
= 7.26
X
CD
[/TUV
5 21 6 7YZ
[ (\ )] (V /*)
A = B F = 2 I JKC CLMNLC
CE
#.#!
;
CD
)((
100% A = B F /2 = 4 I JKC CLMNLC
.#! "$% (
&'(
) CE
=
)(*
= 45.33 %
X ` R
6_ R2Z / <= > a<= > g01 2Z
./01 2 = 1.64 Kg/hr
42000 KJ/Kg
100%
.! "
;
.?@ @ """ "
=
)((
= 13.14 %
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
Test no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Raw Torque (Nm) 6.4 7.5 10.9 10.9 11.1 10.7 9.0 9.0
Raw Power (kW) 2.51 2.83 3.77 3.43 3.14 2.24 1.41 1.32
BMEP (kPa) 412.44 483.32 702.43 702.43 715.32 689.54 579.99 579.99
Fuel mass flow rate (kg/hr) 1.64 1.58 1.88 1.81 1.57 1.07 1.04 0.98
SFC (g/kWh) 652.29 558.34 498.49 527.43 499.31 477.89 731.80 738.54
Air volumetric flow rate(m3/hr) 9.95 11.03 12.54 12.12 10.03 6.69 5.02 5.02
Volumetric efficiency (%) 45.33 52.38 64.93 69.05 63.49 57.14 57.14 61.22
Brake thermal efficiency 13.14 15.35 17.20 16.25 17.17 17.94 11.71 11.61
(arbitrary overall efficiency)(%)
Exhaust temperature (degC) 450 460 450 440 430 400 350 300
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
Raw Torque (Nm), raw Power (kW), BMEP (kPa), SFC (g/kWh), AFR, volumetric efficiency
(%), brake thermal efficiency (arbitrary overall efficiency) (%) and exhaust temperature
(degC).
11.00
Raw Torque (Nm)
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
Conversely, engine speed 3600 rpm to 3750 rpm, the engine raw power is falling down.
However, the graph shows a maximum raw power 3.77 kW at 3300 rpm.
3.50
Raw Power (kW)
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
600.00
550.00
500.00
450.00
400.00
350.00
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
650.00
600.00
550.00
500.00
450.00
400.00
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
70.00
65.00
60.00
55.00
50.00
45.00
40.00
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
450
400
350
300
250
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
Correct the measured Torque and Power to standard conditions according to the
formulae given below. Plot on an additional graph the corrected and Raw power:
99 s t 273
h/ i, = h/ i, l1.18 n q r 0.18v
Y Y6 k i 5 k
pk 298
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
Test No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Engine Speed (rpm) 3750 3600 3300 3000 2700 2000 1500 1400
Raw Torque (Nm) 6.4 7.5 10.9 10.9 11.1 10.7 9.0 9.0
Corrected Torque (Nm) 6.1 7.2 10.4 10.4 10.6 10.2 8.6 8.6
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
99 20 t 273
= 2.51 10- l1.18 n qr 0.18v
102 298
= 2.51 10- 0.95
= 2.40 kW
Test No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Engine Speed (rpm) 3750 3600 3300 3000 2700 2000 1500 1400
Raw Power (kW) 2.51 2.83 3.77 3.43 3.14 2.24 1.41 1.32
Corrected Power (kW) 2.40 2.70 3.60 3.27 3.00 2.14 1.35 1.26
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
1400 1900 2400 2900 3400 3900
Engine Speed (rpm)
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
Calculate the Air Standard Cycle efficiency for the test engine.
Compare the Air Standard Cycle efficiency to the Thermal (arbitrary overall) efficiency, and
explain the differences.
X66 Z $;
Where:
X6 6 Z
;
Specific heat ratio in air, = 1.4
Air Fuel Ratio, r = 7.26
V $;
= B1 (P. ?);.%$;
F 100%
= 54.75%
Test No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
AFR 7.26 8.36 7.99 8.03 7.66 7.47 5.80 6.16
Air Standard Cycle Efficiency (%) 54.75 57.23 56.45 56.54 55.71 55.26 50.50 51.68
X
R7 6kZ $;
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
5.1.2 Differences between Air Std Cycle efficiency and Thermal efficiency:
We know that all of the heat generated by combustion can be converted into useful mechanical
work. But this is not possible for real testing engine.
Firstly, when some of the heat generated it always be lost in the exhaust gases. In fact this can
be established by considering the ideal cycle for reciprocating engines.
Secondly, some of the energy produced at the piston has to be used up in pumping the air into
and out of the cylinder, in overcoming mechanical friction, and in driving the engine
accessories.[3]
Figure1: Air Standard Cycle. [3] Figure2: Practical engine test cycle.[3]
Comparison table between Air Std Cycle efficiency and Thermal efficiency
Test No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Brake thermal efficiency 13.14 15.35 17.20 16.25 17.17 17.94 11.71 11.61
(arbitrary overall efficiency) (%)
Air Standard Cycle Efficiency (%) 54.75 57.23 56.45 56.54 55.71 55.26 50.50 51.68
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
Engine test no one having a compression ratio r of 7.26, the air standard cycle gives an ideal
efficiency 54.75%. However, this means that only 54.75% of the heat energy can be converted
into useful work and rest of being lost as heat in the exhaust. On the other hand, the thermal
(arbitrary overall) efficiency is 13.14%. In practical, the real pressure-volume cycle does not
follow air standard cycle. The arbitrary overall efficiency is very lower than air standard cycle
efficiency because of additional heat losses due to conduction through the cylinder wall. In fact
the air standard cycle flow is not isentropic. The polytrophic index is typically 1.3 rather
than1.4. Thats why specific heats are strongly dependent on temperature rather than constant
as assumed in the standard air cycle. [3]
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Thermofluids and Turbomachinery 2011-2012
Assignment
The above energy balance diagram shows that the indicate fuel energy input 19.13 kW
converted into mechanical energy. The heat energy is lost for brake power 2.40 kW, exhaust
gasses 1.62 kW and coolant 1.43kW.
4.0 Conclusion:
In this assignment I draw interest in internal combustion engine performance characteristics.
However, I also learnt the differences between air standard cycle efficiency and the brake
thermal efficiency and their relation with engine speed. On the other hand, this assignment also
helps me to think deepen in terms of heat losses in combustion chamber and so on.
5.0 References:
1. Heywood, J.B.(1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals.USA: McGraw-hill
Ltd.
2. Ellis, D.M. (2012) Thermofluids & Turbomachinary: IC engine performance
characteristics [Pdf handout]. LSBU, 19th March.
3. Workshop Manual, (2004) TD110-TD115 test bed and instrumentation for small
engines. TQ Education and Training Ltd.
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