Evdo 340

Course 340
Background
Background and
and Introduction
Introduction
To
To 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Technology
Technology
This course can be downloaded free from our website:

www.howcdmaworks.com/340.pdf
7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 1

340 Contents
Q Wireless Usage Today: Competing Wireless Data Technologies
Q Speed: 1xEV-DO’s purpose and differences from 1xRTT
Q Key Features and Structure of 1xEV-DO
Q EV-DO Technical Details: Channels and Dataflow
Q MAC Indices – what they do, and how many are available
Q Forward Link Data delivery during an established connection
Q C/I instead of Ec/Io
Q Managing the AP’s attention to mobiles: “Proportional Fairness”
Q Signal Composition and HARQ: Hybrid Repeat-Request Protocol
Q Reverse Rate Control
Q EV-DO Rev. A Forward and Reverse rate indices
Q Route Update and the signal path in both directions
Q Network Architecture of main manufacturers, Mobile and Simple IP
Q Interoperability Basics

Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008
Global USA
Total 3,051,659,279 252,018,131
GSM 2,571,563,279 84.3% 102,200,000 40.6%
CDMA 451,400,000 14.8% 132,243,131 52.5%
IDEN 28,696,000 0.9% 17,575,000 7.0%
Q Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landline

customers at year-end 2002, with 1,00,080,000 of each.
Q 4/5 of worldwide wireless customers use the GSM technology
Q CDMA is second-most-prevalent with 14.8%
Q In the US, CDMA is the most prevalent technology at 52.5% penetration
Q Both CDMA and GSM are growing in the US
• IS-136 TDMA systems were converted to GSM + GPRS + EDGE

World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006
World Wireless Subscribers 14.8% 83.1% 2.1%
Top 21 Operators Only 980.77 145.49 814.98 20.30
Operator Country Subscribers CDMA GSM IDEN
China Mobile China 246.65 246.65
China Unicom China 127.79 27.79 100.00
MTS Russia 58.19 58.19
Cingular US 54.1 54.10
Verizon US 51.3 51.30
NTT DoCoMo Japan 50.36 50.36
Sprint Nextel US 45.6 25.30 20.30
Telcel Mexico 33.6 33.60
T-Mobile Germany 29.5 29.50
D2 Vodafone Germany 29.16 29.16
Vivo Brazil 28.8 28.80
Turkcell Turkey 27.9 27.90
Telecom Italia Italy 27.25 27.25
T-Mobile USA 21.7 21.70
Orange France 21.67 21.67
KDDI Japan 21.57 21.57
Telefonica Moviles Spain 19.6 19.60
SK Telecom South Korea 19.53 19.53
Vodafone Italy Italy 18.2 18.20
T-Mobile UK 17.2 17.20
Vodafone UK UK 16.325 16.33
Vodafone KK Japan 14.77 14.77

US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006
US Wireless Subscribers 100% 48.4% 41.5% 10.2%
198,444,627 95,963,297 82,336,426 20,144,904
Carrier Subscribers CDMA GSM>WCDMA iDEN
Cingular Wireless 54,100,000 54,100,000
Verizon Wireless 51,300,000 51,300,000
Sprint Nextel 44,304,901 24,459,997 19,844,904
T-Mobile 21,700,000 21,700,000
Alltel 11,040,000 11,040,000
US Cellular 5,500,000 5,500,000
Leap Wireless 1,670,000 1,670,000
Dobson Communications 1,543,000 1,543,000
SunCom 964,824 964,824
Rural Cellular Corp. 705,602 705,602
Centennial Communications 586,000 586,000
Cincinnati Bell 496,000 496,000
Ntelos 336,300 336,300
SouthernLinc 300,000 300,000
Alaska Communications 117,000 117,000
Cellular South 670,000 670,000
Commnet Wireless 420,000 420,000
West Coast/SureWest Wireless 350,000 350,000
Meriwether Comms. 300,000 300,000
Airadigm 380,000 380,000
Lewis and Clark 370,000 370,000
Clear Talk 520,000 520,000
Entertainment Unlimited 220,000 220,000
Corr Wireless 127,000 127,000
Poplar PCS 190,000 190,000
Edge Wireless 120,000 120,000
Salmon PCS 114,000 114,000
A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies
US CDMA ETSI/GSM MISC/NEW
FOURTH
Flarion OFDM
GENERATION WiMAX LTE 1500 – 900 kb/s
12000 – 6000 kb/s 12000 – 6000 kb/s
WCDMA HSDPA
12000 – 6000 kb/s
1xEV-DV
THIRD 5000 - 1200 DL
307 - 153 UL WCDMA 1
GENERATION 1xEV-DO A
2000 - 800 kb/s
3100 – 800 DL WCDMA 0

1800 – 600 UL
384 – 250 kb/s
1xRTT RC4 EDGE TD-SCDMA

307.2 – 144 kb/s 200 - 90 kb/s DL In Development
“2.5G” 45 kb/s UL
IDEN
1xRTT RC3 GPRS
153.6 – 90 kb/s 40 – 30 kb/s DL CELLULAR 19.2 – 19.2 kb/s
15 kb/s UL
IS-95B IS-136 TDMA
GSM HSCSD 19.2 – 9.6 kb/s
SECOND 64 -32 kb/s
32 – 19.2 kb/s
GENERATION IS-95 GSM CSD
CDPD
19.2 – 4.8 kb/s
Mobitex
9.6 – 4.8 kb/s
14.4 – 9.6 kb/s 9.6 – 4.8 kb/s discontinued obsolete
Q This summary is a work-in-progress, tracking latest experiences and reports from all the
high-tier (provider-network-oriented) 2G, 3G and 4G wireless data technologies
Q Have actual experiences to share, latest announced details, or corrections to the above?
Email to Scott@ScottBaxter.com. Thanks for your comments!

The CDMA Migration Path to 3G
CDMAone CDMA2000 / IS-2000
Generation 1G 2G 2G 2.5G? 3G 3G 3G
IS-95A/ IS-2000: IS-2000: 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
Technology AMPS IS-95B Rev. 0 Rev. A
J-Std008 1xRTT 3xRTT IS-856 IS-856 1xTreme
Spectrum RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL
Signal 1250 kHz. F: 3x 1250k 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz.
30 kHz. 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. R: 3687k
Bandwidth, 50-80 voice 120-210 per 59 active 59 active Many packet
1 20-35 25-40 users users users
#Users and data 3 carriers
None, 153K 2.4 Mb/s 3.1 Mb/s
Data DL
Capabilities 2.4K by 14.4K 64K 307K 1.0 Mb/s 153DL
Kb/s 1.8 Mb/s 5 Mb/s
modem 230K UL UL
Higher High data

First Faster High data
Features: First •Improve •Enhanced data rates rates on
System, data rates rates on
Incremental CDMA, d Access Access on data- Data-Voice
Capacity on shared data-only
Capacity, •Smarter •Channel only shared
Progress & 3-carrier CDMA
Quality Handoffs Structure CDMA CDMA
Handoffs bundle carrier
carrier carrier

Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies
Q 1xEV, “1x Evolution”, is a family of alternative QPSK

fast-data schemes that can be implemented on a CDMA IS-95,
1x CDMA carrier. IS-2000 1xRTT,
and lower rates
Q 1xEV DO means “1x Evolution, Data Only”, of 1xEV-DO, DV
originally proposed by Qualcomm as “High Data
Rates” (HDR).
• Up to 2.4576 Mbps forward, 153.6 kbps
reverse
• A 1xEV DO carrier holds only packet data,
and does not support circuit-switched voice 16QAM
1xEV-DO
• Commercially available in 2003 at highest
Q 1xEV DV means “1x Evolution, Data and Voice”. rates
• Max throughput of 5 Mbps forward, 307.2k
reverse
• Backward compatible with IS-95/1xRTT
voice calls on the same carrier as the data
• Not yet commercially available; work
continues 64QAM
1xEV-DV
Q All versions of 1xEV use advanced modulation at highest
techniques to achieve high throughputs. rates

GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G
Generation 1G 2G 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G
UMTS
various
Technology GSM GPRS EDGE UTRA
analog
WCDMA
Signal 200 kHz. 200 kHz. 3.84 MHz.
200 kHz. up to 200+
Bandwidth, various Many fast data voice users
7.5 avg.
#Users Pkt. users many users and data
9-160 Kb/s
Data 384 Kb/s 2Mb/s
various none (conditions mobile user
Capabilities static user
determine)
•Packet IP Integrated
8PSK for voice/data
Features: Europe’s access
3x Faster (Future rates
Incremental various first Digital •Multiple
data rates to 12 MBPS
Progress wireless attached
than GPRS using adv.
users modulation?)

TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G
the familiar GSM path!
Generation 1G 2G 2G 2G 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G
TDMA UMTS
Technology AMPS CDPD IS-54 GSM GPRS EDGE UTRA
IS-136 WCDMA
Signal 30 kHz. 200 kHz. 200 kHz. 3.84 MHz.
30 kHz. 30 kHz. 200 kHz. up to 200+
Bandwidth, Many Many fast data voice users
1 3 users 7.5 avg.
#Users Pkt Usrs Pkt. users many users and data
None, 9-160 Kb/s
Data 19.2 384 Kb/s 2Mb/s
2.4K by none none (conditions mobile user
Capabilities kbps static user
modem determine)
First •Packet IP Integrated

US USA’s Europe’s 8PSK for voice/data
Features: System, access
Packet first first 3x Faster (Future rates
Incremental Capacity •Multiple
Data Digital Digital data rates to 12 MBPS
Progress & attached
Svc. wireless wireless than GPRS using adv.
Handoffs users modulation?)

SPEED:
SPEED: 1xEV-DO’s
1xEV-DO’s Purpose
Purpose
Differences
Differences from
from CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1xRTT
1xRTT

Why 1xEV-DO?
Q To satisfy the ITU 3G vision of four radio environments:

• 9600 bps megacells – met by satellite-based systems
• 144 kbps macrocells – met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC3
• 384 kbps microcells – met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC4 (307k)
• 2 mbps picocells – met by 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV
Q To provide new applications for CDMA2000 users
• high speed data access and web applications in the mobile
environment
• speeds up to 2.4 mbps

Why Can’t 1xRTT do high speeds?
Q RF channel conditions change much faster than 1xRTT can track

• this causes 1xRTT to mis-estimate the feasible data speed
which can be used for a burst of data
– sometimes conditions are worse than expected at the time
of a burst, and the burst is received with severe errors
– other times the conditions are better than expected at the
time of a burst, and the burst transmitted more slowly than
actually could have been received
Q Bursts in 1xRTT are so long that substantial latency is introduced
into error correction and packet repetition schemes
Q For all these reasons, something more nimble is needed

Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly
+6
Path Loss, relative dB
+4
+2
+0
-2
Path Loss, db
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time, Seconds
“Fast Fading” due to
“Slow Fading” due to user motion through
obstructions and user multipath fading
motion standing-wave pattern
Q Radio Transmission Technologies must be “nimble” enough to quickly
adapt for best results during changing channel conditions
• in choosing what data rate to transmit
• in power control of the forward and reverse links
1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions
+6
GOOD CONDITIONS DATA BURST
Path Loss, relative dB
DATA RATE DECISION

ACTUALLY OCCURS
+4 NOW
Eb/Nt, dB
+2
+0
BAD CONDITIONS
-2
Path Loss, db
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time, Seconds
BTS Setup Time Fixed Rate!
F-SCH
F-SCH Burst
F-FCH
SCH-Assignment Msg.
R-FCH
MOBILE
R-SCH
T
seconds 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale
AP 1xEV-DO Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
Traffic
AT Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.
DRC
T
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time, Seconds
1xRTT
BTS Setup Time Fixed Rate!
F-SCH
F-SCH Burst
F-FCH
SCH-Assignment Msg.
R-FCH
SCH-Request Msg.
MOBILE
R-SCH
Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of
Packets and Subpackets
AP 1xEV-DO Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
Traffic
AT Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.
DRC
Q Each forward traffic channel subpacket is only 1.67 ms long

• The flow of subpackets is stopped immediately when successful
decoding is achieved.
• The reaction to channel conditions is effectively instantaneous,
with no wasted excess energy!
Q Short preambles and embedded MAC bits identify the destination
mobile
• No time is wasted sending layer-3 messages to control packet flow
Q Each mobile DRC request is based on latest channel condition
• ACK/NAK commands can stop unneeded subpacket repetitions in
less than 5 ms.!

The
The Key
Key Features
Features
and
and Structure
Structure of
of 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO

Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT
CHANNEL STRUCTURE
IS-95 AND 1xRTT
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT Many users’ simultaneous forward
• many simultaneous users, each and reverse traffic channels
PILOT
with steady forward and reverse SYNC
W0
W32
traffic channels PAGING W1
F-FCH1 W17
• transmissions arranged, F-FCH2 W25
requested, confirmed by layer-3 F-FCH3 W41
messages – with some delay…… F-SCH W3

Q 1xEV-DO -- Very Different: BTS
F-FCH4 W53
• Forward Link goes to one user at a
time – like TDMA!
• users are rapidly time-multiplexed,
each receives fair share of ATs 1xEV-DO AP
available sector time (Access Terminals) (Access Point)
• instant preference given to user 1xEV-DO Forward Link
with ideal receiving conditions, to
maximize average throughput
• transmissions arranged and
requested via steady MAC-layer AP
walsh streams – very immediate!

Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT
IS-95: VARIABLE POWER

POWER MANAGEMENT TO MAINTAIN USER FER
Maximum Sector Transmit Power
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT:
8
• sectors adjust each user’s 6
7
5
channel power to maintain a 5
5
power
4
preset target FER 2
3
User 1
Q 1xEV-DO IS-856: PAGING
SYNC
PILOT
• sectors always operate at time
maximum power
• sector output is time- 1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,
DATA RATE OPTIMIZED
multiplexed, with only one
user served at any instant
• The transmission data rate is power
set to the maximum speed
the user can receive at that
moment
time

Some EV-DO Terminology
IS-95, IS-2000, 1xRTT EV-DO
Phone,
Mobile, AT
Handset, or Access
Subscriber Terminal
Terminal
Base Station, AP
BTS, Access
Cell Site Point

1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Technical
Technical Details
Details
Data
Data Flow
Flow and
and Channels
Channels

1xEV-DO Transmission Timing
Forward Link
Q All members of the CDMA family - IS-95, IS-95B,

1xRTT, 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV transmit
“Frames”
One Cycle of PN Short Code
• IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT frames are usually 20
ms. long
• 1xEV-DO frames are 26-2/3 ms. long
– same length as the short PN code One 1xEV-DO Frame
– each 1xEV-DO frame is divided into
1/16ths, called “slots”
Q The Slot is the basic timing unit of 1xEV-DO
forward link transmission
• Each slot is directed toward somebody and
holds a subpacket of information for them
• Some slots are used to carry the control
channel for everyone to hear; most slots are
intended for individual users or private groups
Q Users don’t “own” long continuing series of slots One Slot
like in TDMA or GSM; instead, each slot or small
string of slots is dynamically addressed to
whoever needs it at the moment

What’s In a Slot?
½ Slot – 1024 chips ½ Slot – 1024 chips
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT DATA DATA DATA DATA
400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips
Q The main “cargo” in a slot is the DATA being sent to a user

Q But all users need to get continuous timing and administrative
information, even when all the slots are going to somebody else
Q Twice in every slot there is regularly-scheduled burst of timing and
administrative information for everyone to use
• MAC (Media Access Control) information such as power
control bits
• a burst of pure Pilot
– allows new mobiles to acquire the cell and decide to use it
– keeps existing user mobiles exactly on sector time
– mobiles use it to decide which sector should send them
their next forward link packet

What if there’s No Data to Send?
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
SLOT empty empty empty empty
Q Sometimes there may be no data waiting to be sent on a sector’s

forward link
• When there’s no data to transmit on a slot, transmitting can be
suspended during the data portions of that slot
• But---the MAC and PILOT must be transmitted!!
• New and existing mobiles on this sector and surrounding
sectors need to monitor the relative strength of all the sectors
and decide which one to use next, so they need the pilot
• Mobiles TRANSMITTING data to the sector on the reverse link
need power control bits
• So MAC and PILOT are always transmitted, even in an empty
slot
Slots and Frames
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
Slot
FRAME
1 Frame = 16 slots – 32k chips – 26-2/3 ms
Q Two Half-Slots make a Slot

Q 16 Slots make a frame

Frames and Control Channel Cycles
Q A Control Channel Cycle is 16 frames (that’s 426-2/3 ms, about 1/2
second)
Q The first half of the first frame has all of its slots reserved for possible use
carrying Control Channel packets
Q The last half of the first frame, and all of the remaining 15 frames, have
their slots available for ordinary use transmitting subpackets to users
Slot
FRAME
CONTROL
CHANNEL
USER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL
CYCLE 16 Frames – 524k chips – 426-2/3 ms
That’s a lot of slots!

16 x 16 = 256

Forward Link Frame and Slot Structure:
“Big Picture” Summary
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
FRAME
CONTROL
CHANNEL
USER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL
CYCLE 16 Frames – 524k chips – 426-2/3 ms
Q Slots make Frames and Frames make Control Channel Cycles!

Reverse Link Frame and Slot Structure:
“Big Picture” Summary
SLOT DATA
FRAME
1 Subframe
holds Subframe Subframe Subframe
1 Subpacket
Q Reverse Link frames are the same length as forward link frames
Q The mobile does not include separate MAC and Pilot bursts
• Its MAC and pilot functions are carried inside its signal by
simultaneous walsh codes
Q There is no need for slots for dedicated control purposes since the
mobile can transmit on the access channel whenever it needs

Rev. A Reverse Channel Sub-Frame Structure
RRI
DATA CHANNEL
DRC CHANNEL
ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC
AUXILIARY PILOT CHANNEL
PILOT CHANNEL
1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot
1 Sub-Frame
Q The mobile transmits sub-packets occupying four reverse link

slots, called a reverse link “sub-frame”.
Q If multiple subpackets are required to deliver a packet, the
additional subpackets are spaced in every third subframe until
done

EV-DO Rev. A Channels
IN THE WORLD OF CODES
FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
Access Channel
Access
Sector has a Short PN Offset W064 Pilot Pilot W016 for session setup
ACCESS from Idle Mode
W264 Rev Activity Data W24
DRCLock
MAC
W MAC Primary Pilot W016

just like IS-95
64
RPC
ARQ Auxiliary Pilot W2832
Public or Private
Access
Long PN offset
RRI W416 Terminal
Wx16 Control (User
MAC DRC W816
Access Terminal)
DSC W1232
TR
Point Wx16 Traffic Traffic Channel
(AP) as used during
A
ACK W1232 a data session
FF
Walsh FORWARD Walsh
code Data W12
IC
code
Q The channels are not continuous like ordinary 1xRTT CDMA

Q Notice the differences between the MAC channels and the Rev. 0
MAC channels – these are the heart of the Rev. 0/A differences

AP
Functions of Rev. A Forward Channels
FORWARD
•Access terminals watch the Pilot to select
CHANNELS
the strongest sector and choose burst speeds
Sector has a Short PN Offset W064 Pilot
•The Reverse Activity Channel tells
W264 Rev Activity ATs If the reverse link loading is
DRCLock too high, requiring rate reduction
MAC
W MAC
just like IS-95
64
RPC
ARQ
Each connected AT has MAC channel:
Wx16 Control • DRCLock indication if sector busy
Access • RPC (Reverse Power Control)
Point Wx16 Traffic
(AP)
• ARQ to halt reverse link subpackets as
soon as complete packet is recovered
Walsh
code
•Traffic channels •The Control channel carries
carry user data to overhead messages for idle ATs
one user at a time but can also carry user traffic
Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA


Functions of Rev. A Reverse Channels
•The Pilot is used as a preamble
during access probes
REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
•Data channel during access Access Channel
Access
Pilot W016 for session setup
carries mobile requests ACCESS from Idle Mode
Data W24
• Primary Pilot on traffic channel
allows synchronous detection Primary Pilot W016
and also carries the RRI channel Auxiliary Pilot W2832
Public or Private
Access
• Auxiliary Pilot on traffic channel
Long PN offset
RRI W416 Terminal
allows synchronous detection MAC DRC W816 (User
during high data rates Terminal)
DSC W1232
TR
Traffic Channel
•RRI reverse rate indicator tells as used during
A
AP what rate is being sent by AT ACK W1232 a data session
FF
Data W12 Walsh
IC
code
•DRC Data Rate Control channel
tells desired downlink speed
•DSC Data Source Control channel

tells which sector will send burst
•DATA channel during traffic
•ACK channel allows AT to signal carries the AT’s traffic bits
successful reception of a packet

Rev. A MAC Index Values and Their Uses
MAC INDEX MAC CHANNEL USE PREAMBLE USE PREAMBLE LENGTH
0, 1 Not Used Not Used N/A
2 Not Used Control 76.8 kbps 512
3 Not Used Control 38.4 kbps 1024
4 RA Channel Not Used N/A
5 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ Fwd TC if no Bcst Variable
64 and 65 Not Used Not Used N/A
66 Not Used Multi-User 128, 256, 512, 1024 256
67 Not Used Multi-User 2048 128
68 Not Used Multi-user 3072 64
71 Not Used Control 19.2, 38.4, 76.8 1024
6-63 and 72-127 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ Fwd TC, Single User Variable
Q 114 MAC indices are available for regular single-user packets

Q 3 MAC indices are earmarked for control channel packets
Q 5 MAC indices are reserved for mult-user packets
Q 1 MAC index is reserved for broadcast packets, or single-users
Q 4 MAC indices are not used due to conflicts with multiplexing patterns

Rev. A MAC Index and I/Q Channel Contents

The 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 Channels
IN THE WORLD OF CODES
FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
Access Channel
W064 Pilot
Access
Sector has a Short PN Offset
Pilot W016 for session setup
from Idle Mode
ACCESS
W264 Rev Activity Data W24
DRCLock MAC
MAC
W
just like IS-95
64
RPC Pilot
W016
RRI
Public or Private
Access
Wx16 Control
Long PN offset
W0 W4 Terminal
Wx16 Traffic W1 W5 (User
MAC DRC W2 W6
W816
Access Terminal)
W3 W7
FORWARD
TR
Point Traffic Channel
(AP) Walsh as used during
A
ACK W48
code a data session
FF
Data W24 Walsh
IC
code
Q These channels are NOT CONTINUOUS like IS-95 or 1xRTT!

• They are made up of SLOTS carrying data subpackets to individual
users or control channel subpackets for everyone to monitor
• Regardless of who “owns” a SLOT, the slot also carries two small
generic bursts containing PILOT and MAC information everyone can
monitor

AP
Functions of Rev. 0 Forward Channels
•Access terminals watch the Pilot to select
FORWARD CHANNELS the strongest sector and choose burst speeds
Sector has a Short PN Offset W064 Pilot
•The Reverse Activity Channel tells
W264 Rev Activity ATs If the reverse link loading is
DRCLock MAC too high, requiring rate reduction
MAC
W 64
RPC
•Each AT with open connection has a
Wx16 Control MAC channel including DRCLock and
RPC (Reverse Power Control) muxed
Wx16 Traffic
Access using the same MAC index 5-63.
Point
(AP) •Traffic channels •The Control channel carries
carry user data to overhead messages for idle ATs
one user at a time but can also carry user traffic
IN THE WORLD OF TIME

Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA


Functions of Rev. 0 Reverse Channels
•The Pilot is used as a preamble
during access probes REVERSE CHANNELS
Long PN offset
Access
Pilot W016
•Data channel during access ACCESS
carries mobile requests Data W24
•Pilot during traffic channel Pilot

W016
allows synchronous detection TRAFFIC RRI
Public or Private
Access
Long PN offset
and also carries the RRI channel W0 W4 Terminal
W1 W5 (User
MAC DRC W2 W6
W816
Terminal)
•RRI reverse rate indicator tells W3 W7
the AP the AT’s desired rate for ACK W48

reverse link data channel
Data W24
•DRC Data Rate Control channel

asks a specific sector to transmit
to the AT at a specific rate
•ACK channel allows AT to signal •DATA channel during traffic

successful reception of a packet carries the AT’s traffic bits

AP
The Rev. 0 MAC Index
MACIndex MAC Channel Use Preamble Use
0 and 1 Not Used Not Used
2 Not Used 76.8 kbps CCH
Walsh Code
Walsh Code
Walsh Code
Walsh Code
MACIndex
MACIndex
MACIndex
MACIndex
3 Not Used 38.4 kbps CCH
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
4 RA Channel Not Used
Available for RPC Available for
and DRCLock Forward
5-63
Channel Traffic Channel
0 0 I 32 16 I 1 32 Q 33 48 Q
Transmissions Transmissions
2 1 I 34 17 I 3 33 Q 35 49 Q
Q Each active user on a sector is assigned a 4 2 I 36 18 I 5 34 Q 37 50 Q
unique 7-bit MAC index (64 MACs possible) 6 3 I 38 19 I 7 35 Q 39 51 Q
8 4 I 40 20 I 9 36 Q 41 52 Q
Q Each data packet begins with a preamble, 10 5 I 42 21 I 11 37 Q 43 53 Q
using the MAC index of the intended recipient 12 6 I 44 22 I 13 38 Q 45 54 Q
Q Five values of MAC indices are reserved for 14 7 I 46 23 I 15 39 Q 47 55 Q
“multi-user” packets 16 8 I 48 24 I 17 40 Q 49 56 Q
• packets intended for reception by a group 18 9 I 50 25 I 19 41 Q 51 57 Q
20 10 I 52 26 I 21 42 Q 53 58 Q
– for example, control channels
22 11 I 54 27 I 23 43 Q 55 59 Q
• mobiles may have individual MAC indices 24 12 I 56 28 I 25 44 Q 57 60 Q
AND be simultaneously in various groups 26 13 I 58 29 I 27 45 Q 59 61 Q
• this “trick” keeps payload size low even 28 14 I 60 30 I 29 46 Q 61 62 Q
for transmissions to groups 30 15 I 62 31 I 31 47 Q 63 63 Q

Forward
Forward Link
Link Data
Data Transmission
Transmission
During
During an
an Established
Established Connection
Connection

Information Flow Over 1xEV-DO
Data Ready
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
DRC: 5
MP3, web page, or other content AP

Q The system notifies a mobile when data for it is waiting to be sent
Q The mobile chooses which sector it hears best at that instant, and requests
the sector to send it a packet
Q there are 16 possible transmission formats the mobile may request, called
“DRC Indices”. Each DRC Index value is really a combined specification
including specific values for:
• what data speed will be transmitted
• how big a “chunk” of waiting data will be sent (that amount of data will be
cut of the front of the waiting data stream and will be the “Packet”
transmitted)
• what kind of encoding will be done to protect the data (3x Turbo, 5x
Turbo, etc.) and the symbol repetition, if any
• after the symbols are formed, how many SUBpackets they will be
divided into
Q Then, the sector starts transmitting the SUBpackets in SLOTS on the
forward link
Q The first slot will begin with a header that the mobile will recognize so it can
begin the receiving process
Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO
Data from PDSN for the Mobile Data Ready
MP3, web page, or other content

AP
A user has initiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,
accessing a favorite website.
The requested page has just been received by the PDSN.
The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a “Data
Ready” message to let the AT know it has data waiting.

Data from PDSN for the Mobile Data Ready
DRC: 5
AP
A user has initiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,
DRC Modu- Preamble Payload Raw C/I
accessing a favorite website. Index Slots lation Chips Bits kb/s db
The requested page has just been received by the PDSN. 0x0 n/a QPSK n/a 0 null rate n/a
The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a “Data 0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5
Ready” message to let the AT know it has data waiting. 0x2 8 QPSK 512 1024 76.8 -9.2
0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5
0x4 2 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5
The AT quickly determines which of its active sectors is the 0x5 4 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5
strongest. On the AT’s DRC channel it asks that sector to 0x6 1 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6
send it a packet at speed “DRC Index 5”. 0x7 2 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5
0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2
0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9
The mobile’s choice, DRC Index 5, determines everything:
0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0
The raw bit speed is 307.2 kb/s. 0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0
The packet will have 2048 bits. 0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3
There will be 4 subpackets (in slots 4 apart). 0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
The first subpacket will begin with a 128 chip preamble. 0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A

Data from PDSN for the Mobile PACKET Data Ready
DRC: 5
2048 bits
AP
Using the specifications for Turbo Coder
the mobile’s requested DRC +
+ +
+ +
Index Slots lation Chips Bits kb/s db
index, the correct-size packet + D D D
0x0 n/a QPSK n/a 0 null rate n/a
+
of bits is fed into the turbo +
Interleaver
+
+
+ +
0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5
coder and the right number of + D D D 0x2 8 QPSK 512 1024 76.8 -9.2
+ 0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5
symbols are created. Symbols 0x4 2 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5
0x5 4 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5
0x6 1 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6
0x7 2 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5
0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2
0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9
0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0
0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0
0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A

DRC: 5
2048 bits
AP
+ +
+ +
+
Interleaver
+
+
+ +
0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5
+ 0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5
0x5 4 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5
To guard against bursty errors 0x6 1 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6
in transmission, the symbols 0x7 2 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5
are completely “stirred up” in Block Interleaver 0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2
0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9
a block interleaver.
0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0
0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0
0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A

DRC: 5
2048 bits
AP
+ +
+ +
+
Interleaver
+
+
+ +
0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5
+ 0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5
0x5 4 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5
are completely “stirred up” in Block Interleaver 0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2
0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9
a block interleaver.
0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0
0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0
The re-ordered stream of 0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3
symbols is now ready to 0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
transmit. Interleaved Symbols 0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A

DRC: 5
2048 bits
AP
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
Interleaver
+ +
0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5
+ 0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5
are completely “stirred up” in 0x7 2 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5
a block interleaver. Block Interleaver 0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2
0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9
The re-ordered stream of
0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0
symbols is now ready to 0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0
transmit. The symbols are 0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3
divided into the correct 0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
number of subpackets, which Interleaved Symbols 0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
will occupy the same number
of transmission slots, spaced
four apart.
Subpacket 2
Subpacket 3
Subpacket 4
Subpacket 1
It’s up to the AP to decide

when it will start transmitting
the stream, taking into account
any other pending subpackets
for other users, and
“proportional fairness”.

DRC: 5
2048 bits
AP
When the AP is ready, the first Turbo Coder
subpacket is actually +
+ +
+ +
transmitted in a slot. + D D D
+
The first subpacket begins with +
Interleaver
+
+
+ +
0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5
a preamble carrying the + D D D 0x2 8 QPSK 512 1024 76.8 -9.2
+ 0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5
user’s MAC index, so the Symbols
0x4 2 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5
user knows this is the 0x5 4 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5
start of its sequence of 0x6 1 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6
subpackets, and how 0x7 2 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5
many subpackets are in Block Interleaver 0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2
0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9
the sequence..
0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0
The user keeps collecting 0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0
subpackets until either: 0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3
1) it has been able to 0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
reverse-turbo decode the Interleaved Symbols 0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
packet contents early, or
2) the whole schedule of
subpackets has been
transmitted.
Subpackets
1 2 3 4
SLOTS

Ec/Io and C/I
Q There are two main ways of expressing
signal quality in 1xEV-DO
AP
Q C/I is the ratio of serving sector power to
everything else
Relationship of • C/I determines the forward data rate
C/I and Ec/Io • mobiles measure C/I during the pilot
For EV-DO Signals burst period, then from it decide what
mobile receive power
data rate to request on the DRC
Power from
Q Ec/Io is the ratio of one sector’s pilot power to
C Serving Sector Ec the total received power
Interference Power
• the mobile uses Ec/Io to choose which
I from other cells Io sectors to request for its active set
0
0 Q Ec/Io and C/I are related, and one can be
calculated from the other
Ec/Io, db
-10
Q EVDO Ec/Io is close to 0 db near a sector,
-20
and ranges down to -10 at a cell’s edge
Q EVDO C/I can be above +10 db near a
-30
-30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 sector, and -20 or lower at the edge
C/I, db
Relationship of Ec/Io and C/I in 1xEV-DO Systems
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
0
Ec/Io,
C/I,
db
db
-0.04 20
-0.14 15
-0.17 14 -5
-0.21 13
-0.27 12
-0.33 11
-0.41 10 -10
-0.51 9
-0.64 8
Ec/Io, db
-0.79 7
-0.97 6 -15
-1.19 5
-1.46 4
-1.76 3
-2.12 2 -20
-2.54 1
-3.01 0
-3.54 -1
-4.12 -2
-25
-4.76 -3
-5.46 -4
-6.97 -6
-8.64 -8
-10.41 -10 -30
-12.27 -12 C/I, db

A
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward Bursting
Animation - “Proportional Fairness”
Access
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access NEIGHBOR
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access Route Update
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR NEIGHBOR
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
These sectors are your ACTIVE SET. Access
You may send DRC requests to any of them anytime. Point
Maybe you’ll get some data in response! (AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Good Signal! Access
PACKET PLEASE! Point
@ x speed (AP)
DRC
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
Access
FOR YOU! (AP)
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Good Signal! Access
@ y speed (AP)
DRC
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
Access
FOR YOU! (AP)
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Good Signal! Access
@ z speed (AP)
DRC
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
This isn’t one of his
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR better receiving
moments. I think I’ll (AP)
Access serve somebody
Point better this time.
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Nothing… Access
did it forget Point
me? (AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
ACTIVE FOR YOU! ACTIVE

Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

A
ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
(AP) Point
NEIGHBOR
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Good Signal! Access
@ x speed (AP)
DRC
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

ACTIVE
Access ACTIVE
Point Access
NEIGHBOR
(AP) THIS IS Point
(AP)
Access FOR YOU!
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Good Signal! Point
PACKET PLEASE! (AP)
@ x speed
DRC
ACTIVE ACTIVE
Access Access
Point Point DO-RNC
(AP) (AP)
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)

1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Forward
Forward Link
Link Details
Details

1xEV-DO Protective Coding
Forward Traffic Channel Packets
or Control Channel Packets
bits symbols Turbo
Encoding Discard Encoder
Data Inter- 6-bit with an Code
and Encoder Internally- Symbols
Packet leaving
Scrambling Tail Field generated
tail
Data Total Bits Bits/Pkt Symbols

Q Turbo coding is the default Rate Slots Code per - Tail per
encoding method for 1xEV-DO on (kbps) Used Rate Packet Field Packet
both forward and reverse link 38.4 16 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120
Q The code rate is determined by: 76.8 8 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120
153.6 4 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120
• input bit rate
307.2 2 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120
• effective turbo coder rate, 614.4 1 1/3 1,024 1,018 3,072
including number of coder 307.2 4 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144
outputs and symbol puncturing 614.4 2 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144
Q The data rate and number of slots 1,228.8 8 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144
used per packet determine the 921.6 2 1/3 3,072 3,066 9,216
other forward link variables as 1,843.2 2 1/3 3,072 3,066 9,216
shown in the table at right 1,228.8 8 1/3 4,096 4,090 12,288
2,457.6 8 1/3 4,096 4,090 12,288

Data Scrambling in 1xEV-DO
Turbo Symbols
Data Block
Data Bits Encoding & ready to
Puncturing Scrambling Interleaving
Transmit
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT use data scrambling on the forward link

• the scrambling sequence is a decimated version of the long PN
code from the previous frame
• the purpose is to randomize the waveforms of multiple users so
that the composite transmitted waveform has a low peak-to-
average ratio and effectively uses power amplifier capability
• a secondary purpose is to provide enhanced privacy
Q 1xEV-DO uses data scrambling on both links to randomize the
data and avoid unbalanced waveforms
• the scrambling sequence is generic, not unique per user
– security is already provided in a standard-defined layer
• the generic scrambling register coefficients are specified in the
standard

One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
64 336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips
Data 1/3 or 1/5 Channel QPSK/8PSK Sequence Symbol 16-ary Walsh Walsh
I
To Quadrature Spreading and Modulation

16QAM Repetition,
(modulation DEMUX Walsh Channel Chip Level
I Walsh Channels
encoder Interleaver Modulator Signal Q
Puncturing 1 to 16 Covers Gain Summer
symbols)
TDM Time Division Multiplexer

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
32-symbol bi-Orthogonal
MAC cover
Signal RPC MAC Index Walsh Cover

MAC RPC bits A Point Channel
Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel Bit Signal DRC Lock
I I
Repetition Point Channel Walsh Sequence
DRC Lock symbols (xDRCLlen) Mapping Gain Chip Level Repetition
Summer Q (factor=4) Q
MAC Bit Signal RA
channel Repetition Point channel Walsh Cover 0
(xRAB len) Mapping gain
RA bits Signal
I
Walsh Cover W264 Point
Mapping
Pilot Channel (all 0s) 0
Q

A
1. Data SubPacket is Ready to Send
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
2. Send Preamble to Notify Destination Mobile
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
3. Send First 336 Data Symbols
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
4. Send MAC Channel – Part 1
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
5. Send Pilot – First Half Slot
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
6. Send MAC Channel - Second Part
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
7. Send Next 800 Data Symbols
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
8. Send MAC Channel – Third Part
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
9. Send Pilot – Second Half-Slot
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
10. Send MAC Channel – Fourth Part
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
11. Send Last 400 Data Symbols
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

A
One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel
PRBL
PILOT
PILOT
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
DATA DATA DATA DATA
I

16QAM Repetition,
I Walsh Channels
symbols)

I
Signal
scrambler Sequence
Preamble Point
Repetition Q
Mapping 0
MAC cover

Mapping Gain
Q Walsh Channels
I I
MAC Bit Signal RA
RA bits Signal
I
Mapping
Q

AP
Forward MAC Contents
Q RA: Reverse Activity

• The AP must manage its reverse traffic loading to keep the noise
level manageable
• Reverse noise is directly proportional to the speed at which
mobiles transmit on the reverse link
• When noise is too high, the AP can throttle back all the ATs
Q DRC Lock
• This forward channel contains a stream of bits indicating whether
the network currently will allow the mobile to transmit requests on
the reverse DRC channel; timing and signal quality conditional
parameters are also involved
• The DRC Lock bits and DRC Lock state is independent per
sector. A mobile should not transmit DRC requests to a sector
sending DRC Lock indication, but may transmit DRC requests to
other sectors in its active set
Q RPC: Reverse Power Control bits instruct the mobile to increase or
decrease its transmit power by a programmable increment, in much
the same way as in IS-2000. The rate is 600 bps.
Reverse MAC Channel Contents
Q The Reverse MAC channel contains two streams of information

Q DRC Data Rate Control channel is used by the AT to request the
data rate and desired sector
• Data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-orthogonal coding
• Desired sector is requested using 8-ary Walsh cover
• Each DRC channel slot contains 1024 chips to facilitate reliable
detection
• DRC messages start at the center of a slot to minimize the
delay between C/I estimation and the start of AP transmission
Q RRI Reverse Rate Indicator channel identifies up to 8 different
desired reverse data transmission rates
• 8-ary orthogonal code is used to indicate rates
• The RRI symbol is transmitted 32 times in each frame
• RRI symbols are inverted in the last half of the frame to make
synchronization easier

How the DRC Channel Operates
Q The AT estimates the forward channel C/I and identifies the

feasible data rate and the requested sector to be used
Q The AT sends this information to the AP on the DRC channel
Q Only the requested sector will transmit packets to this AT
Q The requested sector sends a data packet including preamble to
the AT at the rate requested by the DRC in the immediately
preceding slot
Q After the packet transmission is initiated, it must be continued until
the payload has been fully transmitted

Hybrid
Hybrid ARQ:
ARQ:
Hybrid
Hybrid Repeat-Request
Repeat-Request Protocol
Protocol

The Hybrid ARQ Process
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
AP Access Point AT Access Terminal
Application layer Application layer
CDMA2000 1xRTT
SYSTEM Stream layer Stream layer
Application layer Application layer Session layer Session layer

Connection layer Connection layer
LAC layer LAC layer
Security layer Security layer
MAC RLP Radio MAC RLP Radio MAC layer MAC layer
layer Link Protocol layer Link Protocol
Physical Physical Physical HARQ Physical HARQ
layer layer layer protocol layer protocol
F-FCH F-TFC repeats

R-FCH R-ACK
Q In 1xRTT, retransmission protocols Q In 1xEV-DO, RLP functions are

typically work at the link layer replicated at the physical layer
• Radio Link Protocol (RLP) • HARQ Hybrid Repeat Request Protocol
– communicates using – fast physical layer ACK bits
signaling packets – Chase Combining of multiple
– lost data packets aren’t repeats
recognized and are – unneeded repeats pre-empted
discarded at the decoder by positive ACK
Q This method is slow and wasteful! Q This method is fast and efficient!

The Hybrid ARQ Process
Q Each physical layer data packet is encoded into subpackets

• as long as the receiver does not send back an
acknowledgment, the transmitter keeps sending more
subpackets, up to the maximum of the current configuration
• The identity of the subpackets is known by the receiver, so it
can combine the subpackets for better decoding
Q each additional subpacket in essence contributes additional signal
power to aid in the detection of its parent packet
• it’s hard to predict the exact power necessary for successful
decoding in systems without HARQ
– the channel changes rapidly during transmission
– various estimation errors (noise, bias, etc.)
– exact needed SNR is stochastic, even on a static channel!
Q In effect, HARQ sends progressively more energy until there is just
enough and the packet is successfully decoded

Construction of a Forward Link Packet
bits symbols
Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub-
Data Inter- packet packet packet packet packet
Encoding
Packet leaving 0 1 2 3 0
Q Physical Layer Packets encoded, interleaved, broken into subpackets

• each subpacket is a unique coded representation of the packet
Q Each subpacket is sent independently during one slot
• Subpackets are sent in sequential order with a three-slot gap between
successive subpackets
Packet 0 other other other 0 other other other 0 other other other 0 other other other 1
Subpacket 0 pkts pkts pkts. 1 pkts. pkts. pkts. 2 pkts. pkts pkts 3 pkts pkts pkts 0
Forward
Traffic
Channel One Slot
Q The receiver combines successive subpackets until it finally decodes the

complete packet contents
• then sends an “ACK” to cancel any remaining unneeded subpackets
• this Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) process gives “incremental redundancy”
Multislot Packet Timing, Normal Termination
User A A A A A
AP Packet 0
Subpacket 0
diff. diff. diff.
user user user 0
1
diff. diff. diff.
user user user 0
2
diff. diff. diff.
user user user 0
3
diff. diff. diff.
user user user 1
0
F-Traffic
AT R-DRC
1/2 Slot
offset
K e
K e
K e
K e
e e e e
NA par
NA par
NA par
NA par
de
de
de
de
R-ACK c id c id c id c id
co
co
co
co
e
de de de de
pr
pr
pr
pr
de
de
de
de
One Slot NAK NAK NAK AK!
Q AT selects sector, sends request for data

Q AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time
Q After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel
Q In this example,
• AP transmits all 4 scheduled subpackets of packet #0 before
the AT is finally able to decode correctly and send AK
• then the AP can begin packet #1, first subpacket

Multislot Packet Timing, Early Termination
User A A A A A
AP Packet 0
Subpacket 0
diff. diff. diff.
user user user 0
1
diff. diff. diff.
user user user 1
0
diff. diff. diff.
user user user 1
1
diff. diff. diff.
user user user 2
0
F-Traffic
AT R-DRC
1/2 Slot
offset
K e
K e
K e
K e
e e e e
NA par
NA par
NA par
NA par
de
de
de
de
R-ACK c id c id c id c id
co
co
co
co
e
de de de de
pr
pr
pr
pr
de
de
de
de
One Slot NAK AK! NAK AK!
Q AT selects sector, sends request for data

Q AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time
Q After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel
Q In this example,
• AT is able to successfully decode packet #0 after receiving
only the first two subpackets
• AT sends ACK. AP now continues with first subpacket of
packet #1

A
Multiple ARQ Instances

bits symbols
Encoding
Packet 0
Data
and
Inter- Subpackets
Packets leaving
Scrambling
0 1 2 3
Packet 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3.
Subpacket 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
Forward
Traffic
Channel One Slot
Q Definition: Number of ARQ Instances

• the maximum number of packets that may be in transit simultaneously
• sometimes also called “the number of ARQ channels”
Q This figure and the preceding page appear to show 4 ARQ instances
Q Packets in the different ARQ instances
• may be for the same user (the most common situation)
• may be for different users (determined by QOS and scheduling)
Q Destination mobile knows its packets by their preamble
A

bits symbols
Encoding
Packet 0 Packet 1
Data
and
Inter- Subpackets Subpackets
Packets leaving
Scrambling
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Packet 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3.
Subpacket 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
Forward
Traffic
Channel One Slot

A

bits symbols
Encoding
Packet 0 Packet 1 Packet 2
Data
and
Inter- Subpackets Subpackets Subpackets
Packets leaving
Scrambling
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Packet 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3.
Subpacket 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
Forward
Traffic
Channel One Slot

bits symbols
Encoding
Packet 0 Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet 3
Data
and
Inter- Subpackets Subpackets Subpackets Subpackets
Packets leaving
Scrambling
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Packet 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3. 0 1. 2. 3.
Subpacket 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
Forward
Traffic
Channel One Slot

Reverse Power Control
600 bits per second
AP RX RF Digital
Stronger than Reverse Closed
Open
target SNR? RF Loop Loop
SNR target TX RF Digital
Access Terminal
Q 1xEV-DO reverse link power control is similar to IS-95/IS-2000
Q 1xEV-DO power control holds the mobile pilot to a constant S/N
ratio at the Access Point
• The DRC, RRI, and ACK channels are also controlled
• The ideal ratio of reverse pilot to other channels also depends
on the reverse data rate
Q Power control bits are sent on the forward MAC channel
• one bit per slot (that’s 600 per second), sent as four symbols --
one in each of the MAC periods of that slot

Reverse
Reverse Rate
Rate Control
Control

Rev. A Reverse Rate Control
Q The EV-DO Rev. A reverse rate is controlled by the mobile

• The mobile watches the filtered (averaged) pilot strength of its
active sector(s) and computes the feasible transmission rate
from this C/I ratio
Q The mobile then transmits one subpacket at this derived level and
waits to see if the base station acknowledges complete decoding
of the packet
Q If no acknowledgement is received, the mobile continues with the
next subpacket, and so on until acknowledgement is received or
all four subpackets have been sent

Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Control
Q This process uses variables: MaxRate, CurrentRate, CombinedBusyBit, and

CurrentRateLimit.
Q CurrentRateLimit is set initially to 9.6kbps.
Q After the AT receives a BroadcastReverseRateLimit message or a UnicastReverseRateLimit
message it updates the CurrentRateLimit value as follows:
• If the RateLimit value in the message is less than or equal to the CurrentRateLimit value,
the AT immediately sets CurrentRateLimit to the RateLimit value in the message.
• If the RateLimit value in the message is greater than CurrentRateLimit value, the AT waits
one frame (16 slots) before setting CurrentRateLimit to the RateLimit value in the
message.
Q If the last received reverse activity bit is set to ‘1’ from any sector in the AT’s active set, the AT
sets CombinedBusyBit to ‘1’. Otherwise, the AT sets CombinedBusyBit to ‘0’.
Q CurrentRate is set to the rate at which the AT was transmitting data immediately before the new
transmission time. If the AT was not transmitting data immediately before the new transmission
time, the AT sets CurrentRate to 0.
Q The AT sets the variable MaxRate based on its current transmission rate, the value of the
CombinedBusyBit, and a random number. The access terminal shall generate a uniformly
distributed random number x, 0 < x < 1, using the procedure specified in 15.5.
Q The AT evaluates the expression shown in the table, using the values of CurrentRate,
CombinedBusyBit, and Condition.
• If the Condition is true, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateTrue value for the
corresponding row in the Table.
• Otherwise, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateFalse value for the corresponding row in
the Table

Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Control Table

Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Constraints
Q The access terminal shall select a transmission rate that satisfies

the following constraints:
• The access terminal shall transmit at a rate that is no greater
than the value of MaxRate.
• The access terminal shall transmit at a rate that is no greater
than the value of CurrentRateLimit.
• The access terminal shall transmit at a data rate no higher than
the highest data rate that can be accommodated by the
available transmit power.
• The access terminal shall not select a data rate for which the
minimum payload length, as specified in Table 11.8.6-1, is
greater than the size of data it has to send.

1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Rev.
Rev. A
A

Forward Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Q Forward Link Enhancements

• Peak rates increased from 2.4 Mbps to 3.1 Mbps
• Multi-user packet support
• Small payload sizes (128, 256, 512 bits) improve frame fill efficiency
• The DRC channel functions are broken out into two channels
– DRC retains rate control indication
– new Data Source Control (DSC) Channel shows desired serving cell
• Minimizes interruptions due to server switching on FL

Reverse Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Q Reverse Link Enhancements

• Higher data rates and finer quantization
• Data rates from 4.8 kbps to 1.8 Mbps with 48 payload sizes
• 4 slots/sub-packets regardless of payload size (6.66 ms)
• Modulation:
– Low rates: 1 walsh channel, BPSK modulation
– Medium rates: 1 walsh channel, QPSK modulation
– High Rates: 2 walsh channels, QPSK modulation
– Highest Rate: 2 walsh channels, 8PSK modulation
• Hybrid ARQ using fast re-transmission (re-tx) and early termination
• Flexible rate allocation: each AT has autonomous and scheduled mode
• Efficient VOIP support
• 3-channel synchronous stop-and-wait protocol
• The mobile can use higher power and finish earlier when transmitting
packets of applications requiring minimum latency

Available Link Rates in 1xEV-DO Rev. A
FORWARD LINK REVERSE LINK
DRC Modu- Preamble Payload Raw C/I Payload Modu-Effective Rate kbps after: Code Rate (repetition) after
Index Slots lation Chips Bits kb/s db Bits lation 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots
0x0 n/a QPSK n/a 0 null rate n/a 128 B4 19.2 9.6 6.4 4.8 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
0x1 16 QPSK 1024 1024 38.4 -11.5 256 B4 38 19.2 12.8 9.6 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
0x2 8 QPSK 512 1024 76.8 -9.2 512 B4 76 38.4 25.6 19.2 1/4 1/5 1/5 1/5
0x3 4 QPSK 256 1024 153.6 -6.5 768 B4 115 57.6 38.4 28.8 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5
0x4 2 QPSK 128 1024 307.2 -3.5 1024 B4 153 76.8 51.2 38.4 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5
0x5 4 QPSK 128 2048 307.2 -3.5 1536 Q4 230 115 76.8 57.6 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5
0x6 1 QPSK 64 1024 614.4 -0.6 2048 Q4 307 153 102.4 76.8 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5
0x7 2 QPSK 64 2048 614.4 -0.5 3072 Q2 461 230 153.6 115.2 3/8 1/5 1/5 1/5
0x8 2 QPSK 64 3072 921.6 +2.2 4096 Q2 614 307 204.8 153.6 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5
0x9 1 QPSK 64 2048 1,228.8 +3.9 6144 Q4Q2 921 461 307 230.4 1/2 1/4 1/5 1/5
0xa 2 16QAM 64 4096 1,228.8 +4.0 8192 Q4Q2 1228 614 409 307.2 2/3 1/3 2/9 1/5
0xb 1 8PSK 64 3072 1,843.2 +8.0 12288 E4E2 1843 921 614 460.8 2/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
0xc 1 16QAM 64 4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd 2 16QAM 64 5120 1,536.0 +8.3
0xe 1 16QAM 64 5120 3,072.0 +11.3
Q The 1xEV-DO Rev. A reverse link has seven available modes

offering higher speeds than available in Rev. 0
• Modulation formats are hybrids defined in the standard
Q The 1xEV-DO Rev. A forward has two available modes offering
higher speeds than available in Rev. 0.

Basic
Basic Access
Access Terminal
Terminal
Architecture
Architecture and
and Operation
Operation

How Does an Access Terminal Work?
Digital
Rake Receiver Symbols
Chips Traffic Correlator
summing
PN xxx Walsh xx
bits
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
Σ Symbols
control
Receiver Traffic Correlator Δt Viterbi Decoder,
time-aligned
RF Section Convl. Decoder,
PN xxx Walsh xx Demultiplexer
power
IF, Detector
AGC Traffic Correlator Packets
PN xxx Walsh xx
RF
Open Loop
Messages
UART
Duplexer Pilot Searcher
CPU
PN xxx Walsh 0
Conv or
RF Transmit Gain Adjust Messages Turbo
Coder
Transmitter
Transmitter Digital Section
RF Section
Long Code Gen.
1xEV-DO Forward Link: AT Rake Receivers
Access Terminal
ONE sector at a time!!
Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
PN Walsh
Σ user
RF PN Walsh data
AP
PN Walsh
AP
Searcher Pilot Ec/Io
PN W=0
Q Burst by burst, the Access Terminal asks for transmission from whichever
Active sector it hears best, at the max speed it can successfully use
Q Using latest multipath data from its pilot searcher, the Access Terminal uses
the combined outputs of the four traffic correlators (“rake fingers”)
Q Each rake finger can be set to match any multipath component of the signal
Q The terminal may be a dual-mode device also capable of 1xRTT voice/data
• fingers could even be targeted on different AP, but in 1xEV-DO mode
only a single AP transmits to us, never more than one at a time, so this
capability isn’t needed or helpful in 1xEV-DO mode

1xEV-DO Reverse Link: Soft Handoff
All “Active Set” sectors Access Terminal
can listen to the AT
Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
PN Walsh
Σ user
RF PN Walsh data
AP
PN Walsh
DO-RNC chooses AP
Searcher Pilot Ec/Io
‘cleanest’ packet PN W=0
Q The AT uses the Route Update protocol to frequently update its

preferences of which sectors it wants in its active set
Q Frame-by-frame, all the sectors in the Active Set listen for the AT’s
signal
Q Each sector collects what it heard from the AT, and sends it back to
the DO-RNC.
Q The DO-RNC uses the cleanest (lowest number of errors) packet

1xEV-DO Route Update Mechanics
Access Terminal
Rake Receiver
DO-RNC PN Walsh
? PN Walsh
Σ
Sel. user
? RF PN Walsh
data
AP PN Walsh
AP Searcher Pilot Ec/Io

PN W=0
Q 1xEV-DO Route Update is ‘driven’ by the Access Terminal

• Access Terminal continuously checks available pilots
• Access Terminal tells system pilots it currently sees
• System puts those sectors in the active set, tells Access Terminal
Q Access terminal requests data bursts from the sector it likes best
• tells which sector and what burst speed using the DRC channel
• so there is no “Soft Handoff” on the forward link, just fast choices
Q All sectors in Active Set try to hear AT, forward packets to the DO-RNC
• so the reverse link does benefit from CDMA soft handoff

Route Update Pilot Management Rules
Q The Access Terminal considers pilots in sets PILOT SETS
AT must support
• Active: sectors who listen and can transmit Active 6
• Candidates: sectors AT requested, but not
yet approved by system to be active Candidate 6
• Neighbors: pilots told to AT by system, as Neighbor 20
nearby sectors to check
• Remaining: any pilots used by system but Remaining
not already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC)
Q Access Terminal sends a Route Update HANDOFF
Message to the system whenever: PARAMETERS
• It transmits on the Access Channel PilotAdd PilotDrop
• In idle state, it notices the serving sector is PilotDrop Pilot
far from the sector where last updated Timer Compare
• In connected state, whenever it notices the Dynamic Thresholds?

Handoff Parameters suggest a change Softslope
AddIntercept
DropIntercept
NeighborMaxAge

Format of Traffic Channel Assignment Message
Q The Traffic Channel

Assignment Message
assigns all or some of the
sectors the access terminal
requested in its most recent
Route Update request
Q The message lists every
Active pilot; if it doesn’t list it,
it’s not approved as active
Q Notice the MAC index and
DRC Cover so the access
terminal knows how to
request forward link bursts
on the data rate control
channel
Neighbor Structure Maintained by the AT
Pilot PN Channel SrchWinSize SrchWinOffset

1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Network
Network Architecture
Architecture
Simple
Simple IP
IP and
and Mobile
Mobile IP
IP

CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls
(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
BTS
Q The first commercial IS-95 CDMA systems provided only circuit-

switched voice calls

CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network
PDSN
Foreign Agent
Backbone
Internet Network
VPNs
PDSN Authentication
Home Agent Authorization AAA (C)BSC/Access Manager
Accounting
Switch
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
BTS
Q CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new capabilities:

• channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams of
symbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal
– this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95
• a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile
through to the outside internet
– including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct
data connection (the Packet-Radio Interface) to the heart of the BSC
Q The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface

1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network
PDSN
Foreign Agent DO DO-OMC
Backbone
Radio
Internet Network Network
VPNs Controller
PDSN Authentication
Accounting
Switch CE
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
BTS
Q 1xEV-DO requires faster resource management than 1x BSCs can give

• this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC)
Q A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS to
manage the radio resources for EV sessions
• in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is
used for the EV-DO traffic
Q The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition
Q Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading
Q The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortel’s specific solutions
Simple IP Network Architecture
Simple IP
•IP Based
transport to FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC
data networks PDSN
Internet
•Dynamic/static VPNs T
connection Authentication
Authorization R-P Interface
rf
from local AAA Accounting
PDSN (C)BSC/Access Manager Fast!
•No mobility Switch BTS
beyond serving PSTN v SEL CE
PDSN t1 t1 t1
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS Wireless
Mobile Device
Q In a Simple IP network, the mobile is able to connect to the external

packet networks directly through the PDSN attached to the local BSC
Q The IP address for the internet connection is assigned by the local
PDSN from the pool of addresses available to it
Q If the mobile moves into a different network, the data session ends
• The mobile can establish an entirely new connection through the
new network, if desired

Mobile IP in a Multi-Market Network
Private IP
Internet
Networks
Regional
Data Home Home AAA
Center Agent Agent Server
Operator's Private Network

Nortel System Lucent System Motorola System
IP Data IP Data IP Data
PCF
PDSN
PDSN RP Interface FA
FA RP
BSC RP PDSN/FA
Access CBSC
Switch Mgr. Switch
Switch
Voice Voice Voice
PSTN PSTN PSTN

Mobile IP
Q Subscriber’s IP routing service is

provided by a public IP network
Q Mobile station is assigned a static IP
address belonging to its Home Agent MOBILE IP
Q Mobile can maintain the static IP IMPLICATIONS
address even for handoff between •Handoffs possible between
radio networks connected to separate PDSNs
PDSNs! •Mobile can roam in the
Q Mobile IP capabilities will be public IP network
especially important for mobiles on •Mobile termination is
possible while Mobile is in
system boundaries dormant or active mode
• Without Mobile IP roaming
capability, data service for border-
area mobiles will be erratic

How the PDSN HA and FA Forward Your Packets
Mobile IP is a packet-
forwarding
arrangement that
allows the mobile user
to send and receive
Just like
Home! packets just as if they 158766 158774 158782 158790
Foreign were physically present

Agent at their home agent Home 158767
158768
158775
158776
158783
158784
158791
158792
location. Agent 158769 158785 158793
Encapsulation 158770 158778 158786 158794
158771 158779 158787 158795
158772 158780 158788 158796
158773 158781 158789 158797

FedEx
FedEx
Secure Tunneling
Forward and Reverse This box is the
Mobile mobile user's
User Postal address

1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Network
Network Architecture
Architecture

CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls
(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
BTS
Q The first commercial IS-95 CDMA systems provided only circuit-

switched voice calls

CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network
PDSN
Foreign Agent
Backbone
Internet Network
VPNs
PDSN Authentication
Accounting
Switch
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
BTS
Q CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new capabilities:

• channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams of
symbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal
– this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95
• a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile
through to the outside internet
– including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct
data connection (the Packet-Radio Interface) to the heart of the BSC
Q The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface

1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network
PDSN
Foreign Agent DO DO-OMC
Backbone
Radio
Internet Network Network
VPNs Controller
PDSN Authentication
Accounting
Switch CE
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
BTS
Q 1xEV-DO requires faster resource management than 1x BSCs can give

• this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC)
Q A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS to
manage the radio resources for EV sessions
• in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is
used for the EV-DO traffic
Q The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition
Q Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading
Q The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortel’s specific solutions
Lucent
Lucent 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Architecture
Architecture

Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN)
OMP FX
Element Management
System T-1/E-1
Ethernet
RF
AP Router AAA
Server
Uplink Flexent Downlink

AP Input Mobility Input
Router Server Router Packet
Data
Serving Internet
AP Node
Uplink Flexent Downlink (PDSN)
RF Input Mobility Input
Router Server Router
User ATs AP
(Access Terminals)
Q A Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN) includes

• 1xEV-DO base stations and the
• 1xEV-DO Flexent® Mobility Server (FMS).
Q The 1xEV-DO equipment may be collocated with IS-95 and/or
1xRTT equipment, creating 1xEV-DO/IS-95 and 1xEVDO/3G-1X
combination base stations.

Details of Lucent RAN Elements
OMP FX
Element Management
System T-1/E-1
Ethernet
RF
AP Router AAA
Server
Uplink Flexent Downlink

AP Input Mobility Input
Router Server Router Packet
Data
Serving Internet
AP Node
Uplink Flexent Downlink (PDSN)
RF Input Mobility Input
Router Server Router
User ATs AP
(Access Terminals)
Q The PDSN maintains the link layer to the AT

• it terminates the PPP link protocol with mobile
• it serves as the Foreign Agent for Mobile IP functionality
Q The AAA server does authentication, authorization, and accounting
• it authenticates terminal equipment users when they establish
connections
• it stores and forwards billing information of customers’ data usage

1xEV-DO in Lucent Flexent Mod Cell Cabinets
Q Lucent Mod Cell cabinets can

support up to three IS-95 or
1xRTT carriers on three
sectors
Q 1xEV-DO CDMA Digital
Modules (CDM) can be mixed
with conventional CDMs in
the same cabinet
Q the same RF hardware
(filters, amplifiers, other RF
components) can be used for
IS-95, 1xRTT, and 1xEV-DO

Lucent CDMA Digital Module
(CDM) Configurations
Q At upper left is a CDM for conventional
IS-95 / 1xRTT service. It includes
• CRC CDMA Radio controller
• up to 6 CCU CDMA Channel Units
• PCU power converter module
• CBR CDMA Baseband Radio
Q At lower left is a CDM for 1xEV-DO
• it must be occupy the leftmost slot
• all CCU packs are removed and
replaced by a single 1xEV-DO
modem (EVM) occupying 2 slots
• the CRC must be 44WW13D or
later

1xEV-DO in Lucent Mod Cell 4.0 Cabinets
Q The Mod Cell 4 cabinet comes in
many variations
Q Instead of per-carrier dedicated
CDMs, resources are pooled
Q URCs (Universal Radio
Controllers) are used to steer data
for each carrier to EVMs for EVDO
or CMUs for IS-95/1xRTT.
• in a mixed-mode system, a
URC is required for EVDO and
a URC for IS-95/1xRTT
Q The modulated signal from a 4.0
Universal Digital Shelf EVM or CMU is upconverted to the
Radio
FMS Controller
(URC) Evolution Carr1 Flow RF carrier frequency by the UCR
Modem
(4.0 EVM)
Universal
CDMA Antenna • each UCR (Universal CDMA
Radio
CDMA
Modem
Carr
2, 3
(UCR) Radio) can handle up to three
Universal
ECP
Radio
Controller
Unit
(CMU) carriers
(URC)

Lucent 1xEV-DO Flexent Mobility Server (FMS)
Q The Flexent Mobility Server is the

heart of the Radio Access Network
Q It provides four processors running
the 1xEV-DO Application Processor
(DO-AP), which provides the Packet
Controller Function (PCF)
Q The PCF provides air link and radio
resource management to implement
1xEV-DO user sessions, including
the dormant state and other DO-
specific features

Motorola
Motorola 1xEV-DO
Architecture

Motorola 1xEV-DO System Architecture
AAA
MSC OMC-IP OMC-DO
AN-AAA
MM/SDU BSC-DO PDSNs
VPU
AN-DO HAs
Packet Core
OMC-R 1x-AN
Network
Elements 1x-BTS MCC-DO
Existing IS-95 Connections
New 1xEV-DO IS-95/1x
1xEV-DO
Shared IS-95/DO Shared 1x/DO
Q New 1xEV-DO carrier appears as a standard carrier addition to

existing network elements
• new MCC-DO cards and OMC-R database revisions needed
• AAA and PDSN need software upgrades

New Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements
AAA
MSC OMC-IP OMC-DO
AN-AAA
MM/SDU BSC-DO PDSNs
VPU
AN-DO HAs
Packet Core
OMC-R 1x-AN
Network
Elements 1x-BTS MCC-DO
Existing IS-95 Connections
New 1xEV-DO IS-95/1x
1xEV-DO
Shared IS-95/DO Shared 1x/DO
Q MCC-DO (Multi-Channel Controller - Data Only)
Q AN-DO (Access Node - Data only)
• CR (Consolidation Router) Similar in function to the 1x-AN MGX
• LSW (Layer 3 Switch) Similar in function to the 1x-AN CATs
Q BSC-DO (Base Station Controller-Data Only)
• Mobility functions like 1x MM - Packet Control & Selection – like SDU
Q OMC-DO (Operations & Maintenance Center - Data Only)
Q LMT (Local Maintenance Terminal)
Motorola 1xEV-DO Block Diagram
and Network Upgrade Summary
BTS
1x BBX
RF Front End
1x Modems
DO BBX BSC-DO
MCC-DO
AN-DO
IS-2000 1xEV-DO BTS CR LSW PDSN

Tool LMF LMT
BTS frame & CCP shelf 1x BBX
LPA
RF Front End
BBX-1X 1x Modems
BTS
MCC-1X
MCC-DO DO BBX
T1 or E1
GLI (Traffic)
GLI (Control)
MCC-
AN (MGX8800) CR DO OMC-DO AN-AAA
AN
AN (Catalyst 6509) LSW
BSC CBSC BSC-DO
OMC-R
O&M OMC-DO
UNO
IP Network PDSN (Note 1)
Telephone Network MSC/HLR Not Required Q
Data Network Not Required AAA

BTS
Motorola MCC-DO Functions
1x BBX
RF Front End
1x Modems
DO BBX BSC-DO Q 1xEV-DO Modem

MCC-DO • 1 carrier, 3 sectors per
AN-DO MCC-DO card
• Supports 59 channels per
sector
CR LSW PDSN
BTS
Q Span Interface
1x BBX
• Up to 3 Active Span lines
RF Front End
1x Modems per MCC-DO

DO BBX
T1 or E1 • Most operators will
MCC-DO generally deploy with 2
OMC-DO AN-AAA
spans per BTS
Q BTS provides control:
• SCAP messaging
• Redundant BBX Selection
• Enhanced BBX interface
MCC- DO

Motorola 1xEV-DO AN-DO Elements
BTS
1x BBX
RF Front End
1x Modems
DO BBX BSC- Q Consolidation Router (CR)
MCC-DO
DO
AN-DO • Performs span aggregation
for DO access points –
BTS CR LSW PDSN Similar to 1x MGX
1x BBX
• 1 – 2 CR frames per BSC-DO
RF Front End
1x Modems
DO BBX
MCC-DO
T1 or E1
Q Layer 3 Switch (LSW)
OMC-DO AN-AAA
• Performs IP transport across
DO Core Network – Similar to
1x CAT
CR LSW • Two CAT4006 Cages per
frame
• 1 LSW frame will serve all
1xEV-DO frames in a typical
MTSO

BTS
Motorola BSC-DO Functions
1x BBX
Q BSC Functionality:
RF Front End
1x Modems
DO BBX BSC-DO • RF-scheduling, channel,

MCC-DO
connection, mobility management,
AN-DO security
Q Access Network Control
• Radio Resource Management
BTS CR LSW PDSN
• Connection Control
1x BBX
• Access control / Collision control
RF Front End
1x Modems
DO BBX
T1 or E1 • Handoff control
MCC-DO
AN-AAA
Q Packet Control and Session Control
OMC-DO
• Transmission of packet data
between MCC-DO and PDSN
• Packet Data Control
• PDSN selection
• Provides Authentication
information to AAA
• Management of Data Session
• Support up to 80 MCC-DO cards
per a BSC-DO
Q 1 OMC-DO per each BSC-DO

Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements: OMC-DO
BTS
1x BBX
RF Front End
1x Modems
DO BBX BSC-DO
MCC-DO
Q OMC-DO provides GUI based
AN-DO O&M functions
• Status Management
BTS CR LSW PDSN
1x BBX
• Fault Management
RF Front End
1x Modems
DO BBX
• Configuration Management
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO AN-AAA
• Software Management
• System Parameter
Management
DO network element manager • Performance Monitoring
• Manages BSC-DO and MCC-
DO • CDL collection
• Ethernet interface to BSC- • Diagnostic & System Test
DO
• Supports network
• Logging
management applications • Health Check
(fault, alarm, performance,
configuration)

Nortel
Nortel 1xEV-DO
Architecture

A Typical Nortel CDMA2000 System
Providing 1xRTT Voice, Data, and 1xEV-DO

Providing Only 1xRTT Voice, Data

Providing 1xEV-DO Only

Nortel Multiple Backhaul and Configuration
Possibilities

Nortel Univity® Indoor Metrocell
Q Univity® Metro Cell can

support:
• up to six CDMA 1.25 MHz
carrier frequencies
• up to three sectors.
Q High Power Amplifiers and
Low Noise Amplifiers are
housed in an external unit
• the Multi-Carrier Flexible
Radio Module (MFRM)
• MFRM may be mast
mounted to improve AP RF
link budget
Univity® CDMA Metro Cell Indoor

Base Transceiver System (AP)
Nortel Metrocell LD •MiniBIP
•XCEM/
(for rural sites) •DOM •Radio Module
•GPSTM •36”
•CM (0.91m)
•CORE •AC
Rectifier
•Fan tray
Key Feature – small size, fits in any

•24”
corner (0.61m)
Q Configurations
• 1-3 Carrier OMNI
• Expandable to 3 sectors
• Single carrier high power
Q Power source
• + 24VDC available Metro Cell LD – Rack Mounted
Supporting 3 sectors
Q Standard Metro Cell modules

Nortel DOM: Data-Only Module
Q The Data Only Module (DOM) adds 1xEV-DO

capability to a MetroCell AP CEM shelf
• transmits/receives baseband data to/from
the digital control group (DCG) in the CORE
module
• CORE switches baseband to proper carrier
on the MFRM for transmission
• the DOM performs all encoding/decoding of
IP packets for transport on data-only
network to the Data-Only Radio Network
Controller (DO-RNC)
• One DOM supports up to a three-sector,
one-carrier MetroCell AP
• Additional DOMs support additional carriers

Nortel’s DO-RNC
The Data-Only Radio Network Controller
Q DO-RNC is the heart of a 1xEV-DO network,

located at the central office (CO) with the BSC
and/or BSS Manager (BSSM)
Q DO-RNC is a stand-alone node supporting
1xEV-DO. It manages:
• DOMs at multiple APs (even on different
band classes) over IP-based backhaul
network
• access terminal state, both idle and
connected
• handoffs of ATs between cells and carrier
frequencies (reverse); sector selection (fwd).
• connections from airlink to PDSN over Nortel DO-RNC
standard A10-A11 interfaces Data-Only
• connects to MetroCell AP via dedicated IP Radio Network Controller
backhaul network
Q DO-RNC is the peer of the access terminal for
most over-the-air signaling protocols, including
session and connection layers

Nortel DO-RNC Functionality
Q DO-RNC functions similar to CDMA-2000 BSC and packet control unit:

• handoff processing (reverse only), sector selection (forward only)
• selection of reverse link traffic frames
• data session connected/dormant transition management
• termination of the A10/A11 RP interface to the PDSN
• application, stream, session and connection layer management
• radio link protocol (RLP)
• connection control of access terminals
• resource management, mobility management
• packet control function (PCF)
• data flow control
Q DO-RNC switch-like functions
• service negotiation
• paging and access channel message termination
• forwards MAC-layer packets to the best-serving DOM
• data-environment-specific performance logging

Nortel T1/E1 Aggregator Functions
Q The T1/E1 aggregation router is based on the

Shasta BSN5000
• this requires a T1 or E1 MUX co-located with
the Shasta to terminate the T1/E1s and
convert them into channelized DS-3 or
channelized STM-1 (single mode), for TN-1X
connection to the Shasta BSN
STM-1
Q The T1/E1 aggregation router is co-located with
the RNCs
• aggregates all T1/E1s from the backhaul
network to the RNC
T
• each DOM can have up to four T1/E1
links
• the DO-RNC does not accept T1/E1
signals
• T1/E1 aggregation router converts T1/E1
signals into ethernet links

The Nortel DO-EMS
(Data-Only Element Management System)
Q The DO-EMS consists of
• Hardware (the server) and Software (the client)
Q The DO-EMS Provides Operation, Administration,
Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P) for the
1xEV-DO radio access network (RAN)
Q The existing BSS Manager (BSSM) continues
management of the 1xEV-DO DOM module in a
MetroCell AP
Q The DO-EMS is a stand-alone platform providing
OAM&P functionality within the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
network only. Its functions include:
• collecting, reporting, and managing DO-RNC and
DOM alarms
• collecting and storing OMs from DO-RNC and
DOM
• administering 1xEV-DO carrier/sector neighbor
lists, including limited diagnostic capabilities
(reciprocal neighbor analysis, etc)
Q The DO-EMS, DO-RNC and DOM provide overload
controls for management of OAM&P messaging traffic
during system events
The Nortel DO-EMS Server and Client
Q The DO-EMS server is a Sun Netra20
• normally located in the central office with the
BSC/DO-RNC
Q Software modules on the server perform:
• auto-discovery
• configuration management
• security management
• fault management
• performance management
Q DO-EMS Client / Management Terminal
• since the Netra20 is a “headless” server, a
terminal is required for monitor, keyboard
and mouse functionality
• The terminal connects to the DO-EMS to
perform all required OAM&P functions for
the 1xEV-DO network
• The management terminal is a Sun
Blade150
• alternatively, customers may use a PC
running an “X-Windows” application
The Nortel DO-EMS Client
Q The DO-EMS client is web-

based
• runs in standard web
browsers
• offers network
administrators a familiar,
easy-to-use interface
• provides robust
configuration, fault and
performance management
tools

Nortel’s Univity® CDMA PDSN
Q PDSN
• The Univity® CDMA PDSN provides CDMA radio network packet data
access to the Public Data Network (PDN) and is integrated on the
Shasta BSN 5000 chassis. With the addition of the AT IP access
model, a Foreign Agent (FA) and Home Agent (HA) are required. The
FA is always integrated onto the Shasta BSN with the Univity® PDSN
resulting in the PDSN/FA.
Q Component Breakdown
Q The Shasta BSN is comprised of several components including the
Subscriber Service Gateway (SSG), the IP Services Operating System
(iSOS) and the Service Creation System (SCS) as defined below:
• SSG - is the hardware platform (Shasta 5000 chassis)
• iSOS - offers high-touch services scalability and extensibility
• SCS - is a graphical management and provisioning tool allowing the
service provider to quickly and efficiently provision thousands of
subscriber profiles through its GUI. It provides scalable centralized
management for PDSNs covering a large range of geographical
locations.

Nortel Shasta BSN Hardware Description
Q Hardware Description
Q The Shasta BSN chassis consists of a card cage with 14 slots for cards, a
fan tray for cooling; power entry and distribution and the backplane. The
chassis mounts in a standard 19” rack and requires a -48VDC power
source. The fan tray and all cards are all hot-swappable.
Q All Shasta BSN components are new in the CDMA network and are
required specifically for the CDMA 3G architecture. The required
components are as follows:
• Line Card (LC)
• Subscriber Service Module (SSM II)
• Subscriber Service Card (SSC)
• Control and Management Card (CMC)
• Switch Fabric Card (SFC)
• Shasta Chassis (BSN)
• Service Creation System (SCS)
– Server and Client
• Shasta BSN Software
• Cabinet

Nortel’s Passport 8600 Routing Switch
Q Passport 8600 Routing Switch
• delivers high-density Layer 2 and Layer 3 wire-
speed switching and routing over copper and
fiber media.
• switching architecture capable of delivering 128
Gbps of capacity, scaling to 256 Gbps in the
future.
Q Supported interfaces include 10/100/1000BaseT
autosensing and ATM
• Supports up to 384 10/100 TX Ports
• Supports up to 192 100 FX Ports
• Supports up to 64 1000 SX Ports
• STM1/OC3 (up to 32 Ports)
Q Redundant power supplies and hot-swappable
modules are also part of the product platform.
• Both 6 and 10 Slot Chassis are available. The
price in Appendix A, B is applicable to 6 slot
Chassis.
Q Core switching and processing
• Routing switch fabric/CPU module—High-
performance Layer 2 and Layer 3 traffic
switching. One per chassis; two if redundancy is
desired
Nortel Passport 8600 Connectivity
Q Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet
• 48-port auto-sensing 10Base-T/100Base-TX Ethernet Routing Switch module (RJ-45)
• Passport Routing Switch Module 8632TX
– 32-port mixed-media module for 10Base-T/100Base-TX switching and routing
– two slots for Gigabit Interface Converters (GBICs), high port density
• 24-port 100Base-FX Fast Ethernet Routing Switch module (MT-RJ) long runs – 2km
multimode
• 16-port 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (MT-RJ)
– Up to 128 Gigabit Ethernet ports per 10-slot chassis
• 8-port 1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (RJ-45) – over cat. 5 copper
to 100m
• 8-port 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (SC) -for multimode fiber
• 8-port Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module
– plug-in GBICs with SC connectors can mix and match interface types on a single
module using multi-mode or single-mode fiber. GBICs available in short distance
(SX), long distance (LX) and extended distance (XD and ZX)
• One- and two-port auto sensing 10-Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch modules, full-
featured LAN/WAN connectivity with full functionality and intelligence of the Passport
8600
Q ATM/SONET/SDH
• 2-slot MDA Baseboard—Supports up to eight OC-3/STM1 for ATM interface
applications such as permanent virtual circuit VLAN bridging and routing, maintaining
QoS prioritization.

Nortel CDMA Univity®
Base Station Controller EBSC
PP15K Breaker Interface
Panel Q The Univity® CDMA Base Station Controller
PP15K Fiber Tray
CBRS is a scalable and cost reduced IP
enabled Base Station Controller
Q Eliminates the need for separate BIU and
GPSTM GPSTM CIS cabinets in the BSC for 1xEV-DO non-
Cable Trough MTX systems
Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing
Chassis
Q Key Features:
• Scalable from very low to very high
capacity through module additions
Cable Trough
• Multiple frames deployed for
configuration flexibility
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
24pBCNW Functional Processor (NTPB11AA)
Cable Trough
11pMSW Functional Processor (NTPB10AA)
CP3 - Control Processor (NTHR06CA)
Optional - 2nd Enhanced BSC Frame Connectivity

1 1 1 1 1 1
8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5
Cable Trough
Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis (NTPB13AA)
GPSTM - Global Positioning Satellite Timing Module (NTPB15AA)

Nortel CDMA Univity®
Base Station Controller EBSC
Q The Univity® CDMA BSC CBRS is built on the Passport 15K and includes
two new Functional Processors (FPs), the 11pMSW FP and the
24pBCNW FP , along with a Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing
Chassis
• The 11pMSW FP contains 3 OC-3/STM-1 ports. One (1) OC-3/STM-1
port is channelized and contains T1/E1/T3/E3 channels to carry AP or
ISSHO traffic. The unchannelized ports can be configured as OC-3c
to support interfaces to the DISCO or BSS Manager. In these
instances they can be configured as OC-3c in North America or STM-
1 for international installations. The 11pMSW FP provides 8 T1s for
connectivity to the LPP.
• The 24pBCNW FP contains 24 LVDS ports for connectivity to the SBS
shelves.
Q The Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis manages connectivity
between the new 24pBCNW FP to current SBS shelves
• GPSTM to the 24WpBCNW FP
• T1s/E1s on the 11pMSW FP to the LPP
• The Univity® CDMA BSC CBRS can be added to current BSCs
allowing for expanding port and Erlang capacity

Pre-EBSC Hardware Required
for Nortel 1xEV-DO Non-MTX Systems
BI
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Nortel’s BSS Manager (BSSM)
within the Univity® EBSC
Q The BSS Manager consists of quad Ultra Enterprise 450 Servers

• UltraSPARC IV processor cards
• High Speed Serial Interface card interconnects to the BSC
• 31 Gigabytes of mirrored disk space
• Ethernet and LAN access.
Q The BSS Manager is a highly reliable platform, provisioned with an Active
and a Standby unit.
• Constant heartbeat and monitoring are performed between the Active
and Standby systems.
• System initiated (automatic) SWACT (Switch of activity) occurs from
Active to Standby when the active unit experiences critical
hardware/software fault.
• User or operator SWACT is also supported.
• Redundant Ethernet links are provisioned between the two BSS
Manager servers
• redundant links are also provisioned from BSS Manager to CIS (a
communication component within the Univity® BSC)

Nortel BSSM:
CDMA Base Station Subsystem Manager
Q The CDMA BSS Manager provides the Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M)
interface for the Univity® BSC and Univity® AP. Within the context of TMN’s
(Telecommunication Management Network) functional layer approach, the BSS Manager is the
Element Manager and is the operator’s primary interface into Nortel Networks' CDMA RF
network. The BSS Manager platform comprises the operating environment, hardware, and
application interfaces, supporting four areas of the FCAPS model (Fault, Configuration,
Accounting, Performance, and Security).
Q Fault management primarily deals with the alarms of the CDMA network. Alarms are generated
by the subsystem when there is a failure of the hardware/service or when there is a degradation
of the hardware/service due to certain external environmental factors. The BSS Manager’s
primary responsibility is to log, report, and manage the alarm events from its managed
subsystems. ⎯ Configuration management controls the way in which the system provides
service. It allows specification of configuration information, collects data from and provides data
to the various network elements and the connections between those elements. Configuration
management is primarily responsible for supporting network planning, installing,
interconnecting, and establishing NE equipment, connections, and services.
Q Performance management ensures that performance data is sent at regular intervals to the
BSS Manager. Within the BSS Manager, two types of data are logged:
Q Performance data, also referred to as Operational Measurements (OM) – statistical information
about subsystem components
Q Diagnostic Data - debugging information on messages among subsystems for troubleshooting
Q Security management deals with security breaches (improper use) of network resources.
Security management consists of software applications used to configure, control, create or
delete the resources providing the services. Security Management also includes administration
of security procedures and functions.

EV-DO-Specific Nortel Documentation
1xEV-DO Release 2.0
Document Document
Relevance Number Revision Title
1 411-2133-012 1.11 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO System Overview Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO NBSS Delta MOs, Logs, OMs and
1 411-2133-109 1.09 Alarms Reference Manual
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Element Management Subsystem
1 411-2133-126 1.1 (EMS) Recovery and Upgrade Guide
1 411-2133-529 1.14 (DO-EMS) Administrator's Guide
1 411-2133-532 1.08 1xEV-DO D O-RNC Administration Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Configuration Parameters Reference
1 411-2133-822 1.02 Guide
1 411-2133-917 1.1 1xEV-DO Data Only Module (DOM) User Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO OMs and Performance Measurement
1 411-2133-924 1.1 Reference Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Command Line Interface (CLI)
1 411-2133-925 1.13 Reference Guide
1 411-2133-926 1.08 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Logging Message Reference Guide
1 411-2133-927 1.12 (DO-EMS) User Guide
1 411-2133-929 1.08 1xEV-DO Script Tool User Guide
1 411-2133-932 1.1 1xEV-DO Deployment Guide
CDMA Metro Cell Deployment Guidelines Reference
Manual
1.00 411-2133-111 04.06
Shasta PDSN/FA and HA Customer Information Guide

1.00 411-2133-802 05.06
BSC Theory of Operations Handbook

1.00 411-2133-101 12.06

1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO // 1xRTT
1xRTT
Interoperability
Interoperability

1xEV-DO/1xRTT Interoperability
Q The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard IS-856 makes no provision for

any kind of handoff to or from any other technology
Q Driven by Operator interest, a “Hybrid” mode has been developed
to provide some types of handoff functions to the best extent
possible
Q Hybrid Mode
• is a mobile only function – neither the EV nor 1xRTT network
knows anything about it
• is a proprietary feature with vendor-specific implementation
• has no standard-defined RF “triggers”; no “hooks”
Q In the 1xEV rev. A standard, some new features will be provided
• the 1xEV control channel will be able to carry 1xRTT pages too
• this and other changes may make the “hybrid” mode
unnecessary and obsolete

What Handoffs are Possible in Hybrid Mode?
Q All switching between systems occurs in Idle Mode

• there are no “handoffs” in active traffic state in either mode
Q Sessions can be transferred from one system to the other, but
NOT in active traffic state
• If there is a connection, it can be closed and then re-originated
on the other system
• In some cases this can be accomplished automatically without
the end-user’s awareness – in other cases, this is not possible

Hybrid Mode Transition Scenarios
1:2 Deployment 1:1 Deployment 1:1 Deployment

EV-DO, F2
1xRTT, F1
Q DO systems will be Implemented in Several Configurations

• 1:1 overlays in busy core areas
• 1:1 or 1:N overlays in less dense areas
Q Many EV>1x and 1x>EV transition events may occur as a user
transitions from area to area
Q Initial system acquisition is also involved as a user activates their
AT in different locations
Q These transitions are dependent on the Hybrid mode
implementation in the AT
Q The following pages show some possible transitions assuming
Mobile IP and AT Hybrid Mode are implemented

1xRTT / 1xEV-DO Hybrid Idle Mode
Q 1xRTT/1xEV-DO Hybrid Mode

• depends on being able to hear pages on both
1xEV-DO
Active
systems – 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO

• is possible because of slotted mode paging
• 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO paging slots do not occur
simultaneously
1xEV-DO
• mobile can monitor both

Idle
Idle
Mode Q During 1xEV-DO traffic operation, the hybrid-aware
mobile can still keep monitoring 1xRTT paging
Hybrid channel
Mode
Q During 1xRTT traffic operation, the hybrid-aware
mobile is unable to break away; 1xRTT traffic
1xRTT
Idle
Idle
Mode operation is continuous
• no opportunity to see 1xEV-DO signal
Q This hybrid Idle mode capability is the foundation
for all 1xRTT/1xEV mode transfers
1xRTT
Active
• the network does not trigger any transfers

Hybrid Dual-Mode Idle Operation
1xRTT / 1xEV-DO Paging Interoperability
LONGEST POSSIBLE
16-frame Control Channel Cycle PACKET
16 slots of 26-2/3 ms = 426-2/3 ms
DRC 16 Subpackets
1xRTT Minimum Slot Cycle Index: 16 slots of 80 ms each = 48 26-2./3 ms frames
Q A dual-mode 1xRTT/1xEV-DO mobile using slotted-mode paging can

effectively watch the paging channels of both 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO at the
same time
Q How is it possible for the mobile to monitor both at the same time?
• The paging timeslots of the two technologies are staggered
Q Three of the 16 timeslots in 1xRTT conflict with the control channel slots
of 1xEV-DO
• However, conflicts can be avoided by page repetition, a standard
feature in systems of both technologies
Initial System Acquisition by Hybrid Mobile
when 1xEV-DO is NOT Available
1xEV-DO
Active
1xEV-DO
Acquire
1xEV-DO
Idle
System
driven by no, can’t see EV
PRL
After entering this state, the

Acquire Idle
Register mobile will not search for
1xRTT
1xRTT
Idle
with Mode 1xEV service again

System
1xRTT
driven by
Network
PRL Classical 1xRTT
Idle Mode Voice Idle
Page! Mode
Release
1xRTT
Active
1xRTT
Voice
Call

Initial System Acquisition by Hybrid Mobile
when 1xEV-DO is Available
1xEV-DO
Set Up or
interrupted
Active
Re-establish Data
1xEV during 1xEV
1xEVDO Connection
Traffic 1xRTT Traffic
Data Closed
voice call
Session
Triggers:
1xEV-DO
Acquire AT Data
1xEV-DO yes, found EV
Idle
Ready!
System Idle Idle
driven by Mode Mode
PRL AN Data
Page!
Hybrid Hybrid Hybrid
Mode Mode Mode
Acquire Idle
Register
1xRTT
1xRTT Idle Voice Idle Idle

Idle
with Mode
System Mode Page! Mode Mode
1xRTT
driven by
Network
PRL
Release
1xRTT
Active
1xRTT
Voice
Call

In-Traffic: EV-DO Fade with 1xRTT Available
Fade
AT data ready
1xEV-DO
PPP
Active
Traffic Mode, Close Resync Traffic Mode,

Data Transfer Connection MIP Data Transfer
Registr.
AN data ready
Fade
Get New
UATI
1xEV-DO
DO
Idle
no
Dormant System
/Idle Same
Acquired DO
Subnet?
1xRTT
Idle
Idle Dormant
Mode /Idle
1xRTT
Active
PPP
Reestablish Resync Resume Transfer
Call MIP Data Transfer Finished
Registr.

Transition In-Traffic: Lost EV-DO and 1xRTT
Fade
1xEV-DO
Set Up or
Active
Re-establish
Traffic Mode, Close 1xEV
1xEVDO
Data Transfer Connection Traffic
Data
Session
Fade Get New

Triggers:
Found UATI
1xEV-DO
New DO AT Data
Signal!! No
Idle
DO PRL, Ready!
Idle Same DO Idle Idle
Search for
Mode Subnet? Yes Mode Mode
DO AN Data
Hybrid Page!
Mode
Fade Idle
Mode
1xRTT
Use 1x PRL, Use 1x PRL,

Idle
Idle
Search for Search for
Mode
1xRTT 1xRTT
Lost No No 1x Signal,
Signal!! Signal Continue EV
Found!! Operation
No Signal Found!!
1xRTT
Active

Dormant Session, EV-DO Lost > 1xRTT > 1xEV-DO
Coverage Fade
Edge
1xEV-DO
Active
PPP
Traffic Mode, Resync
Data Transfer MIP
Data Finished, Registr.
Call Dormant
Fade Found Get New

New DO UATI
Signal!!
1xEV-DO
No
Idle
DO PRL, DO PRL, DO PRL, DO PRL,

Idle Same DO Idle
Search for DO DO DO
Mode Subnet? Yes Mode
DO Available? Available? Available?
No No No
Signal Signal Signal
Found!! Found!! Found!! Hybrid
Mode
1xRTT
Idle
Idle Idle Idle

Mode Mode Mode
1xRTT
Active
PPP
Resync
MIP
Registr.

Evdo 340

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Evdo 340

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Course 340

This course can be downloaded free from our website:

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 1

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 2

Q Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landline

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 3

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 4

3100 – 800 DL WCDMA 0

1xRTT RC4 EDGE TD-SCDMA

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 6

Higher High data

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 7

Q 1xEV, “1x Evolution”, is a family of alternative QPSK

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 8

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 9

First •Packet IP Integrated

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 10

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 11

Q To satisfy the ITU 3G vision of four radio environments:

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 12

Q RF channel conditions change much faster than 1xRTT can track

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 13

DATA RATE DECISION

Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 16

Q Each forward traffic channel subpacket is only 1.67 ms long

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 17

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 18

messages – with some delay…… F-SCH W3

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 19

IS-95: VARIABLE POWER

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 20

IS-95, IS-2000, 1xRTT EV-DO

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 21

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 22

Q All members of the CDMA family - IS-95, IS-95B,

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 23

400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips

Q The main “cargo” in a slot is the DATA being sent to a user

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 24

400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips

Q Sometimes there may be no data waiting to be sent on a sector’s

400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips

Q Two Half-Slots make a Slot

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 26

That’s a lot of slots!

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 27

400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips

Q Slots make Frames and Frames make Control Channel Cycles!

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 28

1 Frame = 16 slots – 32k chips – 26-2/3 ms

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 29

1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot

Q The mobile transmits sub-packets occupying four reverse link

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 30

W MAC Primary Pilot W016

Q The channels are not continuous like ordinary 1xRTT CDMA

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 31

400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 32

•DSC Data Source Control channel

7-2008 Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter 340 - 33