Question 11:

1. a. Drinking straw
Rubber sheet

b. The model shown in figure doesnt accurately represent human breathing system due to
many reasons. Human breathing system contains two lungs but the model shows only
one lung. External and internal intercostals muscles push and pull ribs alternatively to
increase and decrease the volume of thorax cavity. Model doesnt represent anything
related to ribs and intercostals muscles. Similarly, trachea contains mucus and cilia but
model doesnt contain any thing to represent the function of mucus and cilia. Human
lungs contain bronchioles that are not shown in model. When lungs exhale air
diaphragm muscles relaxes and diaphragm attains a doom shape; however, balloon in
the system is relax but rubber sheet is not in doom shape.

c. i. He should move the rubber sheet down to show the movement of diaphragm.

c.ii. Student would see that balloon inflates.

c.iii. Ballon will no longer inflates. Less air shall pass through the pipe

Question 12:

a.1 Recommended amount 1000 cm^3 or 1 liter. Since 100 cm^3 contains 3 mg of Vitamin
C, 1000 cm^3 would contain recommended amount of vitamin c equal to 30 mg.

a.2 Children would have health risk of malnutrition and contracting a deficiency diseases.
Little amount of energy would make the baby lethargic. Children might fell victim to
scurvy due to deficiency of vitamin C. Lack of iron may lead to anemia in child reducing
oxygen carrying capacity of child blood. Due to deficiency of proteins and vitamins,
children can develop Kwashiorkor resulting in potbelly, change in pigmentation and
retarded growth.

b.1 Mother milk is sterile and contains no additive. It contains appropriate amount of
antibodies and hormones helping child to protect from infections. There is no need to
warm the milk at correct temperature. Mothers milk contain nutrition in such
proportions that are needed for child. Mother milk does not cost money so it is also
economic to use.

b.2 Mother might not be be fully aware of the advantges of breast feeding for her children.
She might also not be able to so because of her job.
Question 13:(Important)

a. In mamals, there is a double circulation because of lungs. Blood passes through the heart
twice in one complete circuit. Blood flows from the main circulation of the body to the
heart, then to the lungs and back to the heart again before it is pumped into the main
circulation. Large veins carry deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body to the
heart. From the heart, the pulmonary arteries carry the blood to the lungs. Oxygenated
blood is returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins. The circulation linking the lungs to
the heart is known as the pulmonary circulation. Oxygenated blood leaves the left side of
the heart and is distributed by arteris to all parts of the bodye (except lungs). Veins carry the
blood from all the parts of the body back to the right side of the heart. This is the main
circulation, called the systemic circulation. The pulmonary and the systemic circulations
make up the double circulation in mammals.

b. Their walls are very thin to allow substances to easily and quickly diffuse, or pass through
them. Capillaries are much thinner than arteries and veins, because their walls are made up
of only a single layer of endothelial cells, the flat cells that line all blood vessels. Capillaries
are selectively permeable, which means they allow some substances through but not others.
Their permeability is what allows them to carry out their job, and how permeable they are
varies depending on the organ or tissue they are found in. Oxygen and Glucose diffuse
outside the capillaries while carbondioxide and urea diffuses into the capillaries.

Question 14:

a. i. Nicotene
ii. Tar
iii. Carbon monoxide
iv. Carbon monoxide combine with haemoglobin due to which oxygen carrying capacity of
blood is decreased. Many posinous substance including nicotene, tar and carbon
monoxide inhaled by the pregrant women directly goes to the baby. Due to smoking
baby respiration rate may increase. Baby may born underweight. There are also chances
of birth defects.
b. Untill 1950s, both the number of smokers and deaths from smoking rises. This was because
there was very less awareness about the adverse effects of smoking. From 1950 to 1980
number of smokers decreaed but deaths due to smoking increaed. This could be due to
cancer because cancer take time to develop. Some earlier smoke might have quite smoking
but have died later increasing the rate of deaths. Since 1980, %population of smokers and
deaths attributable to smoking are decreasing. This is beacuase of better diagnostic
facilities, treatments and drugs. Cigratees have also been improved i.e. now cigeratte
contain better filter and low tar.
Question 15:

a. i. Because it helps in maintaing blood pressure.

ii. muscle

iii. Aorta

b. arrows to be drawn on heart.

c. semi lunar valve is bypassed.

d. In right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 16: (Important)

a. Similarities: Both minerals and glucose are absorbed by elongated structures. Elongated struces
of root hair cells and villi increases the surface area for absorption. Similarly, in mammals,
glucose is absorbed in villi. Both the minerals in plants and glucose in humans is absorbed by
active transport and require enrgy for absorption. Minerals are also absorbed from solutions
and glucose is also absorbed from solution of digested food.

Differences: Minerals in plants are absorbed from root hair cells, but glucose in mammals is
absorbed from villi. Root hair cells are singl celled. As contrast to root hair cell, villi is
multicellular. Ions are absorbed from the soil while glucose is absorbed from the intestine.

b. Plants can make their own amino acids using products of photosynthesis and nitrates. So, plants
donot absorb amino acids. Humans rely on protiens from other organism. Humans eat proteins
and digest them into amino acids which are abosorbed. A large proportion of our cells, muscles
and tissue is made up of amino acids, meaning they carry out many important bodily functions,
such as giving cells their structure. They also play a key role in the transport and the storage of
nutrients. Amino acids have an influence on the function of organs, glands, tendons and
arteries. They are furthermore essential for healing wounds and repairing tissue, especially in
the muscles, bones, skin and hair as well as for the removal of all kinds of waste deposits
produced in connection with the metabolism.

Question 17:
Most common deficiency diseases include scurvey, ricket, beri beri, and pellagra. Scurvey is caused by
the deficency of vitamin C. Scurvy is characterized by the swollen gums, losing of teeths, internal
bleeding in muscles and skins and poor healing of wounds. Deficency of vitamin C can be controlled by
eating fresh citrus fruits such as lemon and orange etc. Beriberi is a condition in which a person has a
severe deficiency in vitamin B1. It is characterized by nerve, heart, and brain abnormalities. Beriberi
symptoms include: numbness and tingling in hands and feet, memory loss, problem in breathing,
possible paralysis, problem in speaking, confusion, and depression. Beriberi needs quick attention and if
not treated with an adequate supply of vitamin B1, it can lead to dementia and even death. To prevent
beriberi, eat a healthy, balanced diet that includes foods rich in thiamine. These include: beans and
legumes, seeds, meat, fish, whole grains, nuts and dairy etc.

Question 18:

a.

b. i.

ii.

Explaination: Flowers are pale indicating there is no chlorophyll. In the absence of

Chlorophyll plants cannot photosynthesize and plant is respiring producing carbon
dioxide and using oxygen.

c. Since most of the stomach problems are due to excessive acid production, plant
extracts being alkaline helps to reduce the pH in stomach and neutralize the stomach
acid. Some plants extract may also kill harmful bacteria.