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ha baw wea Wa bee ewe a es se Deliberate Facial Movement Paul Ekman University of Californie, San Froncico Gowen Roper Adelphi Unicersity Joveph C. Hager Unicerty of Calfornl, San Franctco Eman, Pavt; Roren, Gowen; and Hacen, Jenn C. Deliberate Facial Movement. Ci De- ‘mornin, 1080, 81, 696-801, Children aged 5,9, and 13 year ted to imate slementl os gles fal acon, Pomance nro wih ag, Za an when te dren ha ‘he benokts of practic, ent abd seing thems in ior: The ality to ie tte lementl tet comeatd oth Uw ably to tmitate complet express, Certain ac tons, primary thove involved in fear, sadness and anger, were ican even forthe oldest fpoup. The relatonhip between making fcr by delete soon and making faces by sel Frnratng an ero expanse dined ne Tit 8 cain he devlpment of the ability to produce facial movements inter Sonaty no pave hc feu we of ns tll ‘mpare th ge mero ies on the development of the ability to recog: nize facial exprenions of emotion (Vor reviews a both typer of studies, see Charlesworth & Keita 1979, oan & One 179). Facil {xpreions may spon spntneosy, resume Sbly ar signe of an ematon, but expressions iy sob pt on tential fg, moc tr Uber ovide a sonally required pers formance Such performances may Be achieved by two quite diferent techniques, In deliber ste acton a peron imitates un observed ex preston or makes face to ft the memory of En appearance. In contrat when generoring emotion one focuses upon the experience, not the expression, Much ite a Stanlavht actor one relives or imagines sation that i tn tended to create the experience fom which the expression will fow. Whether a person re les upon emotion generation daiberae ae- tion may depend upon the emotion performed, the stutonal context o personality, Age may alo be relevant, since the ables required for deliberate action or emotion, generation may ‘ot develop simultaneously. These two tec Th eecarch wa supported By 4 report war supported by 2 grant 0 niques for producing intentional facial expres Sons probably rely upon diferent neural path: stays. Deliberate performance offal actions ths been shown (involve the pyramidal sys tems (Meike 1973, Myers 1976; Tschiasshy {SRD tnd emotion generation keene ‘would involee the extapyramal sytem. ‘Unfortnately, the few previous studies of the intentional production of facial expression asked or nee inch wy i fot posite to determine which technique 4 inet wet or gamle bec asked to inae face Ike the one shown in 2 photo. aph (Dravghton 1973, Odom & Lemond Toi2) could deliberately imitate the action shown, or they could decode the emotion mer- sage and then attempt to generate the emo. tian, Bach technique might be used by difer: tent subjects or by the same subject for difer ions. The other procedtres for sist ing facial expressions (asking subject to pote at emotion (Hamulton 1970} asking them to ‘how the expression someone woul feel in particular situation (Odom & Lemond 1973)) Ee alo ambiguovs, allowing sbjecs 0 per- form action deliberately or generate emotional experience nt from NIMH, MH 11976. The preparation of this ‘ary F. Guggenheim Foundation. Reprint requerts ‘muy be sent Wo Paul Ekman, Human Teteracton Laboratory, University of Calm, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94183. Ichi Dap 104-201 © 1a bythe Sc or Rowan CRM Development, Rea ond SORE te os retinas we wih mame mee Eat pe ee ae al mac nen fe a een Seg aera ie noe pet wee oe Peectn tpeon te Teh Saeed wo There were a number of deficiencies in Xwints pioneering study which our research har attempted to remedy. Kwints experment wa miedo the mote aces ohed Inthe emotions of ange, happiness, and dis- fut ve extended he st of sel nts {Einchade three other emotions (fen, suprze tnd happiness) in order to encompass ations ‘elevant to al ofthe emotions that have been Consistently found tn studer of facial expres- Sion over the past. 40. years (see Ekman, Friesen, Ellsworth 1972 chap. 13). Kwint ‘udied only the. performance’ of elemental facial actions and not the more compler facial capresso, We included « condition in which the subjects imitated complex expressions: Other problems in: Kwines study that were remedied include: no check tht the live model trom the children tried to imitate performed correctly or consistently; no dats on inercder eb nthe ering ofthe cho pr Formances no satin texts of signieance, On the basis of Kwint’s Endings, we hy- potbesied it, that performance would im Drove within the age” range studied (5-10 Jere), Rett dig an Eka and Fe tomicily based facial measurement system sug. feted «reli claicston of mune se fone in terms of expected cate of performance Hypothesis 2 predicted that this classification woe Scent for How sel ais moe Inoverents were performed: Hypothesis 9 was concerned. with, Ge conditions in wich the Subjects attempted to perform the facial ac- tons. In tial 1, subjects bad to rely solely ‘pon ther ovm proprioceptive and evlancous {ial feedback fo montar their performance Teil 2 wat designed to etinate the. perfor mance that was posfble when the child hed the mulipleDenlts of prac, fedback rom mirror, and suggestions and encouragement Ekman, Roper, and Hager 887 from the experimenter. Hypothesis 3 predicted that performance would Ge beter i ial 2 than fal 1 Method Requested Facial Action Test—Since young children were to be studied, and since three rat were to be administered in one Session, ft was not thought feasible to include Ail ofthe 39 elemental facial movements in Ehoyan and Friewers (1978) Facial Action Coding System (FACS). We selected 12 a0 ti units that Ekman and Friesen (1978) hy- Frtbered ae ave ni emotin of f, Tite 12 Setone "got cxplore alt the Inoverents forall of the expressions of each Srnotion, but explore some of the most common fetions for each emotion. Three combinations af actions affecting only the eyebrows and forehead wee adds tat for thi one fea tea it would be possble to west all of the {ions celevant tothe emotions The ‘tion Gite in the test are sted in table T in the Res section ee es aes ome ae ae eee Set ete etait Sat el lealrereron Seacce caretee area fee ee oa Preece Oe ee eee Eee ree et feet Tn wre eee sata weg ee naar eee eee oe ae eee tebe en Arr Lea rey, tele Stor fan 1 In developing their facial measurement system and in teaching voluntacy conl of facil musculature to aduls, Elman and Friesen have found certain suscles are generally much [ide than other for most people to move intentionally on Os ae ee on en og ee ee oe pe ee ee on oe on: os ee ees od oe es ee ee oe oa C3CIC)Cja 888 Child Development was from two public middle schools. Since there have been some consent Sndings of superiority of females as compared to males in the production of posed and spontaneous emo- tional expressions (Hall 1978, in press), an equal number of girls and boys were obtained for each age group, Tere sien woofer cnt et tg ed SS SAA wal ah Pope A et? yore imi machin SE, eae fone (Oa head no atch te oct was oe ao a nc, akc erece ah Sr yr Sve bow ae US ev Sy hater wee dt ns ds Fen he ed sr elle Spee en Cran eat ee Tet at dn sep tty get plone Boat In tral 2 the child was allowed to look tna mirror placed next to the television mont tor to compare hirer her performance with the television model. The experimenter coached the chil, offered suggestions about how to do a poremen ad fl the ld is ovement ‘other than the requested one was being ma ‘A sorekepng vie war wud falta the youngest children’s interest inthe tsk Tn twal 9 the subject imiated the compen ex- pressions with the mitror In place and encour Sgement arin tal 2 Scoring the performance —Each chil’ behavior wes recorded on videotape. In more than S08 of the perfomances the requeted action, if produced. was performed quichy and ‘broly. Sametines a vet wold makes numberof action, appearing to seek the co rect one and holding the requested action for Jp aimoment A comet Sore wat earned i the requested action was seen a any point in a subject's attempt, 30 long as it was tated from any movement before of after i nd didnot include action other than the one(s) requested, The amount of tne allowed fora child to produce a performance was iden- tical (10 see) within and between tral ‘The performances were scored using the criteria for correct performance in FACS. Scot. ing facial movement with FACS has been shown to be reliable (Ekman & Friesen 1978), but those data were gathered on facial behav- for during conversations by adults, not on re: {usted facal actions predoced by children Tito coders (GR and |. H.) who had been tmained in FACS. scored. all of the perfor ‘ances made by six of the 36 children, 10 From each of the age levels. One of these coders (J. H.) did not know the hypotheses and afterward reported that he wally did not notice age diferences. The two coders agreed on 83% of the performances, One coder (G-R.) Scored the performances of facial behavior of the other children. Results ‘The data from trials 1 and 2 were ana- lyzed ina 3 (age) x 2 (sex) x 2 (tral) x 3 (dificulty) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last two factors and with the number of correct performances summed aver Action units as the dependent variable. A sig- nilfeant main effect for age, F(2.30) = 6.43, <0], supported hypothesis 1. Duncan's mul- fiple range tests on the age group means showed that, although correct performances in- ‘creased with each age, the only significant crease, p <.05, was from the youngest to the middle age group. ‘A significant main effect for difficulty, (2,80) = 235.10, ‘p <.001, supported. hy: pothesis 2. Multiple range tests showed that Egnificantly fewer, p <.05, action units were performed with each increasing level of dif faulty. Table 1 shows the number of children in each age group who performed the action unite correctly in trials I and 2. axflrngmenat tr aan as eee Seige ean cee Subang ihe feaceah Gta fis Pete Tor'the moderately dificult action units A se ear aeae ts pee ‘The number of correct performances of fullface expressions in trial 3 was analyzed in a3 (age), x 2 (sex) analysis of variance As'was found forthe elemental actions there was sgnifleant main effect for age, (2.30) 2134, 9 00), and Duncans up range on the age group means showed thatthe significant ierese,p <-05, was from the Youngest to the mile group. No other effect Yeas significant Finally, corlaions were cilultedbe- tween chiens performances of elemental a tos when they wore perforned spartly it tral 2 and when thy were combined io a Complex express tn tral 9, Ph coaficlent see tepetelclated fr each compar presen, to show how well penance of Single actions ‘predicted performance, when the ectlons wie required» complon preston, These coitients wer all postive rd tad a median of 54 (23.24, p © O05) Discussion The ability t9 produce facial movements intentonally-both Slemental fal action and complex epeons—improved ih age provement was greater Between ages 3 and 9 than between 9nd 19. Certain fail actions were very eay to perform, while other actions twere, at predicted diet. all children per- Tormed the one facial action required to signal Iippness ation unit 12 (se table 1). Most of the youngest performed the brow raise (a= tion unit 1-2) nwolved in surprite, but could "ot ralse their upper eyed or asemble these tetine with jaw Sropping ar required in the comple surprise expression. The majority of the middle spd olden children were succesful in performing actions for surpese and. dogust Buf coud not perform all ofthe actions eles wnt t feat saien or anger Further study fs needed to determine the age when children are frst able to imitate igcial actions and whether this abiity develope further in" late adolescence. Meltzoll and Moore's (1977) study suggests that deliberate imitation may be poste very early in infancy, But they ated” only few movements of which only one was involved fn emotional ex pressions. ‘The Requested Facial Action Test Should be given to hildren younger than those wwe studied: Eman and Friewn (Note 1) sop acs that adult do ot perform mach. beter than did the Idyearolde in this study, al though they have found that extended patie ‘benetits performance. On the other hand, Kovint (1934) reported thatthe ability to make re Ekman, Roper, and Hager 889 quested facial movements decreased after the ‘age of 15. Data are needed to resolve this The superior performance of the elemen- tal seta in ral 3 onl hve been di 0 Drctice, encouragement, or the mirror, While tre suspect thatthe miror mattered mot, Further feearch needed to show that this was fo. Study should also be made of the ability to imitate the complex expressions without the benefit of «mirror peor opportunity t pac: tie elemental facial ations. ur Sndings pertain to the bility to make facial actions detberately It wat possible to focus on this ability by presenting for imitation in als I and 2 only elemental fail actions Most of thse act are not really interpretable ax depicting a specific emotion (exceptions are felon units 12, for happiness, snd © for di fst). Thus, the children could not easily de- Soe what emotion was relevant and then tempt to generate tht emotion, Performance Of the elemental actions & informative about the ability to combine those actions infenton- ally ‘when ‘imitating complex expressions. of ‘motion, Developmental changes tn the ability fo imitate complex expressions praleled those feu for Someta he ay form specie elemental action. correlte ‘ith the ably to combine those exons. How ver, we cannot be at certain about which technique the chien wsed to prosuce there comples expressions. Te is important to study the development of the ability to produce expressions by emo- tion generation, tod. to compare that biity ‘wth success in making deliberate actions on the Requested Facial Action Test of how fn expression is produced, study aso needled about when diferent types of inten: tional expreions may Est cut A child may pot on an expression of emotion to fei Cneant to be interpreted as felt), to mock (meant t0 be i 8 payfal, ont init meat dd te Tel esnesn) See Ekman ir Frsen 1975, chap Il, fr a die Corson of these and other forms of deceit expression) Preliminary berets suggest ‘hae children may succeed in mock expressions sell before they an sucesflly feign or ase For example, in ths experinent oe, found thatthe youngest chien could perform only one of the actions for anger~the lowered ‘row. This should be suficient to produce a tock but net a bellerble feigned anger. Even this extspoltion should bet considered only ee ee ee ee ee ee ee a vanav. =~ = pepe. = Ce ee aa ee hypothetical. Data on the actual occurrence of diferent kinds of expression in social inter- netion are needed, Reference Note 1, Ekman, P, & Felsen, W. ¥, Facial exercises. In P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen (Ed.), Anaya ing facial aeton, Book in preparation, References Charlesworth, W. Kuta, MA. Fail ex [resion of infant and chidrn P Eke U8), Dancn end foci erento. New York: Academe Pes 197 Draughtn, M Duplo of facial expresion Section acing tak nd poi Soca Seflnem, Journal of Pomona, 107 4 oso, Elman, B & Fite, W. V. Unmasking the fc. Englewood Cli, Nj: Penne Hal, 1078. Biman, P, ie Friven, W. ¥. Meaning facal Tmavement: Encrnmental Pyploy and Ekman, By & Fann W. V. The Pasi Action ‘Coding Sytem. Palo ko, Cal Containg Pychologits Pres, 1978 hman, Ps Friesen, W. Vs & Eliwor, P, Emo- tion in he human ace. Eins NY Pr won 1972 Ekman, Roper, and Hager 891 Ekman, P, & Oster, H. Facial expressions of emo: tion, Annual Review of Prychology, 1979, 30, S754, Hall, J Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cuts. ‘Paychologial Bulletin, 1978, 85, 815-887 Hall J Gonder effects in encoding nonverbal cus, Paychological Bulletin, im press. Hamilton, M. L. Imitaive behavior and expressive ability in facial expression of emotion. Devel- opmental Peyehology, 1973, 128. Kwint, L. Ontogeny of motility of the face. Child Development, 1904, 5, 1-12, ‘Meibike, A. Surgery of the facal ner. Phiadet- hia: Saunders, 1973. Melttofl, A. N., & Moore, M. K. Imitation of facial ‘and manual gestures by oman neonates, Sc- ‘ence, 1977, 198, 75-78 Myers, RE, Comparative neurology of vocaiza: tion and specch: proof of a dichotomy. Annals of the New York Academy of Seton, 1975, 280, 145-757. (Odom, B.D, & Lemond, C. M, Development dif- ferences in the perception and production of {acal expretsion. Child. Development, 1972, 43, 350-060. ‘Techasthy, K. Eight syndromes of facial paralysis and thet signiicance for locating the lesion, ‘Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngol gy, 1953, 62, 677-651, 7 oe OS as an) an on og On a as pe ee ee on oe on: as Ge

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