Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
alteracin en los nios con TDAH a dos niveles. A nivel neuro- (SPECT), el metabolismo (PET) y la activacin (RMf) de la
fisiolgico, refleja una hipoactivacin en regiones prefrontales corteza prefrontal en nios con TDAH. Por otra parte, estudios
esenciales para un correcto funcionamiento ejecutivo, como ya realizados con PRAD muestran una disminucin en la amplitud
haba sido descrito por otros estudios de neuroimagen funcio- de distintos componentes, como la onda PN, o los componentes
nal realizados con SPECT [51], PET [52] y RMf [56]. Cabe re- N2, P3a y P3b, todos ellos con latencias comprendidas entre
saltar la hipoactivacin observada en la corteza cingular ante- 200 y 500 ms, aproximadamente. Por ltimo, el nico estudio,
rior [69], que es una estructura que se ha relacionado con la hasta la fecha, que ha empleado la MEG para explorar el sustra-
asignacin de recursos atencionales [57]. Esta hipoactivacin to neurofuncional de las FE en nios con TDAH muestra una
del cngulo anterior se ha descrito slo en algunos estudios pre- hipoactivacin en estos nios en las cortezas prefrontal dorsola-
vios [53,57], posiblemente, porque las tareas utilizadas en otras teral y cingular izquierdas durante los primeros 400 ms de pro-
ocasiones no requieran su activacin para ejecutarse correcta- cesamiento. Posteriores trabajos utilizando esta tcnica permiti-
mente. Sin embargo, como se ha comprobado previamente con rn detectar otros aspectos fundamentales para la comprensin
MEG, la aparicin de un feedback negativo, que informe de la de este trastorno, como en qu latencia exacta, dentro del rango
necesidad de cambiar de set en el WCST, s evita la activacin de 400 ms, aparece esta hipoactivacin prefrontocingular, o si
del cngulo anterior [73]. existe una alteracin en algn otro componente ms temprano
Este estudio refleja tambin una alteracin temporal, mos- que perturbe el funcionamiento global del circuito.
trando que las diferencias entre los nios con TDAH y los nios Futuros estudios con estas tcnicas de neuroimagen funcio-
del grupo control apareceran en fases tempranas del procesa- nal podran ayudar a esclarecer cul, o cules, son los circuitos
miento, durante los primeros 400 ms, en lnea con los hallazgos cerebrales alterados en el TDAH. Es posible que cada uno de
descritos por los estudios realizados con PRAD [62-64,67]. los endofenotipos cognitivos que se han sugerido para el TDAH
estn sustentados por un circuito cerebral diferente. Las tcni-
cas de neuroimagen funcional podran ser tiles para caracteri-
CONCLUSIONES zar los perfiles espaciotemporales de activacin cerebral de ca-
Las distintas tcnicas de neuroimagen funcional, en su conjun- da uno de estos endofenotipos. Esto permitira reclasificar a los
to, ofrecen una oportunidad nica para observar in vivo el fun- nios con TDAH en subtipos ms homogneos en funcin de
cionamiento del cerebro de los nios con TDAH. Los estudios criterios neurocognitivos que podran ser ms tiles, de cara a la
que han empleado tcnicas de neuroimagen de alta resolucin intervencin, que la actual clasificacin basada en sntomas
espacial han detectado una disminucin en el flujo sanguneo conductuales.
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