Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
More cables are required to be connected because each computer individually connects to the central server
Single point of failure in case the server get down.
Too much dependency on central device has its own drawbacks. If it fails whole network goes down.
The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the network.
Mention the OSI Layer & Explain two layer:
7. Application layer Application: The application layer provides services for an application
6. presentation layer program to ensure that effective communication with another application
5. Session Layer program in a network is possible. The application layer is not the application
4. transport Layer itself that is doing the communication
3. Network Layer Presentation: In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the
2. Data link Layer presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network. It
1. Physic al layer is sometimes called the syntax layer
This layer is concerned with the transmission of the data. The two main protocols that operate at this layer are
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is regarded as being the reliable
transmission protocol and it guarantees that the proper data transfer will take place.
Difference between OSI and TCP IP Model.
TCP/IP is a communication protocol that allows for 7. Application layer Application
connections of hosts to the internet. OSI, on the 6. presentation layer
other hand, is a communication gateway between 5. Session Layer
the network and the end users. TCP/IP refers to 4. transport Layer Transport
Transmission Control Protocol used in and by the 3. Network Layer Internet
applications on the internet. 2. Data link Layer Network
1. Physic al layer Access
Internet Protocol: Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the
Network.
Client/Server Network. A computer network in which one centralized, powerful computer (called the server) is
a hub to which many less powerful personal computers or workstations (called clients) are connected.
How to work Clint/server network:
The client uses the network as a way to
connect with and speak to the server. Just as
the customer speaks to his server, the client
uses the network to send and receive
communications about its order, or request.
The server will take the request and make sure
that the request is valid. If everything checks
out okay, then the server will fetch the request
and serve the client.
Network address translation (NAT): Network address translation is a method of remapping one IP address
space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers
while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
NOTE: NAT is not only used for networks that connect to the Internet. You can use NAT even between private
networks as we will see in the pages to follow, but because most networks use it for their Internet connection,
we are focusing on that.
The NAT concept is simple: it allows a single device to act as an Internet gateway for internal LAN clients by
translating the clients' internal network IP Addresses into the IP Address on the NAT-enabled gateway device.
In other words, NAT runs on the device that's connected to the Internet and hides the rest of your network from
the public, thus making your whole network appear as one device (or computer, if you like) to the rest of the
world.
NAT is transparent to your network, meaning all internal network devices are not required to be reconfigured in
order to access the Internet. All that's required is to let your network devices know that the NAT device is the
default gateway to the Internet.
NAT is secure since it hides your network from the Internet. All communications from your private network are
handled by the NAT device, which will ensure all the appropriate translations are performed and provide a
flawless connection between your devices and the Internet.
Example: 192.168.1.4/27
Total Host = 2n
Usage able host =2n -2
Subnet musk =256-total host
Network address=
Routing : Routing is the path that network data or a packet takes to reach its destination on a network. The network router
is what decides the best route for each network packet.
Routing table: A routing table is a set of rules, often viewed in table format, that is used to determine where data packets
traveling over an Internet Protocol (IP) network will be directed. All IP-enabled devices, including routers and switches,
use routing tables
Static routing : Static routing is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a manually-configured routing entry,
rather than information from a dynamic routing traffic.
Dynamic routing : Dynamic routing is a networking technique that provides optimal data routing. Unlike static routing,
dynamic routing enables routers to select paths according to real-time logical network layout changes. ... The most
popular are Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).