Exercises 283 Assess ‘The assumption that the gas sample obeys the ideal gas law is probably valid since the temperature ofthe gas (25.0°C) is ot particularly low and the gas pressure, about 1 atm, isnot particularly high. However, the implicit assumption tha ll the heat of combustion could be transferred to the water was probably not valid. Ifthe transfer were to occur in an onli- nary gas-fired water heater, some ofthe heat would undoubtedly be lost through the exhaust vent. Thus, our calculation Was ofthe highest temperature that could possibly be attained, Note that in using the ideal gas equation the simplest approach was ta work with SI units because those were the units of the data that were given PRACTICE-EXAMPLE A: The enthalpy of combustion for I-hexadecene, CigH, is -10539.0KJ mol, and that of Ihexadeeaher€ sy is 1069.1} mol *, What is the enthalpy of hydrogenation of -hesadevene to hexadecane? PRACTICE EXAMPLE: _A chemist mixes 56 grams of CaO, powdered lime, with 100 mL of water at 20°C. After the completion ofthe reaction, Ca0|s) + H,O(I) —» Ca(OH} s), what ae the contents of the reaction vessel? [Hint: Assume thatthe heat released by the feaetionis absorbed by the water] Foss enemisrey You'll find a link to additional self study questions in the study area on www.masteringchemistry.com Exercises Heat Capacity (Specific Heat) 1. Calculate the quantity of heat, in ilojoutes, (3) re- uired to raise the temperature of 9.25 Lof water from 2200 to 294°C: (b) associated with 9 33.5°C decrease in temperature in a 5.85 kg aluminum bar (specific heat of aluminum = 0908) 5 !C~. 2 Caleulate the final temperate tha results when (a) a 126 gsample of water at 22°C absorbs 875 Jof heat, (6) 159 kg sample of platinum at 782°C gives off 1.05 kcal of heat (sp ht of P= 0.032cal g“'"€") 3. Refer to Example 7-2. The experiment is repeated with several different metas substituting forthe lea. ‘The masses of metal and water and the initial femper- atures of the metal and water are the same as in Figure 7-3. The final temperatures are (a) Zn, 389°C; (©) PL,288°C;(@) AL,527°C. What isthe specific heat cof each metal, expressed in g'U°C"!? 4. A750 g piece of Ag metal is heated to 800°C and dropped into 50.0 g of waterat 232°C. The final tem perature of the Ag-H,0 mixture is 27.6°C, What is the specific heat of silver? 5. AMG5 g chunk of iron is removed from an oven and plunged into 375 g water in an insulated container. The {emperature of the water inereases from 26 to 87°C. If the specific heat of iron is 0.48) g "°C! what must have been the orginal temperature of the ior? 6. A piece of stainless steel (Sp ht = 050] x1 *C™!) is transfered from an oven at 183°C into 125 mL of water at 232°C. The water temperature rises to 51.5°C. What is the mass ofthe stee? How precise is this method of mass determination? Expl 7. ATLOO kg sample of magnesium at 00°C is added to 100-1 of water maintained at 200°C in an insulated container. What will be the final tempera- Prrteaty Ca inson (ons on 292014 am 17.17 $8470 unde ue un 232016 Use ond Ne suNraes User Oya absence reposts 2 ture of the Mg-H30 mixture (specific heat of Mg = 1024) gsc)? 8, Brass has a density of 840 /é19? and a specific heat of 0385) g-'-C1 A 1520m Bieeeoof brass at an initial temperature of 168°C is droppedl into an insu- lated container with 150.0 g watermill at 224°C What willbe the final temperature of the brass-water mixture? 9. ATAR g sample of copper at 1432°C is added to an insulated vessel containing 163 ml. of glycerol CSH,Os() (= L26q/mL), at 248°C. The final tem perature is 311°C. The specific heat of copper is 0385] q-!°C-!. What fs the heat capacity of glycerol in} mol 10, What volume of 185°C water must be added, together with a 1.23 kg piece of iron at 685°C, s0 that the temperature ofthe water inthe insulated container shown inthe figure remains constant at 5.6 °C2 1.23 kp ion a, water ‘Temp. 685°C ‘Temp. 185°C 04381 V°C“} as6'c] feet vouzon284 Chapter 7 Thermochemistry 1, Inthe form of heat, 6.052 of energy is transferred toa 1.0 L sample of sir (d= 1.204 mg/cm’) at 200°C. “The final temperature of the ac is 25.0°C. What isthe heat capacity of ai in J/K? Heats of Reaction 13. How much heat, in kilojoules, is associated with the prodaction of 253 kg of slaked ime, Ca(OH)? Ca0{s). AOK) —> GaOH){3) AHS = 65.2% 14, Thestandard ehiisipy ange in the combustion ofthe hydrocarbon octane’ ig AH=~ ~5.48 % 10° k}/mot Collis). How much heat) Klojoules, is liberated per gallon of octane buened? (Dexsty ofoctane = D7obg/mt gal = 37851} 15. How much eat, in kilojoules, % €yélvgd in the complete combustion of (a) 13258 Caiii(8) at 25°C and 1 atm; (b) 284 L.Cillyo(g) at STP. (o> 126 LEH o(g) at 236°C and 738 mmbig? Assushe that the enthalpy change for the reaction does not change significantly with temperature of pressure ‘The complete combustion of butane, Calta), is represented by the equation Cituia) + Zox(g) — 4coxg) + $H:00) air = 297783 16, Upon complete combustion, the indicated substances tvolve the given quonfiis of heat, Write a balanced ‘Stion for the combustion of 100 mal af each substance including the enthalpy change, SH, forthe renction (3) 0584 gof propane, CoH), yes 29.48) {b) 0.136 gof camphor CgFygO(8), yields 5.27 (6) 238 mL af neatone, (CHy).COU) f/m), yields 383K) 17. fhe combustion of methane gas, the principal cone Sttuent of natural gas presente by the equation CHi(s) + 20368) —- COx(@) +2011) BHP = 88034) (a) What mass of methane, in kilograms, must be burned to iberate 250 > 10K of heat? (b) What quantity of heat, in ilojoues is liberated in the complete combustion of 163 % 1041 of CHa(s), measured st 186°C and 708 mm? (0) Tithe quantity of heat calculated! in par (8) could be transferred vith 100% efficiency t0 water, what volume of water in ters, could be heated from 880 {010°C asa result? 18, Refer tothe Integrative Example, What volume ofthe synthesis gas, measured at STP and bumed in an ‘pen flame (constantpressure proces), requted 10 Neat 400 gal of water. from 153 to 630°C? (igo = 37851.) 19, The combustion of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures is Used fo produce very high temperatures (approxie mately 500°C) needed for certain types of welding ‘perations.Consier the renction tobe 701 Hilg) + fOag) —r H0{g) ANP = 28K », 2 What is the final temperature (in°C) of 1.24 g of water with an inital temperature of 20.0°C ater 6052) (of heat is added to it? What is the quantity of heat evolved, in kilojoules, When a 180 g mixture containing equal pacts of Hy and Osby mass is burned?” ‘Thermite mixtures are used for certain types of weld- ing, and the thermite reaction is highly exothermic Fe,0(s) + 2Al(s) —> AhOx(s) + 2Fe(s) AHP = ~s5245 1.00 mol of geamular FeO, and 200 mol of granular Al age mixed at room temperature (25°C), and 9 8a tion initiated, The Liberated heat is retained within the products, whase combined specific heat over a broad temperature range is about 08] 1°, (The melting ‘point of iron i 1530 °C.) Show that the quantity of heat Tiberated is more than sufficient to raise the temperature ‘of the products tothe melting point of iron. ‘A 0.205 4 pellet of potassium hydroxide, KOH, isadded 19559} water na Styrofoam cofee cup. The water tem- erat Files From 235 t024.4°C. [Assume that the spe- 3COX(g) + 44,00) AHF = -22199 If the ball bearing described in Exercise 31 is dropped fonto a large block of ice at 0°C, what mass of liquid Water will form? (Aion = 6.01 kl/mol Hs0(s)) - The enthalpy of sublimation (solid — gas) for dry ice (ie C3) is AE, = 571 Wyk at 785°C. 11250) of heat is transferred to 9 block of dry ice that is “785°C, what volume of COs gas (d = 1984/L) will be generated? The enthalpy f vaporization for Nl) 65.56 k]/mol How much heat (in) is quired t0 produce 10 L of Nu(g) 387730 K and 19 aun? 4.075 g sample bf KCI is added to 350 gH,0 ina Styrofoam cup afd Stirred until it dissolves. The tem perature of the solution raps From 248 to 236°C. {a) Is the process. erdotitermic or exothermic? {(b) What isthe heat of sofetiog of KCI expressed in kilojoules per mole of KCI? . The heat of solution of potassivin/Acdtate in water is ~153Kl/mol KC,H,03, What will be the final {temperature when 0.136 mol KC3H;0. is dissolved in 525 ml. water that is initially at 251°C? ‘A.1.620 g sample of naphthalene, CygHs(s), is eom- pletely burned in a bomb calorimeter assembly and a temperature increase of 844°C is noted. Ifthe heat of combustion of naphthalene is ~3156KJ/mol CH ‘what isthe heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter? . Salicylic acid, C;H,Os, has been suggested as a calorimetric standard. Its heat of combustion is 3.023 10°j/molCH,03, From the following data determine the heat capacity of a bomb calorimeter assembly (that i, the bomb, water, stirrer, theemome= ter, wires and so forth), mass of slicylicacid bumed: 1.201 g initial calorimeter temperature: 25.68°C final calorimeter temperature: 2982°C Refer to Example 7-3. Based on the heat of combustion of sucrose established in the example, what should be the temperature change (AT) produced by the com'= bustion of 1227 gC nHz:0n in a bomb calorimeter assembly with a heat capacity of 3.87 k)/°C? 41.397 g sample of thymol, CigHyOXs) (a preserva- tiveand a mold and mildew preventative), is burned in a bomb calorimeter assembly. The temperature increase is 11.23°C, and the heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter i 4.68k]/"C. What is the heat of Prt ty Caan oaSiMgg i} on 92ONA ron 17 1476817 aierced use ut ACIS ee eyensbeaeraed Va oral np dee erase 3286 Chapter 7 Thermochemistry ‘combustion of thymol, expressed in kilojoules per ‘mole of Ciohl 40? 45. A5W g sample of NaCl is added toa Styrofoam cup of water, and the change in water temperature is 510°C. ‘The heat of solution of NaCl is 3.76 kJ/mol. What is the mass (in g) of water in the Styrofoam cup? Pressuré-Volume Work 47. Calculate the qusntty of work associated with a 35 L expansion of gas/(AV) against a. pressure of 748 mmHg, inthe units (a) atm L; () joules (), (@ calories (al) 48, Calculate the quantity of W6®R)in joules, associated with the compression of a gosfrom 562 Lo 337 L by constant pressure of 1.23 atm, 49. 41.00 g sample of Ne(g) at 1 atm Prefsutegnd 27°C is allowed to expand into an eoacuated vessél of 2.50 volume. Does the gas do work? Explain 450, Comprossed air in aerosol cans is sed to free ele tronic equipment of dust, Does the air doany work a= escapes from the can? 51. In each of the following processes is any work done when the reaction is carried out at constant pressure in 4 vessel open to the atmosphere? Iso, is work dane by the reacting system or on it? (a) Neutralization of Ba(OH),(aq) by HCI(aq); (b) conversion of gaseous First Law of Thermodynamics 155, What isthe change in internal energy of a system i the system (a) absorbs 58 J of heat and does 58 of work: (b) absorbs 125] of heat andl does 687 of work (6) evolves 280 cal of heat and has 1.25 kj of work done on i? 56, Whatis the change in internal energy ofa system ifthe surroundings (a) transter 235 J of heat and 128 J of work to the system: (&) absors 145 J of heat from the system while doing 98 J of work on the system: () exchange ro heat, but receive 1.07 K] of work from the system? 57, The internal energy of fixed quantity of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature. A sample ofan ideal {gos is allowed to expand at a constant temperature {isothermal expansion) (a) Does the gas do work? () Doos the gas exchange heat with its surroundings? (©) What happens to the temperature of the gas? (a) What is AU for the gas? 58, Inan adiatutic process a system is thermally insulated— thore is no exchange of eat between system and sur- roundings, For the adiabatic expansion of a ideal gos {a) does the gas do work? (b) Does the internal energy of the gas increase, decrease, or remain constant? (e) What Relating AH and AU 63. Only one of the following expressions holds true for the heat ofa chemical reaction, regan of hw he roe tion scarred out. Which isthe correct expression and why? G@) gy (b) gp) AUT — w; Ad) AU (@) AF 664, Determine whether AH is equal to, greater than, or less than AU for the following reactions. Keep in -mind that “greater than” means more positive oF less negative, and "less than” means less positive or 46, We can determine the purity of solid materials by using calorimetrs4 gold ring (for pure gold, specific hneat ~ 0.1291} 1K") with mass of 105 gis heated t078.3°C and immersed in 51.0 g of 257°C water in constant pressure calorimeter. The final temperature fof the water i 31.0°C. Is this a pure sample of gold? nitrogen dioxide to gaseous dinitrogen tetroxide: (1 decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas. 52, In each of the following processes, is any work done ‘when the reaction is carried out at constant pressure in vessel open to the atmosphere? Ifo, is work done by the reacting system or om it? (a) Reaction of nitrogen monoxide and oxygen gases to form gaseous nitrogen dioxide; (b) precipitation of magnesium hydroxide by the reaction of aqueous solutions of NaOH and MgCl (©) reaction of copperiil) sulfate and water ‘vapor to form copper(I sulfate pentahydrate. ‘58511 325 J of work is done by a system at a pressure of ‘WOatm and 298 K, what s the change inthe volume of the stem? 454. A movable piston ina cylinder holding 50 LNx(g) is used 10 lift 3 1.23,kg object to a height of 4.5 meters. How muclt wok (in) was done by the pas? happens to the temperatiné oF the gas? [Hint: Refer to Exercise 97] 59. Do you think the following obser aon js in any way possible? An ideal gas is expanded iSotherenally and Is observed to do twice as much work 98 the heat absocted from its surroundings. Explain your answer, [Hint: Refer to Exercises 37 and 581] 60. Do you think the following observation is any way possible? A gas absorbs heat from its surroundings. While being compressed. Explain your answer, [tfint: Refer to Pxercses 55 and 56] 61. There are other forms of work besides P-V work. For example, electrical work is defined 3s the potential change in change, © ~ 6 dg. If charge in a system is changed from 10 C #0 5C in a potential of 100 V and 485 Jof heat is liberated, what is the change in the Internal energy? (Note: 1'V = 1]/C) 62. Another form of work is extension, defined as the tension % change in length, w= FAL A piece of DNAhas an approximate tension of f = 10 pN. What is the change in the internal energy of the adiabatic stretching of DNA by 10 pm? more negative. Assume that the only significant change in volume during a reaction at constant pres- ‘sure is that associated with changes in the amounts of gases, {@) The complete combustion of one mole of butanol) (6) The complete combustion of one mole of glucose, CH i208) Prt oda ington aang e)on B80 16 re 1871 8 TOsvoras to cer RAVING se heondtn sone er oa RSF eprops 3 evn voit