DEVELOPMENT MEANING AND DEFINITION

Meaning
Development refers to the process as a result of which along with increase in real per capita
income, there is a reduction in inequality, poverty, illiteracy and diseases
The act of developing or disclosing that which is unknown; a gradual unfolding process, by
which anything is developed, as a plan or method,

Development is

.positive growth

.improvement

.progress

Definition of Development communication

Development Communication, simply defined, is the use of communication to promote social
development. More specifically, it refers to the practice of systematically applying the processes,
strategies, and principles of communication to bring about positive social change.

Development Communication, has been alternatively defined as a type of marketing and public
opinion research that is used specifically to develop effective communication or as the use
of communication to promote social development

Development Communication is recognizing the power of communication as a catalyst for social

development. it is also the utilization of existent communication tools and applicable theories for
result-driven strategies for the advancement of society.[citation needed]

THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PARADIGM

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MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

A multinational corporation (MNC), also called a transnational corporation (TNC),

or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or
delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international
corporation. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has defined[citation needed] an MNC as a
corporation that has its management headquarters in one country, known as the home country,
and operates in several other countries, known as host countries.

The Dutch East India Company was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first
company to issue stock.[2] It was also arguably the world's first megacorporation, possessing
quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, negotiate treaties, coin money,
and establish colonies.[3]

The first modern multinational corporation is generally thought to be the East India Company.
[4]
Many corporations have offices, branches or manufacturing plants in different countries from
where their original and main headquarters is located.

Some multinational corporations are very big, with budgets that exceed some nations' GDPs.
Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies, and even the world
economy, and play an important role in international relations and globalization.

MNCS AND FOREIGN AIDS

in the pursuit of a more secure, stable and sustainable world, developing countries seek to
enhance their human, institutional and infrastructure capacity. To do so they need a solid base of
technologically prepared people to effectively improve their economies and quality of life. Such
a base will facilitate the infusion of foreign capital through attraction of multinational companies
to invest in the developing country, assist in making the most of foreign aid funds, and provide a
basis for business development by local entrepreneurs. In a coordinated approach, UNESCO and
WFEO are mounting major efforts at technical capacity building in developing countries.

Economic development for developing countries can be effectively stimulated by building the
technical capacity of their workforce, through quality engineering education programs. A
competent technical workforce base can then provide several paths to economic development:
attraction of technically oriented multi-national companies, who can invest effectively in the
developing country once there is a cadre of qualified local employees available; effective
utilization of foreign aid funds, and providing a legacy of appropriate infrastructure projects and
technically competent people to operate and maintain them; and small business startups by
technically competent entrepreneurs.
And the global economy of the 21st Century, engineers play a key role in overall economic
development for countries and regions. In the well developed countries, the role of the engineer
is well understood and utilized. In much of the developing world, however, the available pool of
engineering talent is typically below critical mass and economic development and even
important basic societal needs that rely on engineering such as clean water supply and
sanitation lack the technical talent to address them.

Technical capacity building efforts aim at developing a sufficient pool of well educated and
certified engineering graduates in developing countries to effect three desirable outcomes:

Technical capability is needed for developing countries to engage effectively in the

global economy; direct foreign investment, international trade, mobility of engineers, and
the flow of work to countries with cost-effective talent will result.

Indigenous science and technology capacity is needed to insure that international aid
funds are utilized effectively and efficiently for initial project implementation, for long-
term operation and maintenance, and for the development of capacity to do future
projects. And a sufficient pool of engineers can enable a developing country to address
the UNs Millennium Development Goals effectively, including poverty reduction, safe
water and sanitation, etc.

In order to stimulate job formation in developing countries, a technical workforce pool

is needed, made up of people who are specifically educated and prepared to engage in
entrepreneurial startup efforts that meet local needs

The World Federation of Engineering Organizations, through its Committee

on Capacity Building, is dedicated to assisting developing countries to engage effectively in the
global marketplace via technical capacity building.

While emphasis on health and basic relief needs must continue, there is also a critical need to
break the cycles of poverty through development of strong and competitive economies that can
relate to world markets. The building of indigenous pools of people with quality educations in
science, technology, and engineering can help lead to economic growth and healthy economies.

n the case of India there has been a long-term effort to increase the numbers of engineering
graduates and the quality of their education. Whereas in the past, many of these graduates sought
employment outside the country, now many are returning and newer graduates are staying to
work in India in the software and design industries, often to high-tech cities where well-paying
careers and extensive numbers of colleagues await them. The growing number of technically
proficient and well-educated specialists also has enabled India to become a prime location for the
outsourcing technical support by the worlds leading technology firms.

In China, already a major economic power, the proportion of first science and engineering
degrees to all bachelors-equivalent degrees was 59%, as compared to about 33% in the US in
2001 (Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2004, National Science Foundation, National
Science Board). The report opens with the statement:
UNESCO AND THE WORLD FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS

Given the strong relation between creation of a critical mass of educated and skilled engineering
and science graduates, shouldnt efforts be made to build these capacities in Sub-Saharan African
countries? This is one of the conclusions reached by both UNESCO and the World Federation of
Engineers (WFEO). The World Federation of Engineering Organizations was founded in 1968
under the auspices of the UNESCO in Paris and is a non-governmental international organization
that brings together national engineering organizations from over 90 nations and represents some
8,000,000 engineers from around the world. WFEO is the worldwide leader of the engineering
profession and co-operates with national and other international professional institutions in
developing and applying engineering to the benefit of humanity.

In keeping with its mission, WFEO created its Standing Committee on Capacity Building at the
WFEO General Assembly in Tunis in 2003. The Committee onCapacity Building held its first
organizational meeting in Washington , DC in June 2004; this meeting was supported by the U.S.
National Science Foundation. The Committee currently includes 44 members from 29 countries.
At this and subsequent meetings several priority projects were identified, including:

Engineering for the Americas : This project, being carried out in conjunction with the
Organization of American States, is focused on developing plans for enhancing
engineering education and practice throughout Latin American and the Caribbean .

African Initiatives: Many of the societal, human and economic needs identified in the
Millennium Development Goals and other similar descriptions of the situation in
developing countries are present in sub-Saharan Africa . The WFEO Committee
on Capacity Building is developing programs to address a significant subset of those
needs, in areas of its expertise. Activities will include: engineering education workshops;
development of accreditation systems; entrepreneurial training, particularly for women;
stimulation of internship programs; electronic delivery of courses; formation of Engineers
Without Borders cells; and faculty and student exchanges.

Electronic Initiatives: The Committee on Capacity Building is organizing an e-conference

in conjunction with the American Society for Engineering Education/Rio Colloquium
scheduled for Brazil in September of this year. The use of an e-colloquium will enable
engineering educators from developing countries who cannot typically afford to attend
international conferences to participate by submitting papers and discussion in advance of
the live meeting and then have their materials presented in summary form at
the Rio conference.

Other Activities: The Committee on Capacity Building is also working on the following
activities:

Black Sea University Network

Gender issues
 South-south interactions

Engineers without borders

FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers)

UNESCO/WFEO Expert Conference

BASIC NEEDS MODEL

The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute
poverty. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical
well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the
amount of income required to satisfy those needs.

In the development discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is
believed to be an eradicable level of poverty.Development programs following the basic needs
approach do not invest in economically productive activities that will help a society carry its own
weight in the future, rather it focuses on allowing the society to consume just enough to rise
above the poverty line and meet its basic needs. These programs focus more on subsistence than
fairness. Nevertheless, in terms of "measurement", the basic needs or absolute approach is
important. The 1995 world summit on social development in Copenhagen had, as one of its
principal declarations that all nations of the world should develop measures of both absolute
and relative poverty and should gear national policies to "eradicate absolute poverty by a target
date specified by each country in its national context.

INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

Five indicators of development

The Kelburn Workshop began with a discussion on the nature of economic and social
development. It reached a broad consensus on five priorities:

Literacy, education, and skills (literacy, education, training and skills, and
opportunities for all members of society to increase their capacities) The
availability and level of education is an indicator in its own right; it also
contributes to increased individual and social choice, and is a prerequisite for
better democracy and governance.

Health (life expectancy, maternal and infant mortality, quality of life, and the
levels of health care available in situations of morbidity) Physical health and
well-being are basic requirements of stable population growth and the ability to
function more effectively on a regular basis.
 Income and economic welfare (high levels of employment, high incomes per
capita, and increased gross national product, with appropriate corrections for
environmental protection and for income equity) Personal savings and
investment to support structural change are important.

Choice, democracy, and participation (participation in social and economic

affairs, with fair economic rewards, the availability of reasonable choice, and
participation in the democratic process) The political process can enable or
inhibit development. The importance of good government and appropriate
democratic institutions to articulate social goals cannot be over-emphasized.
Participants were not greatly concerned with the formality of these
organizations, but were much more interested in their effectiveness in serving
social goals.

Technology (the capacity to develop technological innovations and to make

technological choices) Few countries are capable of radical innovation as
R&D becomes more expensive and complicated. For these countries, a more
appropriate indicator is the capacity, in terms of know-how and wealth, to make
the appropriate choice between competing technologies and to develop or adapt
technology to fit their own needs.

Cultural indicators are also obviously important, but can be problematic. They are
difficult to quantify, and there is little consensus about which cultural values actually
support development. OECD countries exhibit varying attitudes and approaches to
support learning, innovation, wealth creation, and social development. There are
similar differences found in developing countries.

Global media and the development story

An introduction

High in the Peruvian Andes, an unexpected and severe February frost wipes out the
potato crop of hundreds of farm families toiling at an elevation above 8,000 feet. The
farmers have no safety net; theyve lost not only their current crop but their seeds for
the next growing season as well. I am crying as if one of my own children died, one
farmer says, tears streaming down her face.

As a visitor, I am surprised by what comesor rather, doesnt comenext. The news

does not get out. No one knows whats happened. The
farmers are mostly illiterate, they possess no radio stations or newspapers, and the
Internet remains alien. Journalists rarely talk to them, either. Even their own
government makes no announcement after learning of their emergency.
The plight of the Andean farmers, devastated by unexpected weather and now facing
malnutrition as well as the difficult task of obtaining seeds for next years potato crop,
presents a classic problem in communication about development. The Peruvian
farmers, voiceless, essentially dont exist. Though their country posted rapid
economic growth last year, approaching an impressive 10 percent, these Andean
subsistence farmers remain one bad day away from the worst kind of food insecurity.

Their story has yet to make news in Peru and almost surely never will.
The plight of these poor farmersand how the media should go about telling their
story and many others like itis the subject of this essay.
How best, in short, can the media cover development?

The issue of development is one of the most divisive of our time. Development for
whom? Privileged elites? The mass of poor? The striving
middle classes? And development at what cost? Should it come at the expense of the
environment, so that rapid economic growth lays the seeds for future catastrophes? Is
development essentially economic or human? Is it best measured by the health and
education of people?
The market for corporate equities? Employment?

IssuThere are a number of important issues that have been debated throughout the
history of developmental psychology. The major questions include the following: Is
development due more to genetics or environment? Does development occur slowly
and smoothly, or do changes happen in stages? Do early childhood experiences have
the greatest impact on development, or are later events equally important?

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate over the relative contributions of inheritance and the environment is one of
the oldest issues in both philosophy and psychology. Philosophers such as Plato and
Descartes supported the idea that some ideas are inborn. On the other hand, thinkers
such as John Locke argued for the concept of tabula rosaa belief that the mind is a
blank slate at birth, with experience determining our knowledge.

Today, most psychologists believe that it is an interaction between these two forces
that causes development. Some aspects of development are distinctly biological, such
as puberty. However, the onset of puberty can be affected by environmental factors
such as diet and nutrition.
Early Experience vs. Later Experience

A second important consideration in developmental psychology involves the relative

importance of early experiences versus those that occur later in life. Are we more
affected by events that occur in early childhood, or do later events play an equally
important role?

Psychoanalytic theorists tend to focus upon events that occur in early childhood.
According to Freud, much of a childs personality is completely established by the age
of five. If this is indeed the case, those who have experienced deprived or abusive
childhoods might never adjust or develop normally.

In contrast to this view, researchers have found that the influence of childhood events
does not necessarily have a dominating effect over behavior throughout the life. Many
people with less-that-perfect childhoods go on to develop normally into well-adjusted
adults.

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

A third major issue in developmental psychology is that of continuity. Does change

occur smoothly over time, or through a series of predetermined steps? Some theories
of development argue that changes are simply a matter of quantity; children
display more of certain skills as they grow older. Other theories outline a series of
sequential stages in which skills emerge at certain points of development. Most
theories of development fall under three broad areas:

1. Psychoanalytic theories are those influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud,

who believed in the importance of the unconscious mind and childhood
experiences. Freuds contribution to developmental theory was his proposal that
development occurs through a series of psychosexual stages.

Theorist Erik Erikson expanded upon Freuds ideas by proposing a stage theory
of psychosocial development. Eriksons theory focused on conflicts that arise at
different stages of development and, unlike Freuds theory, Erikson described
development throughout the lifespan.

2. Learning theories focus on how the environment impacts behavior. Important

learning processes include classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and
social learning. In each case, behavior is shaped by the interaction between the
individual and the environment.
 3. Cognitive theories focus on the development of mental processes, skills, and
abilities. Examples of cognitive theories include Piaget's theory of cognitive
development.

Abnormal Behavior vs. Individual Differences

One of the biggest concerns of many parents is whether or not their child is
developing normally. Developmental guidelines chart the age at which certain
skills and abilities emerge, creating concern when a child falls slightly behind the
norm. While developmental theories have historically focused upon deficits in
behavior, focus on individual differences in development is becoming more
common.

Psychoanalytic theories are traditionally focused upon abnormal behavior, so

developmental theories in this area tend to describe deficits in behavior. Learning
theories rely more on the environment's unique impact on an individual, so individual
differences are an important component of these theories. Today, psychologists look at
both norms and individual differences when describing child development.

Media Development
UNESCO helps to strengthen the capacities of communication institutions, to improve
the training of media professionals and to raise awareness among the public in making
best use of communication resources.

Particular attention is given to:

Training for media specialists, particularly women journalists, in developing

countries.

Strengthening news agencies, public service broadcasting and community

media in developing countries.

Assisting media in improving the quality of their local contents by providing

training, production and distribution opportunities.

Training in media literacy for users, particularly children and youth.

For the last twenty years, the International Programme for the Development of
Communication (IPDC) has played a key role in financing media development
projects all over the world.

Goals
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme Poverty and Hunger
Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day

o Proportion of population below $1 per day (PPP values)

o Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]

o Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young
People

o GDP Growth per Employed Person

o Employment Rate

o Proportion of employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)

o Proportion of family-based workers in employed population

Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

o Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age

o Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy

consumption

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary
schooling, girls and boys

o Enrollment in primary education

o Completion of primary education

 o Literacy of 15-24 year olds, female and male

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary

education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

o Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

o Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

o Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Rate

Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five
mortality rate

o Under-five mortality rate

o Infant (under 1) mortality rate

o Proportion of 1-year-old children immunised against measles

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015,

the maternal mortality ratio

o Maternal mortality ratio

o Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

o Contraceptive prevalence rate

o Adolescent birth rate

o Antenatal care coverage

o Unmet need for family planning

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread
of HIV/AIDS

o HIV prevalence among population aged 1524 years

o Condom use at last high-risk sex

o Proportion of population aged 1524 years with comprehensive correct

knowledge of HIV/AIDS

Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS

for all those who need it

o Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to

antiretroviral drugs

Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases

o Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria

o Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets

o Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with

appropriate anti-malarial drugs

o Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis

o Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS

(Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into

country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources

Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant

reduction in the rate of loss

o Proportion of land area covered by forest

 o CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)

o Consumption of ozone-depleting substances

o Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits

o Proportion of total water resources used

o Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected

o Proportion of species threatened with extinction

Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable

access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information
see the entry on water supply)

o Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water

source, urban and rural

o Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation

Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the

lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers

o Proportion of urban population living in slums

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-

discriminatory trading and financial system

o Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty

reduction both nationally and internationally

Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries
(LDC)

o Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced
programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral
debt; and more generous ODA (Overseas Development Assistance) for
countries committed to poverty reduction
 Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries
and small island developing States

o Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development

of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second
special session of the General Assembly

Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing

countries through national and international measures in order to make
debt sustainable in the long term.

Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access

to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries

o Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a

sustainable basis

Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

o Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population

o Personal computers in use per 100 population

o Internet users per 100 Population

Development Support Communication: DSC

The practice of Development Support Communication, DSC, is a multi-sectoral process of

information sharing about development agendas and planned actions. It links planners,
beneficiaries and implementers of development action, including the donor community. It
obligates planners and implementers to provide clear, explicit and intelligible data and
information about their goals and roles in development, and explicitly provides opportunities for
beneficiaries to participate in shaping development outcomes. It ensures that the donor
community is kept constantly aware of the achievements and constraints of development efforts
in the field.

Development Support Communication makes use of all available structures and means of
information sharing. Therefore it is not limited to mass media alone. It also uses both formal
group and non-formal channels of communication, such as womens and youth associations, as
well as places where people gather.... markets, churches, festivals, and meetings. But its
contribution is in using these in a systemic, continuous, co-ordinated and planned manner, to
perform linkage and enabling functions. It requires analysis of the communication environment,
of the available and needed communication competencies and resources (hardware, software,
financial and human), and clearly indicates expected results from specific resource inputs, so as
to maintain accountability.

Empowering Women

Empowerment of women is essential to achieving development objectives. The role of women in

society is influenced by a complex set of traditions, customs, and values. Since they hardly wield
any power, women face disadvantages relative to men in all spheres of life. In addition, they are
often victims of gender-based violence that directly affects their reproductive health, and they
suffer silently by adjusting to the situations as dictated by cultural norms. In Jharkhand, 22% of
women were either beaten or physically mistreated since they were age 15. Women living in
rural areas and with low-income levels are more likely to experience domestic violence than
women living in urban areas.

There are several approaches followed to enhance the status of women and to improve their
access to and control over resources. These include (1) the financial sustainability approach that
concentrates on generation of additional income; (2) the poverty alleviation approach that
stresses improvement in the quality of life; and (3) the empowerment approach that deals with
gender inequalities and mainstreaming gender in the developmental processes.

To improve, the status of women and empower them, the Government of India has launched
several schemes. The Balika Samriddhi Yojana (BSY) has been launched with the specific
objective of changing the community's attitude towards the girl child. A mother of a girl child
born on or after 1 5th August 1997 in a family below the poverty line in rural or urban areas is
given a grant of Rs 500. Five national awards known as Stree Shakti Puraskar have been
instituted. The awards will be given to those who have fought for the rights of women. Several
other initiatives include establishing the National Commission for Women and Rashtriya Mahila
Kosh and setting up the National Creche Fund, Indira Mahila Yojana, Balika Samriddhi Yojana,
and the Rural Women's Development and Empowerment Project.

The department will work in collaboration with the State Commission for Women on
issues relating to safeguarding women's rights and promoting their empowerment.

Discrimination against women in any form in reproductive health service delivery will be
removed.

Mobilization of grass-roots women's collectives, street theatres, and local methods of

dispute resolution will be tried out to effectively deal with violence against women.
 Women's self help groups will be involved in the provision of reproductive health
services, particularly emergency obstetric care.

Linkages will be established among the various departments and projects aiming to
improve status of women, sponsored by either thee central or state government to achieve
synergy.

The principles of effective health communication to plan and create initiatives at all levels, from
one brochure or Web site to a complete communication campaign. Successful health
communication programs involve more than the production of messages and materials. They use
research-based strategies to shape the products and determine the channels that deliver them to
the right intended audiences.

Communication alone can:

Increase the intended audiences knowledge and awareness of a health issue, problem, or
solution

Influence perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes that may change social norms

Prompt action

Demonstrate or illustrate healthy skills

Reinforce knowledge, attitudes, or behavior

Show the benefit of behavior change

Advocate a position on a health issue or policy

Increase demand or support for health services

Refute myths and misconceptions

Strengthen organizational relationships

Role of communication in development

The development communicator plays a very significant role in explaining the development
process to the common people in such a way that it finds acceptance. In order to achieve this
objective he or she has to understand the process of development and communication. He/she
should be knowledgeable in professional techniques and should know the audience.

The greatest challenge the communicator faces is the preparation and distribution of
development messages to millions of people in such a way that they are received and understood,
accepted and applied. If they accept this challenge they will be able to get the people to identify
themselves as part of a society and a nation. This identity will help in harnessing these human
resources for the total welfare of the individual and community at large.

India has a vast pool of talent at its disposal; there is no doubt in it .However there is something
which is holding it back from forging ahead in full throttle. One factor, which has attracted a lot
of controversy, the knowledge of English language.

Any activity to be successfully accomplished requires communication, be it verbal or written.

Communication can be considered as the building block of success. When a person is able to
convey what he wants to say clearly and precisely and is able to understand correctly what the
other person is saying, effective communication is accomplished. The essence of communication
is language. The command a person has over a language determines how effectively he is able to
communicate and make himself understood as well as understand others.

People should no doubt take pride in their mother tongue but knowledge of one language does
not imply disrespect to another. Coming from a land in which there are nearly twenty two official
languages who can understand the importance of communication more than us? But ironically
that seems to be the problem. With each state burning a candle for its language people have lost
sight of the big picture, communication. People need to be more objective and understand the
simple fact that learning English is our step towards a better future and it in no way intends to
undermine the importance of our regional language or hurt anyones sentiments.

Everyone is upbeat about putting India on the map but we fail to realize that to succeed in a
global market the knowledge of English plays a very vital role. Lets face it, its become a world
language. On the one hand we want our country to develop and on the other we adopt measures
to hold it back. It sounds absurd that in a country which has given us great business leaders and
world renowned management gurus, there are people, who despite securing high percentages in
their academics are unable to communicate, but thats the sad truth. We often hear and read about
companies cribbing about being forced to reject talented applicants due to lack of
communication skills. Its a very helpless situation. We have such a vast pool of talent but its
being wasted due to one small problem which can be easily overcome.

Kudos to leaders like Narayan Murthy, who is making efforts to develop the rural segments. Its
important that when a country is developing it takes everyone along with it and the situation of
the rich becoming richer and poor becoming poorer doesnt arise. There is a lot of untapped
talent there which just needs a little polishing. Here also the importance of English cannot be
stressed enough. Knowledge of English is necessary not just when a person is seeking
employment but right from the start of his learning process to gain a better understanding of the
subject. Any development program should therefore start with honing of a persons
communication skills.

By going global we face varied cultures and value systems which as such pose challenges to
communication, so having a good command over the language will go a long way in quickly
overcoming these. In the light of the ever increasing market for business process outsourcing and
the spread of IT, countries worldwide have recognized the importance English assumes. With
countries like China fast catching up on this trend it becomes all the more important for India to
make extra efforts in order to maintain a competitive edge. Using English as a medium of
education should not be seen as offensive but should be thought of as an investment towards
development.

Role of cyber media in development

Cyber: connected with electronic communication networks, especially the Internet.

The communication landscape in the country has been undergoing major changes largely due to
technological developments during the last two decades. Use of computers has revolutionized the
process of collection and dissemination of information. Internet is widely used by corporate
houses, educational organizations, inter-governmental organizations, non-governmental
organizations and voluntary bodies.

The new technology, in fact is being increasingly used for governance (Electronic governance)
and during emergencies.

E-Governance: At the most basic level, it's about putting services online and making it easier for
people to access them. On a broader definition, it involves an effort by the government to lead
society from an industrial to an information age.

Benefits of E-governance: e-Governance sees the people in government, business and citizens
working together for the benefit of all. If properly implemented, the benefits of e-Governance are
enormous. Some of its obvious benefits are:

Integrated Information: e-Governance targets to use a government-wide electronic information

infrastructure to simplify service delivery, reduce duplication, and improve the level and speed of
service to clients at a lower cost. It recommends creating, managing, and prudently sharing
information electronically among the various government departments and the different services
offered by them.

Integrated Services: Different types of services offered by different government departments

like collecting taxes, granting licenses, administering regulations, paying grants and benefits, can
be availed at one place.
Anywhere Services: Provision of fully interactive on-line services by e-Governance gives public
access to government services with quicker responses at convenient times. This on-line
accessibility of stored information from remote locations allows government officials to serve
any citizen from a government office located in any part of the state or country.
Anywhere, Anytime Information: Delivery of services may require interaction between
government officials and citizens, but delivery of public-domain information to citizens can be
done without any such interaction. Citizens can obtain information related to government
processes and procedures through an on-line system without interacting with any government
official. There is no pressure on individuals to physically visit a Government Office.

Improved Overall Productivity: e-Governance will significantly contribute to improved overall

productivity of both the government officials and the citizens, as it ensures faster interaction
among them by electronic mail instead of moving paper files and letters, and in streamlining the
workflow of internal government administrative processes. On the other hand, improved
productivity of citizens results because of the facility of anytime, anywhere services and
information.

Better Decision Making and Planning: The integrated information base of e-Governance helps
planners and decision makers to perform extensive analysis of stored data to provide answers to
the queries of the administrative cadre. This facilitates taking well informed policy decisions for
citizen. This in turn helps them to formulate more effective strategies and policies for citizen
facilitation.

Better Security and Protection of Information: E-Governance uses the integrated information
approach for keeping all information at one place in electronic form. Thus, keeping the
information secure against theft or leakage. Proper backup mechanisms also help in protecting
the valuable information from getting lost due to natural calamities such as fires, earthquakes,
and floods.
Traditional media and their role in development communication

Ye mam ne likhwaya hai copy me.

NGOs and development

Evolving concepts about health and the articulation of its links to poverty, equity and
development have recently widened the range of WHOs partners. No longer has the domain of
medical specialists, health work now involved politicians, economists, lawyers, communicators,
social scientists and ordinary people everywhere. The involvement of civil society has
profoundly affected not only the concepts underpinning public health but the formulation and
implantation of public health programmes and policies as well. Nongovernmental organizations
and other civil society actors have engaged with WHO to implement health programmes at
country level, made outreach to remote areas and populations possible, advocated public health
issues to a broad audience, addressed sensitive issues and worked in alliance with WHO to raise
funds more effectively.

1) It involves the quality of life in slums.

2) NGOs increase the quality of poor lifestyle.
3) They decreases the poverty, bad infrastructures,etc.
4) They deliver best aid to the whole society which is under- development.

Communication in rural development

Rural development organizations work in a dynamic environment in which natural hazards,

political turmoil, conflict situations, economic downturns or a lack of resources may all cause or
affect change. One effect of this situation is well recognized by organizations working in rural
extension, training and communication: a growing desire to increase good governance, public
participation and informed citizenship.

To respond to such circumstances, many of these organizations need to re-orient their approaches
and policies, and to design new operational structures and communication processes. For this,
they need well-educated managers and well-trained staff. This often calls for retraining. To keep
pace with developments - especially those regarding communication and innovation systems -
managers may need new competences that equip them to work in a range of complex multi-actor
settings.

Panchayati raj
Panchayati Or Panchaayati Raj is a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic
units of administration. It has 3 levels: village, block and district.

The term panchayat raj is relatively new, having originated during the British administration.
'Raj' literally means governance or government.Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj, a
decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own affairs, as the
foundation of India's political system. His term for such a vision was "Gram Swaraj" (Village
Self-governance).

Powers and responsibilities are delegated to Panchayats at the appropriate level :-

 Preparation of plan for economic development and social justice.

Implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice in relation to 29

subjects given in Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution.

To levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.

Urban Sanitation

Urban sanitation is a form of sanitation which focuses on maintaining sanitary conditions

in urban environments. Many people think specifically of the collection, treatment, and disposal
of human waste when they hear the words urban sanitation, but
sanitation in urban environments is a much more complex system. Sanitation is an especially
pressing issue in slums, where crowded conditions and poor sanitation contribute to frequent
outbreaks of disease which threaten the inhabitants of slums in addition to exposing other city
residents to health risks.

Historically, urban communities gave little thought to sanitation, which turned into a major
problem in some areas. The edges of many urban streets were piled with garbage which could
include dead animals along with untreated human waste. Walking in urban streets was an
exercise in avoidance, as people freely threw garbage and human waste out into the street
without a care for those passing by, and disease was rampant as a result of waste materials on the
streets and in urban waterways. A growing understanding of hygiene combined with social
pressure from people tired of living in filth eventually led to the development or urban sanitation.

The purpose of urban sanitation is to reduce risks to human health by managing factors in
the urban environment which can contribute to health problems. One of the major factors is
human waste, which is generated in large volumes in urban areas. Sewers which collect such
waste and route it to central processing facilities are, therefore, a key aspect of urban sanitation.
So are facilities like public toilets, which discourage people from using the streets as a bathroom,
along with portable toilets for major events which are designed to provide attendees with a
location to safely eliminate waste.

Urban sanitation also involves the management of water supplies. A good sanitation service is
concerned with providing safe drinking water for citizens. This can include isolating wells to
prevent them from being contaminated, securing water supplies from outside the city, and
developing a safe network of pipes to deliver water to residents.

Sanitation departments must also concern themselves with garbage. Most urban areas have a
garbage collection service, allowing citizens to set out their garbage on a specific day for teams
of collectors who will gather it and deliver it to a processing facility. Recycling
and composting may be elements of municipal garbage collection, designed to reduce strain on
the environment and provide additional revenue for the garbage collection agency, which keeps
costs to consumers down.

Slum Development
Objectives
To mainstream slum children into formal schools through the non-formal education system.
To provide proper sanitation facilities for slum dewellers.
To make safe drinking water facilities available to the target population.
To sustain the programme by empowering the community, especially the women who can later
address the issue of reproductive & child health in their community.

The slums do not have:-

The basic municipal services like water, sanitation, waste collection, street lighting, etc.
Schools and clinics within reach
Playgrounds for the children
Places for the community to meet & socialize

The conditions of the slums are worsening as the :-

As the average age of people in cities is increasing, the average age of slum dwellers is
decreasing. Thus the youth suffers the most from unhealthy conditions.
Visible disparities between the slums & better off neighborhood, increases the social tension
in poor areas.
Unplanned growth of settlements makes conventional service provision difficult.
Migration & eviction leads to more scattered slums.

At HOPE a holistic & integrative approach to all aspects of child care, which covers health,
hygiene, nutrition, education & cognitive development - emotional, social & cultural.

Sanitation

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and
improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in
households and across communities. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of
hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
Wildlife Conservation
Wildlife conservation is a practice in which people attempt to protect endangered plant and
animal species, along with their habitats. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that
nature will be around for future generations to enjoy, and to recognize the importance
of wildlife and wilderness lands to humans. Many nations have government agencies dedicated
to wildlife conservation which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife, and
numerous independent nonprofit organizations also promote
various wildlife conservation causes.

Numerous disciplines are involved in wildlife conservation. In order to

practice wildlife conservation, people must use biology and other sciences to identify
populations which are at risk, and to study those populations to learn more about their
needs. Economics often becomes involved when organizations work to set land aside for the use
of wildlife, with wildlife conservationists attempting to arrive at efficient land-use
solutions. Wildlife conservation also relies heavily on education, using outreach programs to
teach people about wildlife and to show people why conserving natural habitat is important.

Wildlife conservationists work all over the world to identify species which are in need of
assistance and to protect them. This discipline often involves capturing animals and breeding
them in captivity to ensure that the population remains large and diverse while conservationists
work to establish territory for the animals so that they can have a safe place in the wild. The
needs of wildlife conservation also need to be balanced with other desires, as many nations value
forms of recreation in the wilderness like hiking, camping, and hunting, making it impossible to
set aside land specifically for the use of animals.

A wide assortment of issues intersects with wildlife conservation. Establishing protected

territories for animals might, for example, infringe on plans to use land for farming or housing.
A wildlife park might also interfere with international borders, or traditional tribal lands.
Problems like pollution, deforestation, overhunting, and other environmental issues also play a
role in wildlife conservation. Despite the numerous barriers to conservation which must be
overcome, many people that the fight to save wildlife and natural habitat is critical.

Many organizations which promote wildlife conservation use famous and photogenic animals
like cheetahs, gray wolves, and elephants to promote their cause. By attracting people to the
issue, these organizations hope to gather support and funds to protect animals which are less
well-known, such as rare and endangered birds, small mammals, and reptiles. These animals also
provide a rallying point and symbol for conservation.

Forest conservation
CONSERVATION OF forest is certainly a necessity that requires to be addressed as a priority.
For the survival of human beings, a holistic approach is required to be adopted as regards
protection of the plant kingdom as well as the wildlife with regard to the peaceful and mutually
beneficial co-existence of all.

To prevent any kind of ecological imbalance a very pragmatic action plan has to be formulated.
Towards achieving this many legislation have been enacted in India and elsewhere. At the
international level also the world communities, being concerned with the deteriorating situation
worldwide, have joined hands towards finding a lasting and sustainable solution by deliberating
on the subject in various conventions like that in Rio-de Janeiro and the latest Doha round of
talks. These are truly welcome moves taken by the world community.
Coming back to India, there are legislations galore to deal with the situation by way of wildlife
protection, forest conservation, environment protection laws etc. No doubt, the aims and object
of such legislations are in tune with the call of the hour. Forests are being denuded haphazardly.
Deforestation in a rampant manner by various elements has depleted the forest areas forcing the
wild life to lesser domains and as a result of this rampage of human habitat by wild pachyderms
and other animals have become a regular phenomenon in certain areas.
Forests are being encroached by people who have been displaced from their original habitat for
various reasons like construction of huge electricity generating dams, ethnic clashes, floods
caused by breach of river embankments and dams etc. Being forced to the wall by making these
people devoid of shelter, at a time when even the United Nations Organization gives much
priority to providing shelter to the homeless, they are compelled to establish their habitat by
waging war with the nature by way of deforestation and environmental degradation.