Boiling Heat Transfer

Many engineering applications involve condensation or

boiling phase change
Refrigerator refrigerant boils in the evaporation section
refrigerant condenses in the condenser section
Power plant steam production by boiling water in the boiler
steam condensation in the condenser
Evaporation - at the liquid-vapor interface when
the vapor pressure less than the saturation pressure
at the given temperature.
Water at 20C And relative humidity =60%.
Saturation pressure (see Steam tables) p = 2,3 kPa
p
= p = . p = 1,38 kPa
p
Evaporation: human body, drying wet clothes, vegetables, fruits,
1 etc.
 Boiling Heat Transfer
Boiling occurs at the solid-liquid interface when
the liquid is brought into contact with a surface
with temperature Tw above the saturation
temperature Tsat.

Boiling rapid formation of vapor

bubbles.
Bubbles detach from the surface and rise in
the liquid to reach the free surface.

Heat flux: q&boiling = (Tw Tsat ) = Texcess [W / m 2 ]

In forced and natural convections physical parameters
involved , , , cp.
In boiling new parameters latent heat lv (or l23 or r) and
surface tension 2
Boiling Heat Transfer
Boiling occurs in two basic modes:
Pool boiling (var ve velkm objemu) liquid
is quiescent, motion due to free convection
near the surface, mixing induced by bubble
growth and detachement
Convection boiling (flow boiling) motion
due to external forces and free convection
near the surface, mixing induced by bubble
growth and detachement

3
 Boiling Heat Transfer

Boiling also occurs as subcooled (liquid temperature below

the saturated temperature bubbles collapse and condense)
and saturated

4
 Boiling Curve

Notice extremely
high heat flux

5
Modes of Pool Boiling

6
Boiling Crisis

In case there is no control of

heat flux transfered at the surface

What happens when the heat flux

is increased beyond the q&max

What happens when the heat flux

is decreased below the q&min

What happens with the vapor film?

7
 Boiling Heat Transfer

For practical applications the best

is to operate devices in the region
of nucleate boiling highest heat
transfer rates.

Which mechanism is responsible

for such high heat transfer?

Convective motion of bubbles they detach from the surface

and move up new liquid is entrained towards the surface
- up to 98% of heat transferred from the surface
Transfer of latent heat of evaporation
Why increasing the heating (temperature of heated plate i.e.
Texcess) results in an increase of heat transfer rate? 8
Boiling Heat Transfer
Equilibrium bubble radius
2
R=
Puvnit Pvn

(
q& = f T a nb )
a = 1.2, b=1/3
n number of nucleation sites
n T 5 6

(
q& f T 3 )
9
 Boiling Heat Transfer

Heat flux in the nucleate boiling region:

0,33
c p (Tw Tsat ) q&
= C wf
l 23 Pr s
l 23 g ( f v )

Cwf and s depends on the combination of

the surface and liquid

Heat transfer coefficient in the nucleate boiling region for water

at 2.104 < p < 107 (Pa):
= 3,5 q& 0,7 p0,176
10
 Convective (flow) Boiling Heat Transfer
Complication various flow
burn-out
patterns - slug, annular

dry-out Nucleate boiling region

2
TP V
= 1+
L L
Annular boiling region
0,5
TP 1
= 3,5
L X tt

Roughly, to which point on the boiling curve corresponds

the burn-out point? 11