stylized human interpretation

-goal is to produce functional

Functional waxing
restorations that are in physiologic
harmony with the masticatory system

Axial loading

maxillary: center of tooth

mandibular: center of buccal cusp

having two contacts A and C

rotate the maxillary buccally and the mand

lingually

having one contact B

rotate the maxillary lingually, mand buccally

-centric cusps are located over their

roots
hamaguchi model -MD locations of the roots play significant
role in the MD locations of centric cusps
in order to achieve axial loading
 first wax technique
EV Payne -cusps to marginal ridge
-one tooth to two teeth

-fish mouth technique

-cusps to fossa occlussion
PK Thomas -tooth to tooth
-excellent force distribution and stability
but not naturally occuring

-using opposing tooth inclines to establish stable

occlusion
-centric cusp is developed to have 3 contacts
around its tips
tripodization -share the force equally
-cusp contacts an embrasure between two
opposing marginal ridges resulting in to
reciprocating contacts

comparing (tripodization) and cusp tip to
flat surface
tripodization
-difficult to develop and maintain
-CO should coincide with MIP with no occlusal slide
present
-tripod is difficult to accomplish when restoration is
being fabricated to occlude with flat opposing tooth
-technique is best when develop opposing restoration
with minimal immediate lateral translation
-tripod is better when guidance is immediate and
opposing surfaces can be controlled

cusp tip to flat surface

comparing tripodization and (cusp tip to
flat surface)
-easier to maintain
-after fab of a restoration a contact is lost, remaining
contacts will provide necessary stability
-contact from cusp tip to flat surfaces can be
satisfactorily accomplished against a flat opposing
tooth
-more practical and widely applicable procedure
 flush
occlusion of primary dentition mesial step
distal step

Leeway Space

arch circumference difference between the primary canine, first primary and second primary
molars, and permanent canine and first and second premolars
mean maxillary arch space is 1.9mm, mandibular is 3.4mm

Primate space

primate space occur in 50% of children

-appear in decidous dentition
-spaces appear between the upper lateral incisors and upper canine
-appear between the lower canine and first decidous first molar

-multidirectional forces acting on teeth

factors and forces determining tooth
position
-position where opposing forces are in
equilibrium
-major opposing forces that influence
tooth position originate from surrounding
musculature

tooth position where the labiolingual and

buccolingual forces in are in equilbrium
neutral position
-cervico-incisal forces are also in
equilibrium

factors determining tooth position
oral habits
intra-arch tooth alignment
curvature of occlusal plane
Bonwill Triangle
-tooth is positioned too far to the lingual or facial
position
-prevailing force (tongue is in lingoversion, lips and
cheeks are in facioversion) will force that tooth into
neutral position
-after eruption, any change in magnitude, direction,
or frequency of muscular forces will tend to move
the tooth into position where forces are in
equilbirum
musical instruments
pipe smoking
-stress symptoms such as chewing on
pencils
-thumb sucking
-tongue thrusting
flat occlusal plane will not permit
simultaneous functional contact in more
than one area of the dental arch
-occlusal planes of the dental arches are
curved in a manner that permits maximal
utilization of tooth contacts during
function
result of teeth are positioned in the
arches at varying degrees of inclination
-allows for maximum numbers of teeth to
have axial loading at varying mandibular
movements
4 inch equilateral triangle connecting the contact points of the
mandibular central incisors edge to each condyle and from one
condyle to the other
 anteroposterior curve
-anatomic curve establish by occlusal alignment of
the teeth
-starts with the cusp tips of the mandibular canine
curve of spee and following the buccal cusp tips of the premolar
and molar teeth
-continues through the anterior border of the
mandibular ramus, ending with the anterior most
portion of the mandibular condyle

occlusion should be spherical

-curvature of the cusps as projected on the frontal plane
expressed in both arches
-curve in the lower arch being concave
-curve in the upper arch is convex
curve of wilson -curvature in the lower arch is affected by an equal lingual
inclination of the right and left molars so that the tip points of
the corresponding cross-aligned cusps can be placed into the
circumference of a circle
-transverse cuspal curvature of the upper teeth is affected by
the equal buccal inclination of their long axes

proposed ideal curve of occlusion in

which each cusp and incisal edge toches
monson sphere or conforms to a segment of the surface
of a sphere 8 inches in diameter with its
center of the region of the glabella

both arches have approximately the same

length
-mandibular arch being slightly smaller
max arch 128 mm
arch length
-mand 126 mm
-difference is a result of the narrower MD
distance of the mandibular incisors
compared to the maxillary incisors

width of the mandibular arch is slightly

less than that of maxillary arch
arch width -teeth occlude, each maxillary tooth is
more facially positioned than the
occluding mandibular toot h
 relationship of the teeth in one arch to
those in the other
-two arches come into contact, as
interarch tooth alignment
mandibular closure, the occlusal
relationship of the teeth becomes
establish

because of discrepancies in arch size or

eruption patters
cross bite -teeth occlude in such a manner that the
maxillary buccal cusps contact in the
central fossa area of the mandibular teeth

lingual cusps of the maxillary posterior

teeth and buccal cusps of mandibular
posterior teeth occlude with the
supporting cusps opposing central fossa areas
-primarily responsible for maintaining the
distance between the maxilla and
mandible

support the vertical facial height

-play major role in mastication, contacts
supporting cusps occur on both the inner and outer
aspects of the cusps
-centric cusps are broad and rounded

non-supporting cusps
buccal cusps of maxillary posterior teeth and lingual cusps are guiding or the non-centric cusps
-relatively sharp with definite tips
-small area of the on-centric cusp can have functional significance
-located on an inner incline of non-centric cusp near the central fossa of the tooth
-area either contacts with or is close to a small portion of the other aspect of the opposing centric cusps
-since a portion of the inner incline of the non-supporting cusps also assist in shearing of food, the noncentric cusps
also are called the shearing cusps
-noncentric cusps give the mandible stability during mastication

guiding cusps
mastication
cusp tip location
mesiodistal occlusal contact relationship
angle's classification of occlusion
-cusps finish the guiding contacts that
provide feedback to the neuromuscular
system, controls chewing stroke
act of chewing food
-it represents the initial stage of digestion
-grinding phase is when the mandibular centric cusp is grinding on the maxillary non-centric cusp during
closing phase of chewing and finally back to the MIP
occlusal aspect, the supporting cusp tips
are located approximately 1/3 the
distance into the total buccolingual width
of the toot h
-non-supporting cusp tips are located
approximately 1/6 the distance into the
total buccolingual width of the tooth
cusp to marginal ridges
cusp to fossa
occlusion based on interdigitation of first
molar teeth depending on the
anteroposterior jaw relationship
-MB cusp of max 1st is related to the
position of the facial grove of the
permanent mand 1st molar
 Angle's Class I

normal occlusion
-dental relationship in which there is a normal anteroposterior relationship of the jaws
-indicated by correct interdigitation of maxillary and mandibular molars

Class II

dental relationship in which mandibular dental arch is posterior to the

maxillary dental arch in one or both lateral segments
-mandibular first molar is distal to the maxillary first molar

Class II division 1

bilateral distal retrusion with a narrow maxillary

arch and protruding maxillary incisors

Class II division 2

Bilateral distal with a normal or square-shaped maxillary arch

-retruded maxillary central incisors, labially malposed maxillary lateral
incisors and excessive vertical overlap

Class III

mandibular arch is anterior to the maxillary arch in on or both lateral segments

-mandibular first molar is mesial to the max first molar
-mandibular incisors are usually in anterior cross bite
-underbite
 occlusal classification using canine is
determined and compared with
anteroposterior skeletal relationship
canine relationship -canine relationship is determined by the
relationship of the max canine to the
embrasure between the mand canine and
first premolar

Canine Class I

maxillary canine occludes in the embrasure between

the mandibular canine and first premolar

Canine Class II

maxillary canine occludes mesial to the mandibular

canine and mand canine-first premolar embrasure

Canine Class III

max canine occludes distal to the mand canine-

first premolar embrasure

overbite

vertical overlap
 overjet

horizontal overlap
-horizontal overlap of posterior teeth is important in prevention of
cheek biting

Class I anterior

Class II, division 1 anterior

Class II, division 2

Posterior controlling factors
condylar guidance
-considered a fixed factor in the healthy
patient
-can be altered due to trauma, pathosis,
or surgical procedure

Anterior Controlling Factors
Protrusive mandibular movement
Posterior protrusive contacts
lateral movements
laterotrusion
anterior guidance
-variable rather than a fixed factor
-can be altered by dental restorations,
orthodontia, or extractions
-can be altered by pathologic conditions
such as caries, habits, tooth wear, and/or
periodontal disease
ideal occlusal relationship
-protrusive contacts occur on the anterior teeth between the incisal and labial edges of mandibular incisors against the
lingual fossa areas and incisal edges of maxillary incisors
-posterior teeth the protrusive movement causes the mandibular centric cusps to pass anteriorly across the occlusal
surfaces of maxillary teeth
occur between the distal inclines of
maxillary lingual cusps and mesial inclines
of the opposing fossae and marginal ridges
-also occur between the mesial inclines of
the mandibular buccal cusps and distal
inclines of the opposing fossae and
marginal ridges
mesiotrusive on one side and laterotrusive on the
other
lateral movement on the working size
-aka laterodetrusion, lateroprotrusion,
lateroretrusion, and laterosurtrusion
 happening on the opposite side when
mediotrusion
someone is going into laterotrusion

contacts occur between the medial

retrusive mandibular movement incline of maxillary teeth and distal teeth
of the mandibular teeth

potential occlusal view sites of eccentric

contacts

1. protrusive
2. right lateral movement
types of mandibualr movement
3. left lateral movement
4. retrusive

mediotrusive
non working condyle moves medially
forward and downward in the articular
movement of non-working condyle
eminence
-non working condyle is the orbiting
condyle

movement of working condyle
only rotating
-laterotrusive
-lateroanterotrusive
-lateroposteriotrusive
-laterosurtrusive
-laterodetrusive
-also known as the rotating condyle