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    Adorno Classtheory1942 PDF

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    I According to theo! history is the hiscory of cass struggles. Bur che con sp of clas is bound up withthe emergence ofthe prleari. Even when ical eolutonan, the bourgeoisie lle itself the rid esate By ex rsridng the concep of clas to prchisory. tony denounces not just the bourgeois whose Fcodom, rogsther with thir posesons and education, ‘etpeustes the tradition ofthe old injuscic- Kao cums against prehistory "el leds the ilsion of good-natured paiahy hat had Boe a smd by prchisiory fillowing the viceryof inexorable capital call sion, The venerable unity ofa tadional sructre, che nacht of hi crachy ina sociey tae was presented as having grown organically ured oat o bea uniyofinersted paris, That hierarchy had always ben «rcive organization designed forthe appropriation of the labor of others rural aw is hsv injusie thar as become obsolete: the articulated ‘gana sa system of dvisienes the picture of he eats ithe idle hat—wih ts themes of honest mest loyal work, ands the exchange # equivalents—was ideally suited ro the newly insalod Bourg. By exposing che hol necessity shat had brought capcom ino ling. pital economy became the ctgue of history a8 a whole, whose immutable nature was the source ofthe privlegsd stats of apc 8 ‘sll ats forbear To ecgnize the catstphic lens inthe es arm “oFinjustice tha i 0s, the latent injustice contained in ir exchange ‘fears spy to deni i with the pchistry tha i destroyed Hall he ‘preson shat man has ever indicted on man cubits in the modern serie the cold inhumanity of re wage labor. hn the paste eee in Te tkions and thinge-—the romantic contrast fo indus eson— the Mace of vmee suffering, The archaic silence of pyramids and ruins be- onc concious of tel in materi shoughe ic she echo af factory tobe inthe landscape ofthe inmusable. Jacob Burchard hard the aston ha the parable of he cave in Plato’ Republi wih it sublime bolo ofthe doctrine of eel dew. derved from the horrendous age ofthe Athenian ier mines This implis shat che philosophical Hla of tena ah had sprang, from the contemplation of present (or tren All hstory she istry of clas strges because it wa always the Same hing namely, pchistor: uw Fee cea nm fini, sted gh rele back on story 38 ofthe real rst of ht uaa sai, yeas is meron ide of ‘estes the side prefs by heb i in practical maser action the indfitigale “can-do atte, because constant change is che Bet svay to conceal the old ner Se ab Barba, Gril Kauri vb ath (Sea Kring 8 p65 fun Teck Be coi wad eine Bobloe (Tubingen CB Refestons on Cla Theory 95 ‘The othe, ess poplar aspect of lect sit sai sie. The el: movement ofthe concept, the conespton af hisory as 3 logis, ai ro be found in Hegel philosophy. no developmental dactine. [ess tly ned into one by the case misuserstanding ofthe humani, The lw that according to he Hegelian dale overs she rey de sirictive unfolding of she evernew consis i she fac that at every mo sient the evernew is also the olin close a hand The ew does soe sad it the old ut remains the ll in ste, i its hour of need, as Ie hecomes topical aan immanent catracion through its ac of ell ion, ts indispensable confrontation withthe nivel ithe old Thus ‘hrovghoue ales aitheial editions hey remains ome vast analytic proposition. Thats the hoi! esence ofthe metaphysical doctrine of the kent of subject and object in the Absolute. The system of history ‘the levation of he semporal ose toa af meaning abuses ie and As a philosophy, Marrsm cemsined true co thi It confems Hegelian ideals prehistory’ knowledge ois own iden. Bat it puts is bak om is Fc by unmasking hat identity a prehistoric. For Mar ism, the Menical rly becomes sate of eed, che neo of the burn be- ings who ae merely atculatd bythe concep. The irconclable power of he negative chat es history in motion isthe power of what expaters ‘do to che vitims. Asashackle binding ane generition vo che next, func- tions sam obstate o both fom and history. The tematic unity of history: which s supposed to give meaning to individual sllering o else ‘kate from on high othe lvl of seething frets is the phil sophical appropriation ofthe labyrinth in which men have coiled to che {sy the epitome of slesig. Within she sphere of inBucnce ofthe system, che new —progees bs like he old, a constant source of now disaster. Knowing the new does not mean adaping ones it and to the movement of Ristori means sisting inlet nd conceiving ofthe onward march ofthe bata: ins of world hitry as marking tine, Theory knows of no sonseactve force" bu ony of one tha light up the contours of «burned-out pris ‘oxy with the glow ofthe fates diastrn rder opersive the parallel tht saints berwcen them. The lest thing is always the old from the nth shih comes in that blind continua of time tht consinuly reac ie “ei wich patient, stupidly omnicint malic jase ike Oks a, whic 96 ADaLINISTERED WORLD ‘ets the rope a fs ashe tines t Only he who eecognizes that the wis the same old sing wll be of ervice to whatever is diferent ut ‘The atest pase of class soc is dominated by monopole rend to veal scam the form of pol organiza worthy oft. While vn Uieates the dxtrne of class tugele with it concentration and central tion, extreme power and exteme impotence directly confonting one nother in oval contain, it makes people Forget the actual existence “thon cases. The monopolies are assisted much more by such forget Fulnes dha by the iologes hat have meanwhile hecome so attenuated thae they declare themselves to be i in oder to show chose who hive In them how impotent they relly ar. The cot oraniration of society by bg bnines and subi technology has take such utr possesion ofthe worl and the imagination that even to conesve of the idea tha things might be otherwise calls fran almost hopeless The diabele tal image of harmony he invisibly ofthe dasses caused by the pewied tol in which they ae held fs, can only gain such power over people’ prinds becuse the ies the the appresed, the worker of dhe world, ight tice as lass and pu an end to the hortor seems doomed in che ight of the present ditsbutin af power and impotence. “The leveling of mass society that iso bitey lamented by clued consenatives and thst sociological henchmen isin tath nothing bt the desperate elation of difeence fom the idemiyof che mass. They the prisoners of dhe sytem, strive o bring abou his leveling by imitating their stunted ule in he hope of receiving a pitance in their old age ‘only they can prvethemcles worthy: The bie that hey ight be able to fom an orp class and conduct a las war crumbles in the minds ofthe dspossesed along wih iberal lions. This is noe very different from the way in which, ance yon 3 time, the dese ofthe bourgeoisie ro dics tel up asan extare could be undermined by the mockery of vol" tionary worker associations. Class strug s dismissed an ent co jolt the ranks of ideas, where has to make do with slogans about tolerance trad humanity in de speach of trade-union leaders. The age when oo ple could build arcs now es lst as firmly the pas as he time Ivhea a crafisman’s ade was slid foundation fori Reetonon Clas Theory 97 Te omniptenc of epreion nd sins a the sane thi ‘heel oy five, cca gr cen ake sockery nt only hv who do not bang bu ee ofthe who do, ‘he bjs of daninaton whe dv ot adn ch oes ee themes bee singly Enoving oe nos psd fesvng at or omc jp and ons ik So grat hs he non become enh pol tat never mer dh har eared next The nes tbl ree of dowsnaton so gue he mases ha hes Gre dated he egies abn epee fed th te Sci the eenh cnt in echang ty find ey be bea tiated inthe ty tee chat presi chem, ls ‘cei rounie he anos for ete ds wv This makes ic essential wo sertnize the concepe of cls lsey enough for usto rake hod of ian simultaneously change i. Take old of, becaue ‘basis the dsson of society int exploiters and exploited, no oly con ‘inues unabated but is increasing i coercion and solidity. Change it be “suse the oppressed who today, a preditd by the theory, consetue the overwhelming major of mankind are unable co experince themsches 2 cas, Those among them who claim the name mean by i forthe most part heir own pariculr interes in she exiting state fafa, mach athe leaders of industry make se ofthe word “prstcton.” The disincton berwees exploiters and exploited ie nots visible as 1 make i obvious othe exploited that solidarity shovld be cei lima "atin conformity appears mae ational t them Membership in he sine ‘hss by no means rasates ito equaly of interests and action The con ‘raiciory nature ofthe concept of els tht i wreaking sch havoc today is tobe sought less among the labor aritoracy chan inthe egaliaian character ofthe bourgeoisie, Ifthe critique of politcal economy means the stnigue of epitaliso, ehen the concept of cis, its centr i modeled on the bourgeoisie itself As the anonymous unity ofthe ers ofthe meas ‘of production and their avons appeaage, the borg the clas par ‘celence. But the egtaran character that aks it sos solved bythe ‘tig of poll economy, not us in comparion withthe proletariat bur alo asa defining cor of the bourgeoisie ise Fee competition o8 ADATINISTERED WoRLO mongole ie same inj th, when en alee orale ds nox occa the proce fxg ti cher peed trough te sem ach Ea ight and el op ‘Pets among the compeig pr sega. The ues Chanson he owe oftheir plo he compte prowess 2 poner thy are poses on eninge mae depen are seth lial and soap hype, aad ew ons curso he afin wi el propery hat eompetsne ont hs eee ius on st dats Wi he se gening spain mary. The ity of cree ites dhe bear hee owns mein thar asd hen mes one thereon the pipet saecgn om “hp gunotcs th power an he ape fr expe po Shen theca we mst be ite ors sender he nip of propery owners by which Rimes he proper ofthe igeownesin thet nance pourpeut cis cominusness spr to prowstion from above, che conceit hl domi ovs mae ths who 2 them {sin the choice will no be fea, and bourgeois democracy progres "ve enough o give scope forthe formation of ls ganizations hat will bring abou she reoltion by weight of umber Agsins thie argue il che staisics can be mane, The pole tara does have more to ose han is chins. Mesure agains conditions in England century ago a they wre evident to the authors of he Com namie Manifo, tei standard of living has noe deteriorated but i Prot, Shorter working hours: beter food, Housing, ad elaching: pote fiom for family members and for the worker in his old ages an average increase in fe expectacy—al hoe things ave come tothe workers with the development ofthe echnical forces of production. Thee an be no "eto of thee being diver by hunger to joi ores and make a eel tion, This puts the posbiity of organization and mass revelation in Houle. The inva rvs heer ina organization of special ners than in one opponed to hems the conceneation af ech and military resources on the se of the employers so ormdable as to consign ld se uprising the tolerated realm of rae memory. Moreover, ii “vite improbable that bourgeois democracy, where is Facade sill exis, ‘would permit the emergence of 2 mass party tha eeallycootemplats the evolution ial about. Ths the raditonalanamen about pauper ion callapes. To try ane shor ip with 2 makeshift concep of "eative uperination.” war atmpeed atthe time of he rvions debate, ould ‘cc ony 0 scil-democritie counteraologiss whose ear have heen 50 ‘cafe by cei en shouts that she could ot even hear the rice thac the rem “relative pauperizaion” would bring down om their hea Wiha ie eset here is the concept of patperizaton tl, aoe sophisti madfcaion, However, itis ati concept fom economics, etme by the absolute iw oFacumulaton, The indsral serve arms ‘overpopulation, and paupersm grow in proportion co “functioning epi ta and ae the same time they depress wages, Paupeiation ithe Fp side Kael Mars, Capital ol. Fidich Engel ol + (Landon Lawrence & idan. 961.9648 ofthe ie play of economic Faces in the liberal sytem, whose theory is reduced a abwarduin by the Marie analysis withthe groweh in soil swe there sao, unde apts relations of production with their in manent systemic compulsions, «corresponding growth in wocial poverty Presupponed here the undiseurbe, autonomous cunning of the mechs nisms she economy postulated by liberal theory in athe words, the co erence ofthe table conomigu wo be analyaed in each ease. All ther ‘modifying fctrs are consigned to he various eicumstanees” “the analy ‘Svof which does aot concen us here" However, thi shows thatthe pa pesiaton thesis itself dependent upon the dsl nature of clas, dhe di finction beowsen dec and indirect repression that it coneepe contains Puperization docs exis tothe degree tha the bourgenie cas realy saa anonymous ad unconscious cls, and that both it and the proeearia are dominated bythe seem, ‘Ava purely economic neces the proces of pauperiation is ab- solute: if bean were the Hberalsm for which Mars takes i, eee ‘vould be the ame pauperis even in times of peace tha isto he Fue yin he counts defeated in war. But che raling cls isnot just gow ‘red bythe system ees hough the system and imately dominates jt The further modifying factor lie ouside che sytem of polities exon fry but are central the history of domination, In he proces of iui ating the economy, chey are not mifpng factors but the exence. To his extent they allecepaupeizaton:pauperizaion must not become vse Tet blow the sytem apart Ines blindness the sate is dynam, andi -seeumulaes poverty, but the sl preservation it ring about through its “ynamis alo peters out vies poset in 4 sae contin tha hat vay ben the pel point of the prehistoric dynamism, The les the 3 ‘uistion of len labor under monopoly condos i cased out through the ws of he marketplace the abl ro, the eproducion of scien as a whole, The pauperization theory implies the det appliation of marker Catagories in the shape of competion among the worker, eading to fll in the price af he commodiy’of labae power, wheres in ret this com. pion with ll tents has become as questionable as competion be- veen pals. The dynamics of poverty are bough ro hale by the proces of c- umnulation. The improvement o sabiaation ofthe economic sation Refetonson Clas Theory 105 ‘ofthe lower clases is exteaeconomic: the higher standard of ving is paid for oatafncome or monopoly pros, not ou of variable capita eis un employment bene, even iit scaled by some other name, a indeed ven ifthe semblance of work and wage maintained inde minds ofthe rulers tsa gif a handout. Goodwill and psychology have nothing ro do with The rationale of sich progres is the systems consciousness of the «onions shar enable it co be perperuated, not the unconscious mathe rates ofthe process concerned. Thus Mat’ prognosis finds isl er fed in an unsuspected way: the euling cls isso wel a by alan bor that it resolutely adopt as ison cause che ida that ie fate to fed the workers and to “secur forthe dave their exstence within slavery” in oF dee to consolidate ison, At the stat the peste of the asses, she po ‘eatal revolution, could bring about a change of course. Later, withthe strengthening of the monopoliic centers the postion ofthe working clases wat improved further by the prospec of benefits beyond their own aly defined economic stems rather than dicey chrough colonial profits. The fal consolidation of power is included in all ements ofthe Caleulation. The chester ofa cryptogenic—as i were, cmsored-—porery, however, tha of poi and socal impotence. Ie es all men into ete aministrative objets ofthe monopolcs and dc stay m2 par ‘with those pauper ofthe ibe ea who have ben allowed to de ut in ‘ourown age of high clzation. This impotence permits wars tobe waged ‘all nations. Jase a war confirms the fos fu [incidental expenses of he power apparatus eproiable investments once the wat fone, ao ‘ashes inthe ced poversy hat he dominanecigus clevey managed ‘to defer, although that same clesetnes Finds tel confronting an immo able haricr when tomes to poverty el Poverty canbe eliminated only bythe overthrow ofthe dominant cliques and not bya process of manip acon, however disguised vin W someching fills, giv it an ext pus.” Niece’ dictum express in the form ofa maxima principle shat defines the etal practice of clas 0- ey I bcomesa maxim only aginst ee ideology of lve in a wold fll of ace. Niewsche belongs the dion of bourgeois hiner since he Renaisance whose indignation wih the untruth of society drives them 06 ADatiKISTERED woRLD cyielly to play ois rth sa ideal against he eal. Through this xe. ial force of confrontation they’ eome to te ad of tha other truth that they ercly deride ay the una into which cha ben tasformed by the magic of prehistory. Homevet the maxim says more dan che thesis of elas omnia conte ome ee wat ofall agains ll] which stands athe tteway to the age of competion, Thealhance of paring and fling isa Symbol of the ancient double character fas shat sony becoming vis be today. ‘The objecive tendency ofthe system is always dupliatd, stamped and legitimate by the conscious wil of those who conto it Foe the ind stem s the domination al hiss why it abways benefits he rulers, even when ft sem co dean tem, The midwife services ofthe Fuling clases etic tir knowledge ofthis and rotor the meaning of the system whenever ii concealed by the objective characte of the his tovcl procs i alate shape, Tet isa ration ore bourgeois tions, fom the Gunpowder Plor—and perhaps exe the mulation of he Staues of Hermes in Aen (in 8 qis—dowr othe Reichseag fre, and ofintigus sucha the bring ofthe Hindenburg andthe meeting with Schroeder, the banker upon which the connoisseur of the objective rn dene looks down with disdain. He cvdently regu such episodes as mere coincidences shat che word anispiriesetes upon inorder to bring aout its own tiuimph. However, sich actions ae perhaps not as cine ‘eal a al shat they ate ats of fcedom esting tar dhe objective his torical tenis deason uns harmonincs withthe subjective interests cof hose who use history to ower history abou. TRenson iva good del more cunning even than Hegel believed. se ret isles thar of the passions han of Fcedom ial. prehistory redom isthe poweraf the cigue over the anonymous catastrophes that goby the ame of fate The cliques ate ovrled bythe illusion of esence that they have themselves rong incopy and For that veason hey only ap- pet o be overwhelmed. Hisory is progrosin the conseiousnss of thet tw Fresdom pasing right ehough historical objectivity. and ths redo is moching but he fp side of the unfeedom of thers. That i thee teraction between history and the gangs the “inne: entity in whic neces alae eo edo.” GW, E Hegel The Sim of Lag sae A.V. Miler Landon: Allen 8 asin 969). p90 efestons on Clas Theory 107 Ideals, which i rightly accuse of tramsiguing way, i atthe same ime the mist ele trath abou the world even i ie moments of postive assertion, its doctrine of Freedom, it tunsparenty contains the Coveing image of opposite, and wher i cans men have escaped, that. is precisely the point in prehistory where they have succumbed to thet fue. Not, indeed, i he Prssian sate but in Hier’ chaisna fedom comes into its ow as she repetition of neces. Ihe mass ate ect +o listen co any mee tll of fsedom, this sno simply hse, noe a reflection ofthe way he word has been abused, They suspect thatthe ‘vod of coercion was infact lays the world of edo, command, sertion and that the fee man is the min whois in position ake rte. Anything truly diffrent as no name, and wht end in for ea prsen—solidatiy, ender, consideration, efletion-—his precious i ‘eo do with dhe dam of the mien who are re ey. 1x The socal impotence of ee prleariae ithe product of contig tex ences. On the one hand. there i economic paperization, othe eer, the extaeconomicimpronement ofthe tandand of ving. This impotence sas noe Freseen by the chery: The predominating insight int the fst tendency goes hand ia hand with the expectation shi the rere of Prverty would lad diedlyto the power to ress the appre. However, the ida of impotence is nor alen eo the thcoy. rappests der the nme of dehumanization. Jas a industry call For veins of physical mutation, sickness and deformation. ic ako thrcatens ro defoum conscinsnes. The ‘heoryexplicdy mentions the brsalizaton of the workers who comput sively do 0 the who are dependent upon chest what has been done 10 them, 26 well as their growing alication from the mechanized labor proces tha they can no longer comprehen ur the theory does no inguite how peopl so affected could he ome capable of action tha als or just fr severe, an oveview, nd presence of mind, but aso for exteeme sel sacrifice. The danger af psy ‘hologism was averted at dhe ousee—it i no coincidence hat the author ‘of Phyl of Socialis filly became es jt ike the songs of political partes‘ be r bourgcois philosophy doggy set out to of ADMINISTERED WoRLD defend is bjetve nature: Mars efi co be dren nto the prychology fof the working clas. Such a psychology presupposes individual and Kind of autarchic view of motivation in the individual, Such indvalioy isitsl a socials construc concep, which comes under the rubric of poliicalcconomy: Even among the competing members of the bour {sos the individual iin geet measure ideology, and thos atthe bot tom ofthe heap are denied indviduaiy by the property stern. This can onlybe called dehumanization The dichotomy berween bourgeoisie and proletariat negates the bourgeois conception af nana well he conceps ofthe bourgeois con ‘omy, That conepton is esi only otha its contradictory nature ean be exposed it snot there tbe confizmed by Maesis“anchropologs” The dsappestance of eh auonomy ofthe mater ceonomy and the bout sis indivadalcy formed by cao spl che disappearance ofits oppo Site the blood-stained dehumanization of those rejected by scivy. The figure ofthe worker who comes home drunk at night and bea bis wife al hile spd ight ino the background is wife has more wo ear fiom the social worker who coutsls he than from him [Nor ae we confronted bythe stulifcation ofthe worker allegedly unable comprshend the work proces in which hei involved. The reat Jnersifcaton of he division labor docs ndecd distance the worker fr ther and usher fom the end produc with which che crafsman ws hor ‘oughly convert, Bu at the sie time, the individu] work process ae increasingly undiferentiaed, so thatthe man who can pesform one can perform vil all and can understand he whole operation, The man 08 the production line 2 Ford who always has to perform the sme ation ows ery well how the finished car works, singe ie contains no sere thar cannot be imagined on the ode ofthat action, Even the dsintion Theowcen the worker and she engines, whose work i self increasingly rmechanived is gradually turing inc a question of privilege. The demand for technical specialists doting the war showed how flexible she dfferenc technicians wore and how the ditneions between specializations have heen eroded However none ofthis does any more to mitigate dhe impotence of the workers, ily a leat, than, previously, stark ponerey had curred ine revolution eis no easier forthe alert mechanies of tday o Become individuals han i was forte dulled inmates of ee workhouse 2 century ia Refestons on Cla Theory 109 ago. and ofcourse its unlikely that chiens will aceleate dhe revolution, Is the meantime, the work proces tat they understand shapes thes: even more thoroughly than the proces they didnot undetstand shaped them i tmes pas it become echnologicl veil” The works -have their hare ofthe dual character of clas. The system may have called sthaleto the proces of dehumanization tha jeopardizes che euling cass, ‘anal the later ake it over inthe servic of thie own inhumanity. Bu in return, Mar isight shat the sytem produces th pot as bse fi Sled on a scale hat was absolutely unforseable By irae of ther needs andthe omipresene equtements of the sys- ‘em, mex have erly become its products under the monopoly system the proces of dehumanization is perfotd on the backs ofthe clas a all-eacompassing rfstion, not as naked cosrcion: indced, this deb ‘manization is what that civilization i, The tain character of sity proves inl in the face hat it doesnot just rake uter possesion of ‘members but eeates them in sow image, This isutimatly the point of ‘hat poavization into power and impotence. The monopolistic power con fers the eewards on which che stability ofthe sytem depend today only upon thos people who resemble i This proces of ein, cvlzing, and slowing consumes all the energy tha might be used to do things differ nul othe point where conditioned universal himaniy gives bith co the barbarss thae in tei By reproducing the lie oF oie a planned way the ruling cases reprudice the impotence of those that ae planned. Ths domination be ‘comes a integral part of human beings. They do not need eo be “nt ‘enecda bea with hr ideo he maker are wont to inane. Mass ‘lare simply males them yt again what they already are thank 9 the «coercion of the system. I keeps a watchfil eye on the anomalies, ine lcs che offical complemen of practice inthe shape of publi morality” nd provides people with models fr imation, The tsk of influencing people who beg to ifr cannot be entrusted to fms sha seth the

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