P4

DISPLACEMENT GRAPHS

The displacement of an object is the difference between its cunrrent posisiton and its starting
position. It is expressedn as a distance and a direction. Quantities such as displacement
which need both a size (magntitude) and a direction to define them which are called
vectors.You might see the distance be referred to positive or negative. All this means is
that an object is going in direction or the opposite direction. When distance is given with a
particular indication of direction its called dispalcement. It is distance in a given direction
from a starting point to any particular moment in time.

DISTANCE TIME GRAPH

Distance- time graph has a formular of GRADIENT = SPEED

Speed = gradient = vertical / horizontal

In this graph there is a stationary phase which is flat and there is a steeper gradient and it
gets steeper depending on how fast you go. Then when the graph comes down it comes
towards the strarting point. The curves are when vheicles accelerate and deaccelerate. With
a stepping curve it means that it's increasing speed and causes the gradient to increase
whilst its accelarating. A levelling off curve means its slowing down and decreases gradient
and deaccelerates. Displacement-time graphs are almost the same as distance-time graphs
except the gradient tell you the velocity in the distance-time graph. Also if diplacement is 0
then it means the object has returned back to normal position at the starting point and it goes
negative when they have travelled further than the normal starting position and positive is
away from tthe starting position.
The calculation for speed is therefore the same as the calculation for the gradient (slope)
of a straight line on a distance-time graph. To find the calue for speed it can be calculated
using this

graident = difference in y / difference in x

ACCELERATION

The rate at which the car changes speed is known as acceleration.

Acceleration is not the same as speed or velocity and instead its the change in velocity or
even speed in a certain amount of time.

Acceleration (m/s)^2 = change in speed (m/s) / time taken (s)

The change in speed is the final speed taken away form the
strarting speed.

The speed of the racing car may not be changing but the direction of its motion is and we
call the instantaneous speed of a car in a certain direction is instantaneous velocity.

SPEED - TIME GRAPH

Speed = distance travelled (m) / time (s)

The speed of a moving object tells us how far it will travel in a certain time. An average
speed can be taken over by a shorter interval. If we could measure the distance travelled
over a very short time interval we could get close to the speed at the moment and this is
known as the instantenous speed.

A speed time graph can provide information about an object's motion. The horizontal line
means that the object is travelling at a steady speed. A straight line means that the object
is speeding up and accelerating at a constant rate. A straight line going down means that
the object is slowing down and deacelerates at a constant rate. A steeper line means the
quciker change of speed which means greater accleration. Speed time graphs tell how fast
an object is travelling and don't tell about the direction.

Also velocity is sometimes more useful to measure motion as ir describes both the speed
and direction. Instantaneous velocity is its speed and direction at given moment in time.
Like negative displacements there are negative velocities which just travels and goes in a
different direction.

VELOCITY - TIME GRAPHS

Gradient = acceleration

Velocity is the pseed in a certain direction so a velocity time graph can show which way the
object is travelling. A positive velocity means that the object is going in one direction and a
negative velocity is travekkubg the opposite direction.
The slope of the a line on a velocity time graph gives the acceleration. The steeper the line
the greater the acceleration.

The area under any section of the graph is equal to the displacement which is the distance
travelled in that time interval. Speed time graphs are similiar to velocity time graphs but
ignore direction. You camn caluclate accleration from speed time graph too but only if the
direction of the movement doesn't change.

have to write about:

-forces and a few situations and vector quantites on pg 205

- limiting friction and reaction force on pg 206 and 207

- resultant, balanced , change in momentum and momentum pg 208 and 209

-resistance, drag,terminal velocity,counter forces on pg 210 and 211

-work done expanding on energy - pg 216

- potential,kinetic and energy transferred - pg 218 and 219

- conservation of energy and falling -pg 220