Quick General Knowledge 2017 With Current Affairs Update - Disha Experts

Table of Contents
Contents
General Budget 2016
GST 2016
Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code 2016
Union Civil Code
BREXIT
Rio Olympics 2016 Update
Indias Political Journey 70 years
Indias Economic Journey 70 years
Update : Political, Economic, Industries, Art & Culture 2016
Top Events 2016
Top Ideas 2016
Top Issues 2016
Top People 2016
Top Emerging Trend in 2016
Top 20 Companies of India/World
Top 20 Economies of the World
Top 20 Industries of India
Top 20 Sports Personalities of India
Major E-Commerce Acquisition in 2016
Important Appointments 2016
Awards & Honours 2016
Bills & Acts in 2016

Policies & Schemes in 2016
Book & Authors 2016
General Knowledge
Indian Panorama
World Panorama
People Forever
INDIAN HISTORY
Ancient History
Medieval History
Modern History
World History
Polity
Geography
Economy
GENERAL SCIENCE
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Ecology & Environment
Art, Culture & Tourism
OctoberCommunication, Transport, News & Media
Healthcare
Computers, IT & Technological Innovation
Sports
Indian Panorama
World Panorama
People Forever
INDIAN HISTORY
Ancient History
Medieval History
Modern History
World History
Polity
Geography
Economy
GENERAL SCIENCE
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
OctoberCommunication, Transport, News & Media
Healthcare
Sports

Head Office : B-32, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017
Sales Office : B-48, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017
Tel. : 011-26691021 / 26691713
Chief Editor: Dr. Md. Usmangani Ansari
Project Incharge: Sheenu Kamra
Contributors: Asim Khan, Pratik Kr. Kundu, Sunny Kumar,
Mukul Pankaj Mani
DISHA PUBLICATION
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Copyright Publisher
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the
publisher. The author and the publisher do not take any legal responsibility for any errors or
misrepresentations that might have crept in. We have tried and made our best efforts to
provide accurate up-to-date information in this book.
For further information about the books from DISHA,
Log on to www.dishapublication.com or email to info@dishapublication.com
[ii]
CONTENTS
CURRENT AFFAIRS UPDATE CA-1-28
General Budget 2016
GST 2016
Union Civil Code
BREXIT 6
11
12
Top Events 2016
16
Top Ideas 2016
18
Top Issues 2016
18
Top People 2016
19
19
20
21
21
22
23
23

24
26
27
Book & Authors 2016
27
[iii]
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Indian Panorama
World Panorama
16
People Forever
30
Indian History
33
Ancient History
33
Medieval History
38
Modern History
42
World History
47
Polity
51
Geography
61
Economy
70
General Science
79
Physics
79
Chemistry
87
Biology
93
101
105
Communication, Transport, News & Media
112
Healthcare
118
119
Sports
123
[iv]
Current Affairs Update
CA-2

CA-3
CA-4

CA-5
CA-6

CA-7
CA-8
INDIAS POLITICAL JOURNEY 70 YEARS
Date/ Period
Events
1946
The Constituent assembly elected in 1946 served as the Parliament
15 Aug. 1947
India became independent
Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the 1st P. M. of Independent India
30 Jan. 1948
Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead Nathuram Godse
India sends troops and took over the State of Hyderabad
Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.
Pakistan adopted Gorila War in J & K but India recaptures Dras, Kar-
gil and Poonch.
26 Nov. 1949
Constitution of India was adopted with a Preamble, 395 Articles & 8
Schedules.
26 Jan. 1950
Constitution of India was enforced & India was declared a republic
State
Rajendra Prasad, 1st President of India

Home Minister Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 Dec.1950.
1951
Indias first general/Lok Sabha election ( 25 Oct.1951 to 21
Feb.1952) & Indian National Congress won with full majority (75%)
1953
Sheikh Abdulla was dismissed, arrested and Ghulam Mohammed
became the prime minister of Jammu & Kashmir.
1954
French finally gave up its territory Pondicherry to India.
1956
Death of B. R. Ambedkar on 6 Dec. 1956
1957
Second general elections were held in India & Congress won 371
seats
1959
Mrs. Indira Gandhi was elected the president of Indian National
Congress.
1960
The states of Gujarat and Maharashtra came into being on May 1,
1960 & Bombay got allocated to Maharashtra.
1961
Indian troops liberated Goa from Portuguese colony by Operation
Vijay
1962
Congress retained its majority in the general elections (361 seats

out of 494).
1964
Jawaharlal Nehru died. Gulzarilal Nanda was sworn in as acting
prime minister.
Congress Working Committee finalized on Lal Bahadur Shastri as
Nehrus successor. (Other contenders were Tamilian K. Kamraj &
Morarji Desai)
CA-9
1965
Pakistan invaded india over a salt marsh in Kachchh desert forcing
Indians to withdraw some 40 miles.
1966
L.B. Shastri & Pakistani President Ayub Khan met in Taskent along
with the Soviet Union P.M. Kosygin, and signed Taskent Agreemetn.
On the same night Lal Bahadur Shashtri dies in sleep, of cardiac ar-
rest.
Gulzarilal Nanda was (once again) sworn in as acting prime min-
ister.
Indira Gandhi became PM on Congress president Kamraj endorse-
ment for which Morarji Desai was interested.
Punjab and Hariyana divided into separate staes.
1967
4th general elections was held in February & INC got 283 seats.
1969
14 banks were nationalized which was opposed by then Finance Minister
Morarji Desai
1971
The Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 over Bangladesh liberation. Pakistani
troops surrendered & Provisional Government of the Peoples Re-
public of Bangladesh came into being.
5th general elections of India was held 14 months before scheduled
time and Congress returned with 362 seats out of 520
1975
On 26th June 1975 national emergency was declared.
Opposition leaders, including, Jayprakash Narayan, Morarji Desai,
were sent to jail. Sanjay Gandhi became leading political executive
overshading Indira Gandhi
1977
Mrs. Gandhi by surprising opponents dissolved Lok Sabha and gen-
eral elections were held.
The Congress lost around 200 seats. Both Indira Gandhi and Sanjay
Gandhi lost.
Janata Party came with majority & Morarji Desai became PM of India.
1979
Morarji Desai resigned after Janata Party splits into three parts:
headed by Morarji Desai, Jagjivan Ram and Charan Singh.
Charan Singh was sworn as Prime Minster, but a month later Indiras
Congress (I) withdrew support, which forced a mid-term election.
1980
General elections of India was held & INC won 353 seats as a result
Mrs.I.Gandhi became PM. Sanjay Gandhi died in a plane accident.
1984
Indira Gandhi is shot dead by two of her Sikh personal bodyguards.
Rajiv Gandhi became prime minister of India.
8th general elections of India was held & INC won 404 seats.
1989
general elections of India was held & INC won 197 seats. The Janata
Dal led by V P Singh secured 143 seats, BJP 85 & Left
Parties 45 seats. V.P. Singh became PM with support of BJP
& Left parties.
CA-10
1991
Rajiv Gandhi assassinated by suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri
Lanka's Tamil Tigers(LTTE)
10th General elections were held. INC+ got 244, BJP+ 120 & NF got 69
seats. P.V. Narasimha Rao became PM with the support of Left parties.
1992
Babri Mosque in Ayodhya was demolished, triggering widespread
Hindu-Muslim violence.
1996
General elections were held. UF 192(Janata Dal+) won 192, BJP
187, & INC 140 seats.
AB Vajpayee became PM only for 13 days followed by H.D. Deve Gowda

& IK Gujral(Janata Dal). The 11th Lok Sabha produced three Prime
Ministers in two years.
1999
General elections were held. NDA(BJP+) won 254(182+), INC+ 144 &
UF 64 seats. AB Vajpayee became PM.
1999
Kargil war between India & Pakistan. India came as victorious.
2004
General elections were held. UPA got 218, NDA 181 seats & Manmohan
Singh became PM of India.
2009
General elections were held. UPA got 262, NDA 159 seats & Manmohan
Singh became PM of India.
2014
General elections were held. BJP got 282, INC 44. Narendra Modi
became PM of India.
2016
India got entry into Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) group.
CA-11
YEARS
70
INDIA'S ECONOMIC JOURNEY
Update : Political, Economic,

Industries, Art & Culture 2016
Political
LG is the administrative head of National Capital Territory: Delhi High Court ruling.
The Strategic Forces Command (SFC) a part of National Command Authority (NCA) added
to Second Schedule of the RTI Act, 2005 to exempt from RTI purview.
First BRICS Employment Working Group meeting held in Hyderabad, Telangana in July
2016.
Haryana Government has launched Pashudhan Bima Yojana.
The Union Ministry of Earth Sciences announced that India Meteorological Department
(IMD) will use supercomputer to forecast Indias annual summer monsoon based on a
dynamical model.
The Union Cabinet has approved the establishment of a new AIIMS at Bhatind, Punjab.
The Union Government approved ` 1,600 crore for J&K under skill development initiative
Himayat programme.
The Union Rural Development Ministry and ISRO, signed a MoU for geo-tagging the assets
created under MGNREGA in each gram panchayat.
Union Government has asked all state governments to link Aadhaar with caste and domicile
certificates to be issued to school students.
6
Maharashtra Govt. accorded minority status to Jews as per State Minorities Commission
Act.
Union Government banned potassium bromate (KbrO3) as a food additive as it is

carcinogenic.
The Union Finance Ministry announced that NRIs can open National Pension Savings (NPS)
accounts online through eNPS if have Aadhaar Card or Permanent Account Number (PAN).
Union Cabinet approved retirement age of Central Health Services doctors from 62 to 65
years.
Lakshadweep became first UT in the counry to sign 247 Power for All document.
PM Narendra Modi & Sri Lankan President released Simhastha Declaration at Ninora in
Ujjain.
PM Narendra Modi invited to address a joint meeting of the US Congress on June 8, 2016.
India and Mauritius signed MoU to promote cooperation in traditional medicine and
homeopathy.
The 13th edition of India-European Union Summit was held on in Brussels, capital of
Belgium.
Supreme Court approved Union Governments guidelines to protect Good Samaritans, who
help road accident victims.
Union Government approves winding up of National Manufacturing Competitiveness
Council.
President Pranab Mukherjee declares Kerala as first digital state in the country.
Union Government extended e-Tourist Visa Scheme to 37 more countries to make the total
150.
Faustin Archange Touadera won the 2016 Presidential election of Central African Republic
(CAR)
NATO and European Union signed agreement on Cooperation in Cyber Defence to counter
modern forms of hybrid warfare.
CA-13
India-Nepal Combined Military Exercise Surya Kiran IX commenced at Pithoragarh,

Uttarakhand.
First Ministerial Meeting of Arab-India Cooperation Forum held at Manama, capital of
Bahrain.
US lifts nuclear sanctions on Iran after commitments to roll back its nuclear programme.
6
India decided to become member of International Energy Agency Ocean Energy Systems.
Justice Lodha Committee submitted its report to the Supreme Court on BCCI reforms.
India and Pakistan exchanged the list of their nuclear installations and facilities under the
Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack against Nuclear installations.
Economic
Bank of Japans (BoJ) announced that it is joining the European Central Bank (ECB), the
Swiss National Bank and the central banks of Denmark and Sweden in charging a negative
interest rate on commercial bank reserves.
Union Cabinet increases limit for foreign investment in Stock Exchanges from 5% to 15%.
Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA) at Hague, Netherlands rules against Antrix

Coroporation in Devas Corporation over sharing of spectrum on satellites.
E-commerce giant Flipkart acquired online fashion portal Jabong through its fashion unit
Myntra.
G-20 Finance ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting held in the Chinese city of
Chengdu pledged to boost the global economy.
The Parliament has passed the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Bill.
Japans cabinet approved an economic stimulus package worth 275 billion dollars to boost
growth of the worlds third-largest economy.
6
Technocrat Anant Maheshwari is appointed as the President of Microsoft India, a
subsidiary of US based software giant Microsoft Inc.
The fourth tranche of the Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB) scheme opened for subscription.
Government has fixed 3,119 Rupees per gram as the issue price for the bond in this
tranche.
The Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) has become the first Indian
company to issue rupee-denominated bonds masala bonds on London Stock Exchange
(LSE).
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has set up an inter-regulatory Working Group to study the
regulatory issues relating to Financial Technology (Fintech) and Digital Banking in India.
SBI has signed a MoU with the Society for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SINE) at IIT
Bombay to promote innovation by start-ups in the financial sector.
Mahindra Aerostructures becomes the first Indian company to receive a direct

manufacturing contract from Airbus (European aviation major) as a Tier 1 supplier.
India set up an apparel training centre in Kaduna, Nigeria to support textiles industry.
India ranks 35th in 2016 Logistics Performance Index: World Bank Report.
People of UK in a historic Brexit referendum have voted in favour of leaving European

Union.
6
The Bharti Group chief, Sunil Bharti Mittal elected as chairman of the International
Chambers of Commerce (ICC).
India has surpassed Japan to become the worlds third-largest oil consumer.
India ranked 2nd on GRD index on ease of doing business by A T Kearney, London.
The National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO) signs MoU with Iran to set up smelter
plant in Chabahar.
Apple Inc opens Development Office in Hyderabad, Telangana.
CA-14
SBI seeks to take over 5 associate PSBs, Bhartiya Mahila Bank. 5 subsidiary banks are: (i)
State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, (ii) State Bank of Hyderabad, (iii) State Bank of Mysore,
(iv) State Bank of Patiala and (v) State Bank of Travancore.
India and other 5 countries viz. Canada, Iceland, Israel, New Zealand and China have signed
OECDs (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Multilateral
Competent Authority Agreement in Beijing (China).
Industries
The Indian auto industry accounts for 7.1% of the country's GDP.
The Automobile Mission Plan (AMP) for the period 20062016, designed to accelerate and
sustain growth in this sector.
6
The industry has attracted FDI worth US$ 14.32 billion during the period April 2000 to
December 2015.
American car maker Ford has unveiled its iconic Ford Mustang in India within the price
band of ` 45 lakh and ` 50 lakh.
Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited (MTWL) acquired 51 % shares in France-based Peugeot
Motorcycles (PMTC).
L&T Power has won a contract worth ` 3,860 crore from Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Ltd.
CAG in a report tabled in Parliament, said 831.88 sq km of KG-D6 area needs to be taken
away from RIL as per the contract because of $1.6 billion of excess cost.
India ranks third, just behind US and China, among 40 countries in renewable energy
production.
Agricultural product is the 4th largest exported principal commodity with a share of 10%
of total exports of the country.
Indian auto component industry grows by 8.8% in FY16 t 2.55 lakh crore.
The civil Aviation Ministry has cleared proposals for small airports in Uttar Pradesh.
6
Tata Advanced Systems Ltd.is tying up with US- Bell Helicopter to compete against the
Mahindra-Airbus combination for a $2-billion naval chopper manufacturing contract.
Government infused ` 22,915 crore into 13 PSU banks to boost lending, balance sheet, etc.
IDFC Bank Ltd will acquire a Tamil Nadu based microfinance institution (MFI),i.e. Grama
Vidiyal.
State Bank of India, has opened its first branch dedicated to serving start-up companies, in
Bengaluru.
Exim Bank of India and the Government of Andhra Pradesh has signed a MoU to promote
exports in the state.
SBI and the World Bank have inked agreements for a $625 million (` 4,200 crore) for Grid-
connected Rooftop solar Programme (GRPV) in the country.
US- medical devices maker Boston Scientific Corp. has agreed for its biggest R&D at
Gurgaon to develop stents, catheters and pacemakers for the Asia Pacific, Middle East and
Africa by 2017.
Nirma, the Ahmedabad-based detergent and soap maker, announced its acquisition of
Lafarge Indias 11-million-tonne (mt) cement business for $1.4 billion (about ` 9,478 crore).
The Indian food industry, currently valued at US$ 39.71 billion is expected to grow 11% to
US$65.4 billion by 2018.
6
The overall gross exports of Gems & Jewellery in April 2016 stood at US$ 3.23 billion,
whereas exports of cut and polished diamonds stood at US$ 1.78 billion.
A total of 3,598 hospitals and 25,723 dispensaries across the country offer AYUSH
(Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) treatment to the people.
CA-15
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), agreed for a soft loan of JPY 19.064
billion (US$ 161.2 million) for the project of pollution abatement of Mula-Mutha river in
Pune.
Vice Media LLC(USA) has entered into a Joint Venture with the Times Group to open a new
bureau and production hub in Mumbai through digital, television and mobile.
Art & Culture
UNESCO lists Khangchendzonga National Park and Chandigarh Capitol Complex in World
Heritage Sites.
Kerala Tourism campaign wins Golden City Gate Award at the Internationale Tourismus-
Brse Berlin (ITB-Berlin) 2016.
The 42nd Khajuraho Dance Festival began at Khajuraho in Chhatrapur in Madhya Pradesh.
The 30th Surajkund International Crafts Mela began at Faridabad in Haryana.
6
World famous Rath Yatra of Lord Jagannath begins in the coastal city of Puri at 12th
century Jagannath temple.
Every year World Heritage Day is being observed across the world on April 18. It is also
known as International Day for Monuments and Sites.
Traditional Chapchar Kut festival celebrated across Mizoram.
South Koreas Seong-Jin Cho has won the prestigious 17th international Frederic Chopin
Piano competition.
Canberra based art gallery in Australia has agreed to return a 2,000-year-old Indian-origin
sculpture of Gautama Buddha back to India.
Varanasi and Jaipur became the Creative City Network of UNESCO.
A French scientist claimed a different portrait hidden behind that of the Mona Lisa of
Leonardo da Vinci , created between AD 1503 and 1506 at the Louvre. It is the most valued
painting in the world with its insurance value adjusted for inflation being at $782
million.
Losar festival beings in Ladakh region of J&K.
Annual Hundred Drums Wangala Festival began in Meghalaya.
Australian art gallery to return 2000 year old Buddha idol to India.
6
The Central Board of Film Certification had asked makers of film Udta Punjab to remove
all references to Punjab.
A team of Italian and Pakistani archaeologists unearthed layers of an Indo-Greek city in

Barikot of Swat valley, Pakistan.
Nearly thousand year old inscription on Kapalikas has been discovered in Raichur,
Karnataka.
Recently, United States initiated the process of returning over 200 stolen artifacts back to
India.
500 years old MUD PALACE in Sural village, close to Udupi in Karnataka is madeover. It
has no foundation and is supported by wooden pillars using the inter-locking method.
BHARATVANI portal launched at Lucknow to deliver knowledge about various languages
in India. It is a project of the Ministry of HRD implemented by Central Institute of Indian

Languages (CIIL) Mysuru.
Narikurava tribe from Tamil Nadu recently included in the Scheduled Tribe category by the
Union Government.
The Ministry of Tourism is set to announce the Buddhist Circuit as Indias first trans-
national tourist circuit. Its map includes Bodh Gaya, Vaishali, Rajgir in Bihar, Kushinagar,
Sarnath and Shravasthi in UP, along with Kapilvastu and Lumbini in Nepal.
IIT Kharagpur and ASI published in the Nature journal that Indus Valley Civilization might
be 8000 years old rather than 5500.
Top Events 2016
THE NEW COUNCIL OF MINISTERS AT THE CENTRE
S.no Portfolio
Name
Union Council of Ministers
Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Department of Narendra Modi
Atomic Energy, Department of Space, All important policy
issues and All other portfolios not allocated to any Minister
Cabinet Ministers
Home Affairs
Raj Nath Singh
External Affairs
Smt. Sushma Swaraj
Finance, Corporate Affairs
Arun Jaitley
Urban Development, Housing and Urban Poverty Allevia- M. Venkaiah Naidu
tion, Information & Broadcasting
Road Transport and Highways, Shipping
Nitin Jairam Gadkari

6
Defence
Manohar Parrikar
Railways
Suresh Prabhu
Statistics & Programme Implementation
D.V. Sadananda Gowda
Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Sushri Uma Bharati
10
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
Ramvilas Paswan
11
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Kalraj Mishra
12
Women and Child Development
Smt. Maneka Sanjay Gandhi
13
Chemicals and Fertilizers, Parliamentary Affairs
Ananthkumar
14
Law & Justice, Electronics & Information Technology

Ravi Shankar Prasad
15
Health and Family Welfare
Jagat Prakash Nadda
16
Civil Aviation
Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati
17
Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
Anant Geete
18
Food Processing Industries
Smt. Harsimrat Kaur Badal
19
Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water Narendra Singh Tomar
and Sanitation
20
Steel
Chaudhary Birender Singh
21
Tribal Affairs
Jual Oram
22
Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
Radha Mohan Singh

23
Social Justice and Empowerment
Thawar Chand Gehlot
24
Textiles
Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani
25
Science and Technology, Earth Sciences
Dr. Harsh Vardhan
26
Human Resource Development
Prakash Javadekar
CA-17
Telugu writer Kalakaluri Enoch conferred 6
President Pranab Mukherjee on 27th
with Moortidevi Award of Bharatiya
February declared Kerala as the first digital
Jnanpith
state in the country.
The World Tourism Day (WTD) is being 6 PM Narendra Modi launched the Rs. 50,000
observed annual y on 27th September to
crore Setu Bharatam project on 4th March.

raise awareness about the importance of 6 The project aims to make all national
tourism. 2016 Theme: Tourism for all
highways free from railway level crossing by
promoting universal accessibility. It seeks
2019 to ensure road safety.
to spread both the importance and immense 6 The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and
benefits universal accessibility of tourism.
a test stationary lander called Schiaparelli
Indian womens kabaddi team wins gold
were launched on 14th March 2016 on a
medal in Asian Beach Games
Proton rocket. The spacecraft will arrive in
India has been ranked 39th among the
the Martian orbit in October 2016.
138 countries in the 2016-17 Global 6 According to the UNIDO report ranked
Competitiveness Index (GCI). The index
India sixth among the worlds 10 largest
was released as part of the World Economic
manufacturing countries, up by three
Forums (WEF) Global Competitiveness
positions.
Report for 2016-17.
6
The 6th Heart of Asia (HoA) - Istanbul
India has won the test match against New
Ministerial Process was held in New Delhi
Zealand by 197-runs in their historic 500th
on 26 April, 2016.
cricket Test in Kanpur.
Union Governments Unnat Jyoti by
The International Day of Peace is observed
Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) was
across the world on 21 September every year
launched on 30th April in Madhya Pradesh.
to strengthening the ideals of peace, both 6 India successful y test-fired its indigenously
within and among all nations and peoples.
developed Advanced Air Defence (AAD)
2016 Theme: The Sustainable Development
supersonic interceptor missile from an
Goals: Building Blocks for Peace.
Abdul Kalam Island launch complex in
The International Democracy Day is being
Balasore.
observed every year on 15 September to 6
raise public awareness about the democratic
US space agency NASA successful y
system.
deployed the first experimental inflatable
room attached to the International Space
The National Hindi Divas, an annual literary-
Station.
day is being observed on 14 September in
Hindi speaking regions of India and other 6
World Health Organisation (WHO)
countries with Hindi speaking population.
announced, Thailand has become the first
country in Asia to eliminate mother-to-
SBI has launched dedicated specialized
branch for start-ups called SBI InCube in
child transmission of HIV and syphilis.
Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Goods and Services Tax bill (the 122nd
Constitution Amendment Bill) has been
6
Tsai Ing-wen (59) has been elected as first
female and 14th President of Taiwan.
passed by the Rajya Sabha in July.
India has joined the Missile Technology
ISRO launched PSLV-C31 rocket
successful y, carrying 5th satellite (out of
Control Regime (MTCR) on 27th June as a
7) of India Regional Navigation Satellite
full member.
System (IRNSS).
NASAs Juno spacecraft successful y slipped
Google parent Alphabet Inc. has replaced its
into orbit in July 2016 around Jupiter on
Silicon Valley rival Apple Inc. to become the
a mission to probe the origin of the solar
worlds most valuable company. The rise in
system.
Alphabets shares by 1.7 percent has pushed 6
Hindi academic and author Sunita Jain was
its market capitalization to $531 billion.
conferred with the prestigious 25th Vyas

6
BHEL has commissioned a 101 MW
Samman 2015. She was presented with
gas-based Combined Cycle Power Plant
the award by West Bengal Governor K N
(CCPP) on Engineering, Procurement and
Tripathi.
Construction (EPC) basis, in Tripura.
Real Madrid's Portuguese forward Cristiano
Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the
Ronaldo was awarded the Best Men's player
National Rurban Mission from Kurubhat,
in Europe at the ending of the UEFA
in Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh on
Champions League Group stage draw
21st February.
ceremony, on 25th August, 2016 in Monaco.
CA-18
Top Ideas 2016
A team led by an Indian-origin scientist
manufactured the worlds lightest material

Ashutosh Tiwari in US has discovered a
called silica aerogel or blue air.
new kind of 2D semiconducting material 6
Worlds first public dengue vaccination
for electronics which opens the door for
programme was launched in Philippines
much speedier computers and smartphones
on April 4th with nurses injecting the first
that consume a lot less power.
batch of a million children with a French
Union Minister of Health and Family
drug to combat the deadly disease.
Welfare on 21st March launched 6
Scientists at the Vikram Sarabhai Space
Bedaquiline - new anti-TB drug for Drug
Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, recently
Resistant TB as part of the RNTCP (Revised
manufactured the worlds lightest material
called silica aerogel or blue air.
National Tuberculosis Control Program) on 6 China has developed the worlds first
the eve of World TB Day.
graphene electronic paper which will
Worlds first public dengue vaccination

catapult the material to a new level.
programme was launched in Philippines 6 BJP government in Haryana has started
on April 4th with nurses injecting the first
the process for merger of its two power
batch of a million children with a French
distribution corporations, Dakshin Haryana
drug to combat the deadly disease.
Bijli Vitran Nigam (DHBVN) and Uttar
Scientists at the Vikram Sarabhai Space
Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (UHBVN), into
Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, recently
a single unit.
Top Issues 2016
Union Health Minister J.P. Nadda launched
the resolution 64/35, which was adopted
the Project Sunrise for prevention of AIDS
unanimously.
in the eight North-Eastern states.
South India's first Children's Court was
Pakistans Sindh Assembly passed first the
inaugurated in Hyderabad on 24th August,

Hindu Marriage Bill in Pakistan.
giving a push to fast disposal of cases related
March 22nd was celebrated as World Water
to children.
Day to generate global awareness among 6
Karnataka government has released water
people on the importance of fresh water.
from the river Cauvery to the neighboring
21st March was observed as the International
state of Tamil Nadu on 6th September,
Day of Forests to raise awareness about all
abiding by a Supreme Court order that
types of forests, and trees outside forests, for
numerous angry farmers protested by
the benefit of current and future generations.
standing in the river water.
The Nitish Kumar government declared 6
The International Day for the Preservation
Bihar a dry State on 5th April while
of the Ozone Layer is observed every year
imposing total prohibition on the sale and
on September 16 for the preservation of the

consumption of liquor, with immediate
Ozone Layer.
effect.
The International Literacy Day is being
Scientists have for the first time cloned the
observed 08 September every year to
Zika virus, a development that could bring
emphasize the importance of literacy to
a desperately needed vaccine within closer
individuals, society and communities
reach.
This year, the world is celebrating 50th
The International Day against Nuclear Tests
International Literacy Day. The day was
is observed on August 29. It was established
established in 1966 by the United Nations
on December 2, 2009 at the 64th session of
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
the United Nations General Assembly by
Organization (UNESCO).
CA-19
Top People 2016
The DSC Prize for South Asian Literature 6
Jammu-born poet and novelist Padma
2016 has been conferred upon Anuradha
Sachdev has been chosen for the prestigious
Roy for her novel Sleeping on Jupiter at the
Saraswati Samman for the year 2015 for her
Fairway Galle Literary Festival in Sri Lanka.
autobiography in Dogri language.
Veteran actor Manoj Kumar was conferred
with the 47th Dadasaheb Phalke Award for 6
Trinamool Congress Mamata Banerjee
the year 2015.
sworn in as the chief minister of West
British mathematician Sir Andrew Wiles
Bengal for the second consecutive term.
has won 2016s recipient of the Abel prize 6 The former world heavyweight champion
which is widely regarded as the Nobel for
Muhammad Ali died late on 3rd June
mathematics.
2016, Friday at a hospital in the US city of
6
Mehbooba Mufti, president of the Peoples
Democratic Party, took the oath as the
Phoenix, Arizona
first woman Chief Minister of Jammu and 6
Rodrigo Duterte was sworn in as the 16th
Kashmir on 4th April.
President of Philippines.
Top Emerging Trends 2016
Sl.
Trends
Information / Issues
1.
Geopolitical instability
Strained US Sino relations
Europes migrant crisis and violence
Russia West political tension
2.
Global extremism
ISIS extremism in Syria and Iraq
Fascism, extremism and violence spiking in G20
countries
3.
U.S. economic growth
Consolidation of the labor and housing markets
Consumer expenditure has risen

Wage stagnation and income disparity still an issue
4.
Post BRICS emerging markets
Global growth drivers shifting to Pacific Basin
Countries with heterodox economic policies (Venezu-
ela) and high geopolitical risk (Russia) will be badly
tormented
Indian economy expected to do well
5.
Slump in commodity pricing
A 13 15 year period of low commodity pricing
In equilibrium between global supply and demand
US expected to benefit from oil renaissance
Higher consumer expenditure is on the cards
6.
Global climate change
Increased frequency of extreme weather events
Economic costs to increase
Global warming leading to increase in sea levels
El Nino to propel a record storm session in the
Northern Hemisphere
7.
Depopulation grievances
Outward migration in emerging markets
Rapid aging in developed markets like Canada

Debate about sustainable retirement and age old advantages
CA-20
8.
IT Revolution Version 2.0
IT revolution to customize consumer goods and
retail experiences
Adoption of predictive analytics and learning apps
Development in mobile phones
9.
Cyber insecurity
Cyber espionage on the rise
Civilian distrust
Privacy Vs Surveillance issue
10.
Rise of the machines
Technological sophistication is on the rise
Unmanned systems and robotics is gaining priority
TOP 20 COMPANIES OF THE WORLD (AS PER ANNUAL TURNOVER)
Sl.
Company /Country
CEOs Name
Industry
Employee Turnover
Strength
(US$)bln.
1.
Walmart/USA
C. Mcmillon
Retail
2,20,000
482
2.
Sinopec Group/China
Fu Chengyu
Oil and Gas
3,58,571
455
3.
China National Petroleum Wang Y.
Oil and Gas
1,636,532
428
Corporation/China
4.
Saudi Aramco/Saudi
Amin Nasser
Oil and Gas
60,000
338
5.
State Grid/China
Liu Zhenya
Power
1,564,000
333
6.
Samsung/South Korea
Dr. Oh Hyun Conglomer- 4,89,000
305
Kwon
ate
7.
Royal Dutch Shell/London
Ben Van Beur- Oil and Gas
94,000
273
den
8.
Vitol/Europe
Ian Taylor
Commodities 5,441
270
9.
Exxon Mobil/USA
Rex Tillerson
Oil and Gas
75,300
268
10.
Kuwait Petroleum/Kuwait
Nizar Adsani
Oil and Gas
45,000
252
11.
Volkswagen/Germany
Matthias uller
Automotive
5,72,800
245
12.
Apple/USA
Tim Cook
Consumer
1,15,000
234
Electronics
13.
Toyota/Japan
Akio Toyoda
Automotive
3,44,109
227
14.
BP/UK
Bob Dudley
Oil and Gas
83,900
223
15.
Glencore/Europe
Ivan Glasen- Commodities 1,81,000
221
berg
16.
Total/Europe
Patrick Pouy- Oil and Gas
1,00,307
212
anne
17.
Berkshire Hathaway/USA
Warren Buffet
Conglomer- 3,16,000
211
ate
18.
McKesson/USA
John Hammer- Pharmaceu- 32,000
179
gren
ticals
19.
China Railway/China
Sheng Guangzu Transport
2,045,600
163
20.
Philips 66
Greg Garland
Oil and Gas
13,500
161
CA-21
TOP 20 ECONOMIES OF THE WORLD (AS PER NOMINAL GDP)
Sl.
Country
President
Nominal GDP (in
trillion dollars)
1.
United States of America
Barrack Obama
17.95
2.
China
Xi Jinping
10.98
3.
Japan
Shinzo Abe
4.12
4.
Germany
Joachim Gauck
3.36
5.
United Kingdom
Elizabeth-II
2.85
6.
France
Francois Hollande
2.42
7.
India
Pranab Mukherjee
2.09
8.
Italy
Sergio Mattarella
1.16
9.
Brazil
Michel Temer
1.77
10.
Canada
Justin Trudeau (PM) 1.55
11.
South Korea
Park Geun - Hye
1.30
12.
Russia
Vladimir Putin
1.17
13.
Spain
Mariano Rajoy (PM) 1.2
14.
Australia
Tony Abbott
1.2
15.
Mexico
Enrique Nieto
1.07
16.
Indonesia
Joko Widodo
0.93
17.
Netherlands
Mark Rutte (PM)
0.76
18.
Turkey
Tayyip Erdogan
0.75
19.
Switzerland
Johann Scneider - 0.65

Ammann
20.
Saudi Arabia
Salman bin
0.61
Abdulaziz Al Saud
TOP 20 INDUSTRIES OF INDIA (BASED ON THE COMPOUNDED AN-
NUAL GROWTH RATE)
Sl.
Industry
Giant
CAGR (%)
1.
Healthcare
The Apollo Hospitals
23
2.
Biotechnology
Biocon
20
3.
Oil and Gas
BPCL
16.89
4.
Education
Educomp
16
5.
Pharmaceutical
Sun Pharma
15
6.
Media and Entertainment
Zee Entertainment
14.3
7.
Research & Development
Tata Motors
14
8.
Agriculture
DuPont India
13.8
CA-22
9.
Infrastructure
Larsen & Toubro
13.1
10.
Retail
Reliance Retail Ltd.
13
11.
Consumer Market
HUL
13
12.
Insurance
LIC / ICICI Prudential
12 15
13.
Real Estate
DLF
11.2
14.
Bank
HDFC
11.14
15.
Manufacturing
Aditya Birla Group
11.1
16.
Food Processing
Nestle India
11
17.
Aviation
Indigo Airlines
10.5
18.
ITES
TCS
9.5
19.
Automobiles
The Escorts Group
9.4
20.
Cement
ACC
6.7
TOP 20 SPORTSTERS OF INDIA
Sl.
Name
Sport
Awards / Titles / Honours
1.
Sachin Tendulkar
Cricket
Bharat Ratna
2.
Milkha Singh
Athletics
The Flying Sikh
3.
Vishwanathan Anand
Chess
Padma Vibhushan
4.
Leander Paes
Tennis
Padma Bhushan
5.
Balbir Singh Sr.
Hockey
Olympic Record Most Goals
6.
Kapil Dev
Cricket
Arjuna Award
7.
Pullela Gopichand
Badminton
Padma Bhushan
8.
Prakash Padukone
Badminton
Arjuna Award
9.
Sania Mirza
Tennis
Padma Bhushan
10.
Saina Nehwal
Badminton
Padma Bhushan
11.
Baichung Bhutia
Football
Padma Shri
12.
Dhyan Chand
Hockey
Dhyan Chand Award was started to
felicitate him
13.
Sushil Kumar
Wrestling
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
14.
Sourav Ganguly
Cricket
Arjuna Award
15.
Mahendra Singh Dhoni Cricket
Padma Shri
16.
Jeev Milkha Singh
Golf
Padma Shri
17.
PV. Sindhu
Badminton
Silver in Olympic 2016
18.
Abhinav Bindra
Air Rifle Shooting
Padma Bhushan
19.
Sakshi Malik
Wrestling
Silver in Olympic 2016

20.
Dipa Karmakar
Gymnastics
Arjuna Award
CA-23
MAJOR E-COMMERCE ACQUISITONS
Sl.
Alliance / Mergers
Industry / Business Type
1.
Walmart and Jet.com
Retail
2.
Mahindra and BabyOye
Online Retail (Baby Products)
3.
FoodPanda and JustEat India
Food Joints
4.
Bookmyshow acquired Ticketgreen
Online movie ticket booking
5.
Future Group and Amazon
Online shopping
6.
Croma and Snapdeal
Online shopping
7.
Flipkart and Letsbuy
Online shopping
8.
Fashion and you and Urbanclap
Online shopping
9.
Redbus and Ibibo
Online Transport Booking
10.
Snapdeal and Freecharge
Online recharge
MAJOR APPOINTMENTS IN 2016 15. D Rajkumar appointed as CMD of BPCL
1. RK Pachnanda appointed as DG of Na-
16. Sudarshan Sen appointed Executive Di-
tional Disaster Response Force
rector of RBI
2. Sudhir Pratap Singh appointed as DG of 17. NS Vishwanathan appointed as deputy

National Security Guard
governor of RBI
3. OP Singh appointed as DG of CISF
18. Sujoy Bose appointed as first CEO of NIIF

4. Alka Sirohi appointed as UPSC chairman
19. BCCI appoints Anil Kumble as the head
coach of Indian Cricket Team
5. BHVS Narayana Murthy appointed Direc-
tor of Research Centre Imarat
20. Ken Miyauchi appointed as President and
COO of SoftBank Group
6. CK Asnani appointed as CMD of Uranium 21. Hollywood actress Anne Hathaway ap-
Corporation of India Limited
pointed as UN Women Goodwill Ambas-
7. Urjit Patel assumes charge as 24th RBI
sador
Governor
22. Peter Thomson elected as President of
8. K M Hanumantharayappa assumes
71st session of United Nations General
charge as Chairman of Central Silk Board
Assembly
9. Dinesh Kumar Khara appointed as Man-
23. Navin Agarwal appointed as DG of NADA
aging Director of SBI
24. Admiral Sunil Lanba takes charge as
Navy chief
10. Anant Maheshwari appointed as Presi-
dent of Microsoft India

25. Bhupendra Kainthola takes charge as
FTII Director
11. Rani Singh Nair appointed as Chairman
of CBDT
26. CP Gurnani appointed as Chairman of
NASSCOM
12. Ajay Bhushan Pandey appointed as CEO
of UIDAI
27. Justice Permod Kohli appointed as Chair-
man of Central Administrative Tribunal
13. Guruprasad Mohapatra appointed as 28. Htin Kyaw elected as first civilian Presi-
Chairman of Airports Authority of India
dent of Myanmar
14. Rakesh Kumar Chaturvedi appointed as 29. Lt Gen N P S Hira appointed Deputy Chief
Chairman of CBSE
of Army
CA-24
30. Justice Balbir Singh Chauhan appointed 35. Ashok Chawla appointed as new Chair-as
Chairman of 21st Law Commission of
man of TERI
India
36. DJ Pandian appointed AIIB Vice-Presi-
31. Vice Admiral Atul Kumar Jain appointed
dent
as Chief of Staff of Eastern Naval Com-

mand
37. Archana Ramasundram becomes 1st
woman DG of Sashastra Seema Bal
32. Former CJI HL Dattu takes over as Chair-
man of NHRC
38. K Durga Prasad appointed as DG of CRPF
33. Rajendra Singh appointed as DG of Coast 39. RK Mathur sworn in as 8th Chief Infor-
Guard
mation Commissioner
34. KN Vyas appointed as Director of Bhabha 40. Amitabh Kant appointed CEO of NITI
Atomic Research Centre
Aayog
Awards and Honours
Moortidevi Award of Bharatiya Jnanpith - 2016 Dhyan Chand -Satti Geetha (Athlet-
Telugu writer Kalakaluri Enoch
ics), Sylvanus Dung Dung (Hockey) and
Tamil film Visaranai selected as Indias of-
Rajendra Pralhad Shelke (Rowing).
ficial entry to Oscars 2017
Actor Kamal Haasan selected for Frances
Kiran M Shaw appointed Knight of Legion
Chevalier de LOrdre Arts et Lettres
of Honor by France
IOA President N Ramachandran bestowed
Bezwada Wilson, TM Krishna receive 2016
with Olympic Order award

Magsaysay Award
AR Rahman honoured with Tamil Ratna
Padma Sachdev awarded 2015 Saraswati
Award
Samman
Shubha Mudgal selected for Rajiv Gandhi
2016 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award-PV
National Sadbhavana Award
Sindhu (Badminton), Sakshi Malik (Wres-
51st Jnanpith Award conferred on Gujarati
tling), Dipa Karmakar (Gymnastics) and
writer Dr. Raghuveer Chaudhari
Jitu Rai (Shooting).
Four Indian-Americans honoured with
2016 Dronacharya Award - : Naga-
2016 Great Immigrants Award in US
puri Ramesh (Athletics),Sagar Mal Four Indian-Americans are-
Dhayal (Boxing), Raj Kumar Sharma
(Cricket),Bishweshwar Nandi (Gymnas-
Sunder Pichai
tics), S. Pradeep Kumar (Swimming) and Hari Sreenivasan
Mahabir Singh (Wrestling).
Vikram Malhotra
2016 Arjuna Award -Rajat Chauhan (Ar-
chery), Lalita Babar (Athletics),Sourav Bharati Mukherjee

Kothari (Billiards & Snooker), Shiva Thapa PM Narendra Modi conferred Afghani-
(Boxing),Ajinkya Rahane (Cricket), Subrata
stans highest civilian honour Amir
Paul (Football), Rani (Hockey),Raghunath
Amanullah Khan Award,
V.R. (Hockey), Gurpreet Singh (Shooting), AR Rahman conferred with Japans Fukuo-
Apurvi Chandela (Shooting), Soumyajit
ka prize 2016
Ghosh (Table Tennis),Vinesh (Wrestling),
Amit Kumar (Wrestling), Sandeep Singh South Korean author Han Kang wins 2016
Mann (Para-Athletics) and Virender Singh
Man Booker International Prize for her
(Wrestling).
novel The Vegetarian.
CA-25
Best Actor: Amitabh Bachchan (Piku)
PM Narendra Modi conferred Saudi Ara-
Best Actress: Kangana Ranaut (Tanu Weds
bias highest civilian honour-the King Ab-
Manu Returns).
dulaziz Sash.
Best Direction: Sanjay Leela Bhansali (Ba-
Playback Singer P. Susheela enters Guin-
jirao Mastani).
ness World Records for singing highest
number of songs.
Best Film on Social Issues: Niranayakam
(Malayalam) directed by V. K. Prakash.
Indira Gandhi International Airport wins
three international awards
Best Supporting Actor: Samuthirakani for
the film Visaranai (Tamil).
Retained Worlds number one airport for
consecutive second year in 25 to 40 Million
Best Supporting Actress: Tanvi Azmi for
Passengers Per Annum (MPPA) category.
the film Bajirao Mastani (Hindi).
Best airport by size & region Asia Pacific
Best Childrens Film: Duronto (Hindi) di-
rected by Soumnedra Padhi.
(25-40 MPPA).
Best Child Artist: Gaurav Menon for the Second best airport by region (Asia Pa-film Ben
(Malayalam).
cific).
Special Jury Award: Margarita with a Straw Oscar Awards: 88th Academy
(Hindi) directed by Kalki Koechlin.
Awards
Best Cinematography: Sudeep Chatterjee Best Picture: Spotlight.
for the film Bajirao Mastani (Hindi).

Best Actor: Leonardo DiCaprio (The Rev-
Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film
enant).
of a Director: Neeraj Ghaywan for the film
Masaan (Hindi).
Best Actress: Brie Larson (Room)
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film Best Supporting Actor: Mark Rylance on
National Integration: Nanak Shah Fakir
(Bridge of Spies)
(Punjabi) directed by Sartaj Singh Pannu.
Best Supporting Actress: Alicia Vikander
Swat activist Tabassum Adnan wins 2016
(The Danish Girl). Best Director: Alejandro
Nelson Mandela Award
G. Irritu (The Revenant). Best Original
Screenplay: Tom McCarthy (Spotlight).
List of 2016 Pulitzer Prize Winners
Yes Bank wins inaugural Green Bond
Books, Drama and Music
Award in UK
Fiction: The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Malayalam film Ottal named best chil-Nguyen.
drens film at Berlin International Film
Drama:
Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda.
Festival
History:
Custers Trials: A Life on the Fron-
Sarangi maestro Ram Narayan chosen for
tier of a New America by T.J. Stiles.
Bhimsen Joshi Award
Biography:
Barbarian Days: A Surfing Life 2016 Padma Vibhushan Awards
by William Finnegan,
Rajinikanth-Art-Cinema
Poetry:
Ozone Journal by Peter Balakian.
Music: In for a Penny, In for a Pound by Hen-
Girija Devi- Art-Classical Vocal
ry Threadgill.
Ramoji Rao -Literature & Education
World No 1 tennis player Novak Djokovic Dr. Viswanathan Shanta Medicine- Oncol-from
Serbia has won the 2016 Laureus
ogy
Sportsman of the Year Award.
Viswanathan Anand conferred with 2016 Shri Shri Ravi Shankar-Spiritualism
Hridaynath Mangeskar Award
Jagmohan- Public Affairs
CA-26
Padma Bhushan Awards

Dr. Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad -Literature
Anupam Kher -Art-Cinema
& Education
Udit Narayan Jha Art-Playback Singing
Prof. N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya -Litera-
ture & Education
Ram V. Sutar -Art-Sculpture
Dr. Barjinder Singh Hamdard- Literature
Heisnam Kanhailal- Art-Theatre
& Education
Vinod Rai- Civil Service
Prof. D. Nageshwar Reddy -Medicine-Gas-
troenterology
Bills & Acts 2016
Union Cabinet approves Admiralty (Juris-
Union Cabinet approves Transgender Per-
diction and Settlement of Maritime Claims)
sons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016
Bill, 2016
Parliament passes Insolvency and Bank-
Rajya Sabha passes Maternity Benefits
ruptcy Code Bill, 2016
(Amendment) Bill, 2016
Parliament Passes Anti-Hijacking Bill, 2016
Parliament passes Central Agricultural Uni-

versity (Amendment) Bill, 2016
Parliament passes Mines and Minerals
Amendment Bill, 2016
Lok Sabha passes Taxation Laws (Amend-
ment) Bill, 2016
Real Estate (Regulation and Development)
Act, 2016 comes into force
Parliament passes Enforcement of Secu-
rity Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws Parliament passes Industries (Development
Amendment Bill, 2016
and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2015
Lok Sabha passes Employees Compensa-
Parliament passes Constitution (Scheduled
tion (Amendment) Bill, 2016
Castes) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2016
Parliament passes The Constitution (122nd Parliament passes Sikh Gurdwaras (Amend-
Amendment) (GST) Bill, 2014
ment) Bill, 2016
Rajya Sabha passes Mental Health Care Bill
Maharashtra becomes first state to pass law
Union Cabinet approves Motor Vehicle
against social boycott
Haryana Assembly unanimously passes
Benami transaction bill passed in Rajya Sabha

Reservation Bill
Parliament passes Institutes of Technology Union Government notifies Aadhaar Act,

2016
Parliament passes Indian Medical Council Lok Sabha passes Enemy Property (Amend-
(Amendment Bill), 2016
ment and Validation) Bill, 2016
Parliament passes NIT, Science Education & Parliament passes Carriage by Air amend-
Research (Amendment) Bill, 2016
ment Bill, 2015
Parliament passes Compensatory Afforesta-
Lok Sabha passes Election Laws (Amend-
tion Fund Bill, 2016
ment) Bill, 2016
Lok Sabha passes Lokpal and Lokayukta Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
Amendment Act, 2015 came into force
Parliament passes Child Labour (Prohibi-
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
tion and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2016
Children) Act, 2015 comes into force
Lok Sabha passes Bill for new NIT in Andhra President gives assent to The Sugar Cess
Pradesh
CA-27
Policies and Schemes 2016
Odisha Government launches Biju Kanya Income Declaration Scheme 2016
Ratna Yojana
Andhra Pradesh Government launches
Union Government notifies National Ap-
Chandranna Bima Yojana
prenticeship Promotion Scheme
Union Government launches UJALA Scheme
Indian Railways launches insurance scheme
for passengers travelling on e- ticket
Jharkhand Government launches Bhimrao
Ambedkar Awas Yojana for widows
PM Narendra Modi launches Mission Bhagi-
ratha in Telangana
Odisha Government launches Adarsh Vidya-
laya Project
Odisha Government launches Baristha Bu-
nakar Sahayata Yojana
Union Cabinet gives nod to implementation
of One Rank One Pension Scheme
Union Government launches MAA, nation-
wide breast feeding programme
PM Narendra Modi launches Stand up India
scheme for SC/ST, women
Haryana Government launches Pashudhan

Bima Yojana
Union Cabinet gives nod to implementation
of Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana Gramin
Rajasthan becomes first state to approve
sewage & waste water policy
Karnataka launches Mukhyamantri Sant-
wana Harish Yojana for free treatment to
Union Government launches KVK portal for
accident victims
monitoring of farm centres
Swachh Himachal Padhai bhi, Safai bhi
Namami Gange projects for cleaning river
Ganga launched
Udyam Aakansha scheme to promote SMEs
Union Cabinet approves National Appren-
National Capital Goods Policy 2016
ticeship Promotion Scheme
Bihar becomes sixth state to join UDAY
Union Cabinet Approves Interest Subven-
Scheme
tion Scheme for farmers for year 2016-17
Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan
Union Government launches National Green Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana
Highways Mission
National Dialysis Services Programme

Union Government approve Ramayana &
Krishna Circuits under Swadesh Darshan Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
Scheme
Books and Authors 2016
Driven: The Virat Kohli Story Vijay Loka-
AB The autobiography: AB De Villiers
pally
Citizen and Society: Hamid Ansari
Democrats and Dissenters: Ramachandra The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean
Guha
Shaped Human History: Sanjeev Sanyal
One Indian girl: Chetan Bhagat
R D Burmania: Panchamemoirs- Chaitanya
Six Machine (I Don't Like Cricket ... I Love Padukone
It): Chris Gayle
India Rising: Fresh Hope, New Fears- Ravi
His Bloody Project: Graeme Macrae Burnet
Velloor
CA-28
The Great Derangement: Climate Change The Kiss of Life- Emraan Hashmi
and the Unthinkable- Amitav Ghosh
Anything But Khamosh: The Shatrughan
Courage & Commitment- Margaret Alva
Sinha Biography- Bharathi S Pradhan

India vs Pakistan: Why Cant we just be Gandhi: An Illustrated Biography- Pramod
Friends? - Husain Haqqani
Kapoor
Chaos and Caliphate: Jihadis and the West in Fixed! Cash and Corruption in Cricket-
Jour-the Struggle for the Middle East- Patrick Cock-
nalist Shantanu Guha Ray
burn
Who was Shivaji?- Govind Pansare
A Call to Mercy: Hearts to Love, Hands to A Kingdom for His Love- Vani Mahesh, Shinie
Serve- Mother Teresa
Antony
The Unseen Indira Gandhi: Dr KP Mathur
Nathuram Godse: The Story of an Assassin-
Anup Ashok Sardesai
A Life in Diplomacy: Maharajakrishna Ras-
gotra
The Turbulent Years, Volume II- President
Pranab Mukherjee
Blood on my Hands: Confessions of Staged The Z Factor-
Encounters- Kishalay Bhattacharjee
Subhash Chandra
Jawaharlal Nehru and The Indian Polity in
The Making of India: The Untold Story of Perspective- Hamid Ansari
British Enterprises- Kartar Lalvani
MARU BHARAT SARU BHARAT- Jain Acharya
A State in Denial- BG Verghese

Maharaj
ata,
a,
da,
onda
or
, Ak
as, Bor
ya, Andh, a, Bhaina,
ari
vacha
Tribes
Andh, Bag Bhil, K
Abor Apatani
Mikirs, Khasis, Nag
Gonda, Mundas, Gaur
Ag Baig
Dhodia, Dubla (Halpati),
Bhils, Bar Ba
Meo, R
at aw
ba
e
ya)
ar
do Chham
ee
Danc
Kuchi pudi
Bar
Ankia Naat (Onk
Bidesia Ka jari
Panthi, R Nacha
Dekhnni, Fugdi
Rass-g
Saang, Dhamal
e,
anti
eej, Lohri,
vals
ear
yanti, y.& y
amdeo
ar Sankr
ali T
Festi
G.Ja I.Da R. Da
Sankranti, Ugadi
Losar or The New Y
Bihu
Chhath
Bastar Dusser Bhor
Ganesh Chaturthi
Mak
Hary
Indian Panorama
sity
per
ORIES
P. Den Sq. Km
382
308
17
397
1,102
189
394 sq km.
310/
573
acy age
erLit Aver % 73%

67.7%
66.95%
63.4%
71.04%
88.70%
79.31%
76.64%
Sex Ratio /1000
940
992
920/ 1000
916
991
968
918
877
ed
ATES & UNION TERRIT
Establish Year
15-08-1947
01-10-1953
20-02-1987
1st April 1912

1st April 1936
1-11-2000
30-05- 1987
01-05-1960
01-11-1966
INDIAN ST
vi
ali,
ani
ati
an
du
hattis hi, Hindi
Language
No National Language
Telegu, Ur
Eng
Assamese, Beng
Bhojpuri, Maithili
C gar
Konk
Gujar
Punjabi, Hary
ea/Ar Sq.Km
3.3 Million
160205
83,743
78,550
99,200
135,194
3,702
196,204
44,212
ar
har
abad
ar
der
nag
Capital
New Delhi
Hy
Ita
Dispur
Patna
Raipur
Panaji
Gandhinag
Chandig
h
ar
at
ana
adesh
adesh
Arunachal
Bihar
India/Stat
INDIA
1. Andhr Pr
2. Pr
3. Assam (Assom)
4.
5. Chhattisg
6. Goa
7. Gujar
8. Hary
da,
ar
an
a,
-o-o
aria,
uki,
, Bodh,
, Gar
, Ag a, Banjar
yan, Bar vacha, Bhil
yan, Ar
, Binjh
da,
ami
a, K
ata, Bathudi, , hor
Bhot Gaddi, Gujjar
Balti, Beda, Bot Bot
Asur Baig
Adi Ba
Adi dan
Bhil, Bhunjia, Biar
Andh, Baig Bar

Aimol, Anal, Ang
Chakma, Di masa, Gar
Chakma, Di masa, Gar
Nag Mikir
ag Bir
at
-aat
ai,
oli
ali
em`
a,
sam
kr
am, V
ata-naty
aw
vitri
vani, K
Losar Shona Chuk

Dumhal, Rouff
Kar sa
Bhar am, Bolak
Kathak
Badhai, R Sair
La
Manipuri
Nong
Cher Khuallam
Zeliang
Odissi
Bhangr Giddha
Ghoomar
a,
a,
e-
ouba,
, ut ut
aik
eej,
,P
,T
e Dasar
em,
atri, Bah
ai-ni
kr ala
avang K
aur
sor adi
vr ya
yadashami or
aji
ang
Kullu, Shoolini
Hemis, Urs
Jhumar Chau, Agni
My Ug
Onam
Shi gori
Vija Dasar
Lui-ng Ningol Chak Yaoshang
Nong W
Chapchar K Thalf
Hornbill, Sekr nyi,
Ganesh Chaturthi
Bandi Chhor Vaisakhi, Lohri
Gang Gog
123
56
414
320
860
236
370
120
130
52
119
270
550
201
83.78%
66.7%
67.6%
75.60%
93.91%
70.60%
82.9%
79.21%
75.84%
91.58%
80.11%
73.45%
76.68%
67.68%
974
883
947
968
1,084
930
929
987
986
975
931
978
893
926
25-01-1971
26-10-1947
15-11-2000
01-11-1956
01-07-1949
01-11-1956
01-05-1960
21-01-1972
21-01-1972
20-02-1987
01-12-1963
01-04-1936
15-08-1947
01-11-1956
am,
-aj
eilon
du
ayal lish
athi
lish
al
Pahari, Kangri
Kashmiri, Ur
Santhali, Mundari, H
Kannada
M Eng
Hindi
Mar
Meet
Khasi,Gar
Mizo
Eng
Odia, Eng lish
Punjabi
Hindi, R asthani
55,673
222,236
79,714
191,791
38,863
308,245
307,713
22,327
22,429
21,087
16,579
155,820
50,362
342,239
h-
har
ar
aluru
vanantha-
am
ar
Shimla
Srinag
Ranchi
Beng
Thiru pur
Bhopal
Mumbai
Imphal
Shillong
Aiza
Kohima
Bhubanes w
Chandig
Jaipur
a
ya
ashtr
am
khand
ya
ala
hala
aland
adesh
er
adesh
ajasthan
Himachal 9. Pr 10. J & K
11. Jhar
12. Karnatak
13. K
14. Madh Pr
15. Mahar
16. Manipur
17. Meg
18. Mizor
19. Nag
20. Odisha
21. Punjab
22. R
ana
sa, aji
sa, a
a, o
onda
, Chari
yan, Ar
, Baig
lis, dublasar
Bhutia, Lepcha, Limboo
Adi dan,
Andh, K
Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal
Bhotia, Buk Jaunsari, R
Bhotia, Buk Tharu, Baig
Asur Bedia, Cher
Andamanese, Chariar
Dhodia, Dubla (Halpati)
Koya, Malmi
Grulas, Villi
am
ali
olk
hi Chh
ata- am
va, K
adi
Sing
Bhar naty
Kuchipudi
Goria, Jhum
Langvir Nrity
Kathak
Chau dance
Bhangr
Tarpa, Bha vada
Mando, Vir
La
Gar
anti,
amman,
, Mu
he, Losar
al
ar Sankr
al
am
al
adi
ga Puja, Kali
ba
ali, Eid ul-Fitrw
Mag
Pong
Ug
Kandali, R
Mak Chhath
Dur Puja
Lohri
Pong
Gar
Eid-Ul-Fitr harr
Di
Pong
86
550
310
350
189
820
1,000
46
9,300/
698
2169
2013
11,297
2,500
82.2%
80.33 %
66.50%
94.65%
79.63%
69.7%
77.08%
86.27%
81.9%
77.65%
87.07%
92.28%
86.34%
86.34%
889
995
961
963
908
947
878
818
775
618
946
866
1,038
16-5-1975
26-01-1950
02-06-2014
21-01-1972
9-11-2000
01-04-1937
15-08-1947
01-11-1956
01-11-1966
11-08-1961
30-05-1987
01-11-1956
01-02-1992
07-01-1963
du
ok
ali ,
ali,
ali and
ati
ati,
yalam
yalam,
du
bor
hw
lish
lish,
lish,
athi
lish,
Nepali, Bhutia
Tamil
Telugu, Ur
Beng Kok
Gar Kumaoni
Hindi, Ur
Beng Eng
Eng Hindi
Punjabi
Eng Gujar
Gujar Mar
Eng Mala
Hindi
Mala Tamil
7,096
130,058
114,840
10,491.69
53,483
243,286
88,752
8,073
114
102
102
32
1,484.0
492
har
ok
abad
adun
ata
atti
der
artala
vassa
var
Gangt
Chennai
Hy
Ag
Dehr
Luckno
Kolk
Port Blair
Chandig
Sil
Daman
Ka
New Delhi
Pondicherry
al
ory
eep
ana
ar
veli
akhand
erit
a and
amil Nadu
elang
ripur
adesh
est Beng
ar Ha
shad
23. Sikkim
24. T
25. T
26. T
27. Uttar
28. Uttar Pr
29. W
Union T
1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2. Chandig
3. Dadr Nag
4. Daman and Diu
5. Lak
6. NCT of Delhi
7. Puducherry
Indian Panorama
FOUNDATION DAY OF STATES
National Anthem The anthem was composed
by Rabindranath Tagore;
1st January
Nagaland Day
adopted by the Constituent
21st January
Manipur, Meghalaya and
Assembly 24th January
Tripura Day
1950.
6th Febuary
Jammu and Kashmir Day
National Song
Vande Mataram was
composed by Bankim
20th
Mizoram and Arunachal
Chandra Chatterjee. It was
February
Pradesh day
adopted as the National
11th March
Andman and Nicobar
song of India in 1950.
Islands Day
National Flower
Indian lotus is the
22nd March
Bihar Day (Bihar Diwas)
national flower. It is the
representation of purity as
30th March
Rajasthan Day
it remains flawless despite
1st April
Utkal (Odisha) Day
growing in mud and water.
National Fruit
Mango, also known as
14th April
Tamil Nadu Day
the King of Fruits, is the
15th April
Himachal Pradesh Day
National Fruit of India.
1st May
Gujarat and Maharashtra Day
National River
Ganga is the national
river of India. It is also the
16th May
Sikkim Day
longest river of the country.

1st November Chattisgarh
National Tree
The Indian Banyan (Ficus
9th
Uttaranchal (Now
bengalensis) is the national
November
Uttarakhand) Day
tree.
15th
Jharkhand Day (Jharkhand
National Bird
Indian peacock (Pavo
cristatus) is the national
November
Diwas)
bird of India.
2nd June
Telangana Day
National Animal
The Tiger known as the
(2014)
Lord of the Jungle is the
national animal of India.
NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF INDIA

National Calendar Saka calendar was
National Flag
The national flag consists
introduced as the National
of a horizontal rectangular
calendar by the Calendar
tricolour with saffron
Committee in 1957.
at the top, white in the AWARDS AND HONOURS
middle and India green
at the bottom. The centre National Awards
has a navy blue wheel with Param Vir Chakra:
twenty-four spokes, known
The highest Gallantry
as the Ashoka Chakra. The Award
Mahavir Chakra: The second highest Gal-
flag is designed by Pingali lantry Award
Venkayya.
Vir Chakra: The third highest Gallantry Award
National Emblem The national emblem is Ashok Chakra: The highest peacetime Gal-the
Lion Capital of Asoka lantry award
at Sarnath which was Kirti Chakra: For conspicuous Gallantry
adopted on 26th January Shaurya Chakra: For an act of Gallantry
1950. The motto inscribed Bharat Ratna: The highest civilian award of
on the emblem is in Devana India.

gari script: Satyameva The first three recipients of Bharat Ratna:
jayate which means Truth
C. Rajagopalchari, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan and
Alone Triumphs.
DR. C.V.Raman (1954)
Indian Panorama 5
Padma Awards:
Two Years Eight Months and Twenty Eight
Nights:
adma Vibhushan : The second highest
Salman Rushdie
Globalisation, Democratization and
civilian award given for exceptional and Distributive Justice: Professor Mool Chand
distinguished service.
Sharma
Padma Bhushan : The third highest civilian Making India Awesome: Chetan Bhagat
award given for distinguished service of a Flood of fire: Amitav Ghosh
high order.
Neither a Hawk nor a Dove: Khurshid M
Padma Shri : The fourth highest civillian Kasuri
award given for distinguished service.
The Red Sari: Javier Moro
Sourav Ganguly: Cricket, Captaincy and
OTHER NATIONAL AWARDS

Controversy: Saptarshi Sarkar
China Confucius in the Shadows: Poonam
Bharatiya Jnanpith Award
Surie
Instituted in 22 May, 1961, carries a cash Mrs Funnybones: Twinkle Khanna
R.D. Burman: The Prince of Music:
prize of
Khagesh
` 5 lakh, a citation and a bronze
replica of Vagdevi (Saraswati).
Dev Burman
Beyond Doubt: A Dossier on Gandhis
This award is given for the best literary Assassination: Teesta Setalvad writing by an
Indian citizen in a language Benazir Bhutto: A Multidimensional
listed in eight schedule of the Indian Con-
Portrait: Dr Anna Suvorova
stitution.
Modi - Incredible emergence of a star:
Gandhi Peace Prize
Tarun Vijay
Established in 2 October, 1994. It carries a The Accidental Prime Minister The cash
prize of
making and unmaking of Manmohan Singh:
` 1 crore.
Sanjaya Baru
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,
Hard Choices (Autobiography): Hillary
Disarmament and Development
Rodham Clinton
I am Malala (Autobiography):
Instituted in 1985, this prestigious award
Malala Yousafzai
And Then One Day:
is regarded as Nobel and over the years
Naseerudin Shah
Playing It My Way: Sachin Tendulkar
it has been awarded to those persons who The Narrow Road To the Deep North:
have done outstanding work for interna-
Richard Flangan
tional peace, disarmament and develop-
Go Set a Watchman: Harper Lee
ment.
Super Economies: Raghav Bahl
Borlaug Award
Family Life: Akhil Sharma
Lucknow Boy: A Memoir:
Instituted in 1973, carries a cash prize of
Late Vinod Meht
A Brief History of Seven Killings:
1 lakh.
Marlon
James
Instituted to honour outstanding agricul-
Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrows
tural scientists.
India: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Y. S. Rajan
Sahitya Akademi Award
Leading: Alex Ferguson With Michael Moritz
Awarded for outstanding literary work and The Outsider: Frederick Forsyth
carries a cash prize of
The Courage to Act A Memoir of a Crisis
` 1 lakh.
Sahitya Academi gives 22 awards for liter-
and Its Aftermath: Ben S. Bernanke
Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of
ary works in the languages which has rec-
Bihar:
ognized works.
Santosh Singh
Hungry Bengal: War, Famine, Riots and the
IMPORTANT BOOKS AND
End of Empire: Janam Mukherjee
To the Brink and Back: Indias 1991 Story:
AUTHORS
Jairam Ramesh
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences The Pakistan Paradox: Christrophe Jaffrelot
with Pramukh Swamiji: Abdul Kalam
Crusader or Conspirator: P.C. Parakh
Unbelievable Delhi to Islamabad: Prof Born Again On the Mountain: Arunima Sinha
Bhim Singh
The China Model: Daniel A bell
Scion of Ikshvaku: Amish Tripathi
Indian Panorama
Purity: Jonathan Franzen
God Help the Child:
Stretched
13-Jul-88 ASLV
Toni Morrison
Love + Hate: Stories and Essays:
Rohini
Hanif
Satellite Series
Kureishi
The Heart Goes Last: Margaret Atwood
(SROSS-2)
Deep South: Paul Theroux
INSAT-1C
21-Jul-88 Ariane-3
The Country of First Boys: Amartya Sen

INSAT-1D
12-Jun-90 Delta 4925
A Strangeness in My Mind: Orhan Pamuk
IRS-1B
29-Aug-91 Vostok
Autumn of the Matriarch: Indira Gandhis
Final Term in Office: Diego Maiorano
INSAT-2DT
26-Feb-92 Ariane-44L H10
Gods of Corruption: Promilla Shankar
Stretched
20-May-92 ASLV
Restart: The Last Chance for the Indian Rohini
Economy: Mihir S. Sharma
Satellite Series
The Tears of the Rajas: Ferdinand Mount
(SROSS-C)
The Z factor - My journey as the wrong man
INSAT-2A
10-Jul-92 Ariane-44L H10
at the Right Time : Subhash Chandra
Nathuram Godse - The Story of an Assassin
INSAT-2B
23-Jul-93 Ariane-44L
: Anup Ashok Sardesai

H10+
The turbulent year - 1980-1996 (Volume IRS-1E
20-Sep-93 PSLV-D1
II) : Pranab Mukherjee.
Stretched
4-May-94 ASLV
Jawaharlal Nehru and The Indian Polity is Rohini
Perspective : Prof (Dr) P.J. Alexander
Satellite Series
The Kiss of life - How a superhero and my
(SROSS-C2)
son defeated cancer : Emraan Hashmi
IRS-P2
15-Oct-94 PSLV-D2
SPACE SCIENCE
INSAT-2C
7-Dec-95 Ariane-44L
H10-3
Space mission 1975-2016
IRS-1C
29-Dec-95 Molniya
Satellite
Launch
Launch Vehicle
IRS-P3
21-Mar-96 PSLV-D3
Date
INSAT-2D
4-Jun-97 Ariane-44L
Aryabhata
19-Apr-75 u-11
H10-3
Interkosmos
IRS-1D
29-Sep-97 PSLV-C1
Bhaskara-I
7-Jun-79 C-1 Interkosmos
INSAT-2E
3-Apr-99 Ariane-42P
Rohini
10-Aug-79 SLV-3
H10-3
Technology
Oceansat-1
26-May-99 PSLV-C2
Payload
(IRS-P4)
Rohini RS-1
18-Jul-80 SLV-3
INSAT-3B
22-Mar-00 Ariane-5G
Rohini RS-D1
31-May-81 SLV-3
GSAT-1
18-Apr-01 GSLV-D1
Ariane
19-Jun-81 Ariane-1 (V-3)
Technology
22-Oct-01 PSLV-C3
Passenger
Experiment
Payload
Satellite (TES)
Experiment
INSAT-3C
24-Jan-02 Ariane-42L
Bhaskara -II
20-Nov-81 C-1 Intercosmos
H10-3
INSAT-1A
10-Apr-82 Delta 3910
Kalpana-1
12-Sep-02 PSLV-C4
PAM-D
Rohini RS-D2
17-Apr-83 SLV-3
(METSAT)
INSAT-1B
30-Aug-83 Shuttle [PAM-D]
INSAT-3A
10-Apr-03 Ariane-5G
Stretched
24-Mar-87 ASLV
GSAT-2
8-May-03 GSLV-D2
Rohini
INSAT-3E
28-Sep-03 Ariane-5G
Satellite Series
RESOURCE-
17-Oct-03 PSLV-C5
(SROSS-1)
SAT-1 (IRS-P6)
IRS-1A
17-Mar-88 Vostok
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 7
EDUSAT
20-Oct-04 GSLV-F01
Youthsat
20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
HAMSAT
5-May-05 PSLV-C6
GSAT-8 / INSAT- 21-May-11 Ariane-5 VA-202
CARTOSAT-1
5-May-05 PSLV-C6
4G
INSAT-4A
22-Dec-05 Ariane-5GS
GSAT-12
15-Jul-11 PSLV-C17
INSAT-4C
10-Jul-06 GSLV-F02
Megha-
12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
CARTOSAT-2
10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Tropiques
Space Capsule 10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Jugnu
12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
Recovery
RISAT-1
26-Apr-12 PSLV-C19
Experiment
SRMSAT
26-Apr-12 PSLV-C18
(SRE-1)
GSAT-10
29-Sep-12 Ariane-5 VA-209
INSAT-4B
12-Mar-07 Ariane-5ECA
SARAL
25-Feb-13 PSLV-C20
INSAT-4CR
2-Sep-07 GSLV-F04
IRNSS-1A
1-Jul-13
PSLV-C22
CARTOSAT-2A 28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
INSAT-3D
26-Jul-13 Ariane-5
IMS-1 (Third
28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
GSAT-7
30-Aug-13 Ariane-5
Mars Orbiter
5-Nov-13 PSLV-C25
World Satellite
Mission (MOM)
TWsat)
GSAT-14
5-Jan-14
GSLV-D5
Chandrayaan-1 22-Oct-08 PSLV-C11
IRNSS-1B
4-Apr-14 PSLV-C24
RISAT-2
20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
IRNSS-1C
10-Nov-14 PSLV-C26
ANUSAT
20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
GSAT-16
7-Dec-14 Ariane-5
Oceansat-2
23-Sep-09 PSLV-C14
IRNSS-1D
28-Mar-15 PSLV-C27
(IRS-P4)
GSAT-6
27-Aug-15 GSLV-D6
GSAT-4
15-Apr-10 GSLV-D3
Astrosat
28-Sep-15 PSLV-C30
CARTOSAT-2B 12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
StudSat
12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
GSAT-15
11-Nov-15 Ariane 5 VA-227
GSAT-5P /
25-Dec-10 GSLV-F06
IRNSS-1E
20-Jan-16 PSLV-C31
IRNSS-1F
10-Mar-16 PSLV-C32
INSAT-4D
RESOURC-
20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
IRNSS-1G
28-Apr-16 PSLV-C33
Corbo Set-2C
22-Jun-16 PSLV-C34
ESAT-2
DEFENCE & SECURITY
Defence of India
The supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces is the President of India.
1. Army Command and Headquarters

Command
Headquarters
Command
Headquarters
Western Command
Chandimandir
Eastern Command
Kolkata
Northern Command
Udhampur
Southern Command
Pune
Army Training Comm.
Shimla
Central Command
Lucknow
South Western Comm.
Jaipur
Indian Panorama
2. Navy Command and Headquarters:
Command
Headquarters
Command
Headquarters
Eastern Command
Visakhapatnam
Southern Command
Kochi
Western Command
Mumbai
3. Air Force Command and Headquarters:
Command
Headquarters
Command
Headquarters
Eastern Air Comd.
Shillong
Western Air Comd.
New Delhi
South-West Air Comd.
Gandhinagar
Central Air Comd.
Allahabad
Southern Air Comd.
Thiruvananthapuram
Maintenance Comd.
Nagpur
Training Comd.
Bangalore
RANKS OF INDIAN ARMY, NAVY & AIR FORCE
Indian Army
Indian Navy
Indian Air Force
Field Marshal
Admiral of the Fleet
Marshal of the Air Force
General
Admiral
Air Chief Marshal
Lieutenant General
Vice Admiral
Air Marshal
Major General
Rear Admiral
Air Vice Marshal
Brigadier
Commodore
Air Commodore
Colonel
Captain
Group Captain
Lieutenant Colonel
Commander
Wing Commander
Major
Lieutenant Commander
Squadron Leader
Captain
Lieutenant
Flight Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Sub-Lieutenant
Flying Officer
Internal Security of India
Organization
Year
Headquarters
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
1939
New Delhi
National Cadet Corps (NCC)
1948
New Delhi
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
1962
New Delhi
Border Security Force (BSF)
1965
New Delhi
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
1969
New Delhi
Defence Training Institutions of India
National Defence Academy (NDA), Khadakwasla (near Pune)
National Defence College (NDC), New Delhi
Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC), Dehradun
Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune
Air Force School, Sambra (Belgaum)
College of Air Warfare, Secunderabad
Air Force Academy, Hyderabad
I.N.S. Chilka, Chilka
I.N.S. Mandovi, Goa
Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 9
Research Centres of India
Saha Institute of Nuclear Kolkata
Indian Agricultural Research
New Delhi
Physics
Institute
Vikram Sarabhai Space
Thiruvantha-
Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack
Centre
puram
Central Potato Research
Shimla
Indian Space Research
Bangalore
Institute
Organisation (ISRO)
Central Forest Research
Dehradun
Space Applications
Ahmedabad
Institute
Centre
IINRG, Indian Institute of Natu- Ranchi
Missiles of India
ral Resins and Gums
National Diary Research
Karnal
Astra- Air-to-air missile
Institute
Prithvi I- Surface to Surface
Central Mining Research
Dhanbad
Prithvi II- Surface to Surface
Institute
Prithvi III- Surface to Surface
Central Jute Technological
Kolkata
Dhanush- Surface to Surface
Research Institute
Agni I- Surface to Surface
National Geophysics Research
Hyder-
Shaurya- Surface to Surface
Institute
abad
Trishul- Surface-To-Air Missile
Tata Institute of Fundamental
Mumbai
Research
Akash- Surface-To-Air Missile
Maitri-
High Altitude Research Labora- Leh
Surface-To-Air Missile
tory
Barak2- Surface-To-Air Missile
Centre for Cellular and Molecu- Hyder-
BrahMos- Supersonic Cruise Missile

lar Biology
abad
BrahMos II- Hypersonic Cruise Missile
Nuclear and Space Research
K-15 Sagarika- Submarine Launched Ballistic
Centres in India
Missile
Nag -
India Rare Earths Limited Mumbai
Anti-Tank Guided Missile
Helina -
Uranium Corporation of
Singhbhum
Anti-Tank Guided Missile
India
Nirbhay- Subsonic Cruise Missile
Bhabha Atomic Research Trombay
Agni V- Intercontinental ballistic Missile
Centre (BARC)
(Mumbai)
Astra- Air-to-air missile
Nuclear Power Plant of India
Power station
State
Type
Operator
Total capacity
(MW)
Kaiga
Karnataka
PHWR
NPCIL
660
Kalpakkam
Tamil Nadu
PHWR
NPCIL
440
Kakrapar
Gujarat
PHWR
NPCIL
440
Rawatbhata
Rajasthan
PHWR
NPCIL
1180
Tarapur
Maharashtra
BWR (PHWR)
NPCIL
1400
Narora
Uttar Pradesh
PHWR
NPCIL
440
Total
4560
10
Indian Panorama
ATOMIC & NUCLEAR SCIENCE
1957, it is located at Trombay (Maharashtra),
and is Indias largest atomic research centre,
ATOMIC RESEARCH
for R&D.
Indias atomic research programme is committed
to peaceful uses only, for example, atomic NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
power, generation of electricity, development Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of

of agriculture and industry, medical science electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric
application, etc.
and renewable sources of electricity. India has
First Nuclear Explosion
21 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear

Carried out on 18 May 1974 at pokhran in power plants, having an installed capacity of
Rajasthan (Thar) desert. Bhabha Atomic 5308 MW and producing a total of 30,292.91
Research Centre (BARC) Established in GWh
POWER STATION IN INDIA
Power station
Operator
Establishment
Location
State
Date
Tarapur Atomic Power Station
NPCIL
1969
Tarapur
Maharashtra
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station
NPCIL
1973
Rawatbhata Rajasthan
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
NPCIL
1993
Kakrapar
Gujarat
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant NPCIL

2013
Kudankulam Tamil Nadu
Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant
NPCIL
2000
Kaiga
Karnataka
Madras Atomic Power Station
NPCIL
1984
Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu
Narora Atomic Power Station
NPCIL
1991
Narora
Uttar Pradesh
Gorakhpur Atomic Power Station
NPCIL
Fatehabad
Haryana
Talcher Super Thermal Power
NTPC
1995
Kaniha
Odisha
Station
Sipat Thermal Power Plant
NTPC
2008
Sipat
Chhattisgarh
Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power NTPC
2013
Singrauli
Madhya
Station
Pradesh
Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project Tata Power
2009
Mundra
Gujarat
Korba Super Thermal Power Plant NTPC
1983
Jamani Palli Chattish Gahr
Bhusawal Thermal Power Station
MAHAGEN-
1968
Deepnagar
Maharastra
CO
Satpura Thermal Power Station
MPPGCL
1967
Sarni
Madhya
Pradesh
Sterlite Jharsuguda Power Station Vedanta
2006
Jharsuguda Odisha
Durgapur Thermal Power Station
DVC
1996
Durgapur
West Bengal
FOUR ENDS OF INDIA
End Points
Places
Northern most
Siachen Glacier
Southern most
Kanya Kumari District (Cape Comorin)
Eastern most
Kibithu Village, Arunachal Pradesh
Western most
Guhar Moti in Kutch, Gujarat

10
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 11
FIRST IN INDIA (MALE)
First governor of Bengal
Lord Clive(1758-60)
Last governor of Bengal
Warren Hastings(1772-74)
The first British Governor General of Bengal
Lord Warren Hasting(1774-1885)
The first British Governor General of India
Lord William Bentinck(1833-1835)
The first British Viceroy of India
Lord Canning(1856-62)
The first Governor General of free India
Lord Mountbatten(1947-1948)
The first and the last Indian to be Governor General C. Rajgopalachari(1948-1950)
of free India
The first President of Indian Republic
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
The first Prime Minister of free India
Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
The first Indian to win Nobel Prize
Rabindranath Tagore
The first President of Indian National Congress

W.C. Banerjee
The first Muslim President of Indian National Congress Badruddin Tayyabji
The first Muslim President of India
Dr. Zakir Hussain
The first man who introduced printing press in India James Hicky
The first Indian to join the I.C.S
Satyendra Nath Tagore
Indias first man in Space
Rakesh Sharma
The first Prime Minister of India who resigned without Morarji Desai
completing the full term
The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of India
General Cariappa
The first Chief of Army Staff
Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji
The first Indian Member of the Viceroys executive S.P.Sinha
council
The first President of India who died while in office
Dr. Zakhir Hussain
The first Muslim President of Indian Republic
Dr. Zakhir Hussain
The first Prime Minister of India who did not face the Charan Singh
Parliament
The first Field Marshal of India
S.H.F. Manekshaw
The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics
C.V.Raman
The first Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award
Dr. Radhakrishnan
The first Indian to cross English Channel
Mihir Sen
The first Person to receive Jnanpith award
Sri Shankar Kurup
The first Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Ganesh Vasudeva Mavalankar
The first Vice-President of India
Dr. Radhakrishnan
The first Education Minister
Abdul Kalam Azad
The first Home minister of India
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
The first Indian Air Chief Marshal
S. Mukherjee
The first Indian Naval Chief
Vice Admiral R.D. Katari
The first chief of Army staff
K.M. Cariappa
The first Judge of International Court of Justice
Dr. Nagendra Singh
The first person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen Sherpa Anga Dorjee
The first person to get Param Vir Chakra
Major Somnath Sharma
The first Chief Election Commissioner
Sukumar Sen
12
Indian Panorama
The first person to receive Magsaysay Award
Acharya Vinoba Bhave
The first person of Indian origin to receive Nobel Prize Hargovind Khurana
in Medicine
The first Chinese traveller to visit India
Fa-hein
The first person to receive Stalin Prize
Saifuddin Kitchlu
The first person to resign from the Central Cabinet
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
The first person to receive Nobel Prize in Economics Amartya Sen
The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Justice Hirala J. Kania
The first Indian Pilot
J.R.D. Tata (1929)
FIRST IN INDIA (FEMALE)
The first lady to become Miss World
Reita Faria
The first woman judge in Supreme Court

Mrs. Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi
The first woman Ambassador
C.B. Muthamma
The first woman Governor of a state in free India
Sarojini Naidu
The first woman Speaker of a State Assembly
Shanno Devi
The first woman Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi
The first woman Minister in a Government
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
The first woman to climb Mount Everest
Bachhendri Pal
The first woman to climb Mount Everest twice
Santosh Yadav
The first woman President of Indian National Annie Besant
Congress
The first woman pilot in Indian Air Force
Harita Kaur Dayal
The first woman Graduates
Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi
Basu, 1883
The first woman Airline Pilot
Durga Banerjee
The first woman Honours Graduate

Kamini Roy, 1886
The first woman Olympic medal Winner
Karnam Malleswari, 2000
The first woman Asian Games Gold Medal Winner
Kamlijit Sandhu
The first woman Lawyer
Cornelia Sorabjee
The first woman President of United Nations General Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
Assembly
The first woman Chief Minister of an Indian State
Sucheta Kripalani
The first woman Chairman of Union Public Service Roze Millian Bethew
Commission
The first woman Director General of Police
Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya
The first woman Judge
Anna Chandy (She became judge in a
district court in 1937)
The first woman Cheif Justice of High Court
Leela Seth (Himachal Pradesh High
Court)
The first woman Judge in Supreme Court of India
Kumari Justice M. Fathima Beevi
The first woman Lieutenant General
Puneeta Arora
The first woman Air Vice Marshal
P. Bandopadhyaya
The first woman chairperson of Indian Airlines
Sushma Chawla
12
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 13
The first woman IPS officer
Kiran Bedi
The first and last Muslim woman ruler of India
Razia Sultan
The first woman to receive Ashoka Chakra
Neerja Bhanot
The first woman to receive Gyanpith Award
Ashapurna Devi
The first woman to cross English Channel
Arati Saha
The first woman to receive Nobel Prize
Mother Teresa
The first woman to receive Bharat Ratna
Indira Gandhi
FIRST IN OTHERS
First Wax statue of a Living Indian
Mahatma Gandhi at Madame Tussauds in 1939
First Exclusive internet magazine

Bharat Samachar
First Miss India to participate in Miss
Indrani Rehman
Universe
First Judge in International Court of Justice Dr. Nagender Singh
First Graduate in Medicine
Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chukerbutty
Indias First University
Nalanda University
Indias First Open University
Andhra Pradesh Open University
Indias First Lok Sabha Member to be
P.V.Narasimha Rao
elected with a record
maximum number of votes
First Indian to reach Antarctica
Lt. Ram Charan
First British to Visit India
Hawkins
First Test tube baby of India
Indira (Baby Harsha)
First Post Office Opened in India
Kolkata(1727)
SUPERLATIVES : INDIA

Biggest Auditorium (Mumbai) Sri
Shanmukhanand Hall
Structures
Largest zoo Arignar Anna Zoological Park
Highest Tower ( Minaret ) Qutub Minar
Largest Cave Temple Ellora
Higher Gateway Buland Darwaza at
Largest Gurudwara Golden Temple,
Fatehpur Sikri near Agra. Built by Akbar
Amritsar
(53.5 m /175 ft High)
Largest Mosque Taj-ul-Masjid at
Highest Dam Bhakra Dam
Bhopal(M.P) with area-430,000 sq. ft, &

Highest Bridge Chenab Bridge
capacity 1.75 lakh people.
Highest Airport
Largest Man-made Lake
- Leh Air Port in Ladakh
Govind Sagar
(3256 m/ 16080 ft high)
(Bhakra)
Largest Dome
Highest Hydel Power Station
Gol Gumbaz (Karnataka)
- Rongtong
Largest Cantilever Bridge Howrah

Hydel Project in Kinnaur district of
Bridge
Himachal Pradesh.
Longest Railway Tunnel- Pir Panjal
Highest Mountain Peak- Kanchenjunga
Railway Tunnel (11 km)
Highest Road- Road at Khardungla in the
Longest Road Tunnel - 9.2 km long tunnel
Leh-Manali Sector
on Jammu-Srinagar National Highway
Highest Waterfall- Jog Waterfall, Largest Public Sector Bank- State Bank Karnataka
of India
Largest Residence Antilia Bhawan built

Largest Botanical Garden - National
by Mukesh Ambani
Botanical Garden in Kolkata
Largest Cinema Hall Prasad Max, Largest Church- Se Cathedral at Old Goa, Hyderabad
10 km from Panaji.
Largest Museum National Museum Largest Delta- Sunderbans (75,000 sq km) Delhi
formed by the Ganga and Brahmaputra in
Largest River Barrage Farakka Barrage
West Bengal and Bangladesh
14
Indian Panorama
Largest Stupa- Kesariya Stupa in Bihar
Sadharan Brahma Samaj-Shivananda

Largest Library- National Library, Kolkata
Sashtri, Anand Mohan Bose
Largest Planetarium- Birla Planetarium, Servants of India Society-Gopalakrishna

Kolkata.
Gokhale
Largest Prison- Tihar Jail, Delhi
Sewa Sadan-Bahuramji M.Malabari
Largest Concentration of Scheduled Sewa Samithi-H.N.Kunsru
Tribes- Madhya Pradesh
Social Service League-N.M.Joshi
Largest Scheduled Caste Community-
Thathwabodhini Sabha-Debendranatha
Santhal
Tagore

Longest River Bridge Bandra-Worli sea
Theosophical Society-Madam H.P.
link which is 5.6 km.
Blavadski, Col.H.L.Olkott
Largest Corridor Rameshwaram
Temple Corridor
FOUNDERS OF TOWNS IN INDIA
Largest irrigation Canal-Indira Gandhi
Canal or Rajasthan Canal (959 km long)
Agra- Sikkandar Lodhi
Longest Dam-Hirakund Dam on Mahanadi
Ahmedabad - Ahmed Shah

river in Odisha (24.4 km long)
Ajmeer- Ajaypal Chauhan
Longest Glacier-Siachen Glacier on the Allahabad- Akbar
Indo-Pakistan border (75.6 km long and
Culcutta- Job Charnok
2.8 km wide)
Delhi- Anankapalan
Longest Railway Bridge Nehru Setu Fathepur Sikri - Akbar
Bridge (4.62 km) long
Hisar- Ferozshah Tuglaq
Fastest Train- Gatimaan Express which Hyderabad - Quli Qutabshah

runs between Delhi and Agra (166 km/hr)
Jodhpur- Rao Jodha
Tallest Statues Statue of Jain Saint Mahabalipuram - Narasimhawarman
Gomateswara at Sravanabelagola in
Siri- Alaudden Khilji
Karnataka
Vijayanagaram - Hariharan 1
Oldest Church- St. Thomas Church at
Palayar in Trichur district in Kerala built SOBRIQUETS
in 52 AD.
Oldest Monastery- Buddhist Monastery, A sobriquet is a nickname, Occasionally (situated

at an altitude of 3,048 m /10,000 assumed and often given by anther. It is usually ft) at
Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh.
a familiar name. This significant distinctive

Largest mall- Lulu Mall Kochi
is a ample familiarity that the sobriquet can
Most Populous City- Mumbai
become more familiar than the original name.
Natural
Person
Primary Names
Longest River Ganges
Anna
C N Annadurai
Largest Desert Thar ( Rajasthan)
Largest Fresh Water Lake-Kolleru in Badshah Khan/
Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Andhra Pradesh
Frontier Gandhi

Largest Cave- Amarnath (about 44 km Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama
from Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir)
Chacha/Panditji
Jawaharlal Nehru
FOUNDERS OF INDIAN INSTITU-
Grand Old Man of
Dadabhai Naoroji
TIONS
India
Gurudev
Rabindranath Tagore
Arya Samaj-Swami Dayanand Saraswathi
Athmiya Sabha-Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Guruji
M S Gohlwalkar
Brahma Samaj-Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Kaviguru
Rabindranath Tagore
Deccan Education Society-G.G.Agarkar, Lokmanya
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
M.G.Ranade, V.G.Gibhongar
Dharma Sabha-Radhakanthadev
Loknayak
Jayaprakash Narayan
Indian Brahma Samaj-Keshav Chandra Sen
Man of Peace
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Manavadharma Sabha-Durgaram Manitas de Plate
Flamenco guitarist
Manjaram
Prarthana Samaj
Ricardo Baliardo
-Athmaram Pandurang
Pune Sewa S adan-Smt.Remabhai Ranade,
Netaji
Subhash Chandra Bose
G.K.Devdhar
Punjab kesari
Lala Lajpat Rai
Ramakrishna Mission-Swami Vivekananda
14
Indian Panorama
Indian Panorama 15
Rajaji
C Rajagopalachari
Gateway of India
Mumbai
Saint of the Gutters
Mother Teresa
Gods Own Country
Kerala
Haryana Hurricane
Kapil Dev
Land of Five Rivers
Punjab, India
Prince of Kolkata
Saurav Ganguly
Pink City
Jaipur, India
Places
Primary Names
Queen of Arabian Sea Kochi, India
Bengals Sorrow
Damodar Rever, India
Spice Garden of India Kerala
Blue Mountain
Niligiri Hills, India
The City of Joy
Kolkata, India
City of Golden Temple Amritsar, India
The City of Palaces
Kolkata, India
City of Palaces
Kolkata, India
Venice of East
Alleppey, India
Diamond City in India Surat, Gujarat

Queen of Arabian Sea Kochi, India
Garden City of India Bengaluru
Garden City of India Bangalore
Garden of India
Kashmir
Blue Mountains
Niligiri Hills, India
CREMATORIUM OF FAMOUS PERSONS
Rajghat
Mahatma Gandhi
Shanti Van
Jawahar Lal Nehru
Vijay Ghat
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Shakti Sthal
Indira Gandhi
Kishan Ghat
Ch. Charan Singh
Abhay Ghat
Morarji Desai
Veer Bhumi
Rajiv Gandhi
Samata Sthal
Jagjivan Ram
Ekta Sthal
Giani Zail Singh
Karma Bhumi
Dr. Shankar Dayal
Sharma
Uday Bhoomi
K.R. Narayanan
Mahaprayan Ghat
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
FAMOUS NICKNAMES OF EMINENT PERSONS
Nickname
Person
Father of the Nation, Bapu
Mahatma Gandhi
Iron Man of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Napoleon of India
Samudragupta
Shakespeare of India
Kalidasa
Mahamana
Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya
Deshbandhu
Chittaranjan Das
Deenabandhu
C.F.Andrews
Punjab Kesari
Lala Lajpat Rai
Nightingale of India
Sarojini Naidu
Lady with the lamp
Florence Nightingale
Tota-e-Hind (Parrot of India)
Amir Khushro
Shri Guruji
M.S.Golwalkar
FAMOUS PLACES ASSOCIATED WITH EMINENT PERSONS
Place
Person
Place
Person
Corsica
Napoleon Bonaparte
Belur Math
Ramakrishna Paramhansa
Kapilvastu
Gautam Buddha
Jerusalem
Jesus Christ
Macedonia
Alexander, the Great

Mecca
Prophet Mohammad
Jeeradei
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Porbandar
Mahatma Gandhi
Anand Bhawan
Jawaharlal Nehru
Fatehpur Sikri
Akbar, the Great
Sabarmati
Mahatma Gandhi
Puducherry
Aurobindo Ghosh
Sitab Diara
Jai Prakash Narayan
Pawapuri
Mahavira
Shantiniketan
Rabindra Nath Tagore
World Panorama
COUNTRIES : CAPITAL, LANGUAGE & THEIR CURRENCY
Country
Capital
Chief Language
Currency
Afghanistan
Kabul
Pushtu Dari
Afghani
Algeria
Algiers
Arabic, French
Algerian Dinar
Argentina
Buenos Aires
Spanish
Argentine Peso
Australia
Canberra
English
Australian Dollar
Azerbaijan
Baku
Azeri
Manat
Bahrain
Manama
Arabic, English
Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Bangla
Taka
Belgium
Brussels
Flemish (Dutch), French, German Euro
Bhutan
Thimphu
Dzongkha
Ngultrum
Bolivia
La Paz; Sucre
Aymara Spanish, Quechua
Boliviano
Bosnia and Herze- Sarajevo
Serbo-Croatian
Conv.Mark
govina
Brazil
Brazilia
Portuguese
Real
Bulgaria
Sofia
Bulgarian
Lev
Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou
French
Franc
Cambodia
Phnom-Penh
Khmer
Riel
Canada
Ottawa
French, English
Canadian Dollar
Chile
Santiago
Spanish
Peso
China
Beijing
Chinese (Mandarin)
Yuan
Colombia
Bogota
Spanish
Peso
Congo Formerly Zaire Kinshasa
French
Congolese Franc
Costa Rica
San Jose
Spanish
Colon
Croatia
Zagreb
Croatian
Kuna
Cuba
Havana
Spanish
Peso
Czech Republic
Prague
Czech
Koruna
Denmark
Copenhagen
Danish
Krone
Ecuador
Quito
Spanish
United States dollar
Egypt
Cairo
Arabic
Egyptian Pound
Ethiopia
Addis Ababa
Amharic
Birr
Fiji
Suva
English
Fijian Dollar
Finland
Helsinki
Finnish, Swedish
Euro
France
Paris
French
Euro
French Guiana
Caine
French
Euro
Georgia
Tbilisi
Georgian
Lari
Germany
Berlin
German
Euro
Ghana
Accra
English
Ghana Cedi
Greece
Athens
Greek
Euro
World Panorama 17
Country
Capital
Chief Language
Currency
Guatemala
Guatemala City Spanish
Quetzal
Guyana
Georgetown
English
Guyana Dollar
Haiti
Port-au-Prince French
Gourde
Honduras
Tegucigalpa
Spanish
Lempira
Hong Kong
Victoria
English, Chinese
Hong Kong Dollar
Hungary
Budapest
Hungarian
Forint
India
New Delhi
Hindi (official), English and
Rupee
22 officially recognised
regional languages
Indonesia
Jakarta
Bahasa Indonesian, Dutch, English Rupiah
Javanese
Iran
Teheran
Persian (Farsi), Turk, Kurdish, Arabic
Rial
Iraq
Baghdad
Arabic, Kurdish
Iraqi Dinar
Ireland
Dublin
Irish, English
Euro
Israel
Jerusalem
Hebrew, Arabic
Shekel
Italy
Rome
Italian
Euro
Japan
Tokyo
Japanese
Yen
Jordan
Amman
Arabic, English
Jordan Dinar
Kazakhstan
Astana
Kazakh, Russian, German
Tenge
Kenya
Nairobi
Kiswahili, English, Kikuyu
Shilling
Korea, North
Pyongyang
Korean
Won
Korea, South
Seoul
Korean
Won
Kuwait
Kuwait city
Arabic, English
Kuwait Dinar
Lebanon
Beriut
Arabic, French, English
Pound
Libya
Tripoli
Arabic
Libyan Dinar
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
French, German, English, Luxem-
Euro
bourgish
Malaysia
Putrajaya
Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil
Ringgit
(formerly
Kuala Lumpur)
Mauritius
Port Louis
English, French, Creole, Hindustani Rupee Mauritian
Mexico
Mexico city
Spanish, Amerindian languages
Mexico Peso
Mongolia
Ulan Bator
Mangolian
Togrog
Myanmar
Naypyidar or
Burmeses and tribal languages
Kyat
Pyinmana (for-
merly Yangon)
Netherlands
Amsterdam
Dutch
Euro
New Zealand
Wellington
English and Maori dialect
New Zealand Dollar
Nigeria
Abuja
English, Hansa, Ibo, Yoruba
Naira
Norway
Oslo
Norwegian
Krone
Oman
Muscat
Arabic
Omani Rial
Pakistan
Islamabad
Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pusthu,
Pakistani Rupee
Baluchi, Brahvi, English
Peru
Lima
Spanish, Quechua,
Nuero Sol
Aymara
Philippines
Manila
Filipino, English, Spanish
Peso
18
World Panorama
Country
Capital
Chief Language
Currency
Poland
Wrsaw
Polish
Zloty
Portugal
Lisbon
Portuguese
Euro
Qatar
Doha
Arabic, English
Riyal (QAR)
Russia
Moscow
Russian
Russian ruble
Saudi Arabia
Riyadh
Arabic
Rial (SAR)
Serbia
Belgrade
Serbo-Croatian (official), Albanian Dinar
Singapore
Singapore city Malay, Chinese, Tamil, English
Singapore Dollar
Somalia
Mogadishu
Arabic, English, Italian
Somali Shilling
South Africa
Capetown
Afrikaans, English
Rand
Spain
Madrid
Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician Euro
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Sinhala, Tamil, English
Sri Lankan Rupee
Sudan
Khartoum
Arabic, English, Dinka, Nubian
Sudanese Pound
Sweden
Stockholm
Swedish
Krona
Switzerland
Berne
German, French, Italian, Romansch Swiss Franc
Syria
Damascus
Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian
Syrian Pound
Taiwan
Taipei
Mandarian Chinese, Taiwan, Hakka
New Taiwan Dollar
dialects
Thailand
Bangkok
Thai, Chinese, English, Malay
Thai Baht
Tunisia
Tunis
Arabic, French
Dinar
Turkey
Ankara
Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic
Turkish Lira
Uganda
Kampala
Englsih, Luganda, Swahili
Ugandan Shilling
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhubi
Arabic
Dirham
United Kingdom
London
English, Welsh, Scots, Gaelic
Pound Sterling
United States of Washington D.C. English
Dollar
America
Venezuela
Caracas
Spanish
Bolivar
Vietnam
Hanoi
Vietnamese, French, English, Chinese Dong
Yemen
Sanaa
Arabic
Rial
Zimbabwe
Harare
English, Shona, Ndebela
Dollar (ZWD)
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES
David Livingstone-Discovered course of
Amundsen (Norwegian)-Discovered South
the Zambesi, the Victoria Falls and Lake
Pole in 1912.
Nyasa in Africa.
Byrd-American aviator and polar
Edmund Hillary-Joint conqueror of Mount
explorer. Flew over the North Pole in 1926
Everest with Tenzing. He also led a Trans-
and made the first flight over the South Pole

Atlantic expedition and reached South Pole
in 1929. Discovered Edsel Ford mountains
on January 3, 1958.
and Morei Byrd land.
Ferdinand de Lesseps-Conceived the
Cabot (Venetian)-Discovered New Foundland
plan of the Suez Canal on which work was
in 1494.
completed in 1869 through his efforts.
Captain Cook (English)-Discovered Sandwich
Francis Younghusband-Explored the
(now Hawaiian) Isles in 1770.
frontier regions of India, China and Tibet.
Columbus-Discovered West Indies in 1492

Kepler-Discovered the Laws of Planetary
and South America in 1498.
Motion in 1609.
Copernicus-Discovered Solar System in
Lindbergh-Performed the first solo-flight
1540. Propounded the astronomical system
across the Atlantic in 1927 from New York
which bears his name.
to Paris.
World Panorama 19
Magellan-Commanded the first expedition
Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portuguese) -
in 1519 to sail round the world. Discovered
Discovered Brazil in 1500.
passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic

Shackleton-Arctic explorer, reached within
through Straits afterwards named after him.
160 km of the South Pole.
Marco Polo-Venetian traveller who explored
Iksman-
China, India, South Eastern countries
Dutch navigator, discovered the
and published the record of his various
Tasmania Island and New Zealand in 1642.
explorations. He was the first European to
Tenzing (Indian)-First to reach Mount
visit China.
Everest on 29th May, 1953 along with
Nansen-Norwegian explorer who explored
Edmund Hillary. The expedition was led
across Greenland and reached the highest

by Col. Sir John Hunt.
altitude in the North Polar Region, till then
Vasco da Gama (Portuguese)-Rounded the
attained.
Cape of Good Hope and discovered the sea
Peary, Robert-First to reach the North Pole
route to India in 1498.
in 1909.
NATIONAL ANIMALS OF THE MAJOR COUNTRIES
Country
Animals
Country
Animal
Afghanistan Snow Leopard
Nepal
Cow
Albania
Golden Eagle
New Zealand
Kiwi
Australia
Kangaroo
Pakistan
Markhor
Bangladesh
Royal Bengal tiger
South Africa
Springbok
Brazil
Macaw
Spain
Bull
Canada
North American beaver
United Kingdom
Barbary Lion
China
Panda, Red Crowned Crane
United States
Bald Eagle
Denmark
Mute Swan
India
Bengal Tiger
Japan
Green Pheasant
Kuwait
Camel
Myanmar
Tiger
Belgium
Lion
OFFICIAL BOOKS
Blue Book : An official report of the British Government
Green Book : An official publication of Italy and Persia
Grey Book : An official reports of the Government of Japan and Belgium
Orange Book : An official Publications of the Government of Netherlands
White Book : An official Publications of China, Germany and Portugal
Yellow Book : French official Book
White Paper : An official paper of the Government of Britain and India on a particular issue
Red Data Book: Russian official book which contains lists of species whose continued
existence is threatened
WORLDS MOST POWERFUL INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES
Detective Agency
Country
Detective Agency
Country
Ministry of State Security
China
VAJA
Iran
Australian Secret
Australia
MOSSAD
Israel
Intelligence Service (ASIS)
FSB
Russia
Egyption Homeland Security Egypt
State Security Agency
South Africa PSIA
Japan
20
World Panorama
Inter Service Intelligence Pakistan
Iraqi National Intelligence
Iraq
(ISI)
Service
MI (Military Intelligence) 5 UK
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), USA
and 6, Special Branch, Joint
Federal Bureau of investigation
Intelligence org.
(FBI)
Research and Analysis Wing INDIA

DGSE (Direction General Dela France
(RAW), Intelligence Bureau
Securite Exterieure
(IB)
INTERNATIONAL AWARDS
Community Leadership, Journalism, Litera-
ture & Creative Arts and International Un-
Nobel Prize
derstanding.
It was set up in 1895 under the will of Al-
Man Booker Prize
fred Nobel.
The Nobel prizes are presented annually on Instituted in 1968, is the highest literary 10
December (The death anniversary of the
award of the world, setup by the Booker
Company
founder).
and the British Publishers Asso-
It is given in the fields of Peace, Literature,
ciation along the lines of the Pulitzer Prize
Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medi-
of USA.
cine (from 1901) and Economics (from
1969).
Right Livelihood Award

Nobel Prize (Indian/ Indian origin)
The Right Livelihood Award was estab-
1913: Literature: Rabindranath Tagore; was
lished in 1980.
It is also referred as Alternative Nobel
also the first Asian to win the prize
Prize.
1930: Physics: C. V. Raman
It is given to persons to honour those
1968: Medicine: Har Gobind Khorana; US
working on practical and exemplary solu-
citizen of Indian origin
tions to the most urgent challenges facing
the world today.
1979: Peace: Mother Teresa; Indian citizen
of Albanian origin
Oscar Awards
1998: Economics: Amartya Sen
Instituted in 1929, are conferred annually
2009: Chemistry: Venkatraman Ramakrish-
by the Academy of Motion Pictures, Arts
nan; US citizen of Indian origin
and Sciences, USA, in recognition of out-
standing contribution in the various fields
2014: Peace: Kailash Sathyarthi

of film making.
Pulitzer Prize
Instituted in 1917 and named after US pub-
UN Human Rights Award
lisher Joseph Pulitzer.
Instituted in 1966, this award is given every
It is conferred annually in the United States
5 years for individual contributions to the
for the accomplishments in journalism, lit-
establishment of human rights.
erature and music.
Magsaysay Awards
UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Prize
Instituted in 1957. Named after Ramon Instituted by UNESCO (1995) for the pro-
Magsaysay, the former President of Philip-
motion of tolerance and non-violence on
pines.
the occasion of the UN Year of Tolerance
The award is given annually on August 31,
and the 125th bir th Anniversary of Ma-
the birth anniversary of Magsaysay, for out-
hatma Gandhi funded by a donation from
standing contributions in Public service,
Madanjeet Singh.
World Panorama 21
FATHER OF VARIOUS FIELDS
Field
Father
Field
Father
Atom Bomb
Dr. Robert Oppenheime
Computer
Charles Babbage
Aviation
Sir George Cayley
Biology
Aristotle
Chemistry
Robert Boyle
Microbiology
Louis pasteur and
Robert koch
Comedy
Aristophanes
Political Science
Aristotle
Economics
Adam Smith
Modern Philosphy
Rene Descartes
English Poetry
Geoffrey Chaucer
Psychology
Wilhelmam Wundt
Greek Tragedy
Aeschylus
Modern Observational Galileo Galilei
Astronomy
Immunology
Edward Jenner
Modern Physics Science
Galileo Galilei
Modern Chemistry Antoini Lavoisier
Modern Science
Galileo Galilei
Nuclear Physics
Ernest Rutherford
Nano technology
Richard Smalley
Sanskrit Grammar Panini
Indian Nuclear Science
Homi Jehangir Bhabha
Geography
Eratosthenes
Anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
Sociology
Auguste Comte
Geometry
Euclid
Mathematics
Archimedes
Internet
Vinton Cerf
SOBRIQUETS
Sobriquets Person
Primary Names
A sobriquet is a nickname, Occasionally Grand Old Man of Willian Ewart
assumed and often given by another. The Britain
Glandstone
sobriquet can become more familiar than the
Honest Abe
Abraham Lincoln
original name.
Iron Duke
Duke of Wellington
Sobriquets Person
Primary Names
Iron Lady
Margaret Thatcher
Angel of Death
Josef Mengele
King James
LeBron James,
American basketball
Bard of Avon
William Shakespeare
player
Bard of Twickenham Alexander Pope
Lady with the Lamp Florence Nightingale
Bloody Mary
Mary I of England
Little Richard
Rev. Richard Wayne
Penniman, a prominent
Bonnie Prince
Charles Edward Stuart
figure in rock n roll.
Charlie
Madge
Madonna
Caligula
Gaius Julius Caesar
Augustus Germanicus
Madiba
Nelson Mandela
Maid of Orleans
Joan of Arc
Desert Fox
Erwin Rommel
Man of Blood and
Otto Von Bismark
Diamond Dave
David Lee Roth, Singer
Iron
Digger
Australian soldier
Man of Destiny
Napolean Bonaparte
Dr. Death
Jack Kevorkian,
Old Blood and Guts George S. Patton
proponent of assisted
Old Blue Eyes
Frank Sinatra,
suicide
entertainer
Dubya
George W. Bush
Old Hickory
Andrew Jackson, 7th
EI Caudillo
Francisco Franco
President of the United
States
Father of his country George Washington
Old Kinderhook
Martin Van Buren, 8th
Fuhrer
Adolf Hitler
(OK)
Genghis Khan
Temjin
States
22
World Panorama
Sobriquets Person
Primary Names
FIRST IN THE WORLD
Old Nick
Santa
The first person to reach Sherpa Tenzing,
Mount Everest
Edmund Hillary
Old Rough and
Zachary Taylor
Ready
The first person to reach Robert Peary
North Pole
Old St. Nick
Santa
The first person to reach Amundsen
Prince of the
Desiderius Erasmus
South Pole
Humanists
The first religion of the
Hinduism
Qaid-e-Azam
Mohammad Ali Jinnah
world
Saint Jimmy
Billie Joe Armstrong
The first country to print China
book
Satchmo
Louis Armstrong
The first country to issue China

Slick Willy
U.S. President Bill
paper currency
Clinton
The first country to
China
commence competitive
Slowhand
Eric Clapton
examination in civil
The Bard
William Shakespeare
services
The first President of the George
The Bird
Mark Fidrych, Baseball
U.S.A
Washington
pitcher
The first Prime Minister of Robert Walpole
The Boss
Bruce Springsteen
Britain
The first Governor General Trygve Lie
The Cincinnatus of George Washington

of the United Nations
the Americans
The first country to win
Uruguay
The Duke
John Wayne
football World cup
The first country to prepare U.S.A
The Fab Four
The Beatles
a constitution
The first Governor General Mohd. Ali Jinnah
The Godfather of
James Brown
of Pakistan
Soul
The first country to host Belgrade
The Golden Bear
Jack Nicklaus
NAM summit
(Yugoslavia)
The Greatest
Muhammad Ali, Boxer
The first European to
Alexander, The
attack India
Great
The King (of golf)
Arnold Palmer
The first European to
Marco Polo
reach China
The King of Pop
Michael Jackson
The first person to fly
Wright Brothers
aeroplane
The Man from
Andrew Jackson
The first person to sail
Magellan
Tennessee
round the world
The Material Girl
Madonna
The first country to send U.S.A
man to the moon
The Red Baron
Manfred von
The first country to launch Russia

Richthofen, World War
Artificial satellite in the
I, German flying ace
space
The first country to host Greece
The Rock Chemeleon David Bowie
the modern Olympics
The Tiger of France Georges Clemenceau
The first city on which the Hiroshima
Tricky Dick
Richard Nixon, 37th
atom bomb was dropped (Japan)
The first person to land on Neil Armstrong
States
the moon
followed by
Edwin E. Aldrin
Uncle Sam
The U.S.A. or
The first shuttle to go in
Columbia
sometimes the
space
government
The first spacecraft to
Viking-I
Wizard of the North Walter Scott
reach on Mars
World Panorama 23
The first woman Prime
Margaret
Shortest Day
Dec. 22(in Northern
Minister of England
Thatcher
Hemisphere)
The first Muslim Prime
Benazir Bhutto
Largest Delta
Sundarbans, India (8000
Minister of a country
(Pakistan)
sq. miles)
The first woman Prime
Mrs. S.
Longest Desert Sahara, Africa (84, 00,000
Minister of a country
Bandamaike (Sri
(World)
sq. km.)
Lanka)
Largest Diamond The Cullinan (over 1
The first woman to climb Mrs. Junko Tabei
1b.)
Mount Everest
(Japan)
Biggest Dome
Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur),
The first woman
Velentina
(Old archi) 144 ft.
cosmonaut of the world
Tereshkova
diameter.
(Russia)
Longest Epic
The Mahabharata
The first woman President Vijaya Lakshmi
Largest Island
Greenland (renamed
of the U.N. General
Pandit
Kalaallit Nunaat)
Assembly
Largest Lake
Lake Mead (Bouler)
The first man to fly into
Yuri Gagarin
(Artificial)
space
(Russia)
Deepest Lake
Baikal (Siberia); average
The first batsman to score Mohd.
depth2300 ft.
three test century in three Azharuddin
successive tests on debut
Highest Lake
Titicaca (Bolivia) 12645
ft. above sea level.
The first man to have
Nawang Gombu
climbed Mount Everest
Largest Lake
Lake Superior, U.S.A
twice
(Fresh Water)
The first U.S. President to
Richard Nixon
Largest Lake
Caspian Sea 3, 71,000 sq.
resign Presidency
(Salt Water)
km.)
Largest Mosque Masjid-al-Haram (Mecca-
SUPERLATIVES
Saudi Arabia) Surrounds
the Kaaba.
Tallest Animal on Giraffe
Highest Mountain Himalayas
(land)
peak (World)
Fastest Bird
Swift
Longest
Andes (S.America) 5,500
Largest Bird
Ostrich
Mountain Range miles in length
Smallest Bird
Humming Bird
Tallest Minaret Qutub Minar, Delhi 238 ft.
Longest Bridge Lower Zambeji (Africa )
(Free Standing)
(Railway)
Tallest Minaret
Great Hassan Mosque,
Tallest Building Burj khalifa, Dubai (U.A.E)
Casablanca, Morocco
Tallest office
Patronas Twin Towers
Deepest &
The Pacific
Building
Kuala Lampur (Malaysia)
Biggest Ocean
Longest Big Ship Seuz Canal (Linkin red sea
Largest Palace
Imperial Palace (Gugong),
Canal
& Mediterranean)
Beijing (China)
Busiest Canal
Baltic White Sea Canal
Coldest Place or Verkhoyansk (Syberia),
(Ship)
(152 miles)
Region
Temperature 85 C
Largest Continent Asia
Driest Place
Death Valley (California);
Smallest
Australia
rainfall 1 inch.
Continent
Hottest Place
Al-Aziziyah (Libya, Africa)
Largest Coral
The Great Barrier Reef
(World)
136F
Formation
(Australia)
Highest Plateau Pamir (Tibet)
Largest Dam
Grand Coulee- Concrete
Longest Platform Kharagpur W.B, India
Dam (U.S.A)
(Railway)
(833m)
Longest Day
June 21 (in Northern
Largest Platform Grand Central terminal,

Hemisphere)
(Railway)
New York (U.S.A)
24
World Panorama
Largest Port
Port of New York & New
World Rainiest
Cherrapunji
Jersey (U.S.A)
Spot
(Mawsynram), India
Busiest Port
Rotterdam (the
Lightest gas
Hydrogen
Netherlands)
Hardest
Diamond
Longest Railway Trans-Siberian Railway
Substance
(6,000 miles Long)
Longest Animal Blue Whale, (recorded
Longest River
Nile (6690 km), Amazon

length 106 ft. weight-195
(6570 km.)
tons)
Longest River
Hirakund Dam (Orissa),
Longest Life Span 190 to 200 years, (Giant
Dam
India 15.8 miles.
of an Animal
tortoise)
Largest sea-bird Albatross
Largest Land
African Bush Elephant
Largest Sea
Mediterranean
Animal
(inland)
Fastest Animal
Cheetah (Leopard ) 70
Tallest statue
Statue of Liberty, New
m.p.h
York (U.S.A), 150 ft. high.
Longest Jump
Kangaroo
Longest
English Channel
Animal
Swimming
Longest wing
Albatross
Course
Spread Bird
Tallest Tower
C.N Tower Toronto
Slowest Animal Snail
(Canada)
Fastest Dog
Persian Grey Hound
Longest Train
Flying Scoutsman
(speed 43 m.p.h)
nonstop
Longest
King cobra
Longest Tunnel Seikan Rail Tunnel
poisonous snake
(Railway)
(Japan), (53.85 km.)
Biggest Flower
Raffesia (Java)
Longest &
Le Rove Tunnel (South of
Largest Stadium Strahov stadium in
Largest Canal
France)
Prague, (the Czech
Tunnel
Republic)
Longest Tunnel Laerdal, Norway
Largest Church
Basilica of st. Peter,
(Road)
Vetican city, Rome Italy
Highest Volcano Ojos Del Salado, Andes
Largest Temple
Angkor Vat (Combodia)
Argentine-Chile (6,885
Largest Diamond Kimbarley (S.Africa)
m.)
mine
Largest Volcano Mauna Lao (Hawaii)
Largest River in Amazon, Brazil
Longest Wall
Great Wall of China (1500

volume
miles)
Highest Straight Bhakhra Dam
Highest Waterfall Salto Angel Falls
Dam
(Venezuela)
Highest Capital La Paz (Bolivia)
Longest Strait
Tartar Strait (Sakhalin
City
Island & the Russian
Largest Asian
Gobi, Mongolia
mainland)
Desert
Broadest Strait
Davis Straits (Greenland &
Largest
India
Baffin Island, (Canada)
Democracy
Narrowest strait Chaliks-45 yards
Longest
Verazano-Narrows, New
(Between the Greek

Thoroughfare
York City Harbour
mainland the island of
Euboea in the Aegean Sea)
Largest Neck
Giraffe
Animal
Largest Bay
Hudson Bay, Canada
(Shore line 7623 miles)
Largest Animal of Lion
the Cat Family
Largest Gulf
Gulf of Mexico,( shoreline
2100 miles)
Most Intelligent Chimpanzee
Animal
World Panorama 25
WORLD FAMOUS LANDMARKS
12. Niagara Falls : Border of Ontario (Canada)
1. The Statue of Liberty in New Your: USA
and New York (USA)
2. The Eiffel tower in Paris: France
13. Angkor Wat : Cambodia
3. St. Basils Cathedral in Moscow : Russia

14. St. Peters Cathedral : Vatican City
15. Mount Rushmore: South Dakota
4. The Great Sphinx at Giza, The Pyramids of 16. The Grand Canyon : Arizona
Giza: Egypt
17. Sydney Opera House : Australia
5. Neptune and the Place of Versailles: 18. Forbidden City : Beijing
France
19. The Colosseum: Rome, Italy
6. The Great wall of China : China
20. The Empire State Building : New York
7. The Taj Mahal in Agra : India
21. Abu Simbel : Egypt
8. Christ the Redeemer: Rio de Janeiro
22. Tower of Pisa : Italy
9. Mecca: Saudi Arabia
23. The Burj al Arab Hotel : Dubai
10. Brandenburg Gate in Berlin: Germany
24. Stonehenge: Wiltshire, United Kindom
11. Acropolis of Athens: Greece
25. Big Ben : London
THE NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Country
Emblem
Country
Emblem
Australia
Kangaroo
Bangladesh
Water Lily
Barbados
Head of a Trident
Belgium
Lion
Canada
White Lily
Chile
Candor & Huemul
Denmark
Beach
Dominica
Sisserou Parrot
France
Lily
Germany
Corn Flower
Guyana
Canje Pheasant
Hong Kong
Bauhinia (Orchid Tree)
India
Lioned Capital
Iran
Rose
Ireland
Shamrock
Israel
Candelabrum
Italy
White Lily
Ivory Coast
Elephant
Japan
Chrysanthemum
Lebanon
Cedar Tree
Luxembourg
Lion with Crown
Mongolia
The Soyombo
Netherlands
Lion
New Zealand
Southern Cross, Kiwi, Fern
Norway
Lion
Pakistan
Crescent
Papua New
Bird of paradise
Spain
Eagle
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Lion
Sri Lanka
Lion
Sudan
Secretary Bird
Syria
Eagle
Turkey
Crescent & Star
U.K.
Rose
IMPORTANT DAYS OF THE YEAR
10th January: World Laughter Day
22nd March: World Water Day
2nd February: World Wetlands Day
23rd March: World Meteorological Day
4th February: World Cancer Day

24th March: World Tuberculosis Day
13th February: World Radio Day
27th March: World Theatre Day
14th February: St. Valentines Day
2nd April: World Autism Awareness Day
21st February: International Mother 7th April: World Health Day
Language Day
18th April: World Heritage Day
8th March: International Womens Day and 22nd April: World Earth Day
Mothers day
25th April: World Malaria Day
15th March: World Consumer Rights Day
30th April: World Jazz Day
26
World Panorama
1st May: International Labour Day
16th September: World Ozone Day
3rd May: World Asthma Day
18th September: International Day of Peace
5th May: World Athletics Day
21st September: Biosphere Day
8th May: International Red Cross Day
25th September: Social Justice Day, World
17th May: World Telecommunications Day
Maritime Day
20th May: World Refugee Day
27th September: World Tourism Day
24th May: Commonwealth Day
1st October: International Music Day
31st May: World No Tobacco Day
2nd October: Gandhi Jayanti, International
1stJune: World Milk Day
Non-Violence Day
5th June: World Environment Day
3rd October: World Habitat Day
8th June: World Ocean Day
9th October: World PostalDay National Postal
20th June: International Refugee Day
Week (9thOctober to 14th October)
21st June: International Yoga Day
12th October: World Sight Day
23rd June: International Olympic Day
16th October: World Food Day
27th June: World Diabetes Day
7th November: World Cancer Awareness Day
1st July: World Doctors Day Van Mahotsav 21st November: World Fisheries Day, World
Week (1stJuly to 7thJuly)
Hello Day, World Television Day
11th July: World Population Day
25th November: International Day for the

28th July: World Hepatitis Day
Elimination of Violence against Women
29th July: International Tiger Day
3rd December: World Conservation Day
30th July: International Day of Friendship
5th December: World Soil Day
6th August: Hiroshima Day
9th December: International Day against
12th August: International Youth Day
Corruption, National Immunization Day
19th August: World Humanitarian Day
10th December: World Human Rights Day,
8th September: International Literacy Day
International Broadcasting Day
15th September: World Engineers Day
11th December: UNICEF Day
LIST OF PARLIAMENT OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Country
Parliament Name
Country
Parliament Name
India
Sansad/Parliament
Maldeep
Majlis
Pakistan
National Assembly
Span
Cortes
Bangladesh
Jatiya Sansad
Nepal
Rastriya Panchayat
China
National Peoples Congress Russia
Duma
Bhutan
Tsondu
France
National Assembly
Srilanka
Parliament of Sri Lanka
Iran
Majlis
Afganistan
Shora
Malasiya
Diwan Nigara
England
Parliament
Switzerland Fedral Assembly
Canada
Parliament
Turkey
Grand National Assembly
Australia
Parliament
USA
Congress
Germany
Wondstag
Taiwan
Yuan
Japan
Diet
Israil
Neset
World Panorama 27
Arms Control Treaties
Security Council: 5 permanent members
Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT): Banned
and 10 non-permanent
nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in The Permanent Members of the

outer space and under water. Signed by the
US, UK and USSR in Moscow on 5 August 1963. Security Council
Entered into force on 10 October 1963.
The Peoples Republic of China;
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): The Republic of France;
Allows only the nuclear weapon states to
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
have nuclear weapons and stops others from
aquiring them. There are five nuclear weapon
Northern Ireland;
states: US, USSR (later Russia), Britain, France
The Russian Federation; and
and China.
The United States of America.
Strategic Arms Limitation TalksI (SALT-I): The UN Flag and the Emblem
The first Talks began in November 1969.
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT-II): The UN General Assembly adopted the UN
The second round started in November 1972. flag on 20 Oct. 1947. The white UN emblem
The US President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet is super-imposed on a light blue back
ground.
leader Leonid Brezhnev signed the Treaty on
18 June 1979.
Aims and Objectives
Strategic Arms Reduction TreatyI (START-I): The Main objectives of the UN are : Treaty
signed by the USSR President Mikhail (1) To maintain peace and security in the world.
Gorbachev and the US President George Bush (2) To work together to remove poverty,
disease (Senior) on 31 July 1991.
and illiteracy and encourage respect for each
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (START-
others rights of basic freedom.
II): Treaty signed by the Russian President
Boris Yeltsin and the US President George (3) To develop friendly relations among nations.
Bush (Senior) on 3 January 1993.
(4) To be a centre to help nations achieve these
common goals.
UNITED NATIONS
NON-PERMANENT MEMBERS OF UNSC
Quick Facts
Country
Term
Membership: 193 Member States

Began
Terms Ends
Established: 24 October 1945
Official languages: Arabic, Chinese,
Angola
2015
2016
English, French, Russian, Spanish.
Egypt
2016
2017
United Nations Day, 24 October
Based on five principal organs
Japan
2016
2017
(formerly sixthe Trusteeship Council Malaysia

2015
2016
suspended operations in 1994, upon the
New Zealand
2015
2016
independence of Palau, the last remaining
UN trustee territory); the General Senegal
2016
2017
Assembly, the Security Council, the Spain
2015
2016
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Ukraine
2016
2017
the Secretariat, and the International
Court of Justice.
Uruguay
2016
2017
General Assembly: 193 Member States
Venezuela
2015
2016
SECRETARY GENERALS OF UNO AND THEIR TENURE
Name
Country
Tenure
Trigve Lie
Norway
1946-1952
Dag Hammarskjoeld
Sweden
1953-1961
U-Thant
Myanmar (Burma)
1961-1971
Kurt Waldheim
Austria
1972-1982
Javier Perez de Cuellar
Peru
1982-1991
Boutros Boutros Ghali
Egypt
1992-1996
Kofi Annan
Ghana
1997-2006
Ban-Ki-moon
S. Korea
2007- continued
28
World Panorama
WORLD ORGANISATIONS AND
United Nations Interna-
New York
THEIR HEADQUARTERS
tional Childrens Emer-
gency Fund (UNICEF)
Asian Development Bank Manila (Philip-
(ADB)
pines)
United Nations Fund for New York
ASEAN (Association of
Jakarta (Indonesia)
Population Activities
South East Asian Nations)
(UNFPA)
NATO (North Atlantic
Brussels (Belgium)
United Nations Development New York

Treaty Organisation)
Programme (UNDP)
African Union (AU)
Addis-Ababa
United Nations Institute Geneva
(Ethiopia)
for Training and Research
SAARC (South Asian
Kathmandu
(UNITAR)
United Nations Research In- Geneva
Association for Regional
(Nepal)
stitute for Social Development
Corporation)
(UNRISD)
United Nations Environ- Nairobi (Kenya)
ment Programme (UNEP)
World Food Programme Rome (Italy)
International Atomic
Vienna (Austria)
(WFP)
Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Civil Avia-
Montreal
United Nations Industrial Vienna (Austria)
tion Organisation (ICAO) (Canada)
Development Organisation
International Fund for
Rome
(UNIDO)
Agricultural Development
UNCTAD (United Nations Geneva,
(IFAD)
Conference on Trade and Switzerland
International Labour
Geneva
Development)
Organisation (ILO)
WWF (World Wildlife
Gland
International Monetary
Washington
Fund)
(Switzerland)
Fund (IMF)
International Olympic
Lausanne
Universal Postal Union
Berne (Switzer-
Committee (IOC)
(UPU)
land)
OPEC (Organisation of
Vienna
World Health Organisa-
Geneva
Petroleum Exporting
tion (WHO)
Countries)
World Intellectual Prop-
Geneva
OECD (Organisation for
Paris
erty Organisation (WIPO)
Economic Co- operation
World Meteorological
Geneva
and Development)
Organisation (WMO)
Commonwealth of Nations London
Woman Aid International London
United Nations Centre for
Nairobi
European Free Trade As- Geneva

Human Settlements (UNCHS)
sociation (EFTA)
INTL GROUPS/ORGANISATION
Acronym
Full Name
H.Q.
Establishment
NAM
Non-Aligned Movement
Belgrade
1961
CHOGM
The Commonwealth Heads of Government
Meeting
EU
The European Union
Brussels,
1993
Belgiwn
SAARC
The South Asian Association for Regional
Kathmandu, 1985
Cooperation
Nepal.
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Brussels
4 April 1949
SEATO
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Manila
September 8,
1954
World Panorama 29
INTERPOL
The International Criminal Police Organization Lyon, France 1923
G-8
GROUP OF 8
France
1975
G-77
Group of 77
Geneva
15 June 1964
G-15
GROUP OF 15
Belgrade
September 1989
G-20
Group of 20
1999
ADB
Asian Development Bank
22 August 1966
AL
Arab League
Cairo
22 March 1945
ASIAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
8 August 1967
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries
Vienna
1965
APEC
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
1989
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development
1961
Amnesty
International Amnesty International

London
28 May 1961
Red Cross
Red Cross
1864
BRICS
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa No. H.Q.
2008
MDG 2015
Millenium Development Goal
2000
CENSUS 2011
Chennai
8,696,010
It is the 15th National Census survey con-
ducted by the Census Organization of India.
Bangalore
8,499,399
Mr. C. Chandramouli -Commissioner & Reg-
istrar General of the Census 2011.
TOP GROWTH RATE
Survey has been conducted in 2 phases -
1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
55.88 %
house listing and population.
Population of India 1,210,193,422 with
Daman and Diu
53.76 %
623, 724, 248 males and 586,469, 174 fe-
Puducherry
28.08 %
males.
Total literacy rate: 74.04%.
Meghalaya
27.95 %
Density of population: 382 persons/
sq.km
Arunachal Pradesh
26.03 %
Sex ratio: 940 females per 1000 males
Child sex ratio: 914 females per 1000
TOP LITERATE STATES
males
1
Kerala
94.00 %
HIGH POPULATION
Lakshadweep
91.85 %
Uttar Pradesh
199,812,341
Mizoram
91.33 %
Maharashtra
112,374,333
Goa
88.70 %
Bihar
104,099,452
Tripura
87.22 %
4
West Bengal
91,276,115
BEST SEX RATIO
Andhra Pradesh
84,580,777
Kerala
1084
Puducherry
1037
MOST POPULATED METROS
Mumbai
18,414,288
Tamil Nadu
996
Delhi
16,314,838
Andhra Pradesh
993
Kolkata
14,112,536
Manipur
992
vity
aaz
ed
elati
ks
oung gir
or
ynamit
er
ya
yat
ast Centuries,
, Buland Darw
al theory of r
elian logicot
ort
es
olific writ
esident of the Unit
vention of d
abha
ast-ul-Ha
aF
Gener
Arist Syllogism
Pr Stat
In
ry
The Lion capital of Ashok
A pr
Signs of P
The diary of a y
Agr
er
uthor, A
, writ
oet
er
Field
, chemist
or
a King
val Islamic er
, writ
People Forever
onom
hal King
ysics, philosoph
ysics, biology
vent
eat Sufi, P
Ph
Ph
Politics
In
Astr
Maury
Theosophist
Medie
Gr
Diarist
Mug
a)
, US
tah)
yE
ataliputr
eden
eece
entucky
atna
evioisl
Plac
a (P
a, P
ajputana
ville, K
,R
anj, (pr
kot
ockholm, S
German Empir
Northern Gr
Hodgen
St
Kusumapur
Pataliputr
London, UK
Samanid Empir
Kasg
Frankfurt German
Umer
, 1945
. 1605
Death
ober 1325
18 April 1955
322 BC
April 15, 1865
Dec. 10, 1896
550 CE
232 BCE
20 Sep. 1933
13 Dec. 1048
Oct
February
27 Oct
Birth
ch 1879
ober 1847
. 1542
. 21, 1833,
14 Mar
384 BC
Feb. 12, 1809
Oct
476 CE
304 BCE
1st Oct
4/5 Sep. 973
1253
12 June 1929
15 Oct
eat
ein
Name
rank
otle
a the Gr
aham Lincoln
ed Nobel
abhatta
bar
Albert Einst
Arist
Abr
Alfr
Ary
Ashok
Annie Besant
Al-Beruni
Amir Khusr
Anne F
Ak
S. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
People Forever 31
.O
acy
.N
eak House
an Empir
er
ympic gold eam
bar's court
atha empir
or Democr
etary of U
RA,Killed John
,Br
velopment
omput
ht f
ed America
al Secr
esident of India
er in Ak
ver
ect of Indian
al de
,Fig
ver twist
chit
Rur
NLD
Gener
Leader of H
Saunder
Minist
Shehnai Music
Origin of species
Disco
Oli
Arthshashtr
Founded Maury
Father of C
Founder Mar
Ar constitution
11th pr
Member of 3 Ol medal winner t
conomist
olitical
er
or
ht
VELIS
,E
yer
ormeref
er
,Singer
alist and geologist
atha ruler
ey pla
Social r
Political
Diplomatic,P
Freedom Fig
Poet
Musician
Natur
Explor
ENGLISH NO
Philosopher
Indian emper
Mathemetician
Mar
Political philospher
scientist
Hock
amilnadu
ashtr
,Bihar
adesh,India
ar
.K., U
ed Kingdom
.K
am ,T
.P.
ea
,U
a,India
ar
, Mahar
or
ar
sbury
a village, Punjab
aon, Bux
, pune
anmar
ew
w ,MP
ataliputr
Bhing
My
South K
Bang
Kalpi,Uttar Pr
Dumr
Shr
Genoa, Ital
Landport
India
P
London, Unit
Junar
Mho
Ramesh
Allahabad, U
ch 1931
ug. 2006
. 1871
y 2015
23 Mar
1586
21st A
19th april 1882
1505
9 June 1870
275 BCE
297 BCE
18 Oct
3 April1680
6 Dec 1956
27 Jul
3 Dec 1979
ch 1913
eb. 1809
eb. 1812
eb 1630
ug 1905
15 june 1937
19 June 1945
13 June 1944
28 Sep. 1907
1528
21 Mar
12 F
1451
7F
350 BCE
340 BCE
26 Dec. 1791
9F
14 April 1891
15 Oct 1931
29 A
yi
vaji
h
ens
ar
alam
agupta
hand
at Sing
les Darwin
opher
les Dick
bdul k
bal
les Babbage
yan C
Anna Hazar
Aung San Suu K
Ban-ki-moon
Bhag
Bir
Bismillah Khan
Char
Christ Columbus
Char
Chanaky
Chandr Maury
Char
Chattarpati shi
BR Ambedk
APJ A
Dh
12.
13.
14.
15
16
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
32
People Forever
u
overty ule in India
alis
ch, IIM
ants of
ect
esear
elescope
eam engine
esident of india
akistan
gesheet (2011), Sau e (1991) and Censor
ed t
ed st
.M. India
oP
or
esident of INC, P
ysical r
vent
incipia
vent
ew
Char Cr (2000)
Raman eff
First pr
Pr and Unbritish R
Ph
In
Tenth and the last Sikh Gur
Founder of Serv India Society
Philosophi Natur
Pr
In
First P
Train t
Columbia space shuttle, cr
er
ysician
ormer
nalist
ef
y,ph
, jour
or(hindi film)
onom
onaut
ysicist
velist
Act
Scientist
Political leader
Political, r
scientist
Astr
Spiritual leader
Political leader
Ph
Instrument mak
Political leader
No
Astr
a,
.N
ashtr
aval, T
.K
ana
akistan
al dist of pakistan
vanaik
ow
ed Kingdom
eenock, U
Nar
Thiru
Bihar
Mumbai
Ahmedabad
Pisa, Ital
Patna,India
Ratnagiri, Mahar
Unit
Gr
Allahabad
Hadali, P
Karnal,Hary
v. 1970
ch 1727
y. 1964
ch 2014
eb. 1963
. 1708
eb. 1915
ug. 1819
ebruary 2003
3 Dec. 2011
21 No
28 F
30 June 1917
30 Dec. 1971
8 Jan. 1642
7 Oct
19 F
20 Mar
25 A
27 Ma
20 Mar
1F
. 1923
ch 1962
v. 1888
. 1825
ug. 1919
v. 1889
eb. 1564
y 1866
d Dec 1884
eb. 1915
26 Sept
7 No
3r
4 Sept
12 A
15 F
22 Dec. 1666
9 Ma
25 Dec. 1642
19 Jan. 1736
14 No
2F
17 Mar
asad
oji
law
Naor
on
am Ambalal
att
ant sing
aman
ajender Pr
ikr
w
v Anand
.V
abhai
ahar lal Nehru w
De
CV R
Dr R
Dada bhai
Dr
Sar
Galileo Glilei
Guru gobind sing
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Isaac Newt
James W
Ja
Khus
Kalpana Cha
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Indian History
ANCIENT HISTORY
SOURCES OF ANCIENT INDIAN
Foreign travellers wrote about the infor-
HISTORY
mation of India. For examples
Megasthenes: He wrote book, INDICA
Pliocene deposits in Siwaliks. It is known as
about the dynasty of Maurya.
Ramapitheus, a type of early hominid.
Inscriptions either on stone or on metal Fahien: He wrote about the Gupta Emperor.
plates are old records of Ancient India. The Hieun-Tsang: He wrote about the Buddhist
study of inscriptions is called epigraphy.
record of the western world during period
Coins: The study of coins is called numis-
of Harshavardhan.
matics.
Albiruni: He wrote Tarikh-ul-Hind.

The Punch Mark Coins (silver & copper) Ibna-Batuta: He wrote about India under are
the earliest coins of India.
the rule of Muhammad Tughlaq.
Monuments: Monuments reflect the mate-
rial prosperity and development of culture PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD
e.g. Taxshila monuments about Kushans Pre - historic period is divided into three and
Stupas, Chaityas and Vihars about Mau-sections- Stone age, Bronze age and Iron
rya.
age.
Vedas: Vedas point out features and develop-
Stone age is divided into three periods, i.e.
ment of different dynasties, e.g. Rigveda deals
with Archery and known as The first testa-
Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age and Neo-
ment of mankind.
lithic Age.
Samveda says about the art of music (i.e. Chalcolithic Age is marked by the use of
melodies)
copper as copper age.
Yajurveda: It is known as ritual Veda.
The Iron age is usually associated with the
Atharvaveda: It is the latest of the four. It
Painted Grey Wares (P.G.W.).
is about beliefs and superstitions.
Upanishad: It is anti-ritualistic in nature. It Indus Valley Civilization deals about the

theories of creation of the uni-
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a
verse and doctrine of action.
unique Bronze Age civilization.
Sutras: Sutras deal about rituals, Sanskaras, The Civilization flourished around the In-
social life, Medical science etc.
dus river basin and its tributaries, consist-
Puranas: Puranas describe the genealogies of
various royal dynasties, i.e. Maurya, Andhra,
ing of modern Pakistan and northwestern
Shishunag, Gupta, etc.
India.
Jatak Kathas: These are the parts of art Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and Allahdin and
literature of 3rd century B.C.
(Pakistan) in the cities of the Harappan civi-
Arthashastra: It is the analysis of political
lization were the major ports.
and economic conditions of the Mauryas, In the valley of the Indus people used irri-
composed by Kautilya (Chanakya).
gation-based agriculture.
Mudrarakshasa: It tells about the estab-
Indus Valley Sites Excavators
lishment of the Maurya dynasty, the fall of
Harappa - 1921- Dayaram Sahni
Nanda, Ramgupta, etc.
Rajtarangini: It was written by Kalhana
Mohenjodaro- 1922- R.D.Banerjee

in 12th century A.D. It is about the rulers of
Sutkagendor- 1927- Aurel Stein, George
Kashmir. It is considered the, first histori-
Dalesamri - 1929- M.G.Majumdar
cal book of India.
Chanhudaro- 1931- M.G.Majumdar
34
Indian History
Rangpur - 1931- M.S.Vats
The Rigveda (15001000 BC) consists of
Kot Diji- 1935- Fazal Khan
1028 hymns. These hymns were sung in
honour of various gods and were recited by
Dabarkot- 1935- Maichke
Hotri.
Kili Ghul Mohammad- 1950- Fairservis
The Gaytri Mantra had been discovered
Kalibangan- 1953- A. Ghosh
from the Rig Veda.
Ropar - 1953- Y.D.Sharma
The Sindhu and its tributaries are called
Sapta Sindhu.
Lothal - 1957- S.R.Rao
The Yajur Veda is a book of sacrificial
Surkotada- 1964- Jagatpati Ghosh

prayers. It is written in both verse and
prose.
Dholvira- 1967- J.P. Joshi
The Sama Veda consists of 1549 hymns.
It is a book of chants for singing during sac-
THE VEDIC PERIOD
rifices.
The Vedic Period or the Vedic Age
refers to the period when the Vedic Sanskrit LATER VEDIC PERIOD
texts were composed in India.
(1000-500 BC)
Literally Aryans means - the best or eminent.
The Aryans are supposed to have migrated The later Vedic society came to be divided
from Central Asia into the Indian Subconti-into four varnas called the Brahmanas,
nent in Several stages during 2000 to 1500
rajanyas or kshatriyas, vaisyas and shudras,
B.C.
each varna was assigned with its duty.
Kingdoms of the Later Vedic Period
Kingdom Location
1. Panchal
Bareilly, Badayun & Farrukhabad in U.P.
2. Kushinagar
-
Northern region of Uttar Pradesh
3. Kashi
Modern Varanasi
4. Koshal
Faizabad in Uttar Pradesh
5. Southern Madra
Near Amritsar
6. Uttara Madra
Kashmir
7. Eastern Madra
Near Kangra
8. Kekaya
On the bank of Beas river east of Gandhar kingdom
9. Gandhar
Rawalpindi & Peshawar
Chronology of Foreign Invasion
In 325 B.C. , he began his homeward

518486 B.C.: King Darius or Darus
journey.
invaded India.
In 324 B.C. , he reached Susa in Persia and
326 B.C. : Alexander invaded India.
died the next year, i.e. 323 B.C.
190 B.C. : India-Greeks or Bactrians
The Greek invasion of India opened the
invaded India.
trade route between north-west India
90 B.C. : Sakas invaded India.
and Western Asia.
A.D. 1st Century : Pahlavas invaded India.
A.D. 45 : Kushanas or Yue-chis invaded
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
India.
Came into existence around 600 B.C.
Summary of Alexanders Invasion
The main cause being reaction against
Alexander marched to India through the
domination of Brahmins and spread of ag-
Khyber Pass in 326 B.C.
ricultural economy in North-East.

Ambi, the ruler of Taxila, submitted to
Jainism
Alexander.
Founder Rishabhadeva (First Tirthankara).
He was resisted first strongest by Porus
Mahavira was the last of the 24 tirthan-
at Jhelum.
karas.
Indian History 35
Jainism was divided into two sects: Shwet-
Nanda dynasty (344-321 B.C.)
ambaras and Digambaras.
Mahapadmananda established the Nanda
The First Council was held at Pataliputra
dynasty into a powerful empire.
by Sthulabahu and Second at Valabhi.
Last ruler of Nanda dynasty was Dhanan-
Teachings
anda. He was contemporary of Alexander.
Jainism was based on 5 doctrines :
Alexander invasion of India took place in
(i) Ahinsa, i.e. non-violence; (ii) do not
326 B.C. during the reign of Dhanananda.
speak a lie, (iii) do not steal. (iv) do not ac-

The Mauryan empire
quire property, and (v) observe continence
(Brahmacharya) introduced by Mahavira.
(322 185 B.C.)
Three Gems of Jainism (Ratnatrya)
(i) Right faith (Samyak Vishwas)
Founder Chandragupta Maurya
(ii) Right knowledge (Samyak Gyan)
He defeated the king Dhanananda with the
(iii) Right conduct/action (Samyak Karma)
help of Chanakya .
Buddhism
Its capital was Pataliputra.
Megasthene (Greek Ambassador) came to
Gautam Buddha was the founder of Bud-
dhism.
his court.
His real name was Siddhartha.
He embraced Jainism and at Sravanbel-
His father was a king named Suddodana
agola
Tharu and Mother was Mahamaya.
He died at Sravanbelagola
He was born at Lumbini.
The war of Kalinga (BC 261) was the turn-

He discovered enlightenment under the
ing point of Ashokas life. The mass death of
peepal tree (Bodhi Vriksha) in Gaya, Bihar
the war changed his mind and he became a
at the age of 35.
He gave his first sermon at the Deer Park
follower of Buddhism.
in Sarnath.
Ashok Stambh of Sarnath was adopted as
It was divided into three main sects: Hinay-
national emblem of India.
ana, Mahayana and Vajrayana.
Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka.
Buddhist Councils
Ashokas Dhamma was a code of conduct
First at Rajgir, Second at Vaishali, Third at
(a set of principles like respect to elders)
Patliputra & Fourth in Kashmir.
mercy to slaves & emphasis on truth, non-
violence & tolerance.
IMPORTANT DYNASTIES IN
Number
Name of
Reign
ANCIENT INDIA
Emperor
The Haryanaka dynasty
Chandragupta 322 BC - 298 BC
Maurya
(544 412 B.C.)
Bindusara
298 BC - 272 BC
Bimbisara was the first ruler and founder
Ashoka
274 BC - 232 BC
of Haryanka dynasty. The capital of the
Dasaratha
232 BC - 224 BC
kingdom was Rajagriha.
Ajatasatru who killed his father and seized
Samprati
224 BC - 215 BC
the throne for himself.
Salisuka
215 BC - 202 BC
He was contemporary to Lord Mahavira
Devavarman
202 BC - 195 BC
and Lord Buddha and a follower of Bud-
Satadhanvan
195 BC - 187 BC
dhism.
Brihadatha
187 BC - 185 BC
Ajatasatru was succeeded by Udayin.
Sunga Dynasty (185 to 73 B.C.)
Shishunaga dynasty
Pushyamitra Sunga was the senapati of last
(412 - 344 B.C.)
king of Mauryan empire Brihadratha. He
The last Haryanka ruler, Nagadasaka, was
killed Brihadratha and founded the Sunga dy-
killed by his courtier Shishunaga in 430
nasty in 187 B.C.
B.C, who became the king and founded the Its capital was Pataliputra but later Vidhisha
Shishunaga dynasty.
was the capital of Sunga rulers.
36
Indian History
Kanva Dynasty (73-28 B.C.)
Source of information: Hatigumpha Pillar
Founder- Vasudeva Kanva.
inscription (Created by Kharavela)
He opposed Demetrius of Bactria and de-
Other Sunga Rulers: Bhumimitra, Narayana,
feated them.
Susarman.
The Indo-Greeks were the first to issue
Satvahana Dynasty
gold coins in India.
The Sakas were a group of nomadic tribes
It ruled in the Deccan and Central India af-
of Iranian origin or Scythian tribes, who
ter Mauryans.
lived in Central Asia.
Kanishka is considered to have conflicted
Founder- Simuka
with the Pataliputra and had taken Asvag-
Most powerful Satavahana king - Gautamipu-
hosa, the Buddhist Monk to Purushpura.
tra Satakarni (A.D. 106-130)

Founder of Pallava Dynasty- Simhavishnu,
Capital Kanchi.
OTHER DYNASTIES
The Sangam Kingdom
Kharavela was the greatest king of Chedi The Tamil Sangam was an academy of poets
Dynasty.
and bards.
Sangam Place of Organisation Chairman
Kingdom
First
Thenmadurai
Agastya
Pandiya
Second
Kapatapuram
Earlier- Agastya
Pandiya
Later- Tolkappiyar (a disciple of Agastaya)
Third
North Madurai
Nakkirar
Pandiya
Founder of Chera Dynasty: Utiyan Cheralatan.
Kalidas the great poet also belonged to this
Founder of Chola Dynasty: Vijayalaya Cap-

period.
ital Kaveripattanam.
Chandragupta (320-335 AD) was the son
Most powerful kings of Chola Dynasty - Ra-
jaraja (985-1014) and his son, Rajendra I.
of Ghatotkacha and grandson of Sri Gupta.
Temples & their location
Sumudragupta (AD 335-375) Harisena
described him as the Hero of a Hundred
The Kailash Temple
Ellora
Battles.
The Hoysala temple
Belur and Halebid
Prayag Prashasti (Written by Harisen) is
The Chennakesava
Belur
the main source of information on his reign.
temple
Samundragupta was succeeded by his son
The Hoysaleswara temple Halebid
Chandragupta Vikramaditya (or II).
The Ratha and Shore
Mahabalipuram,
Kumaragupta (AD 415-455) is the son of

temple
Chandragupta II.
The Brihadeshwara
Tanjavur
temple
Ruler of Gupta Dynasty
The Vithala temple
Harmpi
Srigupta I
270 AD - 290 AD
The Meenakshi Temple
Madurai
Ghatotkacha
290 AD - 319 AD
The Gupta Empire
Chandragupta I
319 AD - 335 AD
(AD 320-467)
Samudragupta
335 AD - 375 AD
Founder - Sri Gupta
Chandragupta II
375 AD - 414 AD
Nalanda University was built by Kumargupt.
Kumaragupta I
415 AD - 455 AD
The great Mathematician Aryabhata lived
during this age. He discovered the number
Skandagupta
455 AD - 467 AD
0 and value of Pi. He wrote Aryabhatiya Gupta Period is also known as the Golden
and Suryasiddhanta.
Age of Ancient India.
Indian History 37
The Post Gupta Period
town of Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram)
(550 AD 647 AD)
and built rock-cut raths or even pagodas.
NORTHERN INDIA
Palas dynasty was founded by Gopala I,
The Pushyabhuti dynasty came in power
who was elected as king of people.
in Thaneswar (Karnal in Haryana) in the
Palas with capital at Monghyr is known
beginning of the 6th century AD.
for Dharmapala, their second king, who
The first important king of this dynasty was
founded Vikramashila University and
Prabhakaravardhan (580-605 AD).
revived Nalanda University.

Harshavardhana (AD 606647) was the
The greatest ruler of Pratiharas was
last Hindu king of North India.
Bhoja (also known as Mihir, Adivraha).
Harsha himself wrote the Ratnavali, Naga-
Khajuraho temples were built during the
nandam and Priyadarshika plays in Sanskrit.
reign of Chandellas of Bundelkhand.
SOUTHERN INDIA
The Cholas (AD 985-1279)
Capital of Chalukyas (AD 543-753)- Bad-
Founder Vijayalaya, Capital Tanjore.
ami (Bagalkot district of North Karnataka)
Aditya I Chola wiped out Pallavas and
Pulakeshin I is generally attributed to be
weakened Pandayas.
the first Chalukyan king.
Purantaka I captured Madurai, but defeat-
Narasimhavarman completed the beautiful
ed by Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III at the
temples of Mahablipuram.
Battle of Takkolam.
Rashtrakutas (AD 753973)
Ancient Indian Books and Authors
Founded by Dantidurg; Krishna I built

Kailasha temple at Ellora. Amoghavarsha,
Buddhacharita
- Asvaghosha
who is compared to Vikramaditya, wrote
Kirtarjuniya
- Bharavi
the first Kannada poetry Kaviraj Marg.
Gangas
Ravanavadha
- Bhatti
Ruled Orissa; Narsimhadeva constructed Sun
Ratnavali
- Harshavardhana
Temple at Konark; Anantvarman built the
Priyadarshika
- Harshavardhana
Jagannath Temple at Puri; and Kesaris
who used to rule before Gangas built the
Uttar Ramacharita
- Bhavabhuti
Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneshwar.
Brihat Katha Manjari
- Kshemendra
Pallavas (AD 600-757)
Katha Sarita Sagara

- Somadeva
Founder-Simhavishnu; capital-Kanchi; great-
est king Narsimhavarman who founded the
Charak Samhita
- Charak
38
Indian History
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD
MEDIEVAL INDIA
North India
The Delhi Sultanate
(AD 800 1200)
(1206 1526 AD)
After the death of Harshavardhan three dy-
Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate
nasties came into existence in the northern (i) Slave Dynasty : 1206-1290 AD
part of India and Deccan. Palas, Gurjara-
(ii) Khilje
: 1290-1320 AD
Partiharas and Rashtrakutas.
(iii) Tughlaq
: 1320-1414 AD
The Palas (750-1150 AD) ruled in Bihar (iv) Sayyid
: 1414-1451 AD
and Bengal from the 8th to the 12th cen-
(v) Lodhi
: 1451-1526 AD
tury. They supported Buddhism
Sources of Medieval Indian History:
The Gurjara-Pratiharas were Rajputs who
Tarikh i Firoze Shahi (Ziauddin barani);
ruled in Gujarat and Rajasthan and later
Tuzuk-i-Mubarak Shahi (Yahaya bin Ahmed
Kanauj.
Sirhindi); Futuhat-i-Firoze Shahi (Firoze
Bhoja-I (836-885 AD) adopted the title of
Shah Tughluq), etc.
Adivaraha.
Mahmud of Ghazni targeted the North In-
dian temple cities for wealth and iconoclas-
Tripartite Struggle
tic fervour.
Tripartite conflict was fought among the Muhammad Ghori nominated his trusted
Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrkutas and Palas
and prominent slave, Qutubuddin Aibak
for the control over Kannauj.
as his representative to govern the newly
conquered regions in India. It was the be-
The Rajputs
ginning of slave dynasty.
The period between 647 A.D. and 1192 A.D., The Mamluk dynasty or The
i.e. 500 years is known as the Rajput period Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 AD)
in the history of India.
The most powerful Rajputs: Gahadavalas
Ruler
Reign
(Kanauj), the Paramaras(Malwa), and the
Qutbuddin Aibek
(12061210 AD)
Chauhans (Ajmer).
Aram Shah
(12101211 AD)
Prithviraj Chauhans (1178-92 AD) em-
pire included Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan
Shamsuddin Iltutmish (12111236 AD)
and Uttar Pradesh.
Ruknuddin Firuz
(1236 AD)
His courts poet Chand Bardai wrote Prithvi-
Raziyatuddin Sultana (12361240 AD)
raj Chauhans biography Prithviraj Raso.
Muizuddin Bahram
(12401242 AD)
He defeated Shahabuddin Muhammad

Ghori in the first battle of Tarrain in 1191.
Alauddin Masud
(12421246 AD)
In the Second battle of Tarrain (1192)
Nasiruddin Mahmud
(12461266 AD)
Muhammad Ghori won and killed Prithviraj
Ghiyasuddin Balban
(12661286 AD)
Chauhan.
Muizuddin Qaiqabad
(12861290 AD)
Jayachandra was the king of Kannauj.
Muhammad Ghori defeated and killed Jay-
Kayumars
(1290 AD)
achandra in the Battle of Chadawar in 1194. Qutubuddin Aibak also began the con-
Rana Kumbha was the ruler of Mewar, a
struction of Qutub Minar, in the honour
state in western India.
of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin
Bakhityar Kaki
Dilwara temples at Mount Abu, the Vima-
Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a slave of Qu-

la Vasahi and the Luna Vasahi were built by
tubuddin Aibak.
Solankis of Gujarat.
Iltutmish stopped the Mongol attack in
South India
1221 A.D led by Chenghiz Khan.
Iltutmish nominated his daughter Razia
The founder of Chola Kingdom: Vijayalaya.
as the successor.
Rajaraja Chola (985-1014 AD) was one of She was the first and only Muslim lady that
the imperialistic and greatest Chola rulers.
ever ruled in India.
Indian History 39
She further offended the nobles by her pref-
Bahmani Kingdom
erence for an Abyssian slave Yakut.
The Bahmani Kingdom of Deccans capital
In 1240 A.D, Razia was the victim of a con-
was Gulbarga.
spiracy and was killed near Kaithal (Hary-
It was founded by Hasan Gangu (original
ana).
nameIsmail Mukh).
Jalaluddin Khilji founded Khilji dynasty.
He took the tittle of Alauddin Hasan, Baha-

Alauddin Khilji was the nephew and son-
man Shah.
in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji.
He killed Jalaluddin Khilji and took over the RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
throne in 1296.
He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who Bhakti Movement
separated religion from politics.
He appointed Diwan-i-Riyasat and Bhakti means personal devotion to God.
Shahna-i-Mandi to regulate the fixed price
It stresses the Union of the individual with
market.
God.
He abolished Iqtas of royal troopers and Bhakti movement originated in South the
payment of their salaries in cash.
India between the 7th and the 12th centuries
He constructed monuments like Alai-Dar-
AD.
waza and Sirifort in Delhi.
Ramananda was disciple of Ramunaja. He
Ghazi Malik with the name of Ghiyasud-
was the first reformer to preach in Hindi.
din Tughluq became the Sultan of Delhi in Kabir was an ardent disciple of Ramanan-
1320.
da. He wanted unity between the Hindus
Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq organised bet-

and the Muslims.
ter postal system.
Namdeva was a waterman by birth. He
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the
composed beautiful hymns in Marathi.
throne in 1325.
Nanak was the founder of the Sikh religion.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq established Diwan-
Nanaks teachings were in the form of vers-
i-Khairat (department for poor and needy
es. They were collected in a book called the
people), and Diwan-l-Bundagan (depart-
Adi Granth.
ment of slaves).
Later Adi Grantham was written in a script
Khizr Khan was the first Sultan of the
called Gurmukhi.
Sayyed Dynasty.
Chaitaniya, a great devotee of Lord Krish-
The other rulers of this dynasty were Mubarak
na, was a saint from Bengal.
Shah (1421-1434), Muhammad Shah Tulsidas composed the famous Ramchari-
(1434-1443), Alam Shah (1443-1451).
tamanas in Hindi, expounding the various
Bahlol Lodhi (1451-88 A.D.) was an Af-

aspects of Hindu dharma.
ghan Sardar who founded the Lodhi dy-
Surdas was a devotee of Lord Krishna and
nasty.
Sikandar Lodhi shifted his capital from
Radha. His works include Sursagar, Sahitya
Ratna
Delhi to Agra and conquered Bihar and
and Sur Sarawali.
Western Bengal.
Dadu Dayal was a disciple of Kabir. His fol-
Ibrahim Lodhi was the last king of Lodhi
lowers were known as Dadu Panthis.
dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi.
Eknath was a devotee of Vithoba. He wrote
At last Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of
commentary on verses of the Bhagavad
Punjab invited Babur to overthrow Ibrahim
Gita.
Lodhi, Babur accepted the offer and inflict-
The Sufi Movement
ed a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodhi in
the first battle of Panipat in 1526.
Sufism is basically a religion based on the
truth of life. The mystics of Islam are called

Vijaynagar Empire
Sufis.
(1336-1565 AD)
It emerged in India in 11th & 12th century A.D.
The Vijayanagar Empire was a South In-
It established brotherhood between Hindus
dian dynasty based in the Deccan on the
& Muslims.
South bank of Tungabhadra River.
The founders of the most important Sufi
There were four dynasties ruled over Vi-
lineage Chisti, Suhrawardi, Qadiri, Naqsh-
jaynagar Sangama Dynasty, Saluva Dy-
bandi originally came from central and
nasty, Tuluva Dynasty and Aravidu Dynasty.
west Asia.
40
Indian History
The prominent sufi saints were Khwaja The Mughul era began with the Baburs
Nizamuddin Aulia, Ganj-e-Shakar Faridud-victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle
din, Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki and
Of Panipat in 1526.
Hamuddin Nagori .
Babur was from the princely family of
Hazrat Nizam-ud-Din was the disciple of

mixed Mongol and Turkish blood.
Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakkar.
He died in 1530.
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was the disciple Babur wrote his biography Baburnama
and the spiritual successor of Moinuddin
i.e. Tuzk-e Babri.
Chishti.
Humayun succeeded Babur at the young
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (1142-1236 AD)
age of 23 in 1530.
The Chisti order of Sufism was founded in He was defeated in the Battle of Chausa
village Khwaja
(1539) and Battle of Kanauj (1540) by Sher
Chishti near Herat in Per-
Shah Suri who became the ruler of Agra
sia, i.e. Iran.
and Delhi.
In India, Chisti silsila was founded by Kh-
The Humayuns Tomb was built by his wid-
waja Moinuddin Chishti (born 1142 AD).
ow Haji Begum in Delhi.
He came to India around AD 1192.
Humayuns sister Gulbadan Begum wrote
He made Ajmer the main centre for his
Humayunnama.
teachings. He died in Ajmer in 1236.
He died in 1556.
The Mughals
The real name of Sher Shah was Farid.
(1526-1540 and 1555-1857)
During the siege of the fort of Kalinjar one
of the cannons accidentally went off killing
him on 26th of May 1535.
EMPERORS OF MUGHAL DYNASTY He was buried in Sasaram (Bihar).
He built Purana Qila in Delhi.
Ruling Period
Name
Bairam Khan became the Wakil of the king-
1526 - 1530
Zahiruddin Muhammad
dom with the title of Khan-i-Khana.
Babur
Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur at the age
of 13 years in 1556.
1530 - 1540 and
Humayun
Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra in the sec-
1555 - 1556
ond battle of Panipat with Hemu, a general
1556 - 1605
Akbar
of Adil Shah in 1556.
1605 - 1627
Jahangir
Akbar built many buildings like Agra Fort
(1565), Lahore Palace (1572), Fatehpur
1628 - 1658
Shah Jahan
Sikri, Buland Darwaza and Allahabad Fort
1658 - 1707
Mohamamed Aurangzeb
(1583).
1707 (Mar 14 - Apr 27) Qutib-ud-din Azam Shah
He died in 1605.
1707 - 1712
Shah Alam Bahadur Shah-I
Nine Jewels or Nav-Ratnas of Akbar
1712 - 1713
Mohammad
Abdul Rahim Hindi Scholar
Abdul Fazal Chief Advisor
1713 - 1719
Furrukhsiyar
Birbal Wittiness
1719 (Mar 1 - Jun 7) Rafi ul Darjat

1719 (Mar 30 -
Mohamamd Shah
Tansen Singer
Aug 13)
Nikusiyar
Todar Mal Finance Minister
Mullah Do Piaza Advisor
1719 (Jun 8 - Sep 6) Mohammad Shah Jahan Sani
Raja Man Singh General (Senapati)
1719 - 1748
Mohammad Shah
Faizi Poet
1720 (Oct 12 - Nov 19) Mohammad Ibrahim
Hamim Humam Physician
1748 - 1754
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)
1754 (Jun 3 - Nov 29) Alamgir II
The real name of Jahangir was Salim.
1759 (Dec 11 - Dec 25) Shah Jahan III
Jahangir married Mehr-un-Nisa who assumed
1759 - 1806
Shah Alam II
the title of Nur Jahan (Light of the world)
His son Khurram (Shah Jahan) rebelled

1806 - 1837
Mohammad Akbar Shah II
against him at the end of his reign.
1837 - 1857
Bahadur Shah Zafar
Shah Jahan became emperor in 1627.
Indian History 41
He was married to the daughter of Asaf
Battles Fought Between
Khan named Arjumand Bano Begum, also
known as Mumtaz Mahal.
1st Battle of Panipat (1526) : Babur and
He built the Taj Mahal in Agra and the Jama
Ibrahim Lodhi
Masjid (sand stone) in Delhi.
Battle of Khanwa (1527) : Babur and Rana
Auranzeb (AD 1658-1707)
Sunga.
Aurangzeb was also called as Zinda Pir
Battle of Chausa (1539) :
(the living saint).
Sher Shah Suri
The Mughul conquest reached a climax
and Humayun
during his reign.

2nd Battle of Panipat (1556) : Akbar and Hemu
The second coronation of Aurangzeb took
Battle of Haldighati (1576) : Raja Maan
place when he defeated Dara (1659).
Singh (Mughal army) and Rana Pratap
He forbade inscription of Kalma on the
coins and banned music in the court.
Battle of Samugarh (1658) : Aurangzeb and
He died in 1707 AD.
Dara Shikoh
The Later Mughals
Battle of Khanwa (1659) : Aurangzeb and
brother Shah Shuja
Muazzam ascended the Mughal throne
with the title of Bahadur Shah.
Battle of Karnal (1739) : Nadir Shah and
Farrukhsiyar ascended the throne with
Muhammad Shah(Mughal)
help of Sayyid brothers, Abdullah Khan and
Hussain Khan.
Foreign Travellers
Reign
Nadir Shah raided India in 1738-39 and
1. Marco Polo Pandya kingdom
took away the peacock throne and Kohi-

noor diamond during the reign of Moham-
2. Ibn Batuta
Muhammad bin Tughlaq
mad Shah (1719-48).
3. Nicolo Conti Deva Raya I
The Battle of Buxar (1764) was fought dur-
4. Abdur Razaq Deva Raya II
ing the reign of Shah Alam II.
5. Nikitin
Bahmani kingdom
Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal king.
6. Nuniz
Krishna Deva Raya
Mughal Buildings & Builder
Maratha State (1674-1818)
Humayuns Tomb (Delhi) : Bega Begum
Shivaji was born at Shivner, Poona and died
Buland Darwaza (Fatehpur Sikri) : Akbar
on April 3, 1680 in Rajgarh.
He was founder of the Maratha kingdom of
Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar) : Jahangir
India.
Akbars Tomb (Sikandara, Agra) : Began by
Shahji Bhonsle was the father and Jija Bai
Akbar and finished by Jahangir.

was the mother of Shivaji.
Tomb of Itmad ud daula (Agra) : Nur Jahan
In 1659, Shivaji killed Afzal Khan who
was deputed by Adil Shah to suppress him.
Tomb of Jahangir (Shahdara Bagh, Lahore)
: Shah Jahan
Sikh Gurus
Taj Mahal (Agra) : Shah Jahan
Nanak (1469-1539) founded Sikh religion.
Angad (1538-52) invented Gurmukhi.
Red Fort (Delhi) : Shah Jahan
Amardas (1552-74) struggled against sati
system and purdah system and estab-
Name of the Book- Author
lished 22 Gadiyans to propagate religion.
Tuzk-i-Babari : Babar
Ramdas (1574-81) founded Amritsar in
1577. Akbar granted the land.
Humayun Namah : Gulbadan Begum
Arjun (1581-1606) founded Swarn Mandir
Akbarnama, Ain i Akbari : Abul Fazl
(Golden Temple) and composed Adi Granth.
Tuzk i Jahangiri : Jahangir
Hargobind Singh (1606-45) established
Akal Takht and fortified Amritsar.

Shah Jahan Namah : Inayat Khan
Har Rai (l 645-66)
Padshah Namah (about Shah Jahan):
Harkishan (1661-64)
Abdul Hamid Lahori
Tegh Bahadur (1664-75)
Alamgirnama (about Aurangzeb) : Mirza
Gobind Singh (1675-1708) was the
Muhammad Kazim
last Guru who founded the Khalsa.
After him Sikh guruship ended.
42
Indian History
MODERN HISTORY
ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS IN INDIA
Mir Qasim ( May 8, 1777) was the Nawab
of Bengal from 1760 to 1763.
Portuguese
The Battle of Buxar was fought on 23 Oc-
On 17th May 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portu-
tober 1764 between East India Company
guese navigator, came to Calicut.
led by Hector Munro and the combined
He found new trade route from Europe to
army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal:

Asia via Cape of Good Hope.
the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King
His second visit in 1502 established Por-
Shah Alam II.
tuguese Trading Centres at Calicut, Can-
Rule of the British Governors and
nanore and Cochin.
Governor Generals
Cochin was the first capital of the Portu-
guese in India which was shifted to Goa After the victory of the English in Buxar, later on.
Clive was appointed the governor and
commander-in-chief of the English pos-
Dutch
sessions in Bengal.
Dutch arrived in India as a beginning of Warren Hastings was appointed the Gov-
Portuguese decline in 1605.
ernor of Bengal in 1772.
The Dutch East India company of Neth-
In 1773 the Regulating Act was passed
erlands was formed in 1592 to trade with
which provided for the setting up of a su-
East Indies.
preme court to try all British subjects.
Cornelis Houtman was the first Dutch who Lord Wellesley is considered to be one
came to India.
of the most brilliant Governor Generals of
Bengal.
French
He introduced the Subsidiary Alliance
In AD 1664 French came to India as a last
system to undo with the French influence
European Community.
and bring the Indian states within the pur-
The French East India Company was found-
view of the British power of Jurisdiction.
ed by Jean Baptiste Colbert.
Lord Minto-I (AD 1807-13) was followed
In 1667, the first French Factory was estab-
by Lord Hastings who governed from 1813
lished at Surat.
to 1823.
Danes
Marquess of Hastings (AD 1813-1823)
He was the first to appoint Indians to the
In 1616 the Danes came to India.
highest posts of responsibility. The first
They established at Tranquebar (Tamil
vernacular newspaper Samachar Patri-
Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore (Bengal) in
ka published during his time.

1676.
Lord William Bentinck (AD 1828-35)
Charter Act of 1833 was passed and he was
EAST INDIA COMPANY
made the first Governor General of India;
Company rule in India effectively began in
Abolition of sati in 1829.
1757 after the Battle of Plassey.
Lord Dalhousie (AD 1848-56) Doctrine
Company was granted the diwani, or the
of Lapse, The Second Burmese war, The
right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar
Second Anglo Sikh War, Shimla made the
in 1765.
summer capital, First railway line was
Siraj-ud-Daula was the last independent
laid from Bombay to Thane, in 1853.
Nawab of Bengal who succeeded Alivardi Lord Canning (AD 1856-58) - Annexation
Khan to the throne.
of Avadh, enactment of Hindu Widow Re-
Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur, commonly
marriage Bill, 1857, establishment of uni-
known as Mir Jafar, (c. 1691February 5,
versities at Calcutta, Madras and Bom-
1765) was the first Nawab of Bengal under

bay, revolt of 1857.
Company rule in India.
Following the Queens recommendation in
After Siraj decline Mir Jafar was installed as
1858, transferring the Government from
the Nawab in 1757 by the British East India
the company to the British Crown, Lord Can-
Company.
ning was made the first Viceroy of India.
Indian History 43
Lord Mayo (AD 1869-72) Organised first
5. Wazir Ali
1797-98
Awadh
census which was held in 1871.
Lord Lytton (AD 1876-80) The Delhi
6. Nizam-ul-Mulk
1724-48 Hyderabad
Durbar, January 1, 1877 and the Vernacu-
Asaf Jah
lar Press Act, 1878.
7. Nasir Jung
1748-50 Hyderabad
Lord Ripon (AD 1880-84) First Factory
8. Muzaffar Jung
1750-51 Hyderabad
Act of 1881. Local Self-Government was
introduced in 1882. Repeat of Vernacular
9. Salabat Jung
1751-60 Hyderabad
Press act.
10. Nizam Ali
1760- Hyderabad
Lord Curzon (AD 1899-1905) - Famine
1803
Commission, Agriculture Research Institute
11. Sikandar Jah
1803-29 Hyderabad
at Pusa, Partition of Bengal in 1905.
Lord Minto II (AD 1905-10) Minto-Mor-
12. Nasir-ud-daulah 1829-57 Hyderabad
ley Reforms in 1909. Swadeshi movement
13. Afjal-ud-daulah
1857-69 Hyderabad
(1905-08), foundation of Muslim League
14. Mahabat Ali
1869- Hyderabad
(1906), Surat session and split in the con-
Khan
1911
gress (1907).
15. Osman Ali Khan
1911-49 Hyderabad
Capital of country was announced to be
shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
16. Hyder Ali
1761-82 Mysore
Lord Chelmsford (1916-21) Government
of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford
17. Tipu Sultan
1782-99 Mysore
Reforms), enactment of Rowlatt Act (1919),
18. Ranjit Singh
1792-1839 Punjab
Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919), begin-
ning of the Non-co-operation Movement.
Some important Nawabs of
Lord Irwin (AD 1926-31) Appointment Bengal (1717-1772)
of Simon commission in 1928. Gandhi-
Irwin Pact in 1931; First Around Table Con-
Nawabs
Period
ference (1930).
1. Murshid Quli Khan
1717-27
Lord Willington (AD 1931-36) The Sec-
2. Suf-ud-din
1727-39
ond Round Table Conference 1931, The
3. Sarfraz Khan
1739-40
communal award, 1932, the Poona pact,
Third Round Table Conference, 1932.
4. Alivardi Khan
1740-56
Lord Wavell (AD 1944-47)- Wavell Plan
5. Siraj-ud-daulah
1756-57
and Shimla Conference, Cabinet Mission
6. Mir Jafar
1757-60
(Lawrence, Cripps and Alexander), Direct
Action Day on August 16, 1946, Attlees
7. Mir Qasim
1760-63
Declaration,
8. Mir Jafar
1763-65
Lord Mountbatten, (March 1947-June
9. Najm-ud daulah
1765-72
1948) Last Viceroy of British India and
first-Governor general of free India. Par-
THE REVOLT OF 1857
tition of India in third week of June, 1947;
Indian Independence Act, Partition of the Political Causes: The policy of Doctrine of
country between two independent states of
Lapse.
Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was
India and Pakistan. He was succeeded by
C. Rajagopalachari.
the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao I.
Military Discrimination: Discrimination
Some Important rulers in India
between the Indian and the British soldiers.
(1720-1949)
Religious Discrimination: The introduc-
tion of Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which
Ruler
Period
Place
was greased with animal fat, provided the
1. Sadat Khan
1722-39
Awadh
spark.
Burhan-ul-Mulk
On March 29, 1857, a soldier named Man-
gal Pandey attacked and fired at his senior
2. Safdar Jung
1739-54
Awadh
at Barrackpur in Bengal (in 19th and 34th
3. Shuja-ud-daulah 1754-75
Awadh
Native infantry).
4. Asaf-ud-daulah
1775-97
Awadh
Mutiny spread throughout UP along with
some other parts of the country.
44
Indian History
Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II was Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of
proclaimed the Emperor of India.
the Young Bengal Movement.
Causes of Failure of the Revolt: Lack of The Arya Samaj was founded by planning,
organization and leadership.
Swami Dayanand Saraswati at Bombay in
Some Indians supported the British in sup-

1875.
pressing the revolt as Scindia of Gwalior, The original name of Swami Vivekananda the
Holkar of Indore, the Nizam of Hy-was Narendranath Dutta (1863-1902).
derabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, the Nawab He was famous disciple of Shri Ramkrish-
of Bhopal, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh
na Paramahamsa.
and Kashmir and the Rana of Nepal.
Swami Vivekananda participated at the
Parliament of Religions held in Chicago
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
(USA) on September 11,1893 and raised the
REFORMS
prestige of India and Hinduism very high.
Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brah-
The Theosophical Society was founded
mo Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to
in New York (USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P.
Blavatsky,
purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism.
a Russian lady, and Henry Steel
Olcott,
He established the Atmiya Sabha in 1815.
an American colonel.
Raja Rammohan Roy is most remembered The Aligarh Movement was started by
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
for helping Lord William Bentinck to de-
(1817-98) for the social
clare the practice of Sati a punishable of-
and educational advancement of the Mus-
fence in 1829.
lims in India.
SOME IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION
Name of the Organization
Founder
Year Place
Atmiya Sabha
Ram Mohan Roy
1815 Calcutta
Brahmo Samaj
Ram Mohan Roy
1828 Calcutta
Dharma Sabha
Radhakanta Dev
1829 Calcutta
Tattvabodhini Sabha
Debendranath Tagore
1839 Calcutta
Nirankaris
Dayal Das, Darbara Singh, Rat- 1840 Punjab
tan Chand etc.

Manav Dharma Sabha
Durgaram Manchharam
1844 Surat
Parmahansa Mandali
Dadoba Panderung
1849 Bombay
Namdharis
Ram Singh
1857 Punjab
Radha Swami Satsang
Tulsi Ram
1861 Agra
Brahom Samaj of India
Keshab Chandra Sen
1866 Calcutta
Dar-ul-Ulum
Maulana Hussain Ahmed
1866 Deoband
Prarthna Samaj
Dr. Atmaram Pandurung
1867 Bombay
Arya Samaj
Swami Dayanand Saraswati
1875 Bombay
Theosophical Society
Madame HP Blavastky and Col 1875 New York (USA)
H. S. Olcott
Sudharam Brahmo Samaj
Anand Mohan Bose
1878 Calcutta
Deccan Education Society
G. G. Agarkar
1884 Pune (Poona)
Muhammadan Educational Con- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
1886 Aligarh
ference
Indian National Conference
M. G. Ranade
1887 Bombay
Deva Samaj
Shivnarayan Agnihotri
1887 Lahore
Nadwah-ul-Ulma
Maulana Shibli Numani
1894 Lucknow
Ramakrishna Mission
Swami Vivekanand
1897 Belur
Servants of Indian Society
Gopalakrishan Gokhale
1905 Bombay
Indian History 45
Poona Seva Sadan
Mrs Ramabai Ranade and G.K. 1909 Pune (Poona)
Devadhar
Social Service League
N. M. Joshi
1911 Bombay
Seva Samiti
H. N. Kunzru
1914 Allahabad
THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE
On February 5, 1922, in the Chauri Chaura
The Indian National Congress was found-
the police chowki was set on fire by the
ed on 28 December 1885 by Allan Octavian
mob, killing 22 of the police occupants.
Hume.
The Lahore protest was led by Indian na-
Womesh Chandra (W.C.) Bonnerjee was
tionalist Lala Lajpat Rai, was severely beat-
the first President of the INC.
en by local police. He died on November 17,
The first session of the INC was held from
1928.
2831 December 1885, and was attend-
First Round Table Conference
ed by 72 delegates.
(November 1930 January 1931).
Bengal was reunited in 1911.
Second Round Table Conference
Surat Split is mainly known for separation
(Sep-
of Congress partymen into moderates and
tember December 1931)
extremists at the Surat session of Congress
Third Round Table Conference (No-
in 26 December 1907.
vember December 1932)
The All-India Muslim League was found-
ed on 30 December 1906.
The name Pakistan had been proposed
The founding president of Ghadar Party
by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan
was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal
Declaration.
was the co-founder of this party.
In 1940 at the Lahore Session of the Mus-
In 1916, two Home Rule Movements were

lim League, the demand for a separate
launched in the country: one under the lead-
state of Pakistan was made.
ership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the other It was based on the two-nation theory.
under Annie Besant.
Gandhiji gave the slogan Do or Die.
August Declaration (1917)
The Indian National Army was an armed
The British aimed at increasing associa-
force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942
tion of Indians in every branch of the ad-
in Southeast Asia during World War II.
ministration for progressive realisation of Cabinet Mission was composed of three

responsible government in India as an inte-Cabinet Ministers of England: Sir Pethick
gral part of the British empire.
Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and Alexander.
Summary of Freedom Movement
S. No.
Event
Year
Significance
1.
Sepoy Mutiny
1857 First War of Independence due to dissatisfaction of
the Indian soldiers

2.
Indian National Congress 1880 Initiated by A. O. Hume; first president, W. C.

Bannerjee 3.
Swadeshi Movement
1905 Boycott of foreign goods
4.
Home Rule Movement
1916 Led by Dr (Mrs) Annie Besant
5.
Lucknow Pact
1916 Hindu-Muslim unity which weakened the British
6.
Khilafat Movement
1920 Mohd Ali and Shaukat Ali led the movement for resto-
ration of Khilafat, alienating Muslims from the British
7.
Chauri-Chaura incident 1922 Mob clashed with police, killing 22 policemen.
Gandhiji called off the civil disobedience movement.
8.
Non-cooperation Move- 1920- With Gandhiji's support of the Khilafat movement,

Hindus
ment
1922 and Muslims launched the non-cooperation movement
9.
Swaraj party
1922 Ghandhiji's decision to call off the civil disobedience
movement, led to the formation of the Swaraj party
Initiated by Motilal Nehru.
46
Indian History
10. Dandi March
1930 Gandhiji launched the movement to break the salt law
11. Civil Disobedience
1930 Non-violent non-cooperation movement led by Gandhiji
12. Quit India Movement
1942 Led by Gandhiji; asking the British to leave India
13. Direct Action Campaign 1946 Launched by Muslim league, resulted in heavy riots.
Newspapers and Journals
Newspaper/Journal Name
Founder
Bengal Gazette (1780) (Indias First Newspaper)
James Augustus Hickey.
Kesari
B.G.Tilak
Amrita Bazar Patrika
Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
Hindu
Vir Raghavacharya and G.S. Aiyar
Hindustan
M.M. Malviya
Mooknayak
B.R. Ambedkar
Comrade
Mohammad Ali
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Al-Hilal
Abul Kalam Azad
Independent
Motilal Nehru
Punjabi
Lala Lajpat Rai
New India (Daily)
Annie Besant
Pratap
Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
Young India
M.K Ghandhi
Hindustan Times
K.M. Pannikar
World History
WORLD HISTORY
Ancient
Medieval
Modern
Mesopotamian Civilization
Europian Civilization
Renaissance
(5000-900 BC)
African Civilization
Reformation
Egyption Civilization
Arab Civilization
Glorious Revolution
(500-30 BC)
Chinese Civilization
Industrial Revolution
Greek Civilization
American Revolution
(776-388 BC)
French Revolution
Roman Civilization (753 BC-476 AD)
Russian Revolution
WORLD ANCIENT HISTORY
Mesopotamian Civilization
Time Period
Events
5000-3500 BC The first city built by Sumerian people in southern Mesopotamia.
3500 BC
Writing started with pictogram based script and took about a thousand year to
be evolved in full cuneiform script.
2300 BC
The first akkadian ruler Sargon started to conquer Sumerian cities
2112-2095 BC The central city of Ur was built by Ur-Nammu and called as the third
dynasty of Mesopotamian.
1792-49 BC
Development of Babylonian civilization by king Hammurabi along Euphrates
River.
1530 BC
Kassite came into being in Hammurabis rule in 1750 BC and categorized into
minorities of Mesopotamia.
1500 BC
Northern Mesopotamia is conquered by an Indo-European ruler called Mittani.
He has also conquered Syria and Asia Minor.
1200 - 900 BC
Assyria started to lose its importance due to political instability engulfing Anatolia,
Syria, and the Levant coast.
Egyptian Civilization
Time Period
Events
5000 BC
Farming started along the bank of Nile River.
3500-3000 BC Starting of Pre dynastic period which was characterized by permanent

settlement.
2650 BC
Old kingdom began to flourish which was known to be the era of dynamic
development of Egyptian art.
1539 BC
With the expulsion of the Hyksos and reunification of Egypt, it became the
leading power in the Middle East.
48
World History
1344-1328 BC The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the
religious reforms of pharaoh Akhenaton.
525 BC
Persians started ruling the Egypt.
332 BC
Alexander the great conquered Egypt.
305 BC
A greek-speaking dynasty was established by one of the generals of Alexander
the Great.
30 BC
The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied Egypt.
Greek Civilization
Time Period
Events
776 BC
The first official date of Olympic Games
750BC
Greek started planting colonies on the Mediterranean coast
490-479
Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against invasion from
the huge Persian Empire
399
Socrates, the famous philosopher of Athens was sentenced to death as he
was questioning conventional ideas
338
The Greek city-states were defeated by King Phillip II of Macedon
Roman Civilization
Time Period
Events
753 BC
Rome was founded
509BC
Roman republic was built
390BC
Rome was sacked by the Gauls
117AD
Roman Empire became the largest empire of its time
312AD
Constantine the Great got converted to Christianity
410AD
Goths sacked Roman Empire
476AD
The last Roman emperor was thrown out by German Tribes
WORLD MEDIEVAL HISTORY

Medieval Europe Civilization
Time Period
Events
500-600AD
A monastery was built in Italy.
Christianity was introduced in England.
The foundation stone of Roman Catholic Church was laid by Gregory the Great.
650-700AD History of the English Church and People was written by Bede
800AD
Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.
850-900AD First Russian states founded at Kiev and Novgorod
1150-1200 AD Construction of the cathedral of Nutre Dame
1200-1250 AD
St Francis of Assisi sets up a monastic order, emphasizing austerity and compassion
Rebellion against the king by the Lords of England as he signed the Magna
Carta, accepting to rule according to law.
1250-1300 AD Establishment of the Habsburg dynasty that continued to rule Austria

till 1918
World History 49
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Prophet Muhammad died on Mon-
day, 8th June, 623 AD and was buried at
Time
Events
Medhina.
Period
Eid-milad-un-Nabi is celebrated as his birth-
830AD
Ghana Empire was created
day of the prophet.
1050-
Expansion of Almoravid Christianity
1100AD
kingdom from Ghana to It was founded by Jesus Christ (i.e. Mer-
southern Spain
riah).
1100-
Emergence of Zimbabwe as He was born on 25th December to Mother
1150AD
a centre for producing gold
Mary (Marium) in Bethlehem (Nr. Je-
and copper artifacts and long
rusalam)
distance trade.
Bible is the holy book of Christians.

1200-1250
Christian churches
His crucifixion (hanging) on cross was hap-
AD
established in Ethiopia
pened in about AD 33.
Kingdom of Mali was Zoroastrianism (Parsi)
established in West Africa,
with Timbuktu as a centre of
Prophet Zoroaster founded the Parsi reli-
learning
gion.
The holy book of Parsi is Avesta.
ARAB CIVILIZATION
Parsis believe in one God-Ahur.
Time Period
Events
Medieval China
571AD
The great Prophet of
From the early 7th century, China was ruled
Islam, was born in Mecca
by the Tang dynasty.

With the rise of new The rule of Tang dynasty (618 AD 906
religion Islam, the Arab
AD) was followed by the Sung dynasty for
civilization started about 300 years.
expanding its realm
After this, for about 100 years China was
632AD
After the death of Mohammad
ruled by the Mongols.
his successors continued to In 1644, China was conquered by the Man-
spread his teachings and were
chus who continued to rule until 1911 AD.
known as Caliphs or Khalifas
WORLD MODERN HISTORY
13th Century The Islamic Empire came
AD
to an end with the defeat of
Renaissance
Abbasids by Seljuq Turks
The European era between 14th to 17th cen-
Islam in Arab Civilization
turies AD was designated as the Age of Re-
Hazrat Prophet Muhammad Saheb founded naissance generally known for Revival
of the Islam as a religion.
Learning. The Florence city of Italian region
He was born on Monday, April 22nd, 571 A.D. Tuscany was well known as the birth
place (12th Rabi Al Awwal) in Mecca.
of Renaissance.
His father was Abdulsah & mother was Am- Reformation : It was a social movement,
inah.
started by Martin Luther in Wittenburg, Ger-
His grand father was Abdul Mul ahib.
many in 1517 by publically protesting against
His mother died when he was 6 year and the sale of letters of Indulgence (as passport
grandfather died 2 years later.
to heaven).
Hijri Era started on 24th September 622 when It was against Roman Catholic
Church.
he migrated to Medina.
As a result Western Europe was divided
He attained enlightment, i.e. the first revela-
between Catholic & Protestant countries.
tion came to him on Monday, August 10th, Other leader was Caloin of Switzerland.
So 610 AD (21st of Ramadan) at 40 years of age
the movement was a challenge to the au-
at Gaare-Hira (Hira cave).
thority of Pope.
50
World History
Glorious Revolution : It was glorious because American Revolution : It was the
mutiny of of Bloodless Revolution focussed on securing people leaving in 13 colonies
of England in freedom of worship from Catholics and uni-North America in late 18th
century.
French Revolution :
fying whigs and Tories of Anglican church It put an end to French monarchy.
against the Roman Catholic ruler James-II.
It started in 1789 and ended in 1799.
Industrial Revolution : It was the process of It was carried out by Napoleon in later
exchange in earning livelihood by adopting in-
pansion of French Empire.
Russian Revolution :
dustrial processes rather than agriculture in It was based on the Marxism ideology.
18th century in Britain.
It took place in 1917.
World Wars- I & II and other Wars
War
Countries
Duration
Causes
Consequences
Germany, Austria- 28-07-1914 to 1. Murder of
1. End of German,
Hungary, Bulgaria, 11-11-1918
Austrian King A.
Russian, Ottoman, etc.
Turkey (i.e Central
Ferdin and
empires
powers) Vs. France,
2. Militarism ...
2. Formation of
Russia, Britain, US,
league of Nation
Italy (i.e. Allies or
Entente Powers)
II
Britain, France,
01-09-1939 to 1. Conflict between 1. Collapse of Nazi
USSR, US, (i.e. Allies 02-09-1945
German & Poland
Germany
or Entente Powers)
2. Treaty of
2. Fall of Japanese &
vs. Germany, Italy &
Versailles (1919)
Italian Empires
Japan (i.e. Axis or
Central Powers)
Trojan War City of Troy Vs. City 10 years
Kidnapping of Queen Victory of Greek &
of Sparta
Helen
destruction of Troy
Persian
Greek vs. Persia
499 BC to 449 Darius I of Persia
Victory of Greek over
War
BC
attacked Athens
Persia
Hundred
France vs. England 1453 B.C. to
King Edward III &
Victory of France over
Years War
1337 B.C.
England invaded
England
France
Russo-
Russia vs. Japan
1904 to 1905 For imperial

Japanese won the war
Japanese
AD
authority over
War
Manchuria & Korea
Vietnam
Vietnam with Soviet 1955 to 1975
To check spread of Victory of North
War
union vs. China
communism all over Vietnam
South-Asia
American forces
backed out from
China
Iraq-Iran
Iran vs. Iraq
1980 to 1988 Border disputes
Iranian invasion
War
AD
between them
failed
Polity
THE PREAMBLE
The Constitution, in its current form,
consists of a Preamble, 24 Parts
The Preamble to Indian Constitution is
containing 448 articles, 12 schedules.
based on Objective Resolution of It makes India Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,

Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru introduced an
Democratic Republic.
objective resolution on December 13, India is a union of 29 States and 7 Union

Territories.
1946 and it was adopted by Constituent
Assembly on 22 January, 1947.
It abolishes untouchability in India.
It guarantees Fundamental Rights to all
Initially, the Preamble was drafted by Sh.
citizens of India.
B. N. Rau in his memorandum of May 30, It lays down Directive Principles of State
1947 and was later reproduced in the Draft
Policy for the guidance of Legislature and
of October 7, 1947.
the Executive of the country.
THE PREAMBLE READS
It establishes independence of judiciary
from the executive.
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having
MUST KNOW ARTICLES OF

solemnly resolved to constitute India
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR,
DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to
Article
Importance
all its citizen:
Specify the Fundamental
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
Article 12 35 Rights available
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief,
Article 36-50
Specify the Directive Prin-
faith and worship;
ciples of State Policy
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
Article 51A
Specifies the Fundamental
and to promote among them all
Duties of every citizen
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the
Article 80
Specifies the number of
seats for the Rajya Sabha
individual and the unity and integrity of the

Article 81
Specifies the number of
nation:
seats for the Lok Sabha
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this 26th
Article 343
Hindi as official language
day of November 1949, do hereby ADOPT,
Article 356
Imposition of Presidents
Rule in states
ENACT and GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS
Article 370
Special status to Kashmir
CONSTITUTION.
Article 395
Repeals India Indepen-
dence Act and Govern-
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ment of India Act, 1935
Originally our Constitution contained THE UNION & ITS TERRITORY
395 Articles divided in 22 Parts and 8 Article 1 stipulates that India, that is
Schedules.
Bharat, shall be Union of states.
52 Polity
The country is described as Union because it is indestructible.
Under Articles 2 & 3, Parliament has the power to establish new States, form a new
State.
First Linguistic State Andhra Pradesh.
States Reorganisation Act 1956 was adopted by the Govt. of India that resulted in
the formation of new states & UTs.
FUNDAMENTAL
Indian
Citizenship
Single
3 Categories Citizenship Act (1955) Provides for
Dual Citizenship
Citizenship
entitled to
acquisition & loss of Citizenship
for PIOs
citizenship
after commencement of the
Constitution.
Person
Refugees who migrated to
Indians living in other
domiciled
India from Pakistan
Countries.
in India
Acquisition of Citizenship
By Birth
By Descent
By Registration
By Naturalisation By Incorporation of
Territory
Loss of Citizenship
By Renunciation
By Termination
By Deprivation
Fundamental Rights
Part-III of the Constitution
Article (12-35)
Justiciable in nature (i.e. they are legally enforceable by the court of law).
It promotes political democracy.
Not absolute in nature & have some restrictions.
Parliament can amend them but not those provisions that form the basic
structure of the Constitution.
Suspended during National Emergency (Except Article 20 & 21).
Polity 53
t. 15,
pus
us
ranto
y to citizens
ticles
32
ar
emediesR
Ar
tiorari
oreigners- Ar
16, 19, 29, 30
Right to Constitutional
Includes writs:
(1) Habeas Cor
(2) Mandam
(3) Prohibition
(4) Cer
(5) Quow
vailable onl
FRs a
& Not to F
minorities
ency
ticles
tural and
Ar
29-30
t. 20 & 21
Cur
Protection of
interests of
minorities
Right of
to establish
& administer
educational
institutions
Educational Rights
pt Ar
(29)
(30)
Can be Suspended
during Emerg
exce
.
any
yment of
tain
religion.
uction
conscience &
reedom of
ticles
eligion
25-28
Ar
e religious affairs
orship in cer
rance
es for promotion of
ed from
Right to F
reedom of
reedom from pa
reedom from attending
F
free profession, practice &
propagation of
Manag
tax
religion.
religious instr
or w
educational institutions
ro
(25)
(26 )
(27)
(28)
Bor
USA & F
Fundamental Rights
traffic
.
ticles
yment of
Ar
23-24
ticle
Prohibition of
in human beings &
forced labour
Prohibition of
emplo
children in factories
etc
Right Against Exploitation
(23)
(24)
t III (Ar
12 to 35)
rest
arP
tain
esidence
life &
ty
reedom
reedom of
xpression,
ticles
y, Association,
Ar
19-22
vement, R
viction for offences
Right to F
6 Rights: F
speech & e
Assembl
Mo
& Profession.
Protection in respect of
con
Protection of
personal liber
Protection against ar
& detention in cer
cases
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
ta
yment
India
titles
religion,
of
Magna Car
ticles
x etc
tunity in
Ar
14-18
, se
la
Right to Equality
Equality before La
& Equal protection
of
Prohibition of
discrimination on
grounds of
race
Equality of
oppor
public emplo
Abolition of
untouchability
Abolition of
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
54 Polity
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF
states, the Chairman and the members of the
STATE POLICY
Finance Commissions, etc.
The Legislative Powers
PART IV ARTICLE (36 51):
The President can summon or end a session
These Principles are in the nature of
of the Parliament and dissolve the Lok
instruments of instruction and guidelines
Sabha.
to the govt.
National Emergency:
Directives are not enforceable in the Courts

and do not create any justiciable rights in National emergency is caused by war,
favour of the individuals.
external aggression or armed rebellion
In case of a conflict between Directive
in the whole of India or a part of its territory.
Principles and Fundamental Rights of the President can declare national

emergency Constitution, the latter shall prevail.
only on a written request by the Cabinet
Ministers headed by the Prime Minister and
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
the proclamation must be approved by the
Parliament within one month.
Part IV-AArticle 51-A, added by 42nd
Amendment, 1976
State Emergency or Presidents Rule
It says that it shall be the duty of every citizen
of India (there are eleven such duties, after A State Emergency can be imposed via
the the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002):
following:
1. If that State failed to run Constitutionally,
THE UNION (ARTICLE 51-151)
i.e. constitutional machinery has failed -
Article 356
The President of India
2. If that State is not working according to the
Article 52 says that There shall be a

given direction of the Union Government
President of India.
Article 365
Article 53 says that the executive power of 3. Such an emergency must be approved
the Union shall be vested in the President.
by the Parliament within a period of two
Election :
months.
The Electoral College consists of:
Veto Powers
(a) elected members of both Houses of The President of India is vested with three
Parliament, and
absolute veto, suspensive veto and pocket veto.
(b) elected members of Legislative Assembly
In 1986, President Zail Singh exercised
of States.
the pocket veto with respect to the Indian
Article 57: The President is eligible
for re-Election to that office
Post Office (Amendment) Bill.
Tenure (Article 56):
THE VICE-PRESIDENT (ART. 66-73)

The President shall hold office for a term Article 63 says that there should be a
Vice-of 5 years. The President can resign from
President of India.
his office any time by addressing the The Vice-President shall be the ex-officio
resignation letter to the Vice-President
Chairman of Rajya Sabha (Article 64).
of India.
The Vice-President can be removed from
Executive Powers - Article 53
office by a resolution of the Council of
States (Rajya Sabha), passed by a majority
All executive powers of the Union are
of its members at that time and agreed to
vested in him.
by the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
President appoints the Prime Minister and
(Article 67)
other ministers; and they hold office during Council of Ministers
his pleasure.
Art 74 (1): It provides that, There shall
He appoints the Attorney General of India,
be a Council of Ministers with the Prime
Comptroller and Auditor General of India,
Minister as its head to aid and advise the
the Chief Election Commissioner and other

President who shall in exercise of his/
Election Commissioners, the Chairman and
her functions act in accordance with such
Members of the UPSC, the Governors of the
advice.
Polity 55
If the Lok Sabha passes a no-confidence
2 nominated from the Anglo-Indian
motion, the entire Council of Ministers
community.
including PM has to resign.
Under the current laws, the strength of
Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats
THE PRIME MINISTER
reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian
Prime Minister is the real executive authority.
community.
Art 75 (1) : The Prime Minister shall be BILLS
appointed by the President and other The bill can broadly be categorised as:
Ministers shall be appointed by the (a) Ordinary bills
President on the advice of the Prime (b) Money bills
Minister.
Ordinary Bills
He allocates & reshuffles various portfolios All the Bills other than Financial Bills among
the Ministers.
Money Bills and the Constitutional
Prime Minister is the key link between the
Amendment Bills are Ordinary Bills.
Cabinet and the Parliament and keystone of Such Bills can be introduced in either
Cabinet architecture.
House of the Parliament (in Lok
Sabha or the Rajya Sabha) without the
UNION LEGISLATURE
recommendation of the President,
Part V of the Constitution deals with
except those Bills under Article 3 (i.e., Bills
Parliament. According to Article 79, there
related to reorganisation of the territory of
shall be a Parliament for the Union, which
a State).
Money Bills
shall consists of:
President of India.
Money Bill is defined in Art. 110 of the
Two houses consists of Council of States
Constitution.
As per the Article, any Bill dealing with all
(Rajya Sabha or Upper House) and Lok
or any of the matters enumerated from (a)
Sabha or Lower House.

to (g) of the same Article shall be a Money
Bill.
RAJYA SABHA (COUNCIL OF
Money Bills are: imposition, abolition,
STATES)
remission, alteration or regulation of any
tax.
Its first sitting was held on April 3, 1952.
Financial Bills
Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the A Financial Bill cannot be introduced
maximum strength
without the Presidents recommendation,
of Rajya Sabha as 250,
and it can only be introduced in the Lok
out of which 12 members are nominated by
Sabha.
the President, 238 are representatives of
Constitutional Amendment Bills
the States and of the two Union Territories.
Art. 368 deals with the power of the
The present strength of Rajya Sabha,
Parliament to amend the Constitution,
however, is 245, out of which 233 are
and the procedure thereof.
representatives of the States and Union

A Bill for this can be introduced in either
Territories of Delhi and Puducherry and 12
House (the Lok Sabha or the Rajya
are nominated by the President.
Sabha) of the Parliament.
The Rajya Sabha is not subject to
dissolution. The members of the Rajya SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA
Sabha are elected for 6 years. One-third After formation of a new Lok Sabha the of the
members retire every two years.
President appoints a Speaker pro-tem
who is the senior most member of the
LOK SABHA (PEOPLES HOUSE)
House.
A Deputy Speaker is also elected to officiate
Its first sitting took place on May 13, 1952
in the absence of the Speaker.
All the members of the Parliament are The Speaker is the Chief Presiding popularly
elected, except not more than two
Officer of the Lok Sabha.
members of the Anglo-Indian community, The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are
nominated by the President.
may be removed from their offices by a
In the Constitution, the strength of the
resolution passed by the House with an
Lok Sabha was provisioned to be not
effective majority of the House after a

more than 552 : 530 from the States,
prior notice of 14 days to them.
20 from the Union Territories and

56 Polity
Meira Kumar is the first woman Speaker of
M A Ayangar was the first Deputy Speaker
the Lok Sabha (2009-2014)
(1952-1956)
GMC Balyogi is the first speaker to die in
GV Mavlankar was the first Speaker of the
the office (1998-2002)
Lok Sabha (1952-1956)
Dr Balram Jakhar was the longest serving
Sumitra Mahajan is the present Speaker of
Speaker (1980-1989)
16th Lok Sabha since June, 2014.
Polity 57
THE SUPREME COURT
THE STATES (ARTICLE 152-237)
The Supreme Court of India is the highest The Governor (Article 153-162)
judicial forum and final court of appeal The Governor of a State is appointed by under
the Constitution of India with the
the President of India (Article 155).
power of constitutional review.
The same Governor can act as Governor of
It comprises the Chief Justice of India
and 30 other judges.
more than one State (Article 153-162).

Tenure and Qualification and Salary
Legislative Assembly (Vidhan
Judges of Supreme Court are appointed by Sabha)
the President of India, and service till the It is the lower and popular house of the age of
65 years.
State. Members are chosen by direct
Impeachment
election
A judge of the Supreme Court can be According to Article 172, duration of removed
under the Constitution only
Assembly is normally 5 years. But it may
on grounds of proven misconduct or
be dissolved earlier by the Governor.
incapacity and by an order of the President
of India, after a notice signed by at least 100 Legislative Council (Article 169) members
of the Lok Sabha or 50 members It is the upper house.
of the Rajya Sabha is passed by a two-third Parliament may by law create or abolish
majority in each House of the Parliament.
Legislative Council.
The first woman judge of the Supreme
It can be created, if the Legislative Assembly
Court was Justice Fatima Beebi in 1987.
of the State passes a resolution to the effect
The second woman justice was Gyan
by special majority.
Sudha Mishra in 2010

High Courts (Article 214-232)
The first Chief Justice of India was
There shall be a High Court for each State
HJ Kania (1950-50)
Article-214.
The shortest tenure so far is of
The Judiciary in the states consist of a High
KN Singh (Nov.25-1991-Dec. 12, 1991.
Court and subordinate courts.
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
There are 24 High Courts in India
(Article 148-151)
The Calcutta High Court is the
CAG is appointed by the President of
oldest of all which was established in
India under Article 148 of the Constitution
1862. The Bombay and Madras High
and shall only be removed from the office in
Courts were established in the same
the like manner as a Judge of the Supreme
year.
Court.
The first CAG of India was V Narahari Rao
Chhatisgarh, Uttarakhand (Nainital) and
Jharkhand (Ranchi) High Courts were

Attorney General of India
established in the year 2000.
According to Article 76 the Attorney
The Panchayati Raj (Article 243-O)
General of India is the Governments chief
Rajasthan is the first state in India, where
legal advisor, and its primary lawyer in
Panchayati Raj was implemented in the 73rd
the Supreme Court of India.
Amendment Act, 1992.
The First Attorney General was
It gave Constitutional status to Panchayati
M.C. Setalvad.
Raj system.
Mukul Rohatgi is the incumbent Attorney
After Amendment Panchayati Raj added to
General of India.
the 11th Schedule of the Constitution
58 Polity
The Three Tire System of Local vested in the Election Commission.
Governance
Article 325 provides for a single electoral roll
Gram Panchayat at Village Level
for every constituency.
Panchayat Samiti at Block Level

Article 326 stipulates that elections shall be
Zila Parishad at District Level
held on the basis of adult suffrage.
The Municipalities (Article 243P-243 Political Parties
ZG)
As per the provisions of the Peoples Rep-
PART IX A added by 74th Amendment
resentation Act, 1951 political parties are
Act 1992, gives a constitutional foundation
registered with the Election Commission of
to the local self government units in urban
India.
area.
The Anti-defection law, passed in 1985, pre-
Nagar Panchayat, is for an area being
transformed from a rural area to an urban.
vents the MPs or the MLAs elected as candidates
Municipal Council is for a smaller urban
from one party forming or joining a new party,
area.
unless they comprise more than one-third of
Municipal Corporation is for a larger
the original party, in the Legislature.
urban area. The Municipal Corporation is Recognition and Reservation of
the topmost urban local government.

Symbols
ELECTION COMMISSION
A party registered with the Election
(ARTICLE 324-329)
Commission may be granted recognition as
Article 324 says that the superintendence,
a National or a State party on the basis of its
direction and control of elections shall be
performance in polls.
National Parties
S.
Name
Symbol
Year of Foun-
Current
Current
No.
dation
leader(s)
Lok Sabha
Seats
1. Bharatiya Janata
Lotus
1980
Amit Shah
282 / 543
Party
2. Indian National
Hand
1885
Sonia Gan-
44 / 543
Congress
dhi
3. Communist Party of Hammer, Sickle and Star
1964
Sitaram
9 / 543
India (Marxist)
Yechury
4. Communist Party of Ears of Corn and Sickle
1925
Suravaram 1 / 543
India
Sudhakar
Reddy
5. Bahujan Samaj Party Elephant (In all
1984
Mayawati
0 / 543
States/U.T.s except in the
State of Assam, where its
candidates will have to
choose a symbol.
6. Nationalist Congress Clock
1999
Sharad
Party
Pawar
7. All India Trunamue Jora Ghas Phul
1998
Mamta
32/545
Congress
Banerjee
Polity 59
IMPORTANT PARLIAMENTARY UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COM-
TERMS
MISSION
Calling Attention: Moved to call the The Union Public Service Commission attention
of a Minister to matters of public
consists of a Chairman and other
importance.
members appointed by the President and
Interim Government: This Government is

they hold office for a period of 6 years
formed during the transitional phase of the
from the date of their appointment.
history of the country.
It conducts examinations for appointment
Ordinance: An ordinance is a law
to the Services of the Union.
promulgated by the head of the State in a Age of retirement for a member of UPSC
situation of urgency when the Legislature
cannot frame the law because either it is
is 65 years and for a member of PSC of a
not in session or it is dissolved.
State or a Joint Commission is 62 years.
Question Hour: The first one hour period NITI AAYOG
(usually 11: 00 a. m. to 12: 00 a. m.) each
day during the meetings of the Parliament NITI Aayog or National Institution for is
allotted for asking the questions by the
Transforming India Aayog is a policy
members to be replied by the Ministers, is
think-tank of Government of India that
called the Question Hour.
replaces Planning Commission and aims
Quorum: It refers to the required presence
to involve the States in economic policy-
of the minimum member of members of a

making in India.
body to hold its meetings and conduct its It will be providing strategic and technical
business.
advice to the Central and the State
Whip: This is an official appointed by a
Governments. The Prime Minister heads
the Aayog as its chairperson.
political party to regulate and monitor the
behaviour of its members in the Legislature. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Zero Hour: It is a period which follows COUNCIL (NDC)
after the Question Hour when the members The National Development Council was raise
any issue of public importance on
formed in 1952, to associate the States in
very short or even without any notice.
the formulation of the plans.
All members of the Union Cabinet, Chief
Adjournment
To draw attention of
Minister of States, the Administrators of
motion
Parliament to a matter of
the Union Territories and members of NITI
urgent public importance.
Ayog are members of the NDC.

Motion needs the support
of 50 members for admission.
FINANCE COMMISSION
Rajya Sabha cannot move
As per Article 280 of the Constitution
this motion.
of India the Finance Commission is
No Confidence
Moved to prove the
established.
Motion
confidence of Lok Sabha in
It is a quasi-judicial body.
the Council of Ministers.
It consists of a chairman and four other
If No Confidence Motion
members.
is passed, Council of
Ministers has to resign.
LOKPAL
No Confidence Motion needs
In India, the institution of Ombudsman

the support of 50 members
(Swedish word meaning Commissioner) has
to be admitted.
given the name of Lokpal & use it as an anti-
Can be moved only in Lok
corruption institution.
Sabha.
60 Polity
LOKAYUKTA
Important Amendments
The first Amendment Act to the Indian
The anti-corruption institution of Lokayukta
Constitution was made in the year 1951.
is set up at the state level. He is appointed by
Ninth Schedule was added.
the Governor of the State. In most of the States, The Constitution (24th Amendment)
the term of office fixed for Lokayukta is of 5
Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of the
years duration or 65 years of age, whichever
Parliament to amend any part of the
is earlier.
Constitution.
ADVOCATE GENERAL
The Constitution (39th Amendment)

Act, 1975: The Act places beyond challenge
Each State shall have an Advocate General.
in courts the election to Parliament of a
He has the right to address & take part in
person holding the office of Prime Minister
the proceedings of the House of the State
or Speaker and the election of President and
Legislature. But he has no right to vote. His
Vice-President.
functions are similar to those of the Attorney The Constitution (42nd Amendment)
General.
Act, 1976: It was enacted during the period
of National Emergency.
ARTICLE 370
The Constitution (43rd Amendment)
Under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution,
Act, 1978: It restores civil liberties by
Jammu & Kashmir is granted autonomy. It is
deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to
a temporary provision that accords special
Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade
status to the State.
union activity under the guise of legislation
for the prevention of anti-national activities.
How J & K Different from Other

States?
Act, 1978: Fundamental Rights guaranteed
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended
are not applied to J&K but applied to other
during a national emergency.
States.
The Constitution (61st Amendment)
Act, 1989:
President cant declare financial emergency
It lowered the voting age from
(salaries and allowances reduction, etc.) in
21 to 18.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment)
relation to J&K.
Act, 1992: To ensure direct election to all
High Court of J&K can issue writs only for
seats in Panchayats.
enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Right to property is still guaranteed in J&K.
Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct
Permanent residents of J&K have some
election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and

special fundamental rights.
Municipalities.
Although Supreme Court, EC and CAG
are applicable to J&K along with all other E-Governance
States.
E-governance means technology drive
operation. The 11th report of the Second
AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTI-
Administrative Reforms Commission, entitled
TUTION (ARTICLE 368)
to promoting e-Governance.
Five models of e-Governance
There are three types of bills that seek to G2C (Government to citizen)
amend the Constitution:
G2B (Government to business)
1. Bills that are passed by Parliament by G2E (Government to Employees)
Simple Majority.
G2G (Government to Governments)
C2G (Citizens to Government)
2. Bills that have to be passed by Parliament National e-Governance Plan
by Special Majority.
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) is a
3. Bills that have to be passed by Special plan of the Government of India to make all
Majority and also to be ratified by not less government services available to the citizens
than one-half of the State Legislatures.
of India via electronic media.
PB <folio>
Geography
UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Universe, the vast and infinite space having million of galaxies is believed to be at least 10
billion light years in diameter it has been expanding since its creation in the Big Bang
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began.
Solar system consist of 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune. It also consist of stars.
Planets
Planet
Rolational Time
Orbital Time
No. of Moons
Mercury
59 Days
88 Days
Venus
243 Days
255 Days
Earth
1 Day
365 Days
1
Mars
1.03 Days
687 Days
Jupiter
9 hrs 56 min
11 yrs 11 months
16
Saturn
10 hrs 40 min
29 yrs 5 months
18
Uranus
17 hrs 14 min
84 yrs
17
Neptune
16 hrs 7 min
164 yrs
Pluto
6 Days 9 hrs
248 yrs
1
Some facts about planets
17. Nearest Planet to Earth is Venus
1. Biggest Planet is Jupiter
18. Nearest Planet to Sun is Mercury
2. Biggest Satellite is Ganymede
19. Red Planet is Mars
3. Blue Planet is Earth
20. Slowest Revolution in Solar System is by
4. Green Planet is Uranus
Neptune
5. Brightest Planet is Venus
21. Slowest Rotation in Solar System is by
6. Brightest Planet outside Solar System is
Venus
Sirus
22. Smallest Planet is Mercury
7. Closest Star of Solar System is Proxima 23. Smallest Satellite is Deimos Centauri
24. Earths Twin-is Venus
8. Coldest Planet is Neptune
25. Atmosphere like Earth is on Titan
9. Evening Star is Venus
Keywords in Universe
10. Farthest Planet from Sun is Neptune
11. Planet with maximum number of Celestial body : Heavenly body.
satellites is Saturn
Stars : The celestial body with their own
12. Fastest revolution in solar system is by
light and heat given out by burning of gases.
Mercury
Constellation : A group of stars forming
13. Hottest Planet is Venus
some recognised shape.
14. Densest Planet is Earth
Saptarishi Mandal : The constellation of
15. Fastest Rotation in Solar System by
Great Bear or Ursa Major.
Jupiter
Ursa Major : One of the most prominent
16. Morning Star is Venus
and largest northern constellation also
called the Great Bear.
62 Geography
Galaxy : A system of millions or billions of Earths Facts
stars found in clusters.
Globe : A model of the earth.
Milky Way Galaxy : Our solar system Latitudes : The angular distance of a place
belongs to this galaxy.
north or south of the equator.
Orbits : The elongated path on which the Longitudes : The angular distance of a planets
revolve round the sun.
place east or west of the Prime Meridian.
Planets : The bodies made up of rocks or Pole : Either of the two poles north or south
gases and liquids with no light of their own
of the equator having 0 latitude.
going round the sun.
Equator : The latitude line with 0 value
Moon : Refers to the earths Moon. Generally
dividing the earth into two equal halves.
all satellites going round their respective Hemispheres : Any of the two halves of planets
are also termed as the moons.
the earth north or south of the equator
Asteroids : Planetoids found located in a
called northern and southern hemispheres
gap between Mars and Jupiter.
respectively.
Shooting stars : The rapidly moving meteors Tropic of Cancer : The latitude line that
burn upon entering the earths
measuring 2330 N.
atmosphere.
Tropic of Capricorn : The latitude line
Meteorites : The fragments of meteors falling
measuring 2330 S.
on the ground or in the oceans.
Arctic Circle : The latitude line measuring
Comets : A mass of ice and dust with a long
6630 N.
tail moving around the solar system.
Antarctic Circle : The latitude line measur-
Earth
ing 6630 S.
Tropical Zone : Also called the Torrid Zone
between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of
Capricorn.
Temperate Zone : Any of the two zones
between 23 & 66N & S.
Frigid Zone : Any of the two zones beyond
Arctic & Antarctic Circles.
Rotation : The movement of the planets on
their axis.
Revolution : The movement of the planets
around the sun.
Solstice : Any of the two occasions, Summer
Solstice (21 June) and Winter Solstice (22
December) When the sun is at its highest or
lowest point respecitvely in the sky. These
occasions are marked by the longest and
the shortest days.
Equinox : Any of the two occasions in a year
(23 September and 21 March) when days
and nights are of equal length throughout
Facts about Latitude

the world.
Lattitudes
Major Continents
Major Countries
Tropic of
North America,
Bahamas, Mexico, Mauritania, Mali, Western Sahara,
Cancer
Africa and Asia
Algeria, Niger, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, China,
Abudhabi, Oman, Bangladesh, Burma, and Taiwan.
Equator
South America,
Equador, Colombia Brazil, Sao Tome & Prince, Gobon
Africa, Asia
Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo,
Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia.
Tropics of
South America,
Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Namibia, Botswana,
Capricorn
Africa, Asia
South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia,
French Polinesia, Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga and Coolis
Island, etc.
62 Geography
Geography 63
Atmosphere
Types of Rocks
Atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Divide into On the basis of modes of formation there 4
layers
are three types of rocks.
Gaseous Composition of Atmosphere
Igneous Rocks: Igneous rock is formed
through the cooling and solidification of
Component
Per cent by Volume
magma or lava such as granite and diorite.
Nitrogen
78.08%
Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary rocks
are derived from the process of deposition
Oxygen
20.94%
and solidification of sediments after the
Argon
0.93%
process of denudation. For instance;
Sandstone, limestone and chalk rock salts,
Carbon dioxide
0.03%
gypsum or calcium sulphate, etc.
Neon
0.0018%
Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphic rocks
arise from the transformation of
Helium
0.0005%
existing rock types, in a process called
Ozone
0.00006%
metamorphism, which means change in
form. Gneiss phyllite, slate, schist, marble,
Hydrogen
0.00005%
quartzite, etc belongs to the category of
metamorphic rocks.
Geographical Phenomena
Earthquake waves: Earthquakes generate INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
pulses of energy called Seismic waves that India is the seventh largest country in the
can pass through the entire Earth.
world.
Cyclone
It covers an area of 32,87,2631 sq. km.
India is situated North of the Equator

The system of wind rotating inward to an area
between 84 and 37C North latitude
of low pressure zone from its surrounding
and 687 and 9725 east longitude and
high pressure area.
is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal in the
Cyclones
Region
East, the Arabian sea in the West and the
Typhoons
China
Indian Ocean to the South.
Tropical
Indian Ocean
List of Indian State Sharing Border
Hurricanes
Caribbean sea
with Neighbour Country
Tornadoes
USA
Countries
Indian States
Willy-Willy
Australia
Pakistan
Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab,
Taifu
Japan
Rajasthan and Gujrat
Tides
China
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
The periodic phenomenon of alternate rise
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim
and fall in the sea levels is known as Tide.
and Arunachal Pradesh
It is produced due to gravitational
interaction of the Earth, the Moon and the
Nepal
Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar
Sun.
Pradesh, Sikkim and West
Spring tides: On the full moon and the new
Bengal
moon, tides are highest which are called
Bangladesh
West Bengal, Mizoram,
Spring tides.
Meghalaya, Tripura and Asom
Neap tides: A tide just after the first or

third quarters of the moon when there
Bhutan
West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal
is least difference between high and low
Pradesh and Asom
water is called Neap tides.
Myanmar
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
Waves
Manipur and Mizoram
Waves are the oscillatory movements
in water mainly produced by winds,
Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir
manifested by an alternate rise and fall in
(Pakistan occupied area)
the entire sea surface.
64 Geography
Mountain Ranges in India
Uttarakhand to Kashmir and Himachal
The Himalayan Range is the worlds highest
Pradesh. Jammu, Kangra and Vaishno Devi
mountain range.
are a part of this range.
The tallest peak of the world, Mt. Everest,
Vindhya Range spreads across central

is also a part of it.
India and extends across 1,050 km.
Karakoram Range lies in Jammu and
Aravalli Range is Indias oldest mountain
Kashmir and comprises more than 60
range and spreads across the parts of
peaks.
Rajasthan, Delhi and Haryana. Guru
K2 (Mount Godwin Austen) is the second
Shikhar in Mount Abu is the highest peak
highest peak of the world, also a part of this
of this range.
range. Its height is 8611m or 28,251 fit.
Satpura Range stretches from Gujarat and
Shivalik Hills extend from the Arunachal
runs to Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and
Pradesh to West Bengal and from
Chhattisgarh.
Mountain passes of India
Himalayan passes
Banihal pass between Doda and Anantnag (Jawahar Tunnel), J & K.
Shipki La River Sutlej enters India from Tibet, Himachal Pradesh.
Bara Lachan La between Kyelang and Leh, Himachal Pradesh.
Rohtang pass between Kullu and Kyelang, Himachal Pradesh.
Bomdila pass between Tezpur and Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh.
Himalayan passes between India and China
Shipki La Himachal Pradesh.
Thaga La and Niti La Uttarakhand .
Lipu Lekh La Tri-junction, India-Nepal-China, Uttarakhand.
Jelep La Between India and China (Gangtok-Lhasa Road) Sikkim.
Nathu La Between India and China (Entry to Chumbi Valley) Sikkim.
Trans Himalayan passes
Karakoram pass and Aghil pass Jammu & Kashmir.
Passes in Western Ghats
Palghat between Palakkad and Coimbatore.
Shenkota between Kollam and Madurai.
Thalghat between Mumbai and Pune.
Bhorghat between Mumbai and Nasik.
Some important facts about peaks
Highest Mt. Peak in India: K 2 or Godwin Austin
Highest peak in Aravalli: Gurushikhar (in Mt. Abu)
Highest peak in Satpura: Dhupgarh (Mahadeo Hills)
Highest peak in E. Ghats: Mahendragiri (Orissa)
Highest peak in W. Ghats: Anaimudi (Annamalai Hills - Kerala)
Highest peak in Nilgiris: Doda Betta
Hills in Southern Hill complex : Nilgiri, Annamalai, Cardamom & Palani
Hills in Eastern Ghats: Shevaroy, Javadi, Palkonda, Nallamalai, Northern Circars
Oblique ranges to Western Ghats in
Maharashtra: Ajanta, Satmala, Harishchandra, Balaghat
Satpura range from East to West:

Amarkantak - Maikal- Mahadeo - Gawilgarh - Rajpipala
Highest peak in Andaman and Nicobar islands : Saddle Peak
The highest peak of Naga hills is Saramati peak.
64 Geography
Geography 65
Important lakes in India
Dal Lake, Pangong Tso,
Jammu &
Lakes Name
State
Sheshnag Lake
Kashmir
Kolleru Lake, Pulicat Lake
Andhra Pradesh
Bellandur Lake, Ulsoor Lake, Karnataka
Deepor Beel, Chandubi Lake, Assam
Sankey Lake, Agara Lake,
Haflong Lake, Son Beel
Karanji lake, Kukkarahalli
lake, Lingambudhi Lake,
Kanwar Lake
Bihar
Pampa Sarovar
Hamirsar Lake, Kankaria Lake, Gujarat
Ashtamudi Lake,
Kerala
Nal Sarovar, Sursagar Lake
Maanaanchira Lake
Brighu Lake, Dashir Lake,
Himachal
Upper Lake, Lower Lake
Madhya
Dhankar Lake, Kareri
Pradesh
Pradesh
(Kumarwah) Lake, Khajjiar
Lake, Macchial Lake, Maharana
Moti Jheel
Uttar Pradesh
Pratap Sagar, Manimahesh
Gorewada Lake, Lonar Lake Maharashtra
Lake, Nako Lake, Pandoh Lake,
Umiam Lake
Meghalaya
Prashar Lake, Renuka Lake, Himachal
Loktak Lake
Manipur
Suraj Taal, Chandra Taal

Pradesh
Palak Dil Lake, Tam Dil Lake Mizoram
Badkhal Lake, Brahma Sarovar, Haryana
Anshupa Lake, Chilka Lake, Odisha
Karna Lake, Sannihit Sarovar,
Kanjia Lake
Surajkund Lake, Tilyar Lake,
Kanjli Wetland, Harike Wet- Punjab
Blue Bird Lake
land, Ropar Wetland
Important rivers of India
Name
Origin From
Fall into
Length (km)
Ganges
Combined Sources
Bay of Bengal
2525
Satluj
Mansarovar Rakas Lakes
Chenab
1050
Indus
Near Mansarovar Lake

Arabian Sea
2880
Ravi
Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass
Chenab
720
Beas
Near Rohtang Pass
Satluj
470
Jhelum
Verinag in Kashmir
Chenab
725
Yamuna
Yamunotri
Ganga
1375
Chambal
M.P.
Yamuna
1050
Ghagra
Matsatung Glacier
Ganga
1080
Kosi
Near Gosain Dham Park
Ganga
730
Betwa
Vindhyanchal
Yamuna
480
Son
Amarkantak
Ganga
780
Brahmaputra
Near Mansarovar Lake
Bay of Bengal
2900
Narmada
Amarkantak
Gulf of Khambat
1057
Tapti
Betul Distt. of M.P.
Gulf of Khambat
724
Mahanadi
Raipur Distt. in Chattisgarh
Bay of Bengal
858
Luni
Aravallis
Rann of Kuchchh
450
Ghaggar
Himalayas
Near Fatehabad
494
Sabarmati
Aravallis
Gulf of Khambat
416
Krishna
Western ghats
Bay of Bengal
1327
Godavari
Nasik distt. in Maharashtra
Bay of Bengal
1465
Cauvery
Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats
Bay of Bengal
805
Tungabhadra
Western Ghats
Krishna River
640
66 Geography
Port
Name of the Port
State
Kandla
Gujarat
Mumbai
Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru
Maharashtra
Marmugoa
Goa
Manglore
Karnataka
Kochi
Kerala
Haldia
West Bengal
Paradip
Odisha
Vishakapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
Ennore
Tamil Nadu
Tutikorin
Tamil Nadu
Mineral resources
Aluminium
- Kerala.
Antimony
- Antimony deposits are found in Punjab and Karnataka.
Asbestos
- Karnataka and Rajasthan.
Bauxite
- Ranchi and Palamau districts of Jharkhand, Belgaum, Jharia and
Thana districts of Maharashtra, Balaghat, Jabalpur, Mandya and
Bilaspur districts of Chhattisgarh.
Cement
- Katni (M.P.), Lakheri (Rajasthan), Jabalpur (M.P.), Guntur (Andhra
Pradesh), Jhinikapani (Singhbhum district of Jharkhand), Suraj-
pur (Haryana).
China Clay
- Rajmahal Hills, Singhbhum (district of Jharkhand), Kerala.
Chromite
- Singhbhum and Bhagalpur (Jharkhand), Ratnagiri.
Coal
- Raniganj (West Bengal), Jharia, Bokaro (Jharkhand), Giridih,
Karanpur, Panch Valley and Chanda (M.P.), Singareni (Andhra
Pradesh) and Mukum (Assam).
Cobalt
- Rajasthan and Kerala.
Copper
- Jharkhand (Singhbhum and Barajamda), Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan
(Khetri).
Diamond
- Diamond mines are found in Panna district of Madhya Pradesh,
Raipur district of Chhattisgarh.
Gold
- Kolar gold-fields (Karnataka).
Graphite
- Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karna-
taka, Odisha and Kerala.
Gypsum
- Bikaner and Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu),
Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh.
Iron Ore
- Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Chhattisgarh, Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj
(Odisha).
66 Geography
Geography 67
Lac
- West Bengal.
Lead
- Zawar in Udaipur and at the Banjavi mines in Jaipur.
Lignite
- Neyveli in South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).
Limestone
- Singareni and Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Panchmahals (Gujarat),
Balaghat, Bhandara, Chhindwara, Nagpur.
Manganese
- Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
Marble
- Jaipur (Rajasthan).
Mica
Koderma in Hazaribagh district, Jharkhand, Monghyr.
Petroleum
Digboi, Badarpur, Musimpur and Patharia fields of Assam.
Red Stone
- Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Salt
- Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan), and ocean water in Rann of Kutch.

Silver
- Goldfields (Karnataka), Singhbhum.
Tungsten
- Bihar, Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Marwar.
Uranium
- Bihar.
Zinc
- Zawar mines in Udaipur (Rajasthan).
Important National Highways
Climate of India
NH
Connects
India has Tropical Monsoon type of
NH 1
New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-Amritsar.
climate.
The country holds the first position in
NH 2
Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-
the world for the production of Papaya,
Allahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata.
Mangoes and Banana etc.
NH 3
Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai.
India ranks sixth in the world in the

NH 4
Thane and Chennai via Pune and
production of coffee.
Belgaum.
India has the biggest number of livestock
NH 5
in the world.
Kolkata-Chennai.
NH 6
Kolkata-Dhule.
WORLD GEOGRAPHY
NH 7
Varanasi-Kanyakumari (2369 km).
Asia
NH 8
Delhi-Mumbai (via Jaipur, Baroda &
Ahmedabad).
(43,820,000 sq km) includes 50 countries,
NH 9
Mumbai-Vijaywada.
and it is the most populated continent, the
60% of the total population of the Earth live
NH 10 Delhi-Fazilka.
here.
NH 24 Delhi-Lucknow.
Africa
NH 26 Lucknow-Varanasi.
(30, 370, 000 sq km) comprises 54
Water ways
countries. It is the hottest continent and
National
home of the worlds largest desert, the
- Allahabad to Haldia.
waterways-1
Sahara, occupying the 25% of the total area
of Africa.
National
- Sadiya to Dhubri
waterways-2
North America
National
- Kollam to
(24, 490,000 sq km) includes 23 countries.
waterways-3
Kottapuram.
Led by the USA as the largest economy in
National
- Kakinada to Pondicherry.
the world.
waterways-4
South America
National
- Talcher to Dhamra.
(17,840,000 sq km) comprises 12
waterways-5
countries. Here is located the largest forest,
National
- Lakhipur to Bhanga,
the Amazon rainforest, which covers 30%
waterways6
(Proposed).
of the South America total area.
68 Geography
Antarctica
3.
Indian
Known as the sea
(13,720,000 sq km) is the coldest continent
south of India containing
in the world, completely covered with
the water of Arabian and

ice. There are no permanent inhabitants,
Laccadive Seas
except of scientists maintaining research 4.
Southern Extension of the Pacific,
stations in Antarctica.
Atlantic and Indian Oceans
5.
Arctic
The sea around North
Europe
pole containing the water
(10,180,000 sq km) comprises 51 countries.
of Greenland sea.
It is the most developed economically Important Grassland in the World
continent with the European Union as the Grass lands
biggest economic and political union in the
world.
Regions
Grassland
Australia
Australia
Dawns
(9,008,500 sq km) includes 14 countries.
South America
Pampas
It is the least populated continent after
(Argentina & Uruguay)
Antarctica, only 0.3% of the total Earth
population live here.
North America
Prairies
List of Ocean in the World
Africa and Australia
Savannah
RANK OCEAN NOTES
South America
Selvas
Pacific
Separated into north
Europe and Northern Asia Steppes

and South pacific.
Europe and Asia
Taiga
2.
Atlantic Separated into north
and south Atlantic
South Africa
Velds
Highest Mountains on each Continent of the Earth
Mountain name
Metres
Feet
Country
Continent
Mount Everest
8848
29029
Nepal, China
Asia
Aconcagua
6962
22841
Argentina
South America
Mount McKinley
6194
20320
USA
North America
Mount Kilimanjaro
5892
19340
Tanzania
Africa
Mount Elbrus
5642
18310
Russia
Europe
Vinson Massif
4892
16050
NA
Antarctica
Puncak Jaya
4884
16024
Indonesia
Australasia
List of Important Boundary Lines
Boundary Line
Countries
Radcliffe Line
Between India and Pakistan
Mac Mohan Line
Between India and China
Durand Line
Between Pakistan and Afghanistan
49th Parallel
Between USA and Canada
38th parallel
Between North and South Korea
Hindenberg Line
Between Germany and Poland
Maginot Line
Between France and Germany
Order Neisse Line

Between Germany and Poland
68 Geography
Geography 69
Longest Rivers
Name, Nation/Continent
Length in kms
Basin Area m2km
Nile Africa
6695
3.25
Amazon, South America
6516
6.14
Yangtze Kiang, China
6380
1.72
Mississippi Missouri, USA
5959
3.20
Ob Irtysh, Russia
5568
2.97
Yenisey Angari a Selenga, Asia
5550
2.55
Yellow (Hwang Ho), China
5464
Congo (Zaire), Africa
4667
Parana Rio de la Plata, S. Am
4500
2.58
Lakes
Deepest Lakes
Baikal, Russian Fedn
1620 m
Tanganyika, Africa
1463 m
Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe
1025 m
Malawi of Nyasa, Africa
706 m
Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan
702 m
Deserts
Largest Deserts of the World
Subtropical
Sahara, North Africa

8,600,650 sq. km
Arabian, Middle East
2,300,000 sq. km
Great Victoria, Australia
647,475 sq. km
Kalahari, Southern Africa
582,727 sq. km
Chihuahuan, Mexico
453,232 sq. km
Thar, India/Pakistan
453,232 sq. km
Great Sandy, Australia
388,485 sq. km
Gibson, Australia
310,788 sq. km
Sonoran, S.W. USA
310,788 sq. km
Simpson/Stony, N Africa
145,034 sq. km
Mohave, S.W. USA
139,854 sq. km
Cool Coastal
Atacama, Chile SA
139,854 sq. km
Namib, S.W. Africa

33,668 sq. km
Cold Winter
Gobi, China
1,166,450 sq km
Patagonian, Argentina
673,374 sq km
Great Basin, S.W. USA
492,081 sq. km
Kara-kum, West Asia
349,636 sq. km
Colorado, Western USA, also called the Painted Desert
336,687 sq. km
Kyzyl-kum, West Asia
297,838 sq. km
Taklamakan, China
271,939 sq. km
Iranian, Iran
258,990 sq. km
Economy
INTRODUCTION
Second Plan (1956 - 61)
Its a developing economy with agriculture Also called Mahalanobis Plan.
being its backbone.
Focus - rapid industrialization
The growth rate is estimated to be around Third Plan (1961 - 66)

7.6% per cent in the year 2015-16.
Target Growth: 5.6% ; Actual Growth: 2.4%
Worlds fourth largest in terms of real GDP Agriculture was given to priority to support
after USA, China and Japan.
the exports and industry.
HISTORY OF PLANNING IN INDIA Aimed to make India a self-reliant and
self-generating economy.
1934: First attempt to initiate eco-
Three Annual Plans (1966-69) Plan
nomic planning in India was made by
Sir M.Visvesvarayya, through his book holiday for 3 years
Planned Economy For India.
The main reasons for plan holidays were
1938: National Planning Commission was
the war, lack of resources, and increase in
set up under the chairmanship of J.L. Ne-
inflation.
hru first time.
Policy of Green Revolution was adopted.
1944: Bombay Plan was presented by 8 Fourth Plan (1969 - 74)
leading industrialists of Bombay.
Target growth rate was 5.6%, actual growth
1944: Gandhian Plan was given by
rate was 3.3%.
S. N. Agarwal.
Main emphasis was on growth rate of ag-
1945: Peoples Plan was given by
riculture to enable other sectors to move
M. N. Roy.
forward
1950: Sarvodaya Plan was given by J. P. Fifth Plan (1974 - 79)
Narayan.
The fifth plan was prepared and launched
The Planning Commission
by D.D. Dhar.
It was set up on March 15, 1950 under the Target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual
chairmanship J.L. Nehru, by a resolution of
growth rate was 5.0%.
Union Cabinet.
It proposed to achieve two main objectives:
It is an extra-constitutional, non-statutory
removal of poverty (Garibi Hatao) and at-
body.
tainment of self reliance.
Prime Minister is the ex-officio Chairman, Rolling Plan (1978 - 80)
one deputy-Chair appointed by the PM and There were two Sixth Plans. Janta Govern-
some full time members.
ment put forward a plan for 1978-1983.
In January 2015, Cabinet resolution
However, the government lasted for only 2

replaced the Planning Commission by
years. Congress Govt. returned to power in
NITI Aayog.
1980 and launched a different plan.
PLANS
Sixth Plan (1980 - 85)
Target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual
First Plan (1951 - 56)
Based on Harrod-Domar Model.
It was a great success and marked the be-
ginning of economic liberalisation.
Community
Development
Program
launched in 1952
Seventh Plan (1985 - 90)
Focus on agriculture, price stability, pow-
Target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual
er and transport.
Economy 71
Eighth Plan (1992 - 97)
Q = Total quantity of final goods & services.
It was postponed by two years because of P = Price of final goods & services.
political uncertainty at the Centre.
2. Gross National Product (GNP): GNP is the
Modernization of industries was a major
money value of total output or production
highlight.
of final goods & services produced by the
Target growth rate: 5.6%; Average growth
nationals of a country during a given period
rate: 6.78%
of time, generally a year. In this case, the
Ninth Plan (1997- 2002)
income of all the resident & non-resident
citizens of a country is included whereas
Target growth was 7.1% and the actual
the income of foreign nationals who reside
growth was 6.8%.
within the geographical boundary of the
Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007)
country is excluded.
Target growth: 8.1%
GNP = GDP + (X M)
Growth achieved: 7.7%
X = Export of goods & services
20 point program was introduced.
M = Import of goods & services

It targetted a GDP growth of 8% per an-
X M = Net Factor Income from Abroad
num.
(NFIA)
Eleventh Plan (2007 - 2012)
So,
GNP = GDP + NFIA
Accelerate GDP growth from 8% to 10%.
Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1
3. Net National Product (NNP): can be cal-
Increase agriculture growth to 4%.
culated in 2 ways:-
(i) NNP at market price:
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017)
Major objective:
= GNP Depreciation
Faster, Sustainable and
NNP
More Inclusive Growth.
Depreciation means wear & tear of
The main points of the Twelfth Plan are:
goods produced.
NNP at market price includes Indirect

Resource Allocation Priorities in
taxes and excludes subsidies.
12th plan
(ii) NNP at factor cost: NNP at factor cost
Health and Education received less than
calculates National Income only on
projected in Eleventh Plan.
the basis of cost incurred to produce
Infrastructure, including irrigation and wa-
the goods & services. This cost is the
tershed management and urban infrastruc-
payment made to the factors of pro-
ture, will need additional 0.7 percentage
duction.
point of GDP over the next 5 years.
NNP = NNP Indirect Taxes + Subsidy
National Income of India
fc
mp
National Income is the money value of all When NNP is obtained at factor cost, it is the
final goods & services which produced known as National Income.
by a country during one year.
Likewise, GDP at factor cost also can be
India is now the worlds 3rd largest econ-

calculated.
omy in terms of real prices and purchasing
power.
GDP = GDP Indirect Taxes + Subsidy
fc
mp
Measures/Concepts of National
4. Personal Income : It is that income which
Income
is actually obtained by nationals in one year.
1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
P.I. = National Income Undistributed
GDP is the total money value of all final
Profits of Corporation Payments for
goods & services produced within the geo-
Social Security Provisions Corporate
graphical boundaries of the country (pro-
Taxes + Government Transfer payments +
duced by resident citizens + foreign nation-
Business Transfer payments + Net Interest
als) during a given period of time, generally
paid by government.
one year.
SOCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS = Payments
made by employees towards pension &
GDP = Q P,
provident fund
72 Economy
TRANSFER PAYMENTS = Payments made
Base year of National Income accounts
not against any productive activity. eg. old
is the year chosen to enable inter year
age pension, unemployment compensation,
comparisons. The new series changes the
disaster relief payment, etc.
base to 201112 from 200405
5. Disposal Personal Income (DPI): Income
that is available to individuals that can be
NI CURRENT PRICE = Total quantity
disposed at their will.
of all final goods & services produced in a
particular year Price of goods & services
DPI = Personal Income Direct Taxes.
in that particular year.
6. National Income at constant price &
current price
BUDGET
NI CONSTANT PRICE = Total quantity of
Budget is an annual financial statement. The
all final goods & services produced in a
Budget in India is divided into 2 parts Revenue
particular year Price of base year.
Account & Capital Account.
Budget
Revenue A/C
Capital A/C
Receipts
Expenditure
Expenditure
Tax
Non Tax
loans to Economic,
Defence
Economic Services
General Services
states & Social &
& Others
(Agriculture Industries,
(Police, Judiciary,
UTs
Community
Transportation, Trade)
Defence)
development
Income &
Commodities
Expenditure
& Services
Currency
Social & Community
Coinage
Others
Services (Education,
Receipts
& Mint
Property
Medical, Employment)
& Capital
Interest
Receipts &
Dividends
Net Recoveries
Net Market Net Small Others
of Loans &
Borrowing Savings
Advances
Collections
Indian Tax Structure
Tax Structure present in India is very strong and follows the financial year.
Direct taxes are those which are imposed on a person either on his income or wealth and
the tax liability cannot be escaped. It is governed by Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT).
Indirect tax is col ected by middle men in the channels of distribution of goods and it is
remitted to the Government treasury. It is governed by Central Board of Excise and
Customs (CBEC).
India Tax Structure Taxes/imposed by
Central Government
State Government
Local Government
Direct taxes
Indirect taxes
Direct taxes
Indirect taxes
Property tax
Income tax
Custom duty Professional tax Entertainment
Water tax
Wealth tax
Central excise Agricultural tax V.A.T

Sewerage tax
Service tax
State excise duty
Central sales
Economy 73
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
rate of 1.2%, as per the fourth Annual
Employment & Unemployment Survey
Features
report for 2013-14, released by Labour
Uniform regim of taxes across India.
Bureau, under Union Ministry of Labour
Common market of goods and services
and Employment.
across India.
States will collect services taxes.
Schemes for Women and Child
Centre will collect Integrated Goods and Development
Service Tax (IGST) or inter-state supplies.
1. Ahimsa Messengers
IGST rate will be equal to Central GST
Scheme of Ministry of women and child
(CGST) + State GST (SGST).
development launched by UPA in 2013.
It will subsume 16 central or states taxes.

Includes Women Panchayati Raj Mem-
GST Replaces
bers, Youth, NGOs etc.
States Taxes
Central Taxes
These people work for prevention of vio-
VAT/Sales Tax
Central Excise
lence against women, dowry etc.
2. CSWB
Duty
Entry Tax/Octroi Excise Duty on
Central social welfare board (CSWB).
Medicines and
To implement welfare programs for women
Toilet
and children via NGOs, family counselling,
Local Tax
Additional Cus-
awareness generation etc.
tom Duty
3. Poorna Shakti Kendra

Entertainment Sp. Add. Custom
Created under National Mission for em-
Tax
Duty
powerment of women in 2013.
Purchase Tax
Countervailing
One stop information centres.
Duty
Help women get benefit from various
Mandi Tax/Local Service Tax
govt. schemes.
Levis
4. SABLA
Luxury Tax
Cesses and sur-
Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment
charges
of Adolescent Girls launched in 2011.
Tax on Lottery
To provide nutrition for growing adoles-
and Betting
cent girls by provision of food grains.
Inter-state Tax
All girls will be given a kishori card

Poverty in India
which will be updated with details of the
girls growth and provision of the food
One third of the worlds poor live in India.
grains.
The number of poor in India is now
SABLA is created by merging earlier
estimated at 148 million in 2014 as
two schemes: Nutrition program for
compared to 396 million in 2004-05.
adolescent girls + Kishori Shakti Yojana.
Goa ranks best with least poverty of 5.09%
Target: girls aged 11-18.
and Chattisgarh has the most poverty with
39.93%.
100 gms of foodgrain per day per girl for
Poverty is concentrated among agricultural
300 days in a year.
5. Saksham
labourers, casual workers, scheduled castes
and scheduled tribes.
This is a scheme by Ministry of Women
According to Economic Survey 2013-14,

and Child Development launched in
poverty ratio declines to 21.9%.
2012.
Made due to rising demand for gender
Unemployment in India
sensitisation among boys after the Delhi
The countrys overall unemployment rate
gang-rape incident.
was estimated to be 4.9% in 2013-14.
Itll give training/moral education to
In case of women living in urban areas, the
adolescent boys (11-18 age) to respect
unemployment rate was 12.4%, while in ru-
women.
ral areas, it was 6.4%.
6. STEP
The overall unemployment among women
Support to Training and Employment
was 7.7% across the country.
program for Women.
Gujarat has the lowest unemployment
Provides skill training.
74 Economy
Policies
by opening crches and development ser-

vices
1974
National Policy for Children
Requirement: combined monthly income of
2001
National Policy for Women
both the parents should not exceed `12,000
2004
National Charter for Children
for availing of the facilities.
2014
National Youth Policy
INDUSTRIES:
Child labour v/s Right to Education
(RTE)
Public Sector Enterprises (PSE) is a govern-
RTE = Every child between the ages of 6
ment-owned corporation owned by Union
and 14 has right to free (and compulsory)
Government of India, or one of the many
elementary education
state or territorial governments, or both.
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regula-
They are under the Department of Public
tion) Act of 1986 makes a distinction

Enterprises of Ministry of Heavy Industries
between hazardous and non-hazard-
ous categories of work for children
and Public Enterprises.
under 14 years.
There are 298 PSU companies on 31-03-2015
in India.
National Rural Health Mission
Focus will be post-menopausal problems,
Maharatna
osteoporosis and breast and cervical Navratna
cancer.
Dovetailing of NRHM with IGMSY [Indra Miniratna
Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana] (condi-
CPSEs (itself divided into Category I &
tional cash transfer for maternity benefit)
Category II)
and National Food Security Bill (NFSB) will As on 26 October, 2014 there are 7 Maharatna,
be undertaken.
Training Anganwadi and ASHA workers
17 Navratna and 73 Miniratna CPSEs.
There are 7 Maharatnas :
(Accredeted Social Health Activist) on is-

sues relating to nutrition, counselling, child (i) Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) rights and
gender discrimination
(ii) Coal India
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram
(iii) Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
(iv) GAIL
This scheme was launched in 2013.
(v) NTPC
To provide comprehensive healthcare and (vi) Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
improve the quality of life of children focus (vii) Steel Authority of India (SAIL) on 4D.
Defects at birth (cleft lip, downs syndrome,
There are 17 Navratna CPSEs in the country,
Talipes etc.).
these are:
Diseases (dental, heart, asthama etc.).
1.
Bharat Electronics Limited
ICDS
2.
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
Integrated Child Development Service
3.
Container Corporation of India Limited
(ICDS) started in 1975.
4.
Engineers India Limited
Beneficiary-children below the age of six,
lactating mothers, pregnant mothers.
5.
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Dhanlakshmi
6.
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Lim-
ited
Conditional cash transfer for girl child,
launched in 2008, for fulfilling following con-
7.
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
ditions:
8.
National Aluminium Company Limited
birth and registration of birth
9.
Nation al Buildings Construction Cor-
immunization
poration Limited
enrolment and retention in school
10. NMDC Limited
Rajiv Gandhi National Creche
11. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited

Scheme provides for day-care facilities to
0-6 year-old children of working mothers
12. Oil India Limited
Economy 75
13. Power Finance Corporation Limited
Private sector undertaking
14. Power Grid Corporation of India Lim-
(TISCO, Mahindra and Mahindra, Birla
ited
Cement)
15.
Joint sector undertaking
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
(Oil India Limited)
16. Rural Electrification Corporation Lim-
Co-operative industries
ited
(Sugar Industry in Maharashtra)
17. Shipping Corporation of India Limited
E. Based on the bulk of raw materials
Industrial Policy 1991
and finished products
(A) Objectives
Heavy industries
to maintain a sustained growth in produc-
Light industries
tivity.
to enhance gainful employment.
In India, industries are concentrated in four
to achieve optimum utilisation of human re-
main regions:
sources.
1. West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh
(B) Main Focus on
2. Maharashtra and Gujarat region
deregulating Indian industry.
3. Gangetic Plains
allowing the industry freedom and flexibil-
4. South India
ity in responding to market forces, and
First Time in India
(C) Policy Measures
Cotton Industry
1818 Fort Gloster
Liberalisation of Industrial Licensing
(Kolkata)
Policy.
Introduction of Industrial Entrepreneurs Iron and Steel
1870 Kulti (West
Memorandum ( i. e. no industrial approval
Industry
Bengal)
is required for industries not requiring
compulsory licensing).
Sugar Industry
1900 Bihar
Non-Resident Indians Scheme (NRIs are
Jute Industry
1855 Rishara (West
allowed to invest upto 100% equity on
Bengal)
non-repatriation basis in all activities
except for a small negative list).
Paper Industry
1812 Serampur
Classification of Industries:
(W. Bengal)
A. On the basis of source of raw Petroleum Industry 1956 Digboi
materials
(Assam)
Agro based industry (cotton textile,

Cement Industry
1904 Chennai (Tamil
jute textile and sugar).
Nadu)
Mineral based industry (iron and steel,
machine tools and aluminium).
BANKING IN INDIA
B. On the basis of main role played
by the industry
The State Bank of India is the largest commer-
cial bank in India.
Basic industries: these are the indus-
tries whose finished products are used Reserve Bank of India
as the raw materials for other industries.
Central bank of India.
Consumer goods industries: these are Established on April 1, 1935 with a capi-the
industries whose finished products
tal of ` 5 crore.
are directly used for consumption by
consumers.
Nationalised on January 1, 1949 as Gov-
ernment acquired the private share hold-
C. On the basis of capital investment
ings.
Small scale industry

Administration: 14 Directors in Central
Large scale industry
Board of Directors besides the Governor,
D. On the basis of ownership
4 Deputy Governors and 1 Government of-
Public sector undertaking
ficial. The Governor is the Chairman of the
(SAIL, HAL, BEML)
Board and Chief Executive of the Bank.
76 Economy
Scheduled Banks
Scheduled Commercial
Scheduled
Non-Scheduled
Banks (163)
Cooperative
Commercial Banks (4)
(Mentioned in II Schedule
Banks (69)
of RBIACT, 1934)
Scheduled
Scheduled
Urban
State
Public Sector
Private Sector
RRBs(82)
Cooperative
Cooperative
Banks (26)
Banks (21)
Bank (53)
Bank (16)
Nationalised
Bank (20)
Old PrivateBanks (14)
SBI & Asso (6)
New Private Banks (7)
Governors: 1st Governor Sir Smith
Market Operations (OMO), Statutory Li-
(1935-37); 1st Indian Governor- CD
quidity Ratio (SLR), Repo/Reserve Repo.
Deshmukh (1948-49).
2. Qualitative Credit Control:
RBI follows Minimum Reserve System Rationing of Credit, Regulation of Credit for worth
200 crore (` 115 crore gold &
Consumption Purpose, Variation of margin
` 85 crore bond).
requirements, Moral Control, Direct action.
All notes except one rupee are issued by the

RBI & bear the signature of RBI Governor.
Printing of Securities and Minting in India
Where as the one rupee note bears
India Security Press (Nashik Road): Postal
signature of Secretary of Finance (GOI).
Material, Postal Stamps, Non-postal Stamps,
No personal accounts are maintained &
Judicial and Non-judicial Stamps, Cheques,
operated in RBI.
Bonds, NSC, Kisan Vikas Patra, Securities of
Functions of RBI
State Governments, Public Sector Enterprise
Issuance of note.
Banker to the Government.
and Financial Corporations.
Bankers Bank.
Currency Notes Press (Nashik Road): Since
Controller of Credit
1991, this press prints currency notes of ` 1, `
Custodian of Foreign Reserves
2, ` 5, ` 10, ` 50, and ` 100.
Formulates and administers the monetary
Bank Notes Press (Dewas): Currency notes
policy in India.
of `20, `50, `100 and `500 are printed here.

Acts as the agent of the Government of In-
dia in respect to Indias membership of the
Modernized Currency Notes Press: Two
IMF and the World Bank.
new modernized currency notes press are un-
RBI acts as the central clearing house for
der establishment at Mysore (Karnataka) and
the inter bank transactions.
Salboni (West Bengal).
Credit control means control over the
Security Paper: Hoshangabad (established
quantity and value of credit in the country.
in 1967-68) makes production of Bank and
Among the functions of Central Bank, one
main function is to control and regulate the
Currency notes paper.
credit in the country.
Coins are minted at four places: Mumbai,
1. Quantitative Credit Control:
Kolkata, Hyderabad and Noida.
Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Open
Economy 77
STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA
Green Revolution in India

The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act The term green revolution was given by of
1956 established for the purpose of as-American scientist- Dr. William Gande.
sisting, regulating and controlling, business The credit of Green Revolution goes to Dr.
in buying, selling and dealing in securities.
Norman Borlaug (Mexico) and Dr. M.S.
There are 24 stock exchanges in India.
Swaminathan in India.
Bombay Stock Exchange 1875- one of the
Second Green Revolution in India
oldest in the world and oldest in Asia.
Strategy adopted in Eleventh Plan.
It aimed at efficient use of resources and
Madras Stock Exchange- 1920
conservation of soil, water and ecology on
Ahmedabad Stock Exchange- 1894
a sustainable basis and in a holistic frame-
work.
Calcutta Stock Exchange- 1908
Other Revolutions
Securities and Exchange Board of India
Revolution
Area
(SEBI): April 1988
Yellow Revolution
Oil Seeds
SEBI
White Revolution
Milk
It was given statutory status and powers
Blue Revolution
Fish
through an ordinance promulgated on Jan-
Pink Revolution
Shrimp
uary 30, 1992.
Its office is situated in Mumbai with re-
Grey Revolution
Fertiliser
gional offices at Delhi, Chennai and Calcut-
Golden Revolution
Horticulture
ta.
White Revolution and Operation Flood in
Functions of SEBI:
India
Check insider trading of securities.
India stands first in the world in the milk
Encourage self-regulatory organisations.
production.
Eliminate malpractice of security market.

Dr. Varghese Kurien is the pioneer of op-
Safeguard interests of investors.
eration flood in India.
AGRICULTURE
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
The agriculture sector of India occupies al-
(FDI)
most 43% of Indias geographical area.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an
Importance
investment in a business by an investor from
It is the largest contributor to Indias GDP.
another country for which the foreign investor
Provides livelihood to 65-70% of total pop-
has control over the company purchased.
ulation and employment to 58.4% of total A Multi National Enterprise (MNE) may work
force.
create a new foreign enterprise by making
Importance source of raw materials to large
a direct investment, which is called a
greenfield investment
and small scale industries.
Agriculture accounts for 14.7% of total ex-
A MNE may make a direct investment by the

acquisition of a foreign firm, which is called
port earnings.
an acquisition or prownfield investment .
Agriculture and related products contrib-
The Government has allowed 100% FDI in
ute to 38% in total exports of the country.
all the sectors except Space (74%), Defence
Food grains procurement and
(49%), and News Media (26%).
Stocks in India
FDI restrictions in tea plantation has been
removed.
Food grains procurement by government
serves two purposes- providing support price
FDI In India
FDI during 2015
to the farmers and building up public stocks of
$ 39.32 billion
Highest FDI attracted sectors Computers
food grains. It is carried by Food Corporation
Hardware & Software, Services, Trading
of India (FCI).
business, Automobiles & Chemicals.
Market intervention to augment supply so
Biggest FDI source Singapore, Mauritius,

as to help moderate the open market prices.
US, Netherlands and Japan
78 Economy
FINANCIAL INCLUSION
Commercial Banks: Financial institutions
The objective of Financial Inclusion is to ex-
that create credit, accept deposits, give
tend financial services to the large hitherto
loans and perform other financial func-
un-served population of the country to unlock
tions.
its growth potential. Following are the
Deferred Payment: Payments put off to
1. Expansion of Bank Branch Network.
a future date or extended over a period of
2. Swabhimaan Scheme
3. Direct Benefit Transfer
time. Interest will usually still accumulates
4. PAHAL Scheme
during deferment.
5. Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
Deflation: Deflation is a reduction in the
PMJDY was formally launched on 28th Au-
level of national income and output, usually
gust, 2014.
accompanied by a fall in the general price
New Pension System
level.
The National Pension System (NPS) was
Depreciation: Reduction in the value of
fixed assets due to wear and tear.
launched on 1st January, 2004 with the
Devaluation: Official reduction in the for-
objective of providing retirement income
eign value of domestic currency. It is done
to all the citizens. It is a co-contributory
to encourage the countrys exports and dis-
pension scheme, Swavalamban Scheme
courage imports.
in the Union Budget of 2010-11, under
Dividend: Earning of stock paid to share-
which the Government will contribute a sum
holders.
of ` 1,000 to each eligible NPS subscriber
Dumping: Sale of a commodity at different
who contributes a minimum of ` 1,000 &
prices in different markets, lower price be-
maximum ` 12,000 per annum.
ing charged in the market where demand is
relatively elastic.
GLOSSARY
Double Taxation: Corporate earnings
Ante date: To give a date prior to that on
taxed at both the corporate level and again
which it is written, to any cheque, bill or any
as a stock holder dividend.
other document.
Fiscal policy: Governments expenditure
Ad valorem tax- a tax based on the value of
property.
and tax policy.
Balance of trade (or payment): The dif-
Free-trade Area: A form of economic inte-
ference between the visible exports and
gration in which there exists free internal
visible imports of two countries in trade
trade among member countries but each
with each other is called balance of pay-
member is free to levy different external
ment.
Basis Point: A unit of measurement which
tariffs against non-member nations.
is equal to 1/100th of 1%. This is used to Payee (Drawee): The person who receives
measure changes in interest rates, stock-a payment. This often applies to cheque.
market indices or yield on fixed income se-

Payer (Drawer): The person who makes a
curities.
payment. This often applies to cheque.
Balance Sheet: It is a statement of ac-
Repo Rate: The rate at which banks bor-
counts, generally of a business concern,
row from RBI. It injects liquidity into the
prepared at the end of a year.
market.
Bank Rate: It is the rate of interest charged Reverse Repo Rate: The rate at which RBI
by the Reserve Bank of India for lending
borrows from banks for a short-term. It
money to Commercial Banks.
Bear: A speculator in the stock market who
withdraws liquidity from the market.
believes that prices will go down.
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): SLR is
Bull: Speculators in the stock markets who
the portion that banks need to invest in the
buy goods, in some cases without money to
form of cash, gold or government approved
pay with, anticipating that prices will go up.
securities.
Cartel: It is a combination of business, gen-
VAT(Value Added Tax): A form of indi-

erally in the same trade formed with a view
rect sales tax paid on products and services
to controlling prices and enjoy monopoly.
at each stage of production or distribution,
Call money: Loan made for a very short pe-
based on the value added at that stage and
riod. It carries a very low rate of interest.
included in the cost to the ultimate customer.
GENERAL SCIENCE
Physics
Physics is the branch of science which deals with the study of matter, energy, and the
interaction between them.
A scalar is a physical quantity that has only a magnitude (size) E.g. : Distance, speed, time,
power, energy, etc.
A vector is a physical quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. E.g. Velocity,
displacement, acceleration, force etc.
Some physical quantities like moment of inertia, stress, etc. are neither scalar nor vector.
They are tensor.
Seven Fundamental Physical Quantities and their Units
Physical Quantity
SI Unit
Symbol
Length
meter
Mass
kilogram
Kg
Time
second
Electric Current
ampere
Temperature
kelvin
Luminous intensity
candela
Cd
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Some Derived Physical Quantities and their Units
S. No
Physical Quantity
cgs unit
SI unit
Relation
1.
Force
dyne
newton
1 newton = 105 dyne
2.
Work
erg
joule
1 joule = 107 erg
NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION
to the centripetal force is called centrifugal
First law of Motion - An object at rest
force.
will remain at rest or in uniform motion Cream separator, centrifugal dryer, etc, remains
in uniform motion unless acted on
work on the principle of centrifugal force.
by an external unbalanced force.
FRICTION
This law is often called the law of inertia.
i.e., resistance to change.
Friction is a force that is created whenever
Second law of Motion - The rate of two surfaces move or try to move across each change
of momentum of a body is directly other.
proportional to the unbalanced external Friction always opposes the motion or at-
force applied on it.
tempted motion of one surface across another

Third law of Motion - For every action surface.
Instances where friction is important
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Walking , Driving ,Picking something up, Car
CIRCULAR MOTION
brakes,
Motion of a body along a circular path is WORK, ENERGY & POWERS
called circular motion.
Centripetal force - while a body is moving Work
along a circular path an external force Work refers to an activity involving a force
required to act radially inward.
and movement in the direction of the force.
A pseudo force that is equal and opposite The SI unit of work is the joule (J),
80 Physics
Energy
The value of g decreases with altitude,
Capacity of doing work is called energy.
depth from the earths surface.
It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, g decreases due to rotation of earth.
electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other vari-
Escape speed (ve) is the minimum speed
ous forms.
with which an object just crosses the earths
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It

gravitational field and never comes back.
can only be transferred to other objects or The escape velocity of Earth is about 11.2
converted into different forms. This is Law
kilometres per second and on moon it is 2.4
of Conservation of energy.
km/sec.
The SI unit of energy is joule.
The energy associated with motion is called SATELLITES
kinetic energy (K).
A satellite is a smaller object in space
The energy associated with position is
which orbits around a larger object Planet
called potential energy (U).
in space.
Conversion of Energy
It can be either artificial, like the commu-
nication or weather satellites that orbit the
Dynamo-
Mechanical Energy into
Earth, or they can be natural, like our Moon.
Electrical Energy.
A geostationary satellite is an earth-
Electric Motor- Electrical Energy into -
orbiting satellite, placed at an altitude of
Mechanical Energy.
approximately 35,800 kilometres (22,300
Microphone-
Sound Energy into Elec-
miles) directly over the equator.
trical Energy.
Loud Speaker-
Electrical Energy into
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Sound Energy.
SOLIDS AND FLUIDS
Electric Bulb-
Electrical Energy into
Elasticity and plasticity: The property by
Light and Heat Energy.
virtue of which the body regains its original
Solar Cell
Solar energy into electri-
shape after the removal of deforming force
cal energy.
is called elasticity. And if the body retains
Power
its deformed shape after the removal of de-
Power is the rate of doing work.
forming force is called plasticity.
Power = Work / time

Rubber is less elastic than steel.
The SI unit of power is joule/second.
Pressure is defined as force acting normal-
One horse power = 746 watt.
ly on an unit area of the surface.
Its unit is N/m2. It is a scalar quantity.
GRAVITATION
Atmospheric pressure is measured by
Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by Sudden fall in barometric reading is the which

all physical bodies attract each other.
indication of storm.
On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical Slow fall in barometric reading is the indi-
objects employing a downward force to
cation of rain.
keep them grounded.
Slow rise in the barometric reading is the
According to Newtons theory, the gravita-
indication of clear weather.
tional attraction between the planets and
the sun holds the planets in elliptical orbits Atmospheric pressure decreases
around the sun.
with altitude.
The force of gravity depends upon the objects It is difficult to cook on the mountain.
mass or the amount of matter in the object.
The fountain pen of a passenger leaks in

The weight (w) of an object is equal to the
aeroplane.
mass of the object multiplied by the accel-
Bleeding occurs from the nose of the man.
eration due to gravity(g).
It is difficult to breath on higher altitude
W = mg
due to less amount of air.
gmaximum at poles and gminimum at
Water starts to boil below 100C.
equator.
Archimedes Principle :
When a body is immersed partly or wholly in a
moon =
gearth
liquid, there is an apparent loss in the weight of
Physics 81
the body, which is equal to the weight of liquid Latent Heat
displaced by the body.
The amount of heat required to change
All objects placed in a liquid experience an
phase (liquid to gas or liquid to solid etc.)

upward force called the buoyant force and
without change in temperature is called la-
the law is called the law of buoyancy.
tent heat.
The weight of water displaced by an iron Specific Heat
ball is less than its own weight. Whereas
water displaced by the immersed portion of The amount of heat that is required to raise
the temperature of a unit mass of a sub-a ship is equal to its weight. So, small ball of
stance by one degree (14.5C to 15.5C) is
iron ball sink in water, but large ship float.
known as Specific heat.
Density of water is maximum at 4C.
Sublimation :
HEAT
It is the process of conversion of a solid direct-
Heat is a form of energy which causes sen-
ly into vapour, eg., Iodine (dark solid), Dry ice
sation of hotness or coldness.
(solid CO2), etc.
Its unit is joule or calorie.
Hoar Frost: It is just the reverse process of
1 cal = 4.2 joule
sublimation. e.g. Frost and snowflakes.
It always flows from a substance at a higher
temperature to the substance at a lower WAVES

temperature.
A wave is a kind of oscillation (disturbance)
Temperature : It indicates the degree of hot-
that travels through space and matter.
ness or coldness of a body.
Wave motions transfer energy, not matter
Temperature is measured by thermometer.
from one place to another.
Temperature measuring units are Kelvin, C Transverse wave- In it the vibrations of or

F.
particles are perpendicular to the direc-
Relation between Temperature on differ-
tion of travel of the wave. It has crests and
ent scales.
troughs.
Longitudinal wave:- In it the vibrations
C F 32 R
K 273 Ra 492
of particles are parallel to the direction of
travel of wave. It has compressions and rar-
5
9
efactions.
The normal temperature of a human body Echo: The repetition of sound due to reflec-is
37C or 98.6F.
tion of sound waves, is called an echo.
At 40 temperature, celsius and fahrenheit Sonar: It stands for sound navigation and
ranging. It is used to measure the depth of
thermometers read the same.
a sea to locate the enemy submarines and
Conduction: It is that mode of transmission of
shipwrecks.
heat in solid where heat is transferred from Anatomy of an Electromagnetic Wave
a region of higher temperature to a region of Charged particles, such as electrons and

lower temperature by the aid of particles of
protons create electromagnetic fields when
the body without their actual migration.
they move, and these fields transport the
Convection: It requires a medium and is the
type of energy we call electromagnetic ra-
process in which heat is transferred from one
diation, or light.
place to other by actual movement of heated Mechanical waves and electro-magnetic

substance (usually molecule of fluid).
waves are two important ways through
Radiation:
which energy is transported in the world
has the following properties:
around us.
(a) Radiant energy travels in straight lines Waves in water and sound waves in air are and
when some object is placed in the path,
two examples of mechanical waves.
its shadow is formed at the detector.
Mechanical waves are caused by a distur-
(b) It is reflected and refracted or can be
bance or vibration in matter, whether solid,
made to interfere.
gas, liquid or plasma.
(c) It can travel through vacuum.
82 Physics
Electromagnetic waves differ from me-
Speed of Sound in Different Mediums
chanical waves in that they do not require
Medium
Speed of sound (In m/s)
a medium to propagate.
Examples of electromagnetic waves are
Air(0C)
332
light, radio waves, X-rays etc.
Air (20C) 343
Sound waves cannot travel in the vacuum
because there is no medium to transmit
Iron
5130
these mechanical waves.
Glass
5640
Sound is transmitted through gases, plas-
ma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also LIGHT
called compression waves.
It requires a medium to propagate.
Light is a form of energy which produces
Audible sound for human is from 20 Hz to
sensation of vision on our eyes.
about 20000 Hz.
Light is made of discrete packets of energy
Pitch is the property of sound that we per-
called photons.
ceive as higher and lower tones.
Photons carry momentum, have no mass,
Sounds higher than 20000 Hz are called
and travel at the speed of light, i.e. 300,000
ultrasonics.
km/sec.
Sounds less than 20 Hz are called infrasonics.
Suns light reaches to earth in 8 minutes 19
When temperature is increased the speed
seconds (i.e. 499 seconds).
of sound is increased.
The light reflected from moon reaches to
Speed of sound in air is 330 m/s.
earth in 1.28 second.
Transparent, translucent and opaque matter
Matter
Nature
Example
Transparent
It allows most of light to pass through.
glass, water, etc
Translucent
It allows a part of light falling on it to pass through. oiled paper
Opaque
It does not allow the incident light to pass through. mirror, metal,
wood, etc.
Ultraviolet radiation is an electromag-
Microwaves are short, high frequency
netic radiation that has wavelength from
waves lying roughly between very high fre-

400 nm to 10 nm, shorter than that of vis-
quency (infrared) waves and conventional
ible light but longer than X-rays. It is used in
radio waves.
water purification.
Reflection of light
Infrared radiation is emission of energy as
electromagnetic waves in the portion of the Reflection by Plane Mirror The image
spectrum just beyond the limit of the red formed by the plane mirror is always erect, of
portion of visible radiation.
the same size and at the same distance as the
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation hav-
object is.
ing a shorter wavelength and produced Spherical mirror
by bombarding a target made of tungsten, Spherical mirrors are of two types
with high speed electrons. Uses in medical (i) Concave mirror
diagonosis.
(ii) Convex mirror
Position & nature of image formed by a spherical mirror
Position of object
Position of image
Size of image in com- Nature of image
parison to object
Concave mirror
At infinity
At focus
Highly diminished
Real, inverted
Physics 83
Between infinity and Between focus and Diminished
Real, inverted
centre of curvature
centre of curvature
At centre of curva- At centre of curva- Of same size
Real, inverted
ture
ture
Between focus and Between centre of Enlarged
Real, inverted
centre of curvature
curvature and infin-
ity
At focus
At infinity
Highly enlarged
Real, inverted
Between focus and Behind the mirror
Enlarged
Virtual, erect
pole
Convex mirror
At infinity
At Focus
Highly diminished
Virtual, erect
Infront of mirror
Between pole and Diminished
Virtual, erect
focus
Uses of concave mirror
Total Internal Reflection
(i) As a shaving mirror.
When the angle of incidence, for a ray of light
(ii) As a reflector for the head lights of a ve-
passing from a denser medium to a rarer
hicle, search light.
medium, exceeds a particular value (called
(iii) In opthalmoscope to examine eye, ear, critical angle for which angle of refraction nose
by doctors.
90), the ray reflects back in the same medium
(iv) In solar cookers,
from the boundary. This phenomena is called
Uses of convex mirror
total internal reflection.
Some Phenomena of total Internal Reflec-

(i) As a rear view mirror in vehicle because tion
it provides the maximum rear field of (i) Endoscopy using optical fibre.
view and image formed is always erect.
(ii) Sparkling of diamond.
(ii) In sodium reflector lamp.
(iii) Mirage in desert
Refraction of Light
(iv) Increase in duration of suns visibility.
The bending of the light ray from its path in (v) Appearance of air bubbles in glass paper
passing from one medium to the other medi-weight.
um is called refraction of light.
(vi) Shining of air bubbles in water.
If the refracted ray bends towards the nor-
Scattering of Light: Sunlight gets scattered
mal relative to the incident ray, then the by small particles present in the atmosphere.
second medium is said to be denser than Red colour scatters least and violet most. Some
the first medium. But if the refracted ray phenomena like reddish appearance of the sun
bends away from the normal, then the sec-at sunrise and sunset, blue colour of sky, white
ond medium is said to be rarer than the colour of clouds etc. based on scattering of light.
first medium.
Some Phenomena based on Refraction
Human Eye
(i) Twinkling of stars
The normal range of vision for a healthy
(ii) Oval Shape of sun in the morning and human eye is from 25 cm (least distance of
evening.
distinct vision to infinity (far point).
(iii) Rivers appear shallow
(iv) Coins appear raised in glass filled with Defects of Vision & Remedies water.
(v) Pencils appear broken in the beaker Myopia or Near(short) sightedness:
filled with water.
A person suffering from Myopia cant see
(vi) Sun appears above horizon at sunset
the far (distant) object clearly but can see
and sunrise.
nearby object clearly.
84 Physics
Causes:
Electric charge is a property of some sub-
The eye ball is too long (i.e. elongated) so
atomic particles, which determines their
image is formed before retina.
electromagnetic interactions.
Lens being too curved for the length of the The
SI unit of charge is coulomb (c).
eye ball.
Electric current (I) is a movement or flow
Remedy: Concave lens is used to diverge the
of electrically charged particle per unit
rays at retina.
time.
Hyperopia or Hypermetropia (long (far) Electrical currents generate magnetic
sightedness)
fields, and changing magnetic fields gener-
ate electrical currents.
A person suffering from it cant see near Conductors
are the substances which allow
object clearly but can see distant object
the passage of electric charge with low resis-
clearly.
tance. E.g., silver, copper etc.
Causes:
Silver is the best conductor of electricity
The eye ball is too short so image is formed
followed by copper.
beyond the retina.
Insulators
are substances which do not
Cornea is not curved enough,
allow passage of electric charge, rubber,
Eye lens is farther back in the eye.
wood, mica, glass, ebonite etc.
Remedy: Convex lens is used to converge the The resistance is the obstruction offered to
rays at retina.
the flow of electric current.
Target group: It can affects both children and Electric cell : It is the device used to convert
adults.
chemical energy into electrical energy.
Astigmatism: Astigmatism is the most Ammeter- Measures current
common refractive problem responsible for Voltmeter- Measures the potential

difference between two points in a circuit.
blurry vision. Cylindrical lens is used to Fuse is a safety device that protects an correct
astigmatism.
electric circuit from becoming overloaded.
Cataract
Transformer
It is the clouding of the lens of the eye that Transformer is a device which converts low
prevent a person to see.
voltage AC into high voltage Ac and vice-
Causes: Protein builds up in the eye lens &
versa.
make it cloudy.
Application /uses: As voltage regulators for
Remedy:
(i) T.V, refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,
It can be corrected with suitable eye glasses
etc.
(lenses).
(ii) Induction furnaces.
Cataract surgery is performed when eye (iii)for welding purposes.
glass does not suit.
AC Generator/Dynamo/Alternator
Dispersion of light :
It is an electric device used to convert me-
The splitting of white ray of light into its seven
chanical energy into electrical energy.
constituents colours (VIBGYOR) is called dis-
D.C. Motor
persion of light.
It converts direct current energy from a
The band of seven constituents colours is
battery into mechanical energy of rotation.
called spectrum.
Its uses
Microscope It is used to see magnified image (i) In D.C. fans, exhaust, ceiling, table fans,
etc.
of a tiny objects.
(ii) In pumping water.
Telescope It is used to increase the visual (iii)In running tram-cars, trains, etc.
angle of distant object. It is used to see far off
objects clearly.
MAGNETISM
ELECTRICITY
Magnets : The material or body which attract
magnetic substance like iron, cobalt, nickel,
Electricity is the set of physical phenom-
etc.
ena associated with the presence and flow The force of attraction of a magnet is great-of
electric charge.
er at its poles than in the middle.
Physics 85
Similar poles of two magnets repel each MODERN PHYSICS
other.
The nucleus of an atom consists of protons
Opposite poles of two magnets attract each
and neutrons together called nucleons.
other.
If a bar magnet is suspended by a thread X-Rays
and free to rotate, its South Pole will move X-rays are electromagnetic radiations of
very towards the North Pole of the earth and short wavelength (0.1 to 100 ) and
high vice versa.
energy which are emitted when fast moving
Uses /Applications
electrons or cathode rays strike a target of
Magnets are used in making magnetic com-
high atomic mass.
passes which help sailors and navigators Properties of X-Rays :
to know the directions.
(i) These are highly penetrating rays and
Electromagnets are used in generators,
can pass through several materials which
motors, loud speakers, telephones, TV sets,

are opaque to ordinary light.
fans, mixers, electric bells, Maglev etc.
(ii) They affect photographic plates.
Properties of a, b and g particles
Properties
a-ray
b-ray
g-ray
Origin
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nature
Positively charged
Negatively
Neutral
charged
Composition
2He4
1e0
Photon
Mass
6.410-31 kg
9.110-31kg
zero
Charge
+2 e
zero
Penetrating power
Minimum
In between the
Maximum
other two
Ionising power
Maximum
In between the
Minimum
other two
Velocity
Between 1.4107 m/s
1% to 99% of
3108 m/s
to 2.2 10 7 m/s
velocity of light
Nuclear Fission: The process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of
comparable size and release of large energy is called fission, eg. atom bomb.
Nuclear Fusion : The process in which two or more lighter nuclei combine to form a
heavy nucleus is known as nuclear fusion, e.g. hydrogen bomb.
Important Discoveries in Physics

Discovery
Scientist
Year
Atom
John Dalton
1808
Law of floatation
Archemedes
1827
Photography (On paper)
W.Fox Talbot
1835
Dynamite
Alfred Nobel
1867
X-Rays
Roentgen
1895
Radioactivity
Henry Becquerel
1896
Electron
J.J. Thomson
1897
Radium
Madam Curie
1898
Wireless telegram
Marconi
1901
86 Physics
Diode
Sir J.S. Fleming
1904
Principle of relativity
Albert Einstein
1905
Proton
Goldstein
1886
Raman effect
C.V. Raman
1928
Neutron
James Chadwick
1932
Some more Inventions
Invention
Inventor
Country
Year
Aeroplane
Wright brothers
USA
1903
Ball-point pen
C. Biro
Hungary
1938
Barometer
E. Torricelli
Italy
1644
Bicycle
K. Macmillan
Scotland
1839
Calculating machine
Pascal
France
1642
Centrigrade scale
A. Celsius
France
1742
Diesel engine
Rudolf Diesel
Germany
1892
Dynamo
Michael Faraday
England
1831
Electric lamp
Thomas Alva Edison
USA
1879
Film (with sound)
Dr lee do forest
USA
1923
Fountain Pen
L.E. Waterman
USA
1884
Jet Engine
Sir Frank Whittle
England
1937
Lift
E.G. Otis
USA
1852
Match (safety)
J.E. Lundstrom
Sweden
1855
Microphone
David Hughes
USA
1878
Motor car(petrol)
Karl Benz
Germany
1885
Motorcycle
Edward Butler
England
1884
Printing Press
J. Gutenberg
Germany
1455
Radio
G.Marconi
England
1901
Razor (safety)
K.G. Gillette USA
USA
1895
Refrigerator
J. Harrison and A.
Britain
1834
Catlin
Sewing machine
B. Thimmonnier
France
1830
Steam engine (condenser)
James Watt
Scotland
1765
Stainless Steel
Harry Brearley
England
1913
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell USA

1876
Television
John Logie Bared
Scotland
1926
Thermometer
Galileo Galilei
Italy
1593
Chemistry
Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with study of matter and various
changes it undergoes.
STATES OF MATTER
Matter
Chemical classification of matter
Physical classification of matter
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Elements
Compounds
Organic
Inorganic
Metalic
Metalloids
Non-metallic
Classification of Matter
Melting point of a substance is the
Matter
temperature at which its solid form changes
It is defined as anything that occupies
to a liquid.
space and has mass.
Boiling point is the temperature at which the
At a given temperature, an element is in one
liquid form of a substance changes to a gas.
of the three states of matter- Solid, Liquid A physical change is a change in matter
or Vapour (Gas).
that involves no chemical reaction.
Solids
The three types of physical changes are-
Solids possess definite shape and volume,
melting, evaporation and freezing.
eg. metals, brick, etc.
Chemical Change A change in which the
Liquids
identify of the original substance is changed
They possess definite volume but no
and new substances are formed is called
definite shape.
a chemical change for example souring of
They can flow, so they are called fluids, e.g.
milk, burning of paper, rusting of iron etc.
water, milk, mercury, oil,etc.
Gases
ATOM
Gases have neither a definite volume nor An atom is the smallest unit of an
element.
definite shape.
An atom has a central nucleus.
They takes the volume and shape of the The nucleus carries a positive charge.
container. E.g. air, oxygen, hydrogen, etc.
Electrons revolves around the nucleus.
88 Chemistry
Protons have a positive charge.
AIR AND WATER
Electrons have a negative charge.
Neutrons have no charge.
Air is colorless, odorless, tasteless,
Element
gaseous mixture, mainly contains nitro-

gen (approximately 78%) and oxygen
Everything in the universe is made of a
combination of a few basic substances (approximately 21%) with lesser
called elements.
amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, hydro-
The element is the simplest form of matter gen, neon, helium, and other gases.
composed of atoms having identical Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen in

number of protons in each nucleus.
the ratio of 2:1 by volume and 1:8 by mass.
Compound
eg. (H2O)
Hard water has bicarbonates, chlorides
A compound is a pure substance that
contains atoms of two or more chemical
sulphates of Ca and Mg. This water is unfit
elements in definite proportions that
for washing and use in industrial boilers.
cannot be separated by physical means and Heavy water is deuterium oxide (D2O),
are held together by chemical bonds.
molecular mass = 20).
Substances & Chemical Compositions
Common Name
Chemical Name
Composition
Formula
Alum
Potash
Potassium, Sulphur,
K2SO4Al2(SO4)3
Aluminium, Hydrogen
and Oxygen
Bleaching Powder Calcium
Calcium, Chlorine and CaCl(OCl)
hypochlorite
Oxygen
Blue Vitriol
Copper sulphate
Copper, Sulphur and
CuSO4.5H2O
Oxygen
Caustic Potash
Potassium
Potassium Hydrogen, KOH
hydroxide
and Oxygen
Chalk
Calcium
Calcium, Carbon and
CaCO3
carbonate
Oxygen
Caustic Soda
Sodium hydroxide Sodium, Hydrogen and NaOH
Oxygen
Baking Soda
Sodium bicarbon- Sodium, Hydrogen,
NaHCO3
ate
Carbon and Oxygen
Common Salt
Sodium chloride
Sodium and Chlorine
NaCl
Epsom Salt
Magnesium sul-
Magnesium, Sulphur, MgSO4. 7H2O
phate
and Oxygen
Galena
Lead sulphide
Lead and Sulphur
PbS
Green Vitriol
Iron sulphate
Iron, Sulphur and

FeSO4. 7H2O
Oxygen
Glauber's salt
Sodium sulphate Sodium, Sulphur, Oxy- Na2SO4.10H2O
Gypsum
Calcium Sulphate gen and hydrogen
CaSO4.2H2O
dihydrate
Laughing gas
Nitrous oxide
Nitrogen and Oxygen
N2O
Lime water
Calcium hydroxide Calcium, Hydrogen,
Ca(OH)2
and Oxygen
Chemistry 89
Litharge
Lead monoxide
Lead and Oxygen
PbO
Plaster of Paris
Calcium sulphate Calcium, Sulphur, Hy- 2CaSO4.H2O
hemihydrate
drogen and Oxygen

Quartz
Sodium silicate
Sodium, Silica and
Na2SiO3
Oxygen
Quick lime
Calcium oxide
Calcium and Oxygen
CaO
Red lead
Triplumbic
Lead and Oxygen
Pb3O4
Sal ammoniac
Ammonium Chlo- Nitrogen, Hydrogen
NH4CI
ride
and chlorine
Soda ash or wash- Sodium carbonate Sodium, Carbon, Hy-
Na2CO3.10H2O
ing soda
drogen and Oxygen
Soda bicar bonate Sodium bicarbon- Sodium hydrogen,
NaHCO3
ate
Carbon and Oxygen
White vitriol
Zinc sulphate
Zinc, Sulphur, Hydro-
ZnSO4.7H2O
gen and Oxygen
Metals and Non-Metals
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) is used in jeweller's rouge.
There are two types of elements- metals Silver Iodide (AgI) is used for artificial
rain.
and non- metals.
FUELS
Metals
The substance, which produce heat and
Elements which are hard, ductile, brittle,
light on combustion are called fuels.
and malleable, possess lustre and conduct LPG (Liquified petroleum gas) is a
mixture of heat and electricity are termed metals.
hydrocarbons containing three or four carbon
Except Mercury and gallium, all metals
atoms, such as propane, butane and pentane.
are solid.
Coal
Non-Metals
Coal is made up of carbon.

Non metals are electronegative elements The common varieties of coal are which
have a tendency to gain one or more
anthracite, bitumen; lignite and peat.
electrons to form negative ions called
anions.
ACIDS, BASES AND PH SCALE
Non metals are non lustrous and bad Acids are chemical compounds that taste
conductors of heat and electricity.
sour, turn blue litmus red, and often react
Occurrence of Metals
with some metals to produce hydrogen gas.
Acids- HNO3, HNO2, H2SO4, H3PO4, H3PO3,
Minerals are naturally occurring chemical
H2CO3, etc.
compounds of fixed composition and Bases are chemical compounds that

characteristics. egs. silicates, oxides,
taste bitter, turn red litmus blue and feel
sulphides, and carbonates, etc.
slippery. Base: (NaOH), (Ca(OH)2), (KOH),
Uses of Some Metals and Non-
(RbOH), etc.
Metals Compounds
When aqueous (water) solutions of an acid
and a base are combined, a neutralization
Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) is called lunar
reaction occurs.
caustic and is used to prepare the ink used The pH of a solution measures the
hydrogen during voting.
ion concentration in that solution.
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is used as Anything above pH 7 is alkaline, anything

an oxidishing agent, bleaching agent, as
below pH 7 is considered acidic.
an insecticide and for washing old oil Human blood pH should be slightly alkaline
paintings.
(7.35-7.45).
90 Chemistry
Sources of Some Naturally
PLASTICS AND POLYMERS
Occurring Acids
Plastics consist of very long molecules, each
Acid
Source
composed of carbon atoms linked into chains.
Polythene is composed of over 200000
Citric acid
Lemon, orange, grapes
carbon atoms.
Maleic acid
Unripe apple
Polymers are large long chain like
molecules formed by the chemical linking
Tartaric acid
Tamarind
of many smaller molecules.
Acetic acid
Vinegar
Some common man-made
Lactic acid
Milk
polymers and their uses
Hydrochloric acid
Stomach
Polymer
Use
Oxalic acid
Tomato
Polythene
Packaging material,
Acidic & basic nature of some
carry bags, bottles etc.
household substances
Polypropene
Bottles, Crates etc.
Acidic
Basic (Alkaline)
Polyvinyl chloride Pipes insulation
(PVC)
1. Bathroom acid
1. Milk of magnesia
(Antacids)
Nylon (Polyester)
Fibres, ropes etc.
2. Vitamin C tablets
Teflon
Nonstick kitchen wares
(Ascorbic acid)
2. Toothpaste
Vinyl rubber
Rubber erasers
3. Lemon juice
3. Soap solution or
detergent solution.
Polystyrene
Foam Thermocole
Poly (Styrene buta- Rubber bubble gum
4. Orange juice
4. Solution of washing
soda.
diene)
5. Tomato juice
5. Slaked lime & white
Bakelite
Electrical insulation
wash
buttons
6. Vinegar
Lexan
Bullet proof glass
Fizzy drinks
7. (Colas &
Melamine
Crockery
Sodawater)
RADIOACTIVITY
pH Value of some important
Radioactivity is discovered by French
substances
physicist Henry de Becquerel in 1896,
Sodium Hydroxide: Alkaline
14. 0
who observed that uranium mineral gave
Ammonia
11. 0
off invisible radiation.
Baking Soda
8. 3
Radiations are of three kinds: Alpha, Beta

Human Blood
7. 35 to 7.45
and Gamma
Pure Water: Neutral
7. 0
Alpha (a) Particle is positively charged
Milk: Acid
6. 6
helium atom
Tomatoes
4. 5
that has very little
Wine and Beer
4. 0
penetrating power.
Apples
3. 0
Beta (b) Particles These are negatively
Vinegar
2. 2
charged light particles.
Lemon Juice
2. 0
Gamma (g) Particles These are
Battery Acid
1. 0
electromagnetic radiations of low
Urine(Human)
5. 5 to 7. 5
wavelength, high frequency, and high energy.
Tears
7. 4
Electroplating
Sea water
8. 5
Milk (Cow)
6. 3 to 6. 6
It is a process of plating one metal onto
Coffee
5.0
another by electrolysis, most commonly
for decorative purposes or to prevent
Tooth paste
9.0
corrosion of a metal.
Chemistry 91
Types of electroplating capsopper plating, It is non-metal.
silver plating, and chromium plating, etc.
Its atomic number is 6 & mass is 12.
Carbon and Its Compounds

Allotropes
Allotropes are substances which have same
All organic compounds contain carbon, and
chemical properties but different physical
the vast majority also contains hydrogen
bonded to carbon.
properties.
Allotropes of Carbon
Diamond
Graphite
Amorphous Carbons
It is purest form of
It is called black lead
They are product of
carbon.
It is soft, dark grey
pyrolysis.
It is hardest natural
It is good conductor of
Pyrolysis is
substance.
electricity & heat.
the process of
It is highly
It is used in making pencils,

decomposing a
transparent
moderator in nuclear reactor,
substance on heating
It is bad conductor
Coal & Soot (carbon
of electricity & heat.
black) are the
It is used in jewellry
examples.
& industries.
GLASS
or preventing the growth of bacteria in
Glass is a mixture of an alkali silicate with the animal systems. For example
penicillin, silicate of a base, that is, silica, sodium silicate chloramphenicol etc.
and calcium or lead silicate.
Antibody : Kinds of substances formed in the
Type & Uses
blood, tending to inhibit or destroy harmful
(i) Milky Glass is used to the melt glass.
pathogens, etc.
(ii) Flint Glass, used in lenses, prisms.
Antigen : Substance capable of stimulating
(iii) Soda or Soft Glass is used for making formation of antibodies in a host. For
example bottles, window panes, etc.
bacteria, virus etc.
(iv) Potash Glass or Hard Glass is used for Antipyretic : A substance used to lower
body making beakers, flasks, funnel, etc.
temperature.
(v) Crown Glass is used for optical apparatus.
Sulphadrugs : Alternatives of antibiotics,
(vi) Crook's Glass is used for spectacles as sulphanilamide, sulphadiazine, Sulpha it

absorbs UV rays.
gunamidine.
(vii) Glass Laminates is used to make Antacids : Substances which neutralise the
windows and screens of cars, trains and
aircraft.
excess acid and raise the pH to appropriate
(viii) Jena Glass is used for making laboratory level in stomach are called antacids.
bottles, for keeping acids and alkalies.
Chloroform : A sweetish, colourless liquid. It is
used as a solvent and anaesthetic.
SOME CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Saccharin : A white crystalline solid which
AND THEIR USES
is 550 times sweeter than sugar, but does
Soaps and Detergents : Soaps are the sodium not have any food value. It is used by
diabetic or potassium salts of fatty acids.
patients.
Antibiotic : Medicinal compounds produced DDT : Dichloro diphenyl tricholoro

ethane, a by moulds and bacteria, capable of destroying white powder used as an
insecticide.
92 Chemistry
Branches of Science
Laryngology
study of larynx
Adenology
study of glands
Mastology
study of mammals or
mammary glands or
Angiology
study of blood flow and
breast diseases
lymphatic system
Meteorology
study of weather
Arthrology
study of joints
Myology
study of muscles
Barology
study of gravitation
Neonatology
study of newborn babies
Bromatology
study of food
Nephrology
study of the kidneys
Carpology
study of fruits and
seeds
Obstetrics
study of midwifery
Cetology
study of whales and
Odontology
study of teeth
dolphins
Oncology
study of tumours
Cosmology
study of the universe
Pathology
study of disease
Craniology
study of the skull
Dactylography
the study of fingerprints
Pharmacology
study of drugs
Demology
study of human
Physiology
study of processes of life
behaviour
Pyretology
study of fevers
Ecology
study of environment
Radiology
study of X-rays
Endocrinology
study of ductless glands
and their medical
Entomology
study of insects
applications.
Geology
study of earth's crust
Seismology
study of earthquakes
Hematology
study of blood
Hepatology
study of liver
Toxicology
study of poisons
Herpetology
study of reptiles and
Urology
study of urine; urinary
amphibians
tract
Hypnology
study of sleep; study of
Virology
study of viruses
hypnosis
Ichthyology
study of fish
Xylology
study of wood
Irenology
the study of peace

Zoiatrics
veterinary surgery
Kalology
study of beauty
Zoology
study of animals
Biology
INTRODUCTION
Cell wall is present in plants cell.
Cell membrane is composed of lipids.
Biology is the study of life and living organism, The function of plasma membrane is
the including their structure, function, evolution,
transport of the molecules across it.
distribution, identification and Taxonomy
Aristotle is often called the father of Ribosomes were first observed by Palade.
biology.
Ribosomes are present only in grandular
Leeuwenhoek invented a simple microscope
endoplasmic reticulum.
and studied living cells.
Except mammalian RBC all living cells have
Alexander Flemming discovered Penicillin.

ribosomes.
Gregor Johann Mendel discovered principles Nucleus is centrally located

spherical and of inheritance.
largest component of all eukaryotic cell.
Louis Pasteur proposed Germ theory of
Nucleolus is present in nucleus.
disease. He also proposed pasteurization Mitochondria are also called Powerhouse

for sterilization.
of cells. They are involved in energy
Robert Hooke assembled a compound
microscope and discovered cells in cork.
generation.
Charles Darwin is famous for the theory of Classification of Organism
Natural selection.
Most acceptable classification was given by
Hippocrates is considered to be the father
R. H. Whittaker (1969). These are Monera,
of western medicine .
protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
Edward Jenner is famous for creating the Study of genes is known as genetics.
first effective vaccine for smallpox- ( father
of immunology)
Gene is a segment of DNA and basic
William Watson (1909) introduced the
unit of heredity. These are located on

term Genetics.
chromosomes.
Watson and Crick gave the model of DNA.
DNA is found in nucleus, and also found in
In 1866 Ernst Haeckel coined word
mitochondria and chloroplast.
ecology
It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Camillo golgi discovered golgi body.
It is double stranded.
Salim Ali known as the birdman of India
It consists of Nitrogenous bases-Adenine,
Har Gobind Khorana is a biochemist
Thymine, Cytosine or Guanine, 5-carbon
who won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for
sugar and a phosphate molecule.
demonstrating how the nucleotides in RNA is single stranded. It consists of nucleic

acids control the synthesis of
phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous bases-
proteins.
Adinine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.
CELLS
Mendel conducted cross hybridization
experiments on green pea plant ( Pisum
All living organism are constituted of

sativum).
structural and functional units called cells.
Mutation
Robert Hook coined the term cell in 1665.
Sudden change in the sequence of DNA is
Cells are grouped into tissues, tissues into
organ and organs into organ system.
known as mutation.
Sex Determination
Smallest cells- Mycoplasmas.
Largest isolated single cell- egg of an ostrich X and Y are the sex chromosomes
which
Prokaryotic is without nucleus.
are responsible for the determination of
It is found in bacteria, blue green algae,
sex. 46 chromosomes are present in human
mycoplasma.
body cell. In which 22 pairs of these are
The eukaryotic cells with nucleus occur in
autosomes & 23rd is sex chromosomes, ie.
all protists, fungi, plants and the animals.
x & y.
94 Biology
Digestion of Food
Name of the
Name of the enzymes
Substrate
End product
Digestive
juice
Saliva
Ptyalin (Salivary
Starch
Maltose
amylase)
Pancreatic
Amylopsin (pancreatic Starch,
Maltose and Glucose
juice
amylase)
Glycogen
Intestinal
Sucrase (invertase),
Sucrose; Maltose, Glucose and fructose,
juice
Maltase, Lactase
Lactose
Glucose, and galactose
Gastric Juice
Pepsin, Rennin
Proteins,
Proteoses and peptones,
Casein
Calcium caseinate
Pancreatic
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Proteins,
Proteoses and Peptides
Juice
Carboxyl peptidases
Peptides
Amino acid.
Intestinal
Amino peptidase,
Peptides
Amino acids
juice
Dipeptidase
Vitamin Required by the Body
Vitamin
Chemical
Function in Body
Deficiency Disease
Sources
Name
B1
Thiamine
Part of coenzyme for Beri-beri: nerve and Found in whole
pyrophosphate respiration
heart disorders
grain cereals, etc.
B2
Riboflavin
Part of coenzyme FAD Ariboflavinosis: skin Milk, yogurt, etc.
needed for respiration and eye disorders
B12
Cyanoco-
Coenzyme needed
Pernicious anaemia Animal products
balamin
for making red blood
etc.
cells, etc.
B5
Nicotinic
Part of coenzymes
Pellagra: skin, gut and Widespread in
acid (niacin) NAD, NADP used in
nerve disorders
foods.
respiration
C
Ascorbic acid Not precisely known Scurvy: degeneration Lemon, orange, etc.
of skin teeth and blood
vessels.
Retinol
Visual pigment,
Xeropthalmia: dry Milk, eggs, etc.
rhodopsin
eyes
Cholecalciferol Stimulates calcium
Rickets: bone
Found in dairy
absorption by small deformity
products, etc.
intestine, needed for
proper bone growth
Tocopherol
Not precisely known Infertility
Found primarily in
plant oils, green,
leafy vegetables, etc.
K
Phylloquinone Involved in blood
Possible haemorrage Green, leafy
clotting
vegetables, etc.
Biology 95
Minerals Required by the Body
Minerals
Source
Function
Sodium (Na) Table salt large amounts is present in for proper fluid balance, etc.
processed foods, etc.
Chloride
Table salt, large amounts is present for proper fluid balance, etc.
in processed foods, etc.
Potassium
Meats, milk, etc.
for proper fluid balance, etc.
Calcium
Milk and milk products, etc.
Important for healthy bones and teeth, etc.
Phosphorus
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, Important for healthy bones and teeth,
processed foods.
etc.
Magnesium
Nuts and seeds; etc.
Found in bones, etc.
Sulfur
Occurs in foods as part of protein, Found in protein molecules.
meats, etc.
Iron
Organ meats; etc.
found in red blood cells.
Iodine
Seafood, foods grown in iodine-rich Found in thyroid hormone.
soil, etc.
Protein Deficiency Diseases
Human Respiratory System
Marasmus is produced by a simultaneous
Human respiratory system consists of
deficiency of proteins and calories.
external nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx,
Kwashiorkar is produced by protein
larynx, trachea, bronchiole and lungs.

deficiency.
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
These are of two types open circulatory
system and closed circulatory system.
The organ system which aids in the process of Generally present in arthopods and
respiration is called the Respiratory system.
molluscs.
Organs of Respiration in Animals
Annelids and chordates have a closed
circulatory.
Respiratory
Animals
The human heart beats at the rate of about
Organ
72-80 per minute in the resting condition.
Lungs
Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and
ECG stands for Electrocardiogram. It is
the graphic record of electronic current
Amphibians
produced by the excitation of cardiac
Gills
Fish, Crabs, Tadpole larva of Frog
muscles.
It is process of removal of undigested
Skin
Earthworm, Leech, Amphibians
wastes from the body.
Kidney plays a major role in the elimination
Trachea
Insects
of water waste in the form of urine.
Urine contains ammonia, urea, uric acid, etc.
Skeletal System
Human Skeleton (comprising 206 bones)
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral Sternum
Ribs
column
Girdles
Limbs
96 Biology
Endocrine System : Hormones and their Action
S. No. Endocrine
Hormone
Action
gland
Pituitary Growth hormones, Regulates the growth of bone and tissue. Controls
(Master
Anti-diuretic
the amount of water reabsorbed by the water.
gland)
hormone Defending the body against physiological stress Adeno
e.g. exposure to cold. Follicle stimulating hormone
Corticotrophic
stimulates ovary to produce female hormone.
hormone
Pineal
Melatonin
Regulates, circadian and sexual cycle
Thyroid
Thyroxine
Regulates rate of growth and metabolism. Too lit-

tle-over weight and sluggishness. Too much-thin
and over active.
Thymus
Thymosin
Helps in production of lymphocytes
Adrenal
Cortisone
Aids in conversion of proteins to sugar, cortex of
this gland produces the hormone.
Pancreas
Insulin
Regulates sugar metabolism. Too little insulin leads
to high sugar level in blood and weakness (a condi-
tion called diabetes)
Ovary
Estrogen
Development of secondary sexual characters e.g.
development of breasts in female.
Testis
Testosterone
Development of many masculine features such as
growth of moustaches and beard
DISEASE AND DEFENCE
Common Lung Diseases
MECHANISM
Asthma
Bronchitis (Inflammation of the Bronchi)
Common Heart Diseases
Coronary artery disease or Arthro-
Common Brain Diseases
sclerosis :
Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a condition where a
Angina (angina pectoris)
person has recurrent seizures, abnormal
discharge of electrical activity in the brain
Heart Failure (congestive heart failure)
cells
Bacteria Diseases
Disease
Pathogen
Affected Organ
Symptom
Anthrax
Bacillus
Skin and intestine
Skinulcer, sore throat, nausea,
anthracis
fever, breathlessness
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Intestine
Vomiting, acute diarrhoea,
muscular cramps, dehydration etc.
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium Respiratory tract
Difficulty in respiration
diphtheriae
(mainly in child of age 2-5 yrs).
Leprosy or
Mycobacterium Chronic infection of

Ulcers, nodules, scaly scabs
Hansens disease leprae
skin and nerve
(the infected part of the body
becomes senseless).
Plague
Pasteurella,
Blood disease
High fever, weakness and
(i) Bubonic plague Yersinia pestis
haemorrhage which turn black.
Biology 97
(ii) Pneumonic
Lungs
Haemorrhage of bronchi, lungs.
plaque
Tetanus (lock jaw) Clostridium
Central nervous
Painful contraction of neck
tetani
system
and jaw muscles followed by
paralysis of thoracic muscles.
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium Lungs
Repeated coughing, high fever.
tuberculosis
Whooping cough Bacillus pertussis Respiratory system
Continuous coughing.
or Pertussis
Pneumonia
Diplococcus
Lungs
Sudden chill, chest pain, cough,
pneumoniae
high fever.
Typhoid
Salmonella typhi intestine
High fever, diarrhoea and
headache.
Viral Diseases
Disease
Pathogen
Affected Part
Symptom
AIDS (Acquired HIV (Human Immuno White blood cells
Weak immune system.
Immuno
Deficiency Virus)
Deficiency
Syndrome)
Chicken pox
Vericella virus
Whole body
High fever, reddish eruption on
body
Small pox
Variola virus
Whole body
Light fever, eruption of blood
on body
Dengue fever
RNA containing
Whole body,
High fever, backache, headache,
dengue virus
particularly head, retro-orbital pain behind the
eyes and joints
eye ball.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis virus
Liver
Loss of appetite, nausea, whitish
(Epidemic
stool and jaundice.

Jaundice)
Not fatal
(i) Hepatitis - A Hepatitis - A virus
Fatal
(ii) Hepatitis - B Hepatitis - B virus
Herpes
Herpes virus
Skin
Swelling of skin.
Influenza (flu) Influenza virus
Whole body
Inflammation of upper
respiratory tract, nose throat
and eyes.
Measles
Rubella virus
Whole body
Loss of appetite, reddish
German
eruption on the body.
Polio or
Polio virus
Throat, backbone Fever, backbone and intestine
poliomyelitis
and nerve
wall cells are destroyed. It leads
to paralysis.
Rabies
RNA virus called
Nervous system
Encephalitis, fear of water, high
(hydrophobia) rabies virus
fever, headache, spasm of throat
and chest leading to death
Swine
H1N1 flu virus
Whole body
Headache, tiredness, sore throat,
influenza (flu)
(muscles)
vomiting, breathing problems.
98 Biology
Protozoan Diseases
Disease
Pathogen
Vector
Parts Affected and
(Causative
Symptoms
agent)
African trypano-
Trypanosoma
Tsetse fly (Glossina
Blood and nervous tissue.
somiasis
gambienes
palpalis)
Man feels sleepy, may cause
death.
Amoebic dysen-
Entamoeba
None, Infection by
Colon (intestine). Develop
tery (Amoebiasis)
histolytica
contamination
loose motion with blood,
pain in abdomen
Diarrhoea
Giardia
None, infection by
Digestive system causes
contamination
loose motions, vomitting
Filaria or el-
Wuchereria
Culex mosquito
Swelling of legs, testes and
ephantiasis
bancrofti
other body parts.
Kala azar or dum- Leishmania
Sand flies (Phlebo-
Spleen and liver enlarge and
dum fever
donovani
tomus)
high fever develops.
Malaria
Plasmodium sp.
Female Anopheles
Periodical attacks of high
mosquito
fever, pain in joints ac-
companied by chill, heavy
perspiration and fast pulse.
Fungal Diseases in Human Beings
Disease
Pathogen (fungi)
Symptoms
Asthma or aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus
Obstruction in the functioning of lungs.
Baldness
Tinea capitis
Hair fall
Athletes foot
Tinea pedis
Skin disease, cracking of feet.
Ringworm
Tricophyton Verrucosum
Round red spot on skin
Scabies
Acarus scabiei
Skin itching and white spot on the skin.
Blood
Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic
Blood is a liquid connective tissue.
cells (destroy foreign bodies)
Blood has a fluid matrix called plasma.
Basophils are involved in inflammatory
Plasma is a pale coloured fluid which
reactions.
contributes 55% of blood volume. Plasma Eosinophils are associated with allergic
contains 90 to 92 % of water.
reactions.
Blood corpuscles are of three types: Red Lymphocytes are responsible for
immune blood corpuscles (RBCs) ,white blood
response.
corpuscles(WBCs) and Blood platelets.
Platelets (thrombocytes) are responsible
RBCs are formed in the red bone-marrow,
for clotting of blood during accidents.
and lack nucleus.
For a healthy adult person the average
Life span of RBCs (Erythrocytes) is about
systolic/diastolic pressure is 120/80 mm
120 days.
of Hg in arteries near heart.
WBCs (Leueocytes) are responsible for The Rh factor is a type of protein on the
immunity.
surface of red blood cells. Most people who
WBCs are manufactured in bone marrow.
have the Rh factor are Rh-positive. Those
Biology 99
who do not have the Rh factor are Rh-
Universal Donor : O blood group person
negative.
can give blood to all the four blood groups
Karl Landsteiner (1900) discovered the
(O, A, B, and AB).

blood group in human.
Universal Recipient : AB blood group
There are four groups of blood A, B, AB
person can take blood from all the four
and O.
groups (AB, A, B, O).
Vaccines and their Doses
Age
Vaccination
Dose
Birth to 12
DPT (triple vaccine, against diptheria, Three doses (commonly oral) months
whooping cough/pertussis and tetanus)
at intervals of 4-6 weeks.
Polio (Sabins oral, previously Salks Three doses at intervals of 4-6
injectible)
weeks.
BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin)
Intradermal and one vaccine
8-24 months DPT
Booster dose
Polio (oral)
Booster dose
Cholera vaccine (can be repeated every One
year before summer)

9-15 months Measles vaccine (MMR or Measles, one dose
Mumps and Rubella)
5-6 years
DT (Bivalent vaccine against diphtheria Booster dose
and tetanus)
TAB (vaccine against Salmonella typhi,
S. paratyphi A and S paratyphi B) or Two doses at intervals of 1-2
Typhoid Paratyphoid vaccine
months
10 years
Tetanus, TAB (typhoid)
Booster dose
16 years
Tetanus, TAB
Booster dose
Vaccines and Inventors
Vaccine
Developed by
Country
Year
Small Pox
Edward Jenner
England
1796
Cholera
Louis Pasteur
France
1880
Diphtheria and
Emil Adolf Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato Germany/
1891
Tetanus
Japan
TB Vaccine
Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin
France
1922
Polio Vaccine
Jonas E. Salk
US
1952
Oral Polio Vaccine Albert Bruce Sabin
US
1955
Measles Vaccine
John F. Enders, Thomas peeble
US
1953
Rabies Vaccine
Louis Pasteur
France
1885
Typhus Vaccine
Charles Nicolle
France
1909
Rubella Vaccine
Paul D.Parkman & Harry M. Meyer jr
1966
Scurvy vaccine
James Lind
1753
100 Biology
Medical Science Discoveries
Invention
Inventor
Year
Penicillin
Alexander Fleming (scotland)
1928
Anesthetic
William Morton
1846
Anthrax vaccine
Louis Pasteur
1881
Antiseptic
Joseph Lister (Scotland)
1867
Artificial heart
Denton Cooley
1969
Bacteria (discovered)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1674
Cholera and T.B. Germs
Robert Koch (Germany)
1883
Cholera vaccine
Louis Pasteur
1880
Contact lenses (glass)
Adolf Fick
1887
Corneal transplants
Eduard Zirm
1905
Cough drops
James Smith and sons
1847
Dental drill
George Fellows Harrington
1864
(motor-driven)
Disposable syringe
Colin Murdoch
1956
DNA (structure
Frances Crick, James Watson and Rosa- 1953
discovered)
lind Franklin
Electrocardiograph
Willem Einthoven
1903
Gas mask
Garrett Augustus Morgan
1912
Genetics
Johann Gregor Mendel
1865
Insulin (discovery)
Frederick Banting and Charles Best
1921
Iron lung
Philip Drinker
1929
Microscope
Hans Janssen
1590
(compound)
Morphine
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner
1803
Pacemaker (human)
Wilson Greatbatch
1960 (first use)
Pasteurisation
Louis Pasteur
1864
Pathology
Giovanni Battista Morgagni
1761
Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
1928
Stethoscope
Ren Lannec
1819
Thermometer (medical)
Thomas Allbutt
1866
X-rays
Wilhelm Roentgen
1895
Ecology
& Environment
Ecology is the branch of biology deals with the The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species
relations and interactions between organisms
provides taxonomic, conservation status
and their environment, including other
and distribution information on plants,
organisms.
fungi and animals.
Ecosystem
Red Data Book
A Red Data Book contains lists of species
An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature whose continued existence is threatened.
consisting of abiotic and biotic factors, By the end of 2014 India had 988 threatened
where the living organisms interact among species on the list, which lists.
themselves and also with their physical Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian lion,
environment (abiotic factors).
Indian Rhino, Gaur, lion tailed macaque,
Tibetan Antelope, Ganga river dolphin, the
Biodiversity & Wildlife of India

Nilgiri Tahr, snow leopard, dhole, black buck,
Biodiversity mean diversity of heterogeneity at great Indian bustard, forest owlet,

white
all levels of biological organisation, i.e from Micro winged duck and many more are
the most molecules of the cells to the Biomass. The word endangered animals in
India.
Biodiversity was popularized by the sociologist CITES
Edward Wilson.
Convention on International Trade in
As per available data, the varieties of species
Endangered species (CITES) was signed in
living on the earth are 1753739. Out of the
1975 in Washington.
above species, 134781 are residing in India. Roughly 5,600 species of animals and
Wild life Institute of India has divided it into
30,000 species of plants are protected by
ten biogeographical regions and twenty five
CITES against over-exploitation through
biotic provinces.
international trade.
IUCN at a Glance
National Biodiversity Authority
It was founded in 1948 as the worlds first The NBA is a body corporate established
in global environmental organisation.
accordance with the provisions of Sec.8 of
The IUCN stands for The International the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, at
Chennai w.e.f. 1st October 2003. It is an autonomous,
Union for Conservation of Nature and statutory and regulatory organization which
Natural Resources. Now known as World is intended to implement the provisions of
Conservation Union (WCU).
Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Biodiversity Conservtion
Biodiversity conservation
In-situ conservation
Ex-situ conservation
National Parks
Biosphere
Sacred
Zoos,
Seed Bank/
Sacred
and Sancturies
reserves
lakes and
Botanical Gardens, Gene bank
plants
forests
Arboreta and
(Cryopres
Aquaria
ervation)
Terrestrial
Marine
102
Biosphere Reserves in India Area-wise
Name
State
Key Fauna
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque
Karnataka
Nanda Devi National Park &
Uttarakhand
Biosphere Reserve
Gulf of Mannar
Tamil Nadu
Dugong or sea cow
Nokrek
Meghalaya
Red panda
Sundarbans
West Bengal
Royal Bengal tiger
Manas
Assam
Golden langur, red panda

Simlipal
Odisha
Gaur, royal Bengal tiger, elephant
Dihang-Dibang
Arunachal Pradesh
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
Madhya Pradesh
Giant squirrel, flying squirrel
Achanakmar-Amarkantak
Madhya Pradesh,
Four horned antelope, Indian wild
Biosphere Reserve
Chhattisgarh
dog, Saras crane)
Great Rann of Kutch
Gujarat
Indian wild ass
Cold Desert
Himachal Pradesh
Snow leopard
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve Sikkim
Snow leopard, red panda
AgasthyamalI Biosphere Reserve
Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Nilgiri tahr, elephants

Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve Andaman and Nicobar Saltwater crocodile
Islands
Dibru-Saikhowa
Assam
Golden langur
Seshachalam Hills
Andhra Pradesh
Panna
Madhya Pradesh
Tiger, chital, chinkara, sambhar
and sloth bear
National Parks
They are reserved for the betterment of wild life, both fauna and flora. In national
parks private ownership is not allowed. The grazing, cultivation, forestry, etc. is also
not permitted. The first national park of the world, Yellow stone, in U.S.A., was
founded in 1872.
Important state wise national parks of India
Jammu and Kashmir
- Dachigam, Salim Ali
Assam -
Kaziranga, Manas*
Meghalaya -
Nokrek
West Bengal
- Sunderbans
Bihar
- Hazaribagh, Palamau*
Uttaranchal
- Corbett* ( Hailey ), Nanda Devi, Valley of flowers, Rajaji
U. P.
- Dudhwa*
Gujarat
- Gir, Marine
Rajasthan -
Sariska*, Ranthambore*, Desert
Madhya Pradesh
- Kanha* , Sanjay, Madhav, Panna, Bandhavgarh*, Van Vihar, Fossil
Orissa -
Simlipal
Karnataka -
Bandipur*
Kerala -
Silent Valley, Periyar*
*These national parks are running Tiger Project also. (The maximum national parks
are present in Madhya Pradesh).
Ecology & Environment 103
Sanctuaries
In sanctuaries the protection is given to fauna only. The activity like harvesting of
timber, collection of forest products and private ownership rights are permitted so
long as they do not interfere with the well being of the animals. The important wild
life sanctuaries are: Chilka wild life sanctuary (Orissa), Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary
(Rajasthan), Sultanpur Bird sanctuary (Haryana) and Jalpara sanctuary (West
Bengal). Gir wild life sanctuary (Gujarat), Maximum sanctuaries belong to Andaman
and Nicobar.
Pollutants and their Effects
Sr.
No.
Pollutant
Origin
Effect
1.
Arsenic (As)
Coal, oil furnaces, glass Lung and skin cancer
factories
2. Cadmium (Cd)
Smelters, coals, oil furnaces Damage to lung, kidney, bones
3. Chlorine (Cl)
Chemical Industries, volcanic Causes irritation
activities
4. Carbon monoxide (CO) Motor vehicles, smelters, Starves body of oxygen, damages
coal steel plants
heart
5.
Fluoride (F)
Smelters, steel plants
Mottled teeth in children
6. Formaldehyde (HCHO)
Chemical plants
Allergenic, carcinogenic,
headaches, burning sensation
in the throat, and can aggravate
asthma symptoms
7. HCl (Hydrogen chloride)
Incinerators
Irritates eyes and lungs
8. Mercury (Hg)
Coal, smelters oil furnaces
Tremors, nerve troubles
9. Nitric acid (HNO3)
Formed from NO2 causes Respiratory diseases
acid rain
10. Nitrous acid (HNO3)
Formed from NO2 and Respiratory disease
water vapour
11. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) Refineries, Pulp mills
Nausea, irritates eyes
12. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Formed from SO2 in Respiratory diseases hydroxyl
sunlight with
ions
13. Nitric Oxide (NO)
Motor Vehicles, coal, oil Oxidizes to NO2
furnaces
14. Ozone (O3)
Ground level ozone formed Asthma, irritates eyes sunlight

from nitrogen oxides
from nitrogen oxides and
(NOx) and volatile organic hydrocarbons
compounds (VOCs)
15. Lead (Pb)
Motor vehicles, high smelters Brain damage
16. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Smelters Coal, Oil furnaces Irritates eyes, breathing problems
UNFCCC
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered

into force on 21 March 1994. Today, it has near-universal membership. The 195
countries that have ratified the Convention are called Parties to the Convention.
104
Sustainable Development
India signed the International Convention
Initiatives of India
for the prevention of pollution of the sea by
the oil, 1954(London).
Constitution of the forest conservation act
1980.
Global Warming and Climate
Water (prevention and control of pollution) Change
Act 1974.
Greenhouse Effect- A greenhouse is an

Air(prevention and control of pollution
enclosure of glasses in which tropical plants
(Act 1981).
are grown during winters in areas of colder
Environment (protection) Act 1986.
climate. Heat trapped by the glass keeps the
The Wildlife Protection Act ,1972.
temperature inside the greenhouse much
India acceded to the Vienna convention
higher than the surrounding atmosphere. A
for the protection of the ozone layer, March
similar heating phenomenon occurs in the
1985.
atmosphere.
India signed the convention on the Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon

Conservation of Migratory Species of
which keeps the earth warm at normal
wild animals (The Bonn Convention) in
level.
1979.
Greenhouse Gas
Chemical Formula
Anthropogenic Sources
Carbon dioxide
CO2
Fossil-fuel combustion, Land-use conversion,
Cement Production.
Methane
CH4
Fossil fuels, Rice paddies, Waste dumps.
Nitrous oxide
N2O
Fertilizer, Industrial processes, Combustion.
Tropospheric Ozone
O3
Fossil fuel combustion, Industrial emissions,
Chemical solvents.
CFC-12
CCL2F2
Liquid coolants, Foams.
HCFC-22
CCl2F2
Refrigerants.
Sulfur Hexaflouride
SF6
Dielectric fluid.
World Wide Fund for Nature
Promoting Indias ecological security,
It was set up in India in 1969

Conserving biological diversity,
Ensuring sustainable use of the natural
Its coordinating body the WWF international
resource base,
is located in Gland in Switzerland.
Minimum pollution,
It has five broad programme components.
Promoting sustainable lifestyle.
Culture plays an important role in the development of any nation. A country as

diverse as India is symbolized by the plurality of its culture.
India has one of the worlds largest collections of songs, music, dance, theatre, folk
traditions, performing arts, rites and rituals, paintings and writings that are known,
as the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of humanity.
FAMOUS ART FORMS
Names
State of Origin
Materials Used
Patachitra
Raghurajpur Village in Puri district of Cloth fortified with tamarind paste, chalk
painting
Odisha
powder and gum and natural dyes.
Bengal pat
Bengal
Dye that are made of spices, earth, soot, etc.

painting
Madhubani
Madhubani (Bihar)
Mud coated wall, cloth paper
painting
Miniature
Developed during Mughal Period i.e. precious stones conch shells, gold and
painting
16th 19th century
silver
Tanjore art
Tanjore (Southern Tamil Nadu)
Semi-precious stones, glass and gold
Kalamkari
Golkonda and Chennai and
pens made of bamboo and natural
Masulipatnam area of Hyderabad
colours extracted from vegetables
Warli Painting North Sahyadri Range in India.
Rice paste, mix with Gum and Water Red
clay (Geru), cow dung, mud
Gond art
Gond Tribes of Central India.
Made on walls, ceilings and floors of
village houses
Famous indian painters
Rabindranath Tagore
7 May 1861 7 Aug 1941
Abanindranath Tagore
7 Aug 1871 5 Dec 1951
Amrita Sher-Gil
30 Jan 1913 5 Dec 1941
Jamini Roy
1 Apr 1887 24 Apr 1972
Francis Newton Souza
12 Apr 1924 -28 Mar 2002
S.H. Raza
22 Feb 1922 - 23 june 2016
Tyeb Mehta
25 Jul 1925 2 Jul 2009
Satish Gujral
25 Dec 1925 - Till date
Nandalal Bose
3 Dec 1882 16 Apr 1966
Manjit Bawa
1941-29 Dec 2008
M. F. Husain
17 Sep 1915 9 Jun 2011
Indian Music
The music of India includes multiple varieties of folk music, pop and classical music.
Indias classical music tradition, including Hindustani music and Carnatic, has a
history spanning millennia and developed over several eras. Music in India began as
an integral part of socio-religious life.
106
Legends of Indian music
Legends
Life Span
Forte
Awards
Pandit Ravi
7 April 1920 11 Sitar
Magsaysay award, Padma Vibhushan,
Shankar
Dec 2012
UNESCO International Music,
Pandit Hariprasad 1st July 1938
Bansuri
Sangeet Natak Academy, Padma Bhushan,
Chaurasia
Konark Samman, Yash,
Pandit Shivkumar 13-1-1938
Santoor
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, Padma
Sharma
Vibhushan, Padma Shri
Ustad Amjad Ali
9-10-1945
Sarod
UNESCO Award, Padma Vibhusha,
Khan
Unicefs National Ambassadorship,
Ustad Bismillah
21-3-1913 to
Shehnai
Bharat Ratna, Fellow of Sangeet Natak
Khan
21-8-2006
Akademi, Padma Vibhushan
Ustad Zakir
9-3-1951
Tabla
P. Bhushan, Grammy, Sangeet Natak
Hussain
Akademi.
Pandit Bhimsen
4-2-1922 to 24- Indian classical Sangeet Natak Akademi P. Vibhushan,
Gururaj Joshi
1-2011
vocalist
Pandit Jasraj
28-1-1930
Indian classical P. Vibhushan, Sangeet Natak Akademi
vocalist
M. S. Subbulakshmi 16-7-1916 to
Classical
Sangeet Natak Akademi Ramon
11-12-2004
vocalist
Magsaysay, P. Vibhushan
Dr.
23 July 1947-
Classical,
Lifetime Achievement GiMA ISKCON,
Lakshminarayana
Carnatic,
Subramaniam
M.Balamurali
6 July 1930-
Carnatic music Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan,
Krishna
Bade Ghulam Ali
2 April 1902 Sarangi,
NA
Khan
25 April 1968
Indian dance
Odissi of Odisha, Kathak of Uttar Pradesh,
There are many types of dance forms in India Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh and
Manipuri which are deeply religious in content to those of Manipur.
which are performed on small occasions. The THEATRES AND FILMS
Indian dances are broadly divided into Classical
dances and folk dances.
The rich Indian theater culture has its origin
The most popular classical dance styles of dates back in first century, CE, and started
and nurtured by the society as means of
India are Bharatnatyam of Tamil Nadu, expressing, communicating and sharing the
Kathakali and Mohiniattam of Kerala, ideas-opinions-emotions-believe of mankind.
Some of the Important Theatres of Modern India
Name
Founder
Year and Place of
People Associated with it
Establishment
National School of Ministry
Naseeruddin Shah, Irfan Khan,
Drama
of Culture,
1959, New Delhi
Anupam Kher, Nawazuddin
(Deemed University) Government of

Siddiqui, Pankaj Kapur, Himani
India.
Shivpuri and many more
Art, Culture & Tourism 107
Bhartendu Academy Padma Shri Raj
of Dramatic Arts
Bisaria.
1975, Lucknow,
Rajiv Jain, Raajpal Yadav,
Anupam Shyam
Theatre Arts
Workshop (TAW)
Raj Bisaria
1966, Lucknow
Hindi Films
Dal Lake:
Bollywood is the Hindi Language film industry The enchanting lake of Jammu and
Kasmir which is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. bordered by ice covered mountains
from three
They are one of the largest film producers in sides is famous for its gardens, shikara
rides India and one of the largest centres of film and house boat stay.
production in the world. Raja Harishchandra Golden Temple:
(1913), by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara, is

commonly called the first silent feature film made in India.
The first Indian sound
as Golden Temple in Amritsar Punjab.

(talkie) film, Ardeshir Gateway of India:
Iranis Alam Ara (14 March 1931), was a
major commercial success. In 1937, Ardeshir It is made by British in 1914 in

Mumbai.
Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour Haji Ali Dargah: The very famous film
in Hindi, Kisan Kanya.
dargah (tomb) is located on an islet of the
coast of Worli in the Southern part of Mumbai
TOURISM
built in 1431 in the memory of a wealthy
merchant Sayyed Peer Haji Ali Shah Bukhari.
India has become a popular tourist destination Khajuraho Group of Monuments:
with thousands of people visiting different parts
It is a
of World each year. Major tourist destinations group of Hindu and Jain temples
situated in in India are the Himalayas, Agra, Jaipur,Goa, Madhya Pradesh.
Kerala, Delhi, Odisha and Maharshtra.
Mahabaleshwar: It is a vast magnificent
Famous Tourist Destination in India
plateau located at a distance of 120 km south
Akshardham Temple:
west of Pune with an average height of 1353
The 108 feet tall temple was built on 2nd, meters.
November 1992 in memory of Pramukh Taj Mahal: It is a white marble mausoleum

Swami in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat.
located on the southern bank of the Yamuna

Ajmer Sharif:
river inAgra, Uttar Pradesh. It was built by
It is sufi shrine dedicated to the sufi saint Shah Jahan in 1632 in the memory of his
Moinuddin Chishti. It is situated in Ajmer, loving wife Mumtaz Mahal.
Rajasthan.
Vaishno Devi Temple, Jammu Kashmir: The
Amarnath Cave:
temple is recognized as one of the Shakti Peeths
It is situated in Jammu and Kashmir
of goddess Durga. The holy shrine is situated in
Ajanta and Ellora Caves:
the folds of mighty Tirkuta Hills which attracts
They contain a cluster of Hindu and Jain lakhs of devotees from all parts of India and
temples along with cave monuments in.
abroad
TOURISM
Famous Tourist places of India
Site
Location
Founder
Aram Bagh
Agra (Uttar Pradesh)
Babur
Anand Bhawan
Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)

Moti Lal Nahru
Adhai Din Ka Jhopra
Ajmer (Rajasthan)
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak
Ajanta Caves
Aurangabad
Gupta Rulers
Akbars Tomb
Sikandera (Uttar Pradesh)
Jahangir
Bibi ka Maqbara
Aurangabad (Maharashtra
Aurangzeb
Bharatpur Fort
Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
Raja Surajmal Singh
108
Bundi Fort
Bundi (Rajasthan)
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak
Bada Imambada
Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)
Nawab Asaf-ud-daulah
Belur Math
Kolkata
Swami Vivekanand
Botanical Garden
Shilbpur (West Bengal)
Chhatra Mahal
Bundi Fort
Rani Chhatrasal
Chenna Keshab Temple
Belur (Karnataka)
Vishnu Vardhan
Char Temple
Konark (Odisha)
Narasing Dev I
Chasma-Shahi
Jammu and Kashmir
Ali Mardan Khan
Charar-e-Sarif
Srinagar (Kashmir)
Jainul Abedin
Chhota Immbada
Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)
Mohammad Ali Shan
Cochin Fort
Kerala
Portuguese
Dewan-e-khas
Agra Fort (Uttar Pradesh)
Shah Jahan
Dilwara Jain Temple
Mount Abu (Rajasthan)
Vastu Pal Tejpal
Deeg Palace
Deeg (Rajasthan)
Raja Badan Singh
Dhar Fort
Dhar (Madhya Pradesh)
Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
Etamad-ud-daulahs Tomb Agra (Uttar Pradesh)
Noor Jahan
Ellora Caves
Aurangabad
Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Elephanta Caves
Mumbai
Rashtrakutas
Fatehpur Sikri
Akbar
Firoz Shah Kotla

Delhi
Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Fort William
Kolkata
Lord Clive
Fateh Sagar
Udaipur (Rajasthan)
Maharana Fateh Singh
Gateway of India
Mumbai
British Government
Golconda Fort
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
Qutubshahi Dynasty
Gol Ghar
Patna (Bihar)
British Government
Humayuns Tomb
Delhi
Hameeda Bano Beghum
Hauz Khas
Delhi
Ala-ud-din-khilji
Hajratbal Masjid
Srinagar (Kashmir)
-
Harmandir Sahib
Patna (Bihar)
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Junagarh
Bikaner (Rajasthan)
Raja Jai Singh
Jama Masjid
Delhi
Shah Jahan
Jantar-Mantar
Delhi and Jaipur
Sawai Jai Singh
Jodhpur Fort
Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Rao Jodha Ji
Jaku Temple
Kolkata
Rani Ras Moni
Jagannath Temple
Pur (Odisha)
Chola Gang Dev
Jama Masjid
Shah Jahan
Khas Mahal
Shah Jahan
Kankaria Lake
Ahmedabad
Sultan Qutub-ud-din
Khirki Masjid
Delhi
Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlaq
Kandaria Mahadev
Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh)
Chandela Kings
Kanheri Caves
Mumbai
Buddhists
Laxman Temple
Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh) Chandela Rulers
Laxmi Narayan Temple
Delhi
Birla Family
Laxman Jhula
Rishikesh (Uttarakhand)
Moti Masjid
Shah Jahan
Moti Masjid
Delhi Fort
Aurangzab
Mrignayani Palace
Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh)
Raja Man Singh Tomar
Madan Palace
Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh)
Raja Madan Shah
Mecca Masjid
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) Kuli Kutab Shah
Nahargarh Fort
Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Raja Jai Singh
Nishaat Bagh
Jammu and Kashmir
Asaf Ali
Nakhuda Masjid
Kolkata
Old Forst (Purana Quila)
Delhi
Sher Shah Suri

President House
Delhi
British Government
Pichhola Lake
Udaipur (Rajasthan)
Pathar ki Masjid
Patna (Bihar)
Parvez Shah
Padari Ki Haveli
Patna (Bihar)
Father Capuchin
Patthar Ki Masjid
Jammu and Kashmir
Noor Jahan
Prince of Wales Museum
Mumbai
George V
Rani Ki Badi
Bundi (Rajasthan)
Rani Nathvati
Red Fort
Delhi
Shah Jahan
Sheesh Mahal
Shah Jahan
Safdarjung ka Maqbara
Delhi
Shuja-ud-daulah
Sabarmati Ashram
Ahmedabad
Mahatma Gandhi
St Geogre Fort
Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
East India Company
Shalimar Bagh (Garden)
Srinagar (Kashmir)
Jahangir
Sunset Point
Mount Abu (Rajasthan)
Sher Shani Masjid
Patna (Bihar)
Parvez Shah
Sher Shahs Tomb
Sasaram (Bihar)
Islam Shah Suri, Son of Sher Shah
Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan
Tughlakabad
Delhi
Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlaq
Umaid Palace
Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Maharaj Ummed Singh
Vijay Stambh
Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)
Rana Kumbha
Victoria Memorial
Kolkata
Vishnupad Temple
Gaya (Bihar)
Rani Ahilya Bai
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE
SITES IN INDIA
1985
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary,
Year of
Sites
1985
Kaziranga National Park

Inclusion
(Aassm)
1983
Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra)
1985
Keoladeo National Park
1983
Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)
1986
Churches in Goa (Goa)
1983
Taj Mahal (Uttar Pradesh)
1986
Khajuraho Temples (Madhya
1983
Pradesh)
1984
Sun Temple Konark (Odisha
1986
Fatehpur Sikri (Utter
1985
Mahabalipuram Temples
Pradesh
(Tamil Nadu)
1986
Hampi Temple (Karnataka)
110
1987
Sunderbans National Park
2004
Airavatesvara Temple,
(West Bengal)
Darasuram
1987
Elephants Caves
2004
Champaner-Pavagadh
(Maharashtra)
Archaeologicatl Park
1987
Pattadakal Temples
(Gujarat)
(Karnataka)
2005
Valley of Flowers
1988
Nanda Devi National Park

(Uttarakhand)
(Uttarakhand)
2005
Nilgiri Mountain Railway
1989
Sanchi Stupa (Madhya
(Tamil Nadu)
Pardesh)
2007
Red Fort (Delhi)
1993
Humayuns Tomb (Delhi)
2008
Kalka-Shimla Railway
1993
Qutub Minar (Delhi)
(Himachal Pradesh)
1999
Darjeeling Himalayan
2010
Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
Railway (West Bengal)
(Rajasthan)
2002
Mahabodhi Temple (Bodh

2012
Western Ghat
Gaya) (Bihar)
2013
Hill forts of Rajasthan
2003
Rock Shelters of Bhimbetaka
(Madhya Pradesh
2014
Rani ki Vav (Gujarat)
2004
Brihadeshwara Temple
2014
Great Himalayan National
(Gangaikondacholapuram,
Tamil Nadu)
Park (Himachal Pradesh)
HANDICRAFTS
India has got international acclamation in terms of its beautiful and creative
handicrafts. Given below are the states with diversified crafts.
State
Handicrafts
Odisha
Weaving craft, palm leaf writing, patachitra- the chitrakars foray, applique, stone
carving, metal craft,

Delhi
Zardozi, lacquer work, clay and paper made dolls
Maharastra Paithani saris, sawantwadi crafts, warli paintings, kolhapuri chappals,

narayan peth West Bengal Leather craft, brass & bell metal, pottery, mat making,
dhokra metal casting, cane
& bamboo, fine arts, clay dolls, horn work, jute products.
Gujrat
Bead-work, jewellery, inlay work, embroidery, wood carving,
Rajasthan
Tie-and-dye textiles, hand block printing, quilting, jewellery,
Himachal
Jewelry, leather craft, woodcarving, architecture, kangra paintings
Pradesh
Goa
Pottery & Terracotta, Brass metal ware, Crochet & Embroidery, Fiber Craft, Jute
Macrame Craft, carving, sea shell craft
Andhra
Priceless Pearls
Pradesh
Karnataka
Woodcarving, Ivory carving
Jharkhand
Wood craft, paitkar paintings, metal work, stone carving, ornaments, toy making
Manipur
Wood carving, textile weaving, stone-carving, block printing, kauna (water reed)
mat, hand-embroidery
Jammu &
Carpets, Basket Weaving, Namdas, pashmina shawls, Papier-Mchie, Leather and
Kashmir
fur, wood carvings
Top Ten Monuments With Highest foreign visitors in india
Monuments
No. of Foreign Visitors
% age share
1. Taj Mahal, Agra
695702
23.2
2. Agra Fort, Agra
363823
12.1
3. Qutub Minar, Delhi
307043
10.2
4. Humayuns Tomb, Delhi
276641
9.2
5. Fatehpur Sikri, Agra
255129
8.5
6. Red Fort, Delhi

141498
4.7
7. Mattancherry place Museum, Kochi
104717
3.5
8. Western Group of Temple, Khajuraho
89511
3.0
9. Excavated site, Sarnath
85991
2.9
10. Group of Monuments, Mamallapuram
70840
2.4
INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY
Irani was the father of the talkie. The first talkie
India is the largest producer of films in the films in Bengali (Jumai Shasthi), Telugu
(Bhakta world and second oldest film industry in the Prahlad) and Tamil (Kalidass)
were released in world which originated around about 103 the same year.
years ago. It was in early 1913 that an Indian Largest film industry in India is the
Hindi film received a public screening. The film was film industry mostly
concentrated in Mumbai Raja Harischandra. Its director, Dadasaheb (Bombay), and
is commonly referred to Phalke. By the mid 1920s, Madras had become as Bol
ywood. Kochi and Kolkata are
the epicentre for all film related activities. commonly referred to as

Tollywood(Telugu), Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu, SS Vasan, AV Kollywood(Tamil),
Sandalwood(Kannada),
Meiyappan set up production houses in Madras Mollywood(Malayalam),

Tollywood(Bangla).
to shoot Telugu and Tamil films.
The largest film studio complex in the world
is Ramoji Film City is located at Hyderabad ,
The silent era came to an end when Ardeshir India, which was opened in 1996 and
measures Irani produced his first talkie, Alam Ara in 674 ha (1,666 acres).
Comprising 47 sound 1931. If Phalke was the father of Indian cinema, stages.
Communication,
Transport, News & Media
COMMUNICATION
Post Office
The Department of Posts was founded in India on 1st April, 1774.
This department serves as an agent of Govt.
Quick Facts
Founder of Telegraph and Postal
: Governor General Lord
System in India
Dalhousie
First General Post Office opened in India
: 1774 (Kolkata)
First postage stamp of India
: Sinde Dawk (1852)
Pin system started in India
: 1972
The First Indian Post Office Outside India
: Dakshin Gangotri in Antarctica (1983), Indian
Territory
Speed Post started in India
: 1986
Money Order System
: 1880
Postal Life Insurance started
: 1884
Postal Staff College situated at
: Ghaziabad (UP)
World Postal Day is observed on
: 9th October
Indian Postal Day is observed on
: 10th October
TELECOMMUNICATION
it creates a communication channel between
Communication technology uses channels to

a source transmitter and a receiver(s) at
transmit information (as electrical signals),
different locations on Earth.
either over a physical medium (such as signal
Communications satellites are used for
cables), or in the form of electromagnetic
television, telephone, radio, internet, and
waves.
military applications.
The Telecommunications system in India is
TRANSPORT
the 2nd largest in the world. The construction
of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines Indian Road Network
was started in November 1853.
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a
India has a road network of over approx.
channel access method used by various radio

4,689,842 kilometers.
The Central Government is responsible for
communication technologies.
development and maintenance of the National
4G, is the fourth generation of mobile
Highways system.
telecommunications technology, succeeding
The Ministry carries out development and
3G.
maintenance work of National Highways
COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE
through three agencies. viz. National
Highways Authority of India (NHAI), State
A communications satellite is an artificial
Public Works Department (PWDs) and Border
satellite that relays and amplifies radio
Road Organization (BRO).
telecommunications signals via a transponder;
Quick Facts
Categories
Dimensions in Kms
Responsible Authority
(up to 2011)
National Highways
92,851
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (Central
government)
Communication, Transport, News & Media 113
State Highways
1,63,898
State governments (States public works department)
Major and Other
District Roads
17,05,706
Local governments, Panchayats and Municipalities
Rural Roads
27,49,805
Local governments, Panchayats and Municipalities
National Highways Development
Central (CR)
3905 Mumbai
Projects
Western (WR)
6182 Mumbai
Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction
of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic
Eastern (ER)
2414 Kolkata
corridor, to connect Indias four big metro cities
Northern (NR)
6968 Delhi
of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai and Kolkata.
North-South and East-West Corridors: North-
North Eastern (NER) 3667 Gorakhpur
South corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in
South Eastern (SER) 2631 Kolkata
Jammu and Kashmir with Kaniyakumari in Tamil
Nadu (including Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076
Northeast Frontier
km long road. The East-West Corridor has been
(NFR)
3907 Maligaon
planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the
South Central (SCR) 5951 Secunderabad
port town of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640
East Central (ECR)
3628 Hajipur
km of road length.
North Western
Important National Highways
(NWR)
5459 Jaipur
NH
Connects
East Coast (ECoR)
2677 Bhubaneswar
NH 1
New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-
Amritsar
North Central (NCR) 3151 Allahabad
NH 2
Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-
Allahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata
South East
NH 3
Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai
Central(SECR)
2447 Bilaspur
NH 4
Thane and Chennai via Pune and
South
Belgaum
Western(SWR)
3177 Hubli
NH 5
Kolkata-Chennai
NH 6
Kolkata-Dhule
West Central (WCR) 2965 Jabalpur
NH 7
Varanasi-Kanyakumari
NH 8
Delhi-Mumbai (via Jaipur, Boroda
TOP TEN COUNTRIES WITH
& Ahmedabad)
NH 9
Mumbai-Vijaywada
LONGEST RAIL NETWORK IN
NH 10 Delhi-Fazilka
THE WORLD
NH 24 Delhi - Lucknow
Rank
Country
Route Km.
NH 26 Lucknow-Varanasi
1. USA
250000
Indian Railways
2. China
100000
Indian Railways is a state-owned enterprise
3. Russia
85500
and one of the worlds largest railway
networks comprising 115,000 km of track
4. India
65000
over a route of 65,808 km and 7,112 stations.
5. Canada
48000
It was founded on April 16, 1853.
6. Germany
41000
Indian Railways Zones and their
7. Australia
40000
Headquarters
8. Argentina
36000
Route
Name
Headquarters
9. France
29000
(km)
10. Brazil
28000
Southern (SR)
5098 Chennai
114
Bangaluru Metro: Bengaluru Metro also JRD Tata was the first licensed pilot of
known as Namma Metro is recently started
Federation aeronautique International
rapid transit rail system in the Bengaluru city
on behalf of the Aero Club of India and
of Karnataka.
Burma.
Jaipur Metro: The pink city of Rajasthan is got Prem Mathur became the first female
its first metro line of 9.2 km from Mansarovar
commercial pilot to start flying for
to Chandpole Bazaar in November 2010.
Deccan Airways, as she obtained her
AVIATION INDUSTRY
commercial pilots licence in 1947.
Air transport in India made a beginning in
5/20 rule : The rule allows an Indian
1911 when airmail operation commenced
carrier to fly abroad only after it has com-

over a distance of 10 km between Allahabad
pleted five years of domestic operations and
and Naini. The Airport Authority of India was
maintains a fleet of 20 aircrafts.
constituted in 1972.
BUSIEST AIRPORTS IN INDIA
Rank
Name
City
State
IATA Code
1.
Indira Gandhi International Airpot
Delhi
Delhi
DEL
2.
Chhatrapati Shivaji International
Mumbai
Maharashtra
BOM
Airport
3.
Kempegowda International Airport
Bangalore Karnataka
BLR
4.
Chennai International Airport
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
MAA
5.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
Kolkata
West Bengal
CCU
International Airport
6.
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
Hyderabad Telangana
HYD
7.
Cochin International Airport
8.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Ahmedabad Gujarat
AMD
Airport
9.
Pune International Airport
Pune
Maharashtra
PNQ
10. Goa International Airport
Dabolim
Goa
GOI
WATER WAYS
India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways. At present, 5,685 km of major rivers

are navigable. The Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986.
NATIONAL WATERWAYS OF INDIA
Waterways
Stretch
Specification
NW 1
Allahabad-Haldia
It is divided into three parts for
stretch (1,620 km)
developmental purposes (i) Haldia- Farakka
(560 km), (ii) Farakka-Patna (460 km), (iii)
Patna- Allahabad (600 km).
NW 2
Sadiya-Dhubri stretch
Brahmaputra is navigable by steamers up
(891 km)
to Dibrugarh (1,384 km) which is shared by

India
and Bangladesh.
NW 3
Kottapuram-Kollam
It includes 168 km of west coast canal
stretch (205 km).
along with Champakara canal (23 km) and
Udyogmandal canal (14 km).
NW 4
Specified streches of Godavari and
Krishna rivers along with Kakinada
Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km)
NW 5
Specified
stretches
of
river
Brahmani along with Matai river,
delta channels
of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers
and East Coast canals (588km).
PORTS
Maharashtra (48) has the maximum and
Gujarat (42) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Indian coastline is about 7516.6 kilometers (23).
and it is one of the biggest peninsulas in The Coastal States in India are Andhra
Pradesh, the world. It is serviced by 12 major ports, Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala, 200 notified minor and intermediate ports. Karnataka, Goa,
Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Name of the Port
Coast
State
Kandla
Western Coast
Gujarat
Mumbai
Western Coast
Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru
Western Coast
Maharashtra
Mormugao
Western Coast
Goa
Manglore
Western Coast
Karnataka
Kochi
Western Coast
Kerala
Haldia
Eastern Coast
West Bengal
Paradip
Eastern Coast
Odisha
Vishakapatnam
Eastern Coast
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai
Eastern Coast
Tamil Nadu
Ennore
Eastern Coast
Tamil Nadu
Tutikorin
Eastern Coast
Tamil Nadu
Facts about Ports of
Tuticorin Port is an artificial deep-sea
Kandla Port is located on the Gulf of Kutch.

harbour of India.
Mumbai Port is the biggest port in our
country.
NEWS & MEDIA
Mormugao Port is the leading iron ore
exporting port of India.
Newspaper
New Mangalore Port is an all weather port.
Newspaper is the print media which prints
Paradip Port is an artificial and deep-water information, activities and daily

occurrences port.
around us. It was introduced in 1780.
Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the largest
container port in India.
Quick facts
Event
Publishing
Name of the Publication
Year
Bengal Gazette (also Calcutta General
Advertiser), weekly
1780, Calcutta Started by James Augustus Hicky (Irishman)
India Gazette
1787, Calcutta Henry Louis Vivian Derozio associated with it
116
Madras Courier (First paper from
Madras)
1784, Madras
Bombay Herald (First paper from
Bombay)
1789, Bombay
Indian Herald (in English
1795, Madras Started by R. Williams (Englishman and
published by Humphreys
Digdarshana (First Bengali monthly 1818, Calcutta
Calcutta Journal
1818
Started by J.S. Buckingham

Bengal Gazette (First Bengali
newspaper)
1818, Calcutta Harishchandra Ray
Sambad Kaumudi (Weekly in
Bengali)
1821
Raja Rammohan Roy
Mirat-ul-Akbar (First journal in
Persian
1822, Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy
Jam-i-Jahan Numah (First paper in
Urdu)
1822, Calcutta An English firm
Banga-Duta (a weekly in four
languages-English, Bengali, Persian, 1822 Calcutta Rammohan Roy, Dwarkanath

Tagore and Hindi)
others
Bombay Samachar (First paper in
Gujarati)
1822 Bombay
East Indian (daily)
19th century Henry Vivian Derozio
Bombay Times (from 1861 onwards,
The Times of India)
1838, Bombay Foundation laid by Robert Knight, started

by Thomas Bennett.
Rast Goftar (A Gujarati fortnightly) 1851
Dadabhai Naoroji
Hindu Patriot
1853, Calcutta Girishchandra Ghosh (later, Harishchandra
Mukerji became owner-cum-editor)
Somaprakasha (First Bengali political
paper)
1858, Calcutta Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan
Indian Mirror (fortnightly-first Early
1862,
Indian daily paper in English
Calcutta
Devendranath Tagore
Bengalee (this, and Amrita Bazar
Patrikathe
first
vernacular 1862, Calcutta Girishchandra Ghosh (taken over by S.N.
papers)
Banerjea in 1879)
National Paper
1862, Calcutta Devendranath Tagore
Madras Mail (First evening paper
in India
1868 Madras
Amrita Bazar Patrika (Bengali in the 1868, Jessore
beginning, later English, a daily)
District
Sisirkumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
Bangadarshana (in Bengali)
1873 Calcutta Bankimchandra Chatterji
Indian Statesman (later, The
Statesman)
1875, Calcutta Started by Robert Knight
The Hindu (In English) started as
weekly
1878, Madras G.S. Aiyar Viraraghavachari and Subba Rao
Pandit (among the founders)
Tribune (daily)
1881, Lahore Dayal Singh Majeetia
Kesari (Marathi daily) and Maharatta
Tilak, Chiplunkar, Agarkar (before Tilak
(English weekly)
1881, Bombay Agarkar and Prof Kelkar were the editors
respectively)
Swadeshamitram (A Tamil Paper)
Madras
G.S. Aiyar
Paridasak (A weekly)
1886
Bipin Chandra Pal (Publisher)
Yugantar
1906, Bengal Barindra Kumar Ghosh and
Bhupendranath Dutta
Sandhya
1906 Bengal
Brahmabandhab Upadhyay
Kal
1906,
Maharashtra
Indian Sociologist
London
Shyamji Krishnavarma
Bande Mataram
Paris
Madam Bhikaji Cama
Talvar
Berlin
Virendranath Chattopadhyay
Free Hindustan
Vancouver
Taraknath Das
Ghadr
San Francisco Ghadr Party

Reshwa
Before 1908
Ajit Singh
Bombay Chronicle (a daily)
1913, Bombay Started by Pherozeshah Mehta, Editor-B.G.
Horniman (Englishman)
The Hindustan Times
1920, Delhi
Founded by K.M. Panikkar as part of the
Akali Dal Movement
The Milap (Urdu daily)
1923 Lahore Founded by M.K. Chand
Leader (in English
Madan Mohan Malaviya
Kirti
1926, Punjab Santosh Singh
Bahishkrit Bharat (Marathi
fortnightly)
1927
B.R. Ambedkar
Kudi Arasu (Tamil)
1910
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar)
Kranti
1927,
Maharashtra S.S. Mirajkar, K.N. Joglekar, S.V. Ghate
Langal and Ganabani
1927, Bengal Gopu Chakravarti and Dharani Goswami
Bandi Jivan
Bengal
Sachindranath Sanyal
National Herald (daily)
1938
Started by Jawaharlal Nehru
Registrar of Newspapers is a statutory body Prasar Bharti is an autonomous body set

up of Government of India which is popularly by an Act of Parliament on 23 Nov,
1997.
known as RNI. It was established on 1st July All India Radio (AIR) or Akashwani was
1956.
formed in 1930 as a part of Prasar Bharti.
Press Trust of India (PTI) was incorporated Doordarshan was launched on 15

September, in Madras on, 27th August, 1947.
United News of India (UNI)
1959 as a part of Prasar Bharti with the motto
was founded
on December 1961under the company acts. Satyam Shivam Sundaram.
However its commercial application started
on 21st March 1961.
Healthcare
HEALTHCARE IN INDIA
National TB Control Programme
The expenditure on healthcare is very less, i.e. Launched in 1962 with an objective of
4% of the GDP and private parties have the eradication of the disease but till 1992
only dominance over the sector.
30% of the country had been covered.
National Tobacco
Health Sector In India
Control Programme
Launched in 2007 by the
Public
Private
Indigenous system
Voluntary health
Ministry of Health and
of Medicine
agencies
Family.
Rural
Private Hospital
Ayurveda and
Indian Red Cross
Sub Centers
Polyclinic
Siddha
Society
(SCs)
Nursing Homes
Unani
Hind Kusht
NATIONAL RURAL
Primary Health Dispensaries
Homeopath
Nivaran Sangh
Centres (PHCs)
General
Un-registered
Indian council for
HEALTH MISSION
Community
Practitioners and
Practitioners
child Welfare
(NRHM)
Health Centres
clinics
Tuberculosis
(CHCs)
Association of
Launched on 5th April,2005.
Urban
India, etc
District
Bharat Sevak
Creation of cadre of
Hospitals
Samaj
Accredited Social Health
Teaching
Activist (ASHA)
Hospitals
Mainstreaming AYUSH
(Indian System of Medicine)
NATIONAL HEALTH
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
PROGRAMMES
It was launched by Prime Minister Narendra
AIDS Control Programme
Modi on 2nd October 2014, covering 4041
statutory towns with the purpose to clean
A division of Ministry of Health and Family

the streets, roads and infrastructure of the
Welfare,was established in 1992 to prevent
and control HIV/AIDS.
nation.
National Bal Swachhta Mission
Cancer Control
It was launched by the Union Government
Launched in 1975 for equipping the premier
on 14th November 2014, on the 125th birth
cancer hospital/institutions.
anniversary of Indias first prime minister
Pulse Polio Campaign (Do
Jawahar Lal Nehru.
Boond Zindegi Ke)
Its themes
1. Clean Anganwadis, Playgrounds, Clean
Initiated in 1978 the programme aimed at
Self, Food, Drinking Water, Toilets
preventing polio by vaccinating against the
disease. As a result India was declared Polio
YOGA and its Health Benefit
free in 2014.
YOGA is just a master stroke. Its an ascetic
National Leprosy Eradication
Hindu discipline which involves practices
Programme (NLEP)
like controlling breath with prescribed body
Launched in 1955 with an objective of position and meditation with an objective
eliminating leprosy with the use of Multidrug
to attain a state of deep spiritual insight
therapy (MDT) in phases.
and tranquility. These practices in turn
Eliminate Kala-azar
promote good health, fitness and control of
mind. Sage Patanjali was known to be the
A part of National Health Policy envisaged in
founder of this practice and the knowledge
2010 to eradicate the dreaded disease Kala-
he had given was known as Yoga Sutra. The
azar or Visceral Leishmaniasis, also known as
United Nations has declared June 21 as the
Black Fever and Dumdum Fever from India
International Day of Yoga.
by 2015.
Computers, IT &
Technological Innovation
COMPUTER
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data)
and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions
on how the data is to be processed.
Father of computer : Charles Babbage
Classification of Computer
Size
Characteristics
Uses
Super
Largest, fastest, powerful and most Used for advanced scientific research
computers
expensive they also generate a lot such as nuclear physics.
heat.
Main
Less powerful and less expensive Used to handle all kinds of problems
frames
than super computers. They also whether scientific or commercial. I.e.
have a large storage capacity.
performing
complex
mathematical
calculations they are mostly found in
banks, hospitals, airports etc.
Mini
Smaller and less powerful than the Used in scientific laboratories, research
computers
main frame.
institutions, engineering plants and
places where processing automation is
required.
Micro
Smallest, cheapest and relatively Used to perform a variety of tasks
computers least powerful. Uses a micro including research, communication,

processor to process data. Examples banking, learning institutions, libraries
desktop, laptop and personal digital etc.
assistant (PDA).
PARAM is a series of supercomputers de-
length, pressure etc (all physical quantities) and
converts it into numerical values. These are used
signed and assembled by the Centre for De-
in scientific and engineering works.
velopment of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)
Hybrid computers: In hybrid computers digi-
in Pune, India. The latest machine in the se-
tal and analogue both types of computers are
ries is the PARAM Yuva II.
utilized. These are used in automatic operat-
Chinas vast Tianhe-2 is the fastest
ing devices like a versatile robot, in factories
supercomputer in the world.

and machines etc.
Facts Related to Computers
Digital computers : These computers do calcula-
tions digitally by allgebric addition. The special December 2 is observed as

Computer Lit-feature of these computers is accurate numerical
eracy Day.
First computer (made in India) is Sid-
calculations. These are used mainly in banking.
Analog computers:
dharth, which was manufactured by Elec-
It measures temperature,
tronics Corporation of India.
120
First computer in India was installed in the (a) Random Access Memory: All active
pro-Main post office of Bangalore on August
grams and data are stored in RAM so that
16, 1986.
they may be available immediately and
First Computer University (in Private
readily accessed by CPU.
Sector) in India is Rajeev Gandhi Computer DRAM Dynamic Random Access University.
Memory
Bengaluru is also known as the Silicon Val-
ley of India.
SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Access
First Indian News Paper to be available on
Memory
Internet is The Hindu.
(b) Read only memory (ROM): The data
First Indian magazine to be available on In-
stored in ROM cannot be changed. It keeps
ternet is India Today.
its contents even in the absence of power.
First Super Computer of the world is CRAY
K-1-S, developed by Cray K Company of
PROM Programmable Read Only
U.S.A.
Memory.
Deep Blue is a Super Computer which had
EPROM Erasable Programmable
defeated World Chess Champion Garry
Read Only Memory.
Kasparov.
First Electronic Digital Computer of the
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Pro-
world is ENIAC.
grammable Read Only Memory.
FORTRAN is the first Programming Lan-

Cache Memory is temporary Memory
guage.
which can be accessed much faster than
A computer error is known as Bug.
RAM. It is used to hold temporary data in
C-DAC (Centre for Development and Ad-
files.
vanced Computing) was established in
Pune in 1988.
Unit
Size
Components of a Computer
Bit
One binary digit
Input unit
Byte
Eight bits
It receives data and instructions from the
Word
16-64 bits
user.
It converts the instructions into machine
Nibble
4 bits
language.
Output unit
It sends converted instructions to CPU for
processing
It receives processed data from CPU.
It converts the output into simple
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
language. It displays results.
It performs processing works of computer.
It is considered as Brain of the computer.
Languages of Computer
It controls all the parts of computer.
There are various languages of the computer
The CPU consists of three components:
which are classified in three categories:
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
(i) Machine language: In this language in-
It performs all arithmetic and logic operations.
structions have two parts operation code
It has two parts
and location code. Both are represented
(a) Arithmetic section It performs all
by binary codes i.e. 0 and 1.
complex arithmetic process.
(ii) Assembly language: The code used in
(b) Logic section It performs all logic op-

this language were easy to remember
erations like selecting and comparing of
like add for addition, sub for subtrac-
data etc.
tion etc. Both machine languages and
Control Unit- It controls the transfer of data
assembly languages are called low level
from the input device to memory and from
languages.
memory to ALU. It also transfers the results
from memory to output unit.
(iii) High level language: High level lan-
Memory- It holds the received data from in-
guages are very similar to other ordinary
put device temporarily/permanently it is of
languages which are spoken and written
two types:-
by people.
Computers, IT & Technological Innovation 121
Hardware
Software
Cloud Computing It is a new technology
Software, or program, enables a computer to
for internet services, under which the user
perform specific tasks, as opposed to the phys-
need not to have fall softwares and operat-
ical components of the system (hardware).
ing system installed on his machine, rather

System software helps run the computer
could be provided the same as and when
hardware and computer system. It includes
required by the internet e.g., Google.
operating systems, device drivers, diagnos-
Computer Virus A virus is a computer
tic tools, servers, windowing systems, utili-
ties and more.
programme which attaches itself to and
Application software allows end users to
becomes part of another executable pro-
accomplish one or more specific (non-com-
gramme and thus halts the system by pend-
puter related) tasks.
ing to same undesired result.
Programming software usually provides Internet It is the worldwide, publically tools

to assist a programmer in writing
accessible system of interconnected com-
computer programs and software using dif-
puter networks that transmit data by using
ferent programming languages in a more
the internet protocol.
convenient way.
Multimedia It is the use of several media
Terms
(example, text, audio, graphics, animation,
Assembler A programme, which converts
video etc.) to convey the information.
assembly language programme into ma-
Microprocessor It is a single chip based
chine language programme. It is a system
device which is a complete processor in it-
software.
self and is capable of performing arithmatic
Bit It is the basic units of computer. It can
and logical operations.
have two values 1 and 0 only.
Modem A modem is a device that allows
BIOS It stands for Basic Input Output Sys-
a computer to communicate through tele-
tem. This program is stored in ROM.
phone lines.
Byte One byte is a collection of 8 bits.
Secondary Memory It is the permanent
Compiler It is a computer programme
memory of the computer.
that transforms human readable source

Tag It is part of HTML. It determines the
code of another computer programme into
way, the browser displays text in Web Page.
the Machine readable code that a CPU can
execute.
122
Wide Area Networks (WAN) WAN is a conferencing, 3D television and cloud

computing.
computer Network that is distinguished It is faster and has better features than its from a
Local Area Network because of its successor 3G.
longer-distance communications. The net-
work may cover a whole country or may
Project Loon: Project Loon is a research
include the sites of a large multinational
and development project. It is developed
organization.
by Google X with the mission of providing
IT TRENDS
Internet access to rural and remote areas.
The project uses high-altitude balloons
Windows 10
placed in the stratosphere at an altitude
of about 18 km (11 mi) to create an aerial
Windows 10 is a personal computer operating

wireless network with up to 4G-LTE speeds.
system developed by Microsoft. It has launched
new features to facilitate the users. Cortana is
a feature that acts as personal assistant for TECHNOLOGICAL INOVATION
the user by aiding in the easy management
of calendar, file finding, chatting, telling jokes Smart Contact Lens
and tracking packages. It gives a complete Contact lenses developed at the University of
personalized experience to the user. Office California-Davis contain conductive wires that
app is of two types for desktop and mobile. continuously monitor pressure and fluid flow
The desktop office app enables the users to within the eyes of at-risk people. The lenses
enjoy advanced features of the traditional then relay information to a small device worn
programmes. Office mobile app are deigned by the patient; the device wirelessly transmits
to work in both mobiles and tablets. Microsoft it to a computer.
Edge on Windows 10 allows users to surf the
web. Xbox offers games streaming from Xbox.
4G
Absorbable Heart Stent
Fourth generation, also called as 4G, is Absorbable Heart Stent: The bio- absorbable the
succeeding generation of 3G in mobile version made by Abbott Laboratories in Illinois
telecommunications. It is an advanced system does its job and disappears. After six months
the with advanced capabilities of telephony, mobile stent begins to dissolve, and after two
years its web, gaming services, high definition TV, video completely gone, leaving behind a
healthy artery.
Sports
OLYMPICS
18th will be held in Jakarta (Indonesia) in
The first Modern Olympics Games were
2018.
started in Athens on 6th April 1896. The SOUTH ASIAN GAMES
Olympics games originated in the City of

Olympia of Greece.
South Asian Games (SAG) was first held
The Olympic flag was created in 1914
in 1984 at Kathmandu, Nepal. The eight
at the suggestion of Baron Pierre de
participating Countries are Afghanistan,
Coubertin and was hoisted first time in
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,
the Antwerp Olympic Games in 1920.
Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
It is made up of white silk and contains The next SAG is scheduled to be held in five
intertwined rings as the Olympics
2016 at Hambantota, Sri Lanka.
emblem.
CRICKET WORLD CUP
The Colour of rings represents different It is organised by the international Cricket

continents as given below:
Council (ICC) after every 4 years.
Blue
Europe
The first World Cup was organized in
England in June 1975.
Yellow
-
Asia
Australia is the Champion of ICC Cricket
Black
Africa
World Cup 2015.
The next World Cup is scheduled in 2019 in
Red
America
England.
Green
Australia
&
Oceania
FIFA WORLD CUP
The Olympic motto is Citius Altius Germany was The Champion of 20th FIFA
Fortius (Faster, higher, Stronger)
world cup held in 2014 in Brazil.
Mary Leela Rao was the 1st Indian Brazil has won five times and they are woman
participant in The Olympic Games
the only team to have played in every
tournament.
COMMONWEALTH GAMES
The next two World Cups will be hosted by
It is held every 4th year in between the
Russia in 2018 and Qatar in 2022.
Olympic years.
The first Commonwealth Games was held HOCKEY WORLD CUP
in 1930 at Hamilton, Canada.
It was started in 1971.
India, for the first time, participated in the Indian has won the tournament only once
2nd Commonwealth Games held in 1934
in 1975.
in London.
The last Hockey World Cup was held in
2014 in Hague, Netherlands whose winner
ASIAN GAMES
was Australia.
The idea of the Asian Games was first The next tournament is scheduled in 2018
conceived by Prof. G.D. Sondhi. The first
to be held in Bhubaneswar, India.
Asian Games were held at New Delhi on 4
March 1951.
IPL 2016
The motto of the Asian Games Play the
game in Spirit of the game was given by It is a professional Twenty 20 Cricket Pt. J.L
Nehru.
league in India (BCCI).
Its emblem is a bright full rising Sun with The ninth and the latest IPL was held in 2016.
interlocking rings.
The Sun risers Hyderabad were crowned as
17th Asian Games was held in Incheon
the champion after they won against Royal
(South Korea) in 2014.
Challengers Bangalore in the Finals.
124 Sports
TROPHIES ASSOCIATED WITH
Australian Open
Lawn Tennis
SPORTS
Wimbledon
Lawn Tennis
National
Masters
Hockey
Champions Trophy
Name of the Trophy
Related game
British Open
Golf
Aga Khan Cup
Hockey
Malaysian Open
Badminton
Barna Bellack Cup
Table Tennis
Tata Open
Lawn Tennis
Beighton Cup
Hockey
Number of players on each side
Bombay Gold Cup
Hockey
Burdwan Trophy
Weight Lifting
Badminton 1 or 2 Polo
D.C.M. Trophy
Football
Baseball
Rugby Football
15
Dhyan chand Trophy
Hockey
Basketball
5
Tennis and Table 1 or 2
tennis
Dr. B.C. Roy Trophy
Football
Cricket
11
Water Polo
Duleep Trophy
Cricket
Football
11
Volleyball
Durand Cup
Football
Hockey
11
Kabaddi
Ezra Cup
Polo
Chess
I.F.A Shield
Football
Terms used in Sports and
Lady Ratan Tata Trophy Hockey
Games
Moin ud daula Gold Cup Cricket
Badminton
Deuce, Double, Drop, Fault, Game,
Rangaswami Cup
Hockey
Let, Love, Smash.
Ranji Trophy
Cricket
Baseball
Bunt, Diamond, Home,
Pitcher, Put out, Strike.
Santosh Trophy
Football
Billiards
Break, Cannons, Cue, In off, Jigger,
Scratch,
Scindia Gold Cup
Hockey
Boat Race
Cox
Subroto Mukherjee Cup Football

Boxing
Hook, Jab, Knock-out, Punch,
(Inter-School)
Upper cut.
Chess
Check, Checkmate, Gambit,
Wellington Trophy
Rowing
Stalemate
International
Cricket
Bowling, Bouncer, Crease, Cover
point, Drive, Duck, Follow on,
Googly, Gulley, Hat Trick, Hit
Name of the
Related game
wicket, L.B.W. (Leg Before
Trophy
Wicket), Leg Break, Leg spinner,
Nehru Trophy
Hockey
Leg bye Maiden over, No ball,
Pitch, Run, Silly point, Stumped,
American Cup
Yatch Racing
Wicket keeper.
Ashes Cup
Cricket (Australia-
Football
Dribble, Drop Kick, Foul, Hattrick,
Off-side, Penalty, Throw in,
England)
Touch Down.
Azlan Shah
Hockey
Golf
Bogey, Caddie, Hole, Links, Put,
Putting the green, Stymie, Tee.
US Masters
Golf
Hockey
Bull, Carry, Centre Forward,
Hopman Cup
Lawn Tennis
Carried, Dribble, Goal, Hat trick,
Penalty corner, Scoop, Short
Colombo Cup Trophy Football
corner, Sticks, Striking circle,
Davis Cup
Lawn Tennis
Under cutting.
Horse Racing Jockey, Place, Protest, Punter,
Kings Cup Race
Air Races (England)
Win.
Merdeka Cup
Football (Asia)
Lawn Tennis Back-hand-drive, Service, Smash,
Volley, Deuce, Game, Set, Love.
Thomas Cup
World Badminton (Men)
Polo
Bunder, Chuckker, Mallet.
Uber Cup
World Badminton
Rifle Shooting Bulls eye.
(women)
Swimming
Stroke.
US-Open
Lawn Tennis
Volley ball
Booster, Deuce, Love, Service,
Spikers.
French-Open
Lawn Tennis
Wrestling
Half Nelson, Heave.

Document Outline
Contents
General Budget 2016
GST 2016
Union Civil Code
BREXIT
Top Events 2016
Top Ideas 2016
Top Issues 2016
Top People 2016

Book & Authors 2016
General Knowledge
o Indian Panorama
o World Panorama
o People Forever
o INDIAN HISTORY
o Ancient History
o Medieval History
o Modern History
o World History
o Polity
o Geography
o Economy
o GENERAL SCIENCE
o Physics
o Chemistry
o Biology
o Ecology & Environment
o Art, Culture & Tourism
o OctoberCommunication, Transport, News & Media
o Healthcare
o Computers, IT & Technological Innovation
o Sports

Quick General Knowledge 2017 With Current Affairs Update - Disha Experts

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Quick General Knowledge 2017 With Current Affairs Update - Disha Experts

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Table of Contents

General Budget 2016

Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code 2016

Union Civil Code

Rio Olympics 2016 Update

Indias Political Journey 70 years

Indias Economic Journey 70 years

Update : Political, Economic, Industries, Art & Culture 2016

Top Events 2016

Top Ideas 2016

Top Issues 2016

Top People 2016

Top Emerging Trend in 2016

Top 20 Companies of India/World

Top 20 Economies of the World

Top 20 Industries of India

Top 20 Sports Personalities of India

Major E-Commerce Acquisition in 2016

Important Appointments 2016

Awards & Honours 2016

Bills & Acts in 2016

Book & Authors 2016

Ecology & Environment

Art, Culture & Tourism

OctoberCommunication, Transport, News & Media

Computers, IT & Technological Innovation

Ecology & Environment

Art, Culture & Tourism

OctoberCommunication, Transport, News & Media

Computers, IT & Technological Innovation

Tel. : 011-26691021 / 26691713

Chief Editor: Dr. Md. Usmangani Ansari

Project Incharge: Sheenu Kamra

Contributors: Asim Khan, Pratik Kr. Kundu, Sunny Kumar,

Mukul Pankaj Mani

For further information about the books from DISHA,

Log on to www.dishapublication.com or email to info@dishapublication.com

CURRENT AFFAIRS UPDATE CA-1-28

General Budget 2016

Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code 2016

Union Civil Code

Rio Olympics 2016 Update

Indias Political Journey 70 years

Indias Economic Journey 70 years

Top Events 2016

Top Ideas 2016

Top Issues 2016

Top People 2016

Top Emerging Trend in 2016

Top 20 Companies of India/World

Top 20 Economies of the World

Top 20 Industries of India

Top 20 Sports Personalities of India

Major E-Commerce Acquisition in 2016

Important Appointments 2016

Awards & Honours 2016

Bills & Acts in 2016

Policies & Schemes in 2016

Book & Authors 2016

Ecology & Environment

Art, Culture & Tourism

Communication, Transport, News & Media

Computers, IT & Technological Innovation

Current Affairs Update