L90 Presentation PDF

Digital Energy
Multilin
L90 Line Differential Relay
Agenda
1
AGENDA
Introduction
Product overview
Installation
Percent Current Differential
Lab: setting up 87L
Grouped elements
Control elements
Monitoring & Metering
Introduction
2
Introduction
Transmission Line Protection Considerations

1) Reliability: has two aspects:
Dependability: the degree of certainty that the relay will operate
correctly.
Security: the relay will not operate incorrectly
2) Speed: Very high power during fault conditions: delays translate into
increased damage: faster protection tends to compromise relay system
security and selectivity.
3) Sensitivity: The minimum operating quantities allows the relay to detect
an abnormal condition. High-impedance ground faults,voltage unbalance
and high source- to- line impedance ratio affect the sensitivity
4) Selectivity: or coordination: ability of the relay system to minimize
outages as a result of a fault by operating as fast as possible within their
primary zone.
5) Simplicity and ergonomics: simple to apply and to obtain maximum
protection for the minimum cost in one box
Terms: Coordination, Unit Protection/None Unit Protection, Primary/Back up
Introduction
Transmission Line Protection Considerations

High voltage transmission lines have extremely high level of fault current and
low impedance characteristics. Over current protection can not be as fast as its
needed.
Solutions:
Current Differential:
Unit Protection
Measure the current phasors at both ends of the line. If you have a line fault
there will be a difference in the current magnitude at each end and/or a change
in current phase angle with respect to applied voltage.
Distance or (Impedance):
None Unit Protection
Impedance known as Distance: The distance relay operates by using both
voltage and current to determine if a fault is in a relays zone of protection. At
time of fault Current increases and voltage decreases which translates into a
change in impedance.
3
Introduction
Current differential highlights
Communication link
1. 2 relays are required

2. Digital communication channel 64 kbps is
required.
Product overview
4
L90 Current Differential Relay:
Features
Protection:
Segregated Line current differential (87L)
87L Trip logic
Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Negative sequence TOC
Negative sequence IOC
Phase directional OCs
Neutral and negative sequence directional OC
Phase under- and overvoltage
3-zone distance back-up with power swing detect,
load encroachment, POTT and line pickup

Features
Control:
Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
Synchrocheck & Autoreclosure
Direct messaging (8 extra inter-relay DTT bits exchanged)
UR Metering:
Fault Locator
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger
Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive and apparent power, power
factor
87L Metering:
actual differential current
local and remote phasors
communication channel status
5
Features
52
79 3V_0
M onitoring CLOSE TRIP
50DD 50P(2) 50_2(2) 51P(2) 51_2(2) 50BF(2) 87L 21P 67P(2) 68 78 50N(2) 51N(2) 67N/ G 21G
Data From/ To Remote End Transducer

(via Dedicated Communications) FlexElement
TM
M etering Inputs 59P
27P(2)
50G(2) 51G(2)
59N
59X 27X
25(2)
L90 Line Differential Relay

831706AS.CDR

Line Current Differential
Improved operation of the line current differential (87L)
element:
Dynamic Restraint increasing security without jeopardizing
sensitivity
Line Charging Current Compensation to increase sensitivity
Self-synchronization
Channel Asymmetry Compensation to compensate for
asymmetrical channel delay on multiplexed channels
CT Saturation Detection
Zero sequence current removal for applications on lines with
a tapped transformers with a primary wye neutral grounded.
Relay ID for secure applications on higher order
communication systems.
6
Line Current Differential
L90 can be applied

on both 2-terminal
and 3-terminal
apllications:
hardware and
firmware are the
same.

Installation
Direct point-to-point Fiber

(up to 100Km)
(64Kbps)
- G.703 - G.703
- RS422 OR - RS422
Via SONET system telecom multiplexer
(GEs FSC)
(155Mbps)
FSC FSC
(SONET) (SONET)
7
Installation

Installation
CHANNEL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS
8
Installation
DIRECT FIBER
FIBER - LED & ELED LASER FIBER MODULES

TRANSMITTERS WARNING: When using a 1300/1550 nm
The above figure shows the 2-Terminal LASER Interface, attenuators may be
configuration for the 7A, 7B, & 7C fiber- necessary to ensure that you do not exceed
only modules. Maximum Optical Input Power (-14 dBm) to
the receiver.

Installation
DIRECT FIBER
9
Installation
DIRECT FIBER OPTICAL POWER BUDGET

Installation
G.703 CO-DIRECTIONAL INTERFACE
Typical pin interconnection between two G.703 interfaces back-to-

back.
10
Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
G.703 module dip switches..

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Connection to higher order system
G.703 Timing Selection
11
Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Minimum Remote Loopback Test mode data processing

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Dual Loopback Test mode data processing
12
Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Back to Back: Correct
Internal Timing mode Loop Timing mode

(S1=Off, S5=On, S6=Off) (S1=Off, S5=Off, S6=Off)
Back to Back : Will work but not ideal.
Internal Timing mode Loop Timing mode (factory

(S1=Off, S5=On, S6=Off) default for connections to
higher order system
(S1=On, S5=Off, S6=Off)

Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Point to Point using Modems (for example RAD modem):

Rad Modem Rad Modem
Octet Timing Loop Timing Loop Timing Octet Timing

Disabled mode mode Disabled
Loop Timing Internal
mode
Only one clock per system
generated by right L90.
13
Installation
G.703 INTERFACE
Connection via multiplexers (higher order system):
Octet Timing Octet Timing

enabled
Multiplexer Multiplexer enabled
Loop Timing Loop Timing
mode mode
The multiplexer provides the clock for all relays: again, one clock per
system:

Installation
RS.422 INTERFACE
Typical pin interconnection between two RS422 interfaces
14
Installation
RS.422 INTERFACE
RS422 - Two Channel Applications via

Multiplexers
TIMING CONFIGURATION FOR RS422 2 CHANNEL - 3 TERMINAL APPLICATION

Data Module 1 provides timing to the L90 RS422 interface via the ST(A) and ST(B) outputs. Data
Module 1 also provides timing to Data Module 2 TT(A) and TT(B) inputs via the ST(A) and AT(B)
outputs.
Note: The Data Module Pin Numbers, in the figure above, have been omitted since they may vary
depending on the manufacturer.

Installation
RS422 INTERFACE
Clock and Data Transitions
Tx Clock
Tx Data
15
Installation
MIXED INTERFACES
RS422 & FIBER INTERFACE CONFIGURATION
WARNING: When using a 1300 nm LASER Interface, attenuators may be

necessary to ensure that you do not exceed Maximum Optical Input Power
(-14 dBm) to the receiver.

Installation
IEEE fiber C37.94 INTERFACE
The IEEE C37.94 Standard defines a point to point optical link for
synchronous data between a multiplexer and a teleprotection
device.
Designed to interface with IEEE C37.94 compliant digital multiplexer
and/or an IEEE C37.94 compliant interface converter for use with
L90.
Connected directly to
MUX
Connected to MUX
via converter
16
Installation
IEEE fiber C37.94 INTERFACE
For the Internal Timing Mode, the system clock is generated

internally; therefore, the timing switch selection should be Internal
Timing for Relay 1 and Loop Timed for Relay 2. There must be only
one timing source configured.
For the Looped Timing Mode, the system clock is derived from the
received line signal; therefore, the timing selection should be in
Loop Timing Mode for connections to higher order systems.

Installation
COMMS CHANNEL TESTING
Local Loopback Test Mode Transmitted
data blocked
G7X
Local relay
G7R
17
Installation
COMMS CHANNEL TESTING
Received data
Remote Loopback Test echoed back.
G7R G7X
Remote
Local relay
G7X G7R
relay

Installation
COMMS CHANNEL ON-LINE DIAGNOSTICS
Current comms status is available History of comms disturbances is logged

in Actual Values. into event recorder.
18
Installation
MAJOR COMMS ALARMS MINOR COMMS ALARMS

1. 87L DIFF CH1/2 FAIL 1. 87L DIFF CH1/2 CRCFAIL
2. 87L DIFF PFLL FAIL 2. 87L DIFF CH1/2 LOSTPKT
3. 87L DIFF CH1/2 ID FAIL 3. 87L DIFF TIME CHANGED
4. 87L DIFF ASYM DETECTED
5. 87L DIFF 1/2 ASYM MAX
87L DIFF BLOCKED 6. 87L DIFF GPS1/2 FAIL

Installation
CHANNEL ID FAIL
1. Each packet carries relay
ID number per channel
2. Each received packet is
compared with ID
programmed L90 Power
System menu.
3. 0 means NO Channel ID
check is required (for
direct fibers).
Protection against:
1. Inadvertent loopback
2. Inadvertent connection to a
wrong L90 relay.
19
Percent Current Differential
L90 Current Differential Function

ACTUAL VALUES SETTING
VAG To Remote Relays
L90 POWER SYSTEM channel 1 & 2
VBG XC0 & XC1:
VCG
Compute Charging
SETTING Current
DATA FROM RUN
LOCAL END FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
CURRENT DIFF OR
SOURCE: Charging Current RUN IA
Compute 87L DIFF OP
IA IA 2 @Timestamp Process IA Phasors
& Variance IB
IB IB @Timestamp
2
Phasors IB
87L DIFF OP A
Computations IC (Local)
IC IC @Timestamp
2
IC
87L DIFF OP B
SETTING
L90 POWER SYSTEM 87L DIFF OP C
NUM. OF TERMINALS: AND SETTINGS
3 = 1 87L DIFF RECVD DTT A
CURRENT DIFF
OR PICKUP:
SETTING
AND CURRENT DIFF 87L DIFF RECVD DTT B
L90 POWER SYSTEM OR RESTRAINT 1:
NUM. OF CHANNELS:
SETTING CURRENT DIFF 87L DIFF RECVD DTT C
2 = 1 AND RESTRAINT 2:
CURRENT DIFF
TAP 1: CURRENT DIFF 87L DIFF PFLL FAIL
DATA FROM
REMOTE 1 BREAK PT:
OR RUN
Channel 1 OK=1 AND 87L DIFF CH1 FAIL
2
Channel 1 ID Fail IA Operate
Compute IA >1
IA 2 @Timestamp Phasors IA Restraint
2 87L DIFF CH2 FAIL
IB 2 @Timestamp & Variance IB
IC2 @Timestamp (Remote 1)
IC 87L DIFF CH1 LOSTPKT
2
DTT PHASE A AND IB Operate
>1
DTT PHASE B AND IB Restraint
2 87L DIFF CH2 LOSTPKT
SETTING
DTT PHASE C AND
CURRENT DIFF
AND 87L DIFF CH1 CRCFAIL
TAP 2: 2
DATA FROM IC Operate
REMOTE 2 OR >1
RUN 2 87L DIFF CH2 CRCFAIL
IC Restraint
Channel 2 OK=1
Channel 2 ID Fail Compute IA
AND
87L DIFF CH1 ID FAIL
IA 2 @Timestamp Phasors RUN
& Variance IB
IB 2 @Timestamp (Remote 2) 87L DIFF CH2 ID FAIL
IC @Timestamp
2 IC
AND
DTT PHASE A OR
AND
87L BLOCKED
DTT PHASE B AND
OR
DTT PHASE C AND AND
87L DIFF KEY DTT
OR
AND
AND
OR
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND AND

STUB BUS OP
To Remote Relays
channel 1 & 2
AND
OR
SETTING
CURRENT DIFF
DTT: AND OR
Enabled=1
SETTING
AND
CURRENT DIFF OR
KEY DTT:
827056A9.CDR
Off
20
Operate Current Traditional Restraint Method
K2
K1
Restraint Current
Traditional method is STATIC

Compromise between Sensitivity and Security

Dynamic Restraint
Dynamic restraint uses an estimate of a

measurement error to dynamically increase the
restraint
On-line estimation of an error is possible owing to
digital measuring techniques
In digital relaying to measure means to calculate or
to estimate a given signal feature such as magnitude
from the raw samples of the signal waveform
21
Digital Phasor Measurement
The L90 measures the current phasors (magnitude

and phase angle) as follows:
1. digital pre-filtering is applied to remove the

decaying dc component and a great deal of high
frequency distortions
2. the line charging current is estimated and used
to compensate the differential signal
3. full-cycle Fourier algorithm is used to estimate
the magnitude and phase angle of the
fundamental frequency (50 or 60Hz) signal

Sliding Data Window
32 samples for 32 samples for
Transmission Transmission of
of one phaselet next phaselet
windo present
w time
time time
waveform magnitude
22
Sliding Data Window
32 samples for 32 samples for
Transmission Transmission of
of one phaselet next phaselet
windo present
w time
time time
waveform magnitude

Phasor Goodness of Fit
A sum of squared differences between the actual

waveform and an ideal sinusoid over last window is a
measure of a goodness of fit (a measurement error)
window
time
23
Phasor Goodness of Fit
The goodness of fit is an accuracy index for the digital

measurement
The goodness of fit reflects inaccuracy due to:
transients
CT saturation
inrush currents and other signal distortions
electrical noise
The goodness of fit is used by the L90 to alter the
traditional restraint signal (dynamic restraint)

Operate-Restraint Regions
ILOC local current
IREM remote end current
Imaginary (ILOC/IREM)
OPERATE
OPERATE
RESTRAINT Real (ILOC/IREM)
OPERATE
OPERATE
24
Dynamic Restraint
Dynamic restraint signal =
Traditional restraint signal + Error factor
Imaginary (ILOC/IREM)
OPERATE
Error factor is high
Real (ILOC/IREM)
REST.
Error factor is low

Charge Current Compensation
The L90 calculates the instantaneous values of the

line charging current using the instantaneous values
of the terminal voltage and shunt parameters of the
line
The calculated charging current is subtracted from
the actually measured terminal current
The compensation reduces the spurious differential
current and allows for more sensitive settings
25
Charge Current Compensation
The compensating algorithm:

is accurate over wide range of frequencies
works with shunt reactors installed on the line
works in steady state and during transients
works with both wye- and delta-connected VTs
(for delta VTs the accuracy of compensation is
limited)

Effect of Compensation
Local and remote voltages
Voltage, V
200
150
100
50
Time of
0
energization
-50
-100
Time of out of zone fault
-150
-200
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time, sec
26
Traditional and compensated differential
currents (waveforms)
Current, A
0.3
Actual none compensated
current
0.25
0.2
Theoretical compensated
current
0.15
0.1
0.05
Time of
0
energization
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time, sec

Traditional and compensated differential

currents (magnitudes)
Current, A
0.08
Actual none compensated
0.07 current after filtering and
Fourier algorithm
0.06
0.05
0.04
Actual compensated current
0.03 after filtering and fourier
algorithm
0.02
0.01
0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time, sec
27
Self-Synchronization
RELAY 1 RELAY 2
Forward t0
travel tf
time t1 Relay
ping-pong
turn-around
t2 time
Return tr
travel t3
time
t3 t0 t2 t1
t f tr
2

Ping-Pong (example)
Relay 1 Relay 2
Send start bit 0 Initial clocks mismatch=1.4ms or 30
Store T1i-3=0
Communication path Send start bit
0 Store T2i-3=0
8.33 ms
Capture T2i-2=2.3
5.1 2.3
Capture T1i-2=5.1
8.33 ms
Send T1i-2=5.1 8.33
8.33 Send T2i-2=2.3
8.33 ms Store T1i-2=5.1

13.43
10.53
Store T2i-2=2.3
8.33 ms
Send T1i-1=16.66 16.66
16.66 Send T2i-1=16.66

8.33 ms
Store T1i-1=8.33
21.76 Capture T2i=18.96
Store T2i-1=16.66 18.96
Capture T1i=21.76
T2i-3=0 a2=5.1-0=5.1
T1i-2=5.1 b2=18.96-16.66=2.3
T1i-3=0 a1=2.3-0=2.3 T1i-1=16.66 2=(5.1-2.3)/2=
T2i-2=2.3 b1=21.76-16.66=5.1 T2i=18.96 = +1.4ms (behind)
T2i-1=16.66 1=(2.3-5.1)/2=
T1i=21.76 = -1.4ms (ahead)
Speed up
Slow down
30
0
t1 t2
28
Ping-Pong (example continued)
Relay 1 Relay 2
33.32
Store T1i-3=33.32
33.32
Store T2i-3=33.32
8.52 ms
Capture T2i-2=35.62
38.28
35.62
Capture T1i-2=38.28
8.14 ms
41.55
Send T1i-2=38.28 41.55
Send T2i-2=35.62
8.52 ms
Store T1i-2=38.28
Store T2i-2=35.62
8.14 ms
Send T1i-1=50.00 50.00 49.93

Send T2i-1=49.93
8.52 ms 53.16
54.03
Store T1i-1=50.00
Store T2i-1=49.93 Capture T2i=53.16
Capture T1i=54.03
8.14 ms
T2i-3=33.32 a2=38.28-33.32=4.96
T1i-3=33.32 a1=35.62-33.32=2.3 T1i-2=38.28 b2=53.16-50.00=3.16
T2i-2=35.62 b1=54.03-49.93=4.1 T1i-1=50.00 2=(4.96-3.16)/2=
T2i-1=49.93 1=(2.3-4.1)/2= T2i=53.16 = +0.9ms (behind)
T1i=54.03 = -0.9ms (ahead)
Speed up
Slow down
0
19.5
30
t1 t2

Digital Flywheel

Virtual Shaft
clock 1 clock 2
If communications is lost, sample clocks continue

to free wheel
Long term accuracy is only a function of the base
crystal stability
29
Peer-to-Peer Operation
Each relay has sufficient information to make an independent

decision
Communication redundancy
L90-1 L90-2
L90-3

Master-Slave Operation
At least one relay has sufficient information to make an

independent decision
The deciding relay(s) sends a transfer-trip command to all other
relays
L90-1 L90-2
L90-3 Data (currents)

Transfer Trip
30
Zero-sequence Current Removal
The L90 protection system could be applied to lines with tapped
transformer(s) even if the latter has its windings connected in a grounded
wye on the line side and the transformer(s) currents are not measured by
the L90 protection system..
L90-1 L90-2
I_0

CT Saturation Detection
Current differential protection is inherently dependent on adequate CT
performance at all terminals of the protected line especially during
external faults. CT saturation, particularly if happens at one terminal of
the line only, introduces a spurious differential current that may cause the
differential protection to misoperate.
31
Breaker-and-a-half
The L90 has
advantages on
systems with breaker-
and-a-half or ring bus
configurations. In these
applications, each of
the two three-phase
sets of individual
phase currents (one
associated with each
breaker) can be used
as an input to a
breaker failure
element.

Breaker-and-a-half
Benefits:
For restraint forming, maximum of 2 (or more currents is
used). Conventional sum might not provide enough
restraint.
CTs matching is done

internally, different CT
ratios possible
Current are available
individually for BF,
metering etc
32
Breaker-and-a-half
Distributed bus
differential
Up to 4 CTs can be
processed
individually and
summed up with
L90. For application
where buses are
located remotely,
this is beneficial as
CT leads dont allow
applying bus
differential.

Channel asymmetry
ADM-2 ADM-3
RELAY 1 RELAY 2
Rx Tx
ADM-1 ADM-4
Tx Rx
On SONET/SDH system, transmit and receive channel

delays can be different. Normally, Tx_delay=Rx_delay.
If one path is broken, it can be re-routed to another
physical fiber, resulting in Tx_delayRx_delay.
33
Channel asymmetry
Difference in transmit-receive paths is causing
incorrect synchronization between relays as ping-
pong is operating based on assumption that transmit-
receive delays are the equal.
That results in apparent differential current,
proportional to the value of the channel asymmetry.
If currents and channel asymmetry are high enough,
relay misoperates.
IDIFF
IA IB
Half of the channel

asymmetry in
electrical degrees

Channel asymmetry
L90 can cope with channel asymmetry as high as up
to 10 ms using GPS signal.
No additional input is required-GPS clock is
connected to the regular IRIG-B UR input, providing
accurate clock to both events time-stamping and
channel asymmetry compensation algorithm.
ADM-2 ADM-3
GPS clock GPS clock
Rx Tx
ADM-1 ADM-4
Tx Rx
RELAY 1 RELAY 2
34
Channel asymmetry
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
IRIG-B FAILURE
To Remote Relays
SETTINGS Channels 1 and 2
L90 POWER SYSTEM: 87L GPS Status Fail
OR
BLOCK GPS TIME REF:
Off = 0
REAL TIME CLOCK:
IRIG-B SIGNAL TYPE
None = 0
L90 POWER SYSTEM:
CHNL ASYM COMP: GPS COMPENSATION
Off = 0 RUN
DATA FROM REM OTE Use Calculated
OR
TERM INAL 1 Correction, Establish and
87L Ch 1 Status (OK=1) Update Memory
AND
OR
87L GPS 1 Status (OK=1) Use Memorized
Correction
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
DATA FROM REM OTE
87L DIFF GPS FAIL
OR
TERM INAL 21
87L Ch 2 Status (OK=1) SETTINGS
AND
87L GPS 2 Status (OK=1) L90 POWER SYSTEM:
MAX CHNL ASYMMETRY:
L90 POWER SYSTEM:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND ROUND TRIP TIME
87L DIFF GPS 1 FAIL CHANGE:
AND
RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L DIFF 1 MAX ASYM
ACTUAL VALUES | Ch1 Assymetry | > MAX
Ch1 Assymtery
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
ACTUAL VALUES |Ch1 T-Time New - 87L DIFF 1 TIME CHNG
Ch1 Round Trip Time Ch1 T-TIME Old| > CHANGE
GPS function FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

87L DIFF GPS 2 FAIL
AND
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
ACTUAL VALUES | Ch2 Assymetry | > MAX 87L DIFF 2 MAX ASYM
Ch2 Assymtery
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
ACTUAL VALUES |Ch2 T-Time New -
87L DIFF 2 TIME CHNG
Ch2 Round Trip Time Ch2 T-TIME Old| > CHANGE

Channel asymmetry
Important consideration is fallback mode if GPS signal is
lost: for example, relay can be programmed to continue
to provide sensitive differential function using memorized
value of last measured channel asymmetry until step
change in the communications path is detected.
35
Channel asymmetry
Asymmetry-disabled
(about 3 ms of
asymmetry present)
Diff. Current
high
Asymmetry-enabled
(about 3 ms of
asymmetry present)
Diff. Current
low

Channel asymmetry
Its beneficial to monitor

differential current to
raise an alarm if it
becomes relatively high.
This can happen due to
asymmetry is present,
problems in CT
secondary. Flexelements
are used for that.
36
Synchronization
f System f
RELAY 1 + Frequency + RELAY 2
_ _
Compute Compute
Frequency Frequency
f f1 Deviation f1 f2 Deviation f f2
+ +
+ Phase Frequency Phase Frequency +
Loop Filter Loop Filter
+ +
1 2
(2 1)/2 Ping-Pong time stamps Ping-Pong (2 1)/2

Phase Phase
Deviation Deviation
(2 1)/2 GPS time stamps GPS (2 1)/2

Phase Phase
Deviation Deviation
GPS GPS
Clock Clock
Overall Relays synchronization

diagram

Synchronization
37
Frequency Tracking
1. It is important for current differential to track the
frequency to fit exactly 64 samples within one power
cycle and to provide synchronized sampling at each
L90 relay.
2. L90 starts tracking the frequency if current at any
terminal is above 0.125 pu
3. L90 tracks the frequency from positive- sequence
current from all terminals.
4. If positive-sequence current is below 0.125 pu, all
relays track to nominal frequency, 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
5. Tracking frequency is displayed in Actual
Values\Metering menu.

Benefits
Increased Sensitivity without sacrificing Security:

Fast operation (11.5 cycles)
Lower restraint settings / higher sensitivity
Charging current compensation
Unique precise synchronization with frequency tracking
Channel Asymmetry Compensation
CT saturation detection
Dynamic restraint ensures security during noise, harmonics,
CT saturation or transient conditions
Reduced CT requirements
Direct messaging
Increased redundancy due to master-master configuration
Reliable CRC-32 communication packet protection against
noise
Breaker-and-a half applications
38
Lab: setting up 87L

Lab 1: Setting up 87L
Test Set 1 Test Set 2

Rx Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx Rx
39
L90 system is
chosen
Charging current
enabled/disabled
Channel ID
enabled/disabled
Channel ID
enabled/disabled
L90 Power System menu.

87L enabled
Source chosen
Pickup
CT Tap
87L Current Differential menu.
40
Slope 1
Slope 2
DTT
External DTT
87L Current Differential menu.

1000/1 2000/5
Rx Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx Rx
L90 can accommodate CT ratios mismatch

up to 5 times even if CTs secondary
nominal current is different.
41
Restraint 2
Current Differential major

settings
Restraint 1
Pickup
Breakpoint
(200% of I nominal)

Lab 1: Setting up 50DD
This portion of logic will not

reset for a continuous
disturbance.
Disturbance Detector-logic
diagram
42
Lab 1: Setting up 50DD
Disturbance Detector-elements menu

Lab 1 Comms Channel Check
Channel Status menu-

Actual
Values\Statis\Channel Tests
43
Lab 1: Faults Simulation
Test Set 87L should
operate at the
current
Rx Direct point-to-point Fiber Tx

(64Kbps)
Tx Rx
Test Set 87L should

NOT operate
Rx Direct point-to-point Fiber Tx

(64Kbps)
Tx Rx

Lab 1: 87L Characteristics Check
Test Set 1 Test Set 2

Rx Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx Rx
Operate /
Restraint
Characteristics
44
Lab 1: 87L Characteristics Check
User 87L settings
Operate current
Restraint current
Relays response
Injected currents

SETTING
87L TRIP FUNCTION:

87L Trip element
Disable=0
Enable=1
SETTING SETTING
87L TRIP SOURCE: 87L TRIP SEAL-IN PICKUP:
IA IA > PICKUP
IB IB > PICKUP
IC IC > PICKUP
SETTING
87L TRIP SEAL-IN:
Enable=1
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP A
87L DIFF OP A AND
87L and DTT FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

OR
are OR-ed 87L RECVD DTT A
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP B
87L DIFF OP B AND
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L RECVD DTT B
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Mode is hosen: 87L DIFF OP C AND
OR 87L TRIP OP C
OR FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP
1P or 3P 87L RECVD DTT C
OR
SETTING
87L TRIP M ODE:
1-Pole=0
3-Pole=1
AND
SETTING
AND
87L TRIP SUPV:
50DD SV 0 OR
AND OR
50
Supervising AND
element 50DD SETTING
87L TRIP FORCE 3- :

OR
OR
87L Trip Logic

Off=0 AND
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OPEN POLE OP
45
SETTING
87L TRIP FUNCTION:

87L Trip element
Disable=0
Enable=1
Seal-in outputs if
SETTING SETTING
87L TRIP SOURCE:
IA
87L TRIP SEAL-IN PICKUP:
IA > PICKUP
desirable Outputs per
IB
IC
IB > PICKUP
IC > PICKUP
phase or 3-phase
SETTING
87L TRIP SEAL-IN:
Enable=1
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP A
87L DIFF OP A AND
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L RECVD DTT A
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP B
87L DIFF OP B AND
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L RECVD DTT B
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP C
87L DIFF OP C AND
OR FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP
87L RECVD DTT C
OR
SETTING
87L TRIP M ODE:

Logic to detect
1-Pole=0
3-Pole=1 multi-phase
SETTING
AND
evolving and
AND
Open Pole 87L TRIP SUPV: sequential faults
forces 3P trip 50DD SV AND OR
0
50
OR
if another
fault occurs AND
during open
SETTING
87L TRIP FORCE 3- :

OR
OR
87L Trip Logic

pole Off=0 AND
conditions FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

OPEN POLE OP
OR
Grouped elements
46
Grouped elements

Grouped: Stub bus
Line disconnect
switch 52b contact
IOC trigger
47
Grouped: Stub bus
Stub Bus Line

zone
Breaker Breaker
+ IOC

Grouped: Distance
L90 phase and ground distance is the same as D60 elements.
48
Grouped: Distance
L90 backup distance is complimented by line pickup, power swing

detection, POTT and load encroachment.

Grouped: Breaker Failure
49
3- Pole Breaker Failure

50

51

52
Grouped: Open Pole Detector
Control elements
53
Control Elements
Control elements
available in L90

Control: Synchrocheck
Synchrocheck
Logic
54
Control: Synchrocheck
3-phase
line VT
1-phase
bus VT
Time that the two

voltages remain within
the admissible angle
difference

Control: AutoReclose
AutoReclose sequence
55
SETTING
AR FUNCTION:
Enable=1
Disable=0
D60 Relay Only
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP OP
AND FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR ENABLED
SETTING AR DISABLED
OR
AR INITIATE
AR BLOCK:
(To page 2, Reset AR TRANSFER TIM ER)
Off = 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING AR RIP
AR BKR MAN CLOSE: SETTING AND 0.5 cycle To: AR FORCE 3P TRIP
AR BLK TIME UPON MAN (Evolving fault)

Off = 0 CLS :
OR
BKR MANUAL CLOSE:
0
(From sheet 3)
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND
SETTING AR 1-P RIP
LO
AR 1P INIT: SETTING
SETTING
AR EXTEND DEAD TIME
Off = 0
AR 1-P DEAD TIM E: 1:
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND OR Off = 0
D60 Relay Only From Trip Output
TRIP 1-POLE AND 0

OR
SETTING
SETTING OR
AR DEAD TIME 1
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
EXTENSION:
AR 3P INIT: AR 3-P/1 RIP
OR AND
Off = 0 0
SETTING
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND OR
AR 3-P DEAD TIM E 1:
TRIP AR INIT 3-POLE
OR
OR AND
SETTING 0
AR 3P TD INIT:
Off = 0
SETTING
BKR ONE POLE OPEN: CLOSE (to page 2)

OR
Off = 0
OR
From sheet 3
BKR ONE POLE OPEN
SETTING
BKR 3 POLE OPEN: FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

Off = 0 AR 3-P/2 RIP
OR
BKR 3 POLE OPEN SETTING

OR
RESET AND AR 3-P DEAD TIME 2:
CLOSE BKR1 OR BKR2
OR 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR AND
From Sheet 2
AR SHOT COUNT>0
SETTING FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

BKR FAIL TO RECLS AR INCOM PLETE SEQ
AR PAUSE
(from sheet 2)
Off = 0 827089AD.CDR
SHOT COUNT = MAX AND
SETTING
AND
AR M0DE: FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND AR LO
1 Pole SETTING
3 Pole - A AR INCOMPLETE SEQ.
OR
3 Pole -B TIMER: OR
1 & 3 Pole
OR 0
AutoReclose
D60 Relay Only From Phase Selector AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND OR
PHASE SELECT MULTI-P
0
SETTING 5ms
AND
OR
AR MULTI-P FAULT:
Off = 0
SETTING
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
RESET (to sheet 2)
logic
AR RESET: Evolving fault
OR AR DISABLED
Off = 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR AR ZONE 1 EXTENT

AND
AND
OR
OR
AND
AND
LO
To sheet 3 AND
AND
OR LO 2ms
AND
OR
AND
AND
OR
OR AND
S
Latch
OR R
RESET
LO
AND
LO
AND
2ms
BKR CLOSED (from page 3)

OR
827090A9.CDR
AND
AND
OR
AutoReclose
logic
56
This piece of the AR is

reading status of
breaker(s) and feeds
main AR logic to
proceed action further
accordingly number of
breakers, mode chosen
and sequence chosen.
AutoReclose
logic

AutoReclosure Function Breaker Function
Breakers are set in
System Setup\
Breakers
AR is set per users

requirements (reads
breakers status
automatically) LEDs are needed to
know AR ststus
LEDs
57
Control: CT Fail Detector
CT Fail Detector is designed to detect

failures in CT secondary circuitry

Control: VT Fuse Fail
58
Control: POTT
POTT scheme requires 1-bit

comms channel, for example
PLC.

Direct Inputs and Outputs
Line 1
B5 C60 3
Ethernet
Ethernet
B1 B3
Line 2
L90 1 L90 2
Substation 1
B2 B4
Substation
L90 1-2 LAN 2
59
Default
means state
when
channel is Direct
broken Outputs are
assigned with
Flexlogic
operands
This is active
in 3-terminal
only

Channel status
controls either
Direct Input is read
from the received
data or set to
default
60
Example
Local Relay Remote Relay
Breaker Fail is
assigned to Direct
Output 1-1
Direct Input 1-1 (BF

at remote S/S) is
assigned to a trip
gate.
Monitoring & Metering
61
Metering: 87L

Oscillography: 87L analogs
62
Overall L90 functional diagram
L90 test program is available on GE Multilin web site
63
Thank you.
64

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Digital Energy

L90 Line Differential Relay

Percent Current Differential

Lab: setting up 87L

Monitoring & Metering

Transmission Line Protection Considerations

Transmission Line Protection Considerations

Current differential highlights

1. 2 relays are required

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Data From/ To Remote End Transducer

L90 Line Differential Relay

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 can be applied

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Direct point-to-point Fiber

L90 Current Differential Relay:

FIBER - LED & ELED LASER FIBER MODULES

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Typical pin interconnection between two G.703 interfaces back-to-

G.703 module dip switches..

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Connection to higher order system

G.703 Timing Selection

Minimum Remote Loopback Test mode data processing

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Dual Loopback Test mode data processing

Back to Back: Correct

Internal Timing mode Loop Timing mode

Back to Back : Will work but not ideal.

Internal Timing mode Loop Timing mode (factory

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Point to Point using Modems (for example RAD modem):

Octet Timing Loop Timing Loop Timing Octet Timing

Connection via multiplexers (higher order system):

Octet Timing Octet Timing

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Typical pin interconnection between two RS422 interfaces

RS422 - Two Channel Applications via

TIMING CONFIGURATION FOR RS422 2 CHANNEL - 3 TERMINAL APPLICATION

L90 Current Differential Relay:

RS422 & FIBER INTERFACE CONFIGURATION

WARNING: When using a 1300 nm LASER Interface, attenuators may be

L90 Current Differential Relay:

For the Internal Timing Mode, the system clock is generated

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Current comms status is available History of comms disturbances is logged

MAJOR COMMS ALARMS MINOR COMMS ALARMS

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Function

FLEXLOGIC OPERAND AND

Traditional method is STATIC

L90 Current Differential Relay:

Dynamic restraint uses an estimate of a

The L90 measures the current phasors (magnitude

1. digital pre-filtering is applied to remove the

L90 Current Differential Relay:

L90 Current Differential Relay:

A sum of squared differences between the actual

The goodness of fit is an accuracy index for the digital

L90 Current Differential Relay: