Chapter I.

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Humanity is at the frontier of industrialization and modernization. We live in

a time where there is a boom in human population, where people rely heavily on

technology, automation and mass production of goods and services to live their lives.

All these developments require the extraction of natural resources such as metals,

oils, natural gas Etc. to function properly. As the result of unsustainable management

of these resources by industries, governments, and the people in general, problems

such as scarcity, environmental pollution and degradation of the quality of life arises.

As the population of the world continues to grow, these problems become an

ever growing issue. That is why it is important for a nation to stress out the relevance

of integrating green design and sustainability in the Economy, Ecology, Culture and

Politics for it is the only way to solve the problems of humanity and to ensure a

progressive society and economy. These qualities, when partnered with human

intellect and ingenuity, create highly capable people that will advance and mold the

nation, and pave the way for a brighter tomorrow.

1.2 Background & Nature of the Problem

National Development. In the Philippines, the accelerating pace of socio-

economic development is causing severe environmental degradation due to the

irresponsibility of people, businesses and the government. Resources allocated for the

prevention and amelioration of this problem is very insufficient.

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 The Philippines is currently classified as a developing country and is ranked

as 40th largest economy in the world by the IMF (International Monetary

Fund).Goldman Sachs estimates that by the year 2050, the Philippines will become

the 14th largest economy in the world. It is very rich in natural resources but it is very

limited. It is indeed progressive and becoming heavily industrialized but, with many

consequences. Currently the Philippines is plagued by basic 3 rd world issues such as,

poverty, high unemployment rate, slow creation of job opportunities. There is mass

pollution in the air, water and ecosystems, particularly in urban areas. Starvation and

homelessness are rampant in the country mainly due to the lack of resources that are

available, particularly food and land. And the quality of life in the Philippines is very

poor due to the unhealthy and unsanitary environment people live in. All These

problems directly correlate to the lack of Green and Sustainable education.

Education. It is imperative that society learns how to become efficient,

because this is the only way it can ensure its longevity and survivability. The nation

needs to emphasize in "green and sustainable planning" and awareness to create an

efficient and smart resource minded economy, a healthier environmental habitat and a

continuously progressive society. With all these issues, what the nation needs most

are dreamers who dream big and think of new sustainable ideas that would greatly

contribute to society. Curiosity, Reason, and Intellect must be cultivated in every

citizen especially the youth, for these are the fundamental qualities needed to attain

sustainability and national progress.

Innovation. It is important to develop industrially adept and smart citizens

who are familiar with green strategies & technologies, for what the global industry is

looking for today, is a viable and sustainable means of development. The global

industry is now primarily based on achieving maximum output with minimal resource

2
 loss. This theme and mindset would lead to strong companies and local government

units, to advance new ideas and innovations in the business industries, create new

export markets, and enlarge the economic foundations of the country. This entails the

accessing of the untapped capabilities of the Filipino culture.

Corporations, Firms, Government Units, and Institutions alike must develop

and learn new, significant technical capabilities and attain management wisdom, for

these are the traits required for global expansion and competition. All of these local

entities should emphasize the Innovation Economics and Sustainability ideology

wherein technological innovation and efficiency are the core principles follow.

Initially, the country will need a platform to translate these innovative concepts and

ideas to the public.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The nation lacks the necessary resources and advocacy in attaining socio-

economic efficiency and sustainability. Monetary resources and revenue are two of

the most crucial parts for creating solutions to economic and social problems. We

need resilient Government Units and Companies that can develop innovation, new

businesses, new export markets, and can make a sturdy and stable economy.

In support to this idea, there should be a venue for trade and exposition of

different markets that emphasize on Green Planning and Sustainability, and a place

where they can showcase their products. This is to familiarize the nation with

strategies and innovations that can help the country be more maintainable.

The Philippines is one of the premiere and epicenters for destination in Asia, it

promotes tourism and local trade. Quezon City has the nations highest potential for

3
 Urban development and commerce. With the increased investments in Meetings,

Incentives, Conventions & Exhibitions (MICE) in recent years, it has become one the

fastest growing industries in the world. Applying this development to Quezon City

would drastically increase national revenue and urban development, which are

components to national advancement.

The project calls for the establishment of a world class Green Expo Center

that will meet the MICE standards and be one of the most socially symbolic,

technologically advanced, recreational, business and learning center in the

Philippines.

1.4 Project Objectives

The study, with the goal of educating people with the relevance of Green

and Sustainable planning to the development and survival of a nation, aimed to

propose a multi-faceted project Green Expo Center that will pursue the following

project objectives:

1.4.1 Education

a. To provide a platform for exhibiting Green technologies and resources to

students and teachers, social entrepreneurs, businessmen, policy-makers and

the general public

b. To promote environmental awareness and proper adoption of Green

technologies. And educate the public on the relevance and impact of green and

sustainable planning, and environmental planning to the development of the

country.

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1.4.2 Business

a. To match users and suppliers of Green technologies products and services.

b. To incorporate financial sustainability in the design of infrastructures,

business programs and services.

1.4.3 Socio Economic

a. To stimulate investment, employment, growth and development in the Green

sector of the economy.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Expos and civic centers have become an important part of human culture,

especially in recent years. They have become social institutions and leisure

destinations - sources of wonder, beauty, business and trends that promote human

socialization and intellectual recreation. Like other exhibition centers, such as

museums, they have become the presenters of new content and play a big role in

accelerating cultural, societal and economic change.

Specialized Expo centers are more than just an exhibition of objects, but they

encourage vast sharing of ideas and convey a sense of time and story that links all

people within a community. That is why when in collaboration with an environmental

and scientific goal, they become the most effective way to reach out into the public

persona to promote cultural change and development. Expo centers have high marks

on social and economic impact, in comparison with other types of infrastructures, due

to its extremely diverse and affluent functional characteristics.

. The expo will teach society to cherish nature, to become cleaner and be more

efficient in dealing with its resources. It will promote sustainability as the core value

5
of Political, Economic & Cultural endeavors and by these standards will solve

national problems such as pollution, overpopulation, environmental degradation and

limited resources.

Through the showcase and marketing of Green technologies, projects and

consumer products, the expo will enhance dissemination of market information,

which will create demand for green products. It will enhance the Green sector of the

economy, promote entrepreneurship and give opportunities for investments by local

and foreign companies and organizations. With these developments, there will be an

increase in employment and income.

The significance of the project also focuses on the localized urban

development of the nation. The nature of the Green Expo Center works in synergy

with the environmental and economic progression of a city, particularly Quezon City.

The project will aid in increasing its legacy as an intellectual and commercial center

with the likes of a Bilbao Effect, wherein one success leads to another i.e. grand-

symbolic structure leads to notoriety, notoriety leads to tourism, tourism leads to

increased job opportunities, and increased job opportunities leads to economic

development. It will have a great influence on the image of Quezon City and become

a center of trade and exposition that will help boost the value of the area.

1.6 Scope & Limitations

The study amasses with extensive information gathered, particularly starting

with the different types of malls, trading centers, convention centers and exhibition

centers both on the local and international prospect. Through the case studies of these

6
various examples of structures the researcher will be able to establish its parameters

on the architecturally hybrid design and multi-functionality of the proposed project.

All the necessary facilities and spaces which support the functionality of the

Green Expo Center such as Retail stores, Museum and exhibition halls, Business

Offices, Digital auditoriums and public areas are also being studied by the researcher.

Further analysis of the site such as microanalysis of the city, weather patterns,

efficient road pathways and the immediate environment are also taken into

considerable studies.

Architectural & Technological innovations that will optimize the design of the

project will also be extensively studied, such as Green Technologies and top of the

line Informative Gadgetry, because it will pave the way for the latest trend in Modern

Design, and because in todays economy, technological innovations are what drive the

economy and society of a nation to higher echelons. Also we should consider that

Sustainable Architectural Design is the only pathway towards the salvation of the

environment and our species

The design and nature of the structure is a Specialized Expo Center that highly

integrates retail & commerce. It focuses on Green strategies, solutions, technologies

and consumer products. The project is a smaller scale version of an

International/World Expo and therefore will only revolve around a simpler and

focused range of themes and subjects. It entails a Mixed- use building type that will

serve as a center for trade shows, expos and retail outlets, all of which are devoted to

the vast sharing of ideas. It will be one of the most globally competent, and iconic

landmarks in the country and will pave the way for green and sustainable

developments regarding industries, foreign and local tourism.

7
1.7 Definition of Terms

Bilbao Effect - The exponential creation, appreciation, growth and development of

different kinds of economies in particular place, brought about by the establishment

of an iconic architectural structure.

Civic Center Is a prominent land area within a community that is constructed to be

its focal point or center. It usually contains one or more dominant public buildings,

which may also include a government building. Recently, the term "civic center" has

been used in reference to an entire central business district of a community or a

major shopping center in the middle of a community

Convention Center Is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where

individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests.

Echelon A level or rank in an organization, a profession, or society.

Exhibits - Objects or collection of objects and specimens exhibited to the public

Exposition A medium to large-scale public exhibition or show, as of art or

manufactured products

Expo Center A center where a collection of things, such as goods, technologies,

works of art, can be displayed for public viewing. It also holds events such as fairs

and industrial promotions.

Globalization - The process enabling financial and investment markets to operate

internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and improved communications

Green - Refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible

and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design,

construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. The term also

applies to other fields of sciences such as engineering, argriculture and economy.

8
Green Architecture - Is an approach to building that minimizes harmful effects on

human health and the environment. The "green" architect or designer attempts to

safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing eco-friendly building materials and

construction practices.

Humanistic - Of or pertaining to a philosophy asserting human dignity and man's

capacity for fulfillment through reason and scientific method.

Industrialization - The organized action of making of goods and services for sale.

Innovation - The act of innovating; introduction of new things or methods.

Innovation Economics Is a growing economic doctrine that reformulates

conventional economics theory so that knowledge, technology, entrepreneurship,

and innovation are positioned at the center of the model rather than seen as

independent forces that are largely unaffected by policy.

MICE Meetings, Incentives, Conventions & Incentives. The industry that revolves

around conventions, expositions and public assemblies.

Paradigm - A set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a

way of viewing reality for the community that shares them, especially in an

intellectual discipline.

Quality of Life Index - Is an international rating systems of countries based on

results of subjective life-satisfaction surveys to the objective determinants of quality

of life across countries.

Science - Is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form

of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Specialized Expo Specialized and international expositions are usually smaller in

scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the

9
architectural fees are lower and they only have to rent the space from the host

committee, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed.

Sustainability Is the conservative and efficient use of resources and the assurance

that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future

generations.

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 Chapter II. Review of Related Literature

2.1 Chapter Overview

This chapter focuses on all the important topics that will be taken into

consideration. This will deliver discernment on all issues that need to be solved and

all the numerous factors that are directly related to the project.

2.2 Green & Sustainable Development

In todays world, nations are growing closer to each other. This may not be

true in a traditional or societal sense, but this is highly the case in terms of cultural

and economic sense. Globalization has pushed nations to grow closer with each other

despite differences in ideologies, culture, tradition and wars. Globalization is booming

right now and allowing the sharing and mixing of cultures and ideas from every

nation. But Globalization has its problems.

To understand globalization it is probably useful to consider issues such as

climate change or trans-boundary pollution. Desertification, nuclear disasters,

environmental degradation, resource depletion, world trade, global communication,

new media, population movements etc. issues also rarely confined within states or

even regional jurisdictions (Homer-Dixon, 1999; Barnett, 2001)

With Globalization, Industrialization has allowed for the creation of many

human developments and the damaging of the natural environment. Both of these

phenomena require the consumption of massive amounts of resources to be stable,

and resources are extremely precious and limited. In the last 300 years, we have

already witnessed an increase in pollution, death of species, degradation of life and

11
wars, particularly because of the scarcity of resources. People suffer for resources.

That is why only a sustainable and efficient solution will solve all the problems of

man, because it is all linked with the need for resources.

2.3 Importance of Green Technology

With the ever changing world we live in, Green technology is ever advancing

to advance the state of mankind and the ecology. The future of the planet is dependent

on whether mankind can become smarter and more sustainable or whether it

ultimately destroys itself by thoughtless extraction of resources. The history of green

technology, how man currently utilizes it, and how humanity can look forward to in

the future acuminate to how we may live on a healthier, more efficient earth.

Due to the continuous exponential growth in world population, and the ever

increasing advances of Green Technology, it has become the focal point for many

pioneers of industries, such as planners, designers and scientists, who really strive and

work hard to make a better planet to live on. Green Technology is defined as:

technology whose use is intended to mitigate or reverse the effects of human activity

on the environment (Oxford University Press, 2010). In other words, green

technology is being utilized as a response in order to preserve the world for

generations to come. The knowledge that we have obtained along with the

understanding that we are pursuing better technology, will eventually lead to a more

environmental conscience society. Environmental or clean technologies are terms

used when referring to green technology as well. These terms have been in the public

arena for nearly a decade, but the use or thought of clean technology has been around

for generations without it ever being defined.

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 The adoption of new, cleaner technologies is essential in reducing pollution

and other man made problems. Even if the technologies have already been developed,

the empirical technology diffusion literature has demonstrated that the diffusion of

new technologies can be slow (Bass 1969, Mahajan, Muller & Bass 1990, Hannan &

Mcdowell 1984, Mulligan 2003, Baker 2001, Engers, Hartmann & Stern 2009).

Basically there needs to be an emphasis on the adoption of Green technology and

Sustainable Strategies to our culture and way of life, particularly in the Economy &

Policy. While advocacy and adoption of Green development is greatly important, the

application of these technologies is what is truly relevant for it holds the direct

physical impact to the problem.

2.4 Significance of Green Architectural Planning

Sustainable/ Green design is a key aspect of intelligent planning and it wishes

to utilize and maximize the quality of the built environment while completely

negating and eliminating the negative influences to the environment. It is an

important philosophy that not only promotes considerate usage and utilization of

resources, but also develops the current state of the resource or environment

(Mclennan, 2007). Sustainable design offers high levels of resource efficiency,

including transportation and energy use in building materials.

The fundamental elements that can be derived from sustainable design are

renewable energy use, water conservation and gray-water reuse, habitat preservation

and restoration and healthy and productive indoor environments for people, to name a

few. Sustainable design ultimately covers and considers the big picture in planning.

One of the most rewarding things about sustainable design is its flawless and

13
unnoticeable integration with the space. It is like no person could ever tell that a

structure or a house implores sustainable design if it is applied to perfection.

Sustainable design succeeds in bringing symmetry and balance to application of

technology with the resources.

2.5 Basic Principles of the Design and Planning

In order to build demand and accommodation for the people, specific

strategies in planning are to be used. The strategies are:

(a) Establish market research, the existing demand, likely future requirements and

developments, and to what extent the current enterprise satisfies users

(b) By means of planning investigation, find the potential of the site,traffic patterns,

proposals for changes in the area and other factors that directly affect the performance

of the building.

(c) From this assessment build up preliminary feasibility calculation which in turn

will determine maximum cost of the total enterprise.

2.6 Site Selection

Site selection is one of the most important stages in the designing of any Civic

Exhibition Center. It has a key role in maintaining likeability with the users and

patrons. A good site is a positive factor in making it convenient for visitors to attend

and become repeat visitors or to allow visitors to combine museum attendance with

shopping, attending a library, or visiting another attraction (B. Lord, 2012). A good

14
site is that of which helps gain revenue and helps secure the income that is the life

blood of the operation of the building.

Civic Centers act as a catalyst for change and redevelopment of a central/core

area of a cities and towns. (Jewell, 1996). They should be located as close as possible

to city centers.

A good strategy in choosing viable sites is the consideration of wider and

broader spectrum of community needs. Ultimately, site selection should be influenced

by the market, functional considerations, and funders- both private and public.

Whatever balances these conditions is preferable.

Sites in areas requiring revitalization are sometimes more physically,

constricted and face greater challenges associated with the community priorities.

Basically these sites, if chosen, are able to get the best out of the significance from the

community, if done well.

Often, there are wide varieties of site options that could be considered for a

new structure. It is logical to analyze many sites in contrast to analyzing just a few.

This way, it maximizes the opportunity of the building and its profound effect in a

community. However with this strategy, it is important to know all the good and bad

qualities of a site, in order to finish quickly and efficiently. Here; are compelling

reasons to eliminate sites in a long list/options.

Availability: The sight might have numerous strengths, but if it is really not

available, there is no point considering it.

Timeliness: The plans for the Expo centers call for construction as soon as

possible, yet one or more sites under consideration would not be available for

many years.

15
 Cost of acquisition: The Expo center wishes to allocate as much of its

financial resources to exhibits as to the building itself, rather than allocating

substantial funds to acquire a site.

Size: The area of the site will not accommodate the agreed space plan.
Shape: The site is big enough, but it's too long and narrow or too disjointed to

accommodate the building.

Disincentives to success: A site in a residential neighborhood in which

residents are likely to complain about too much noise or traffic associated

with a successful Expo center should be avoided.

Concerns of major funders: Opposition to a site by significant funding

sources should take it off the list.

Strong physical constraints: The site cannot accommodate a proper loading

dock with sufficient turning room for collection deliveries

2.7 Exhibition Centers & Museums as Social & Touristic Institutions

Exhibition centers & Museum sin our society today are heralded as Social &

Touristic Institutions, wherein it becomes a mean for communication. Exhibition

centers & Museums communicate the meanings of nature and humanity past and

present to their visitors today and tomorrow (B. Lord, 2012). People always get a

sense of space and time whenever one enters the realm of Museum & Exhibition

Centers.

Also, Exhibition centers & Museums have become the presenters of new

content, they accelerate cultural change by showcasing virtuosity and artistry in the

building design and the exhibits. It always conveys a sense of beauty. With these said

qualities, Exhibition centers & Museums become mediator of cultural, social &

scientific change. Societies are greatly impacted by the capabilities of a Museum &

Exhibition Centers.

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 As such, they are a cultural trend. They are patrons of architecture, promoters

of urban renewal, & branders of cities & regions. Exhibition centers & Museums

have evolved as leisure destinations to which tourism is an inevitable effect. One keen

example would be the Guggenheim Museum & Exhibition Center at Bilbao wherein,

due to its beautiful and unique nature, has transformed its community into a tourist

destination and a significant symbol for economic and social development.

2.8 How Science & Reason Influences Humanity

The progress of the human race throughout the millennia, owes a great deal of

debt to Science. The majority of people may not know it but science greatly

influences virtually all of our day to day activities. Back in the dark ages when people

had no electricity and no knowledge of the natural world, civilizations invented

deities and entities to fill in their gap of knowledge about natural phenomena. Surely

it consoled their intellectual need but all of that was entirely illusory. Eventually the

civilizations found out that explaining the unknown by means of positing a deities

and demons did not help them through crises, especially when there were outbreaks

of diseases. Those people eventually stopped acting superstitious and formulated a

system that used observation and empirical evidence to solve problems and mysteries

that haunted them, thus the birth of Science.

In the modern age, Science practically controls every aspect of our lives,

mainly by its applications in the field of Architecture, Engineering, Medicine Etc.

From the clothes we wear, to the food we eat, to the decisions we make, everything

has science stamped on it. Technologies are what keep humans sane for it gives

purpose to their lives, which is reflected upon their dreams and aspirations. It has now

17
become the core of the world economy, wherein the progress of nations mainly rely

on discoveries and technological innovations. Science & Technology elevate

humanity in countless ways, it has the power of solving all known problems and

issues the world could possibly create, and it will continue to influence human

activities up until it reaches the zenith of development.

2.9 Exhibition & Integrated Museum

An Exhibition Centers worth and success as a structure is not solely based on

the extensive arrangement of functional spaces, and the extravagant aesthetic

character of its interior & exterior, but rather, it is greatly based on the balance

between the two. What a great architectural characteristic of a museum has to offer is

the preserving the fine line in between Functional Based Architecture and Aesthetic

Based Architecture (Visser, 2011).

As expounded by Visser, the aesthetic properties have to work in synchrony

with the function of the building. For example, in exhibits, not only must there be a

logical flow of movement and pattern in the spaces but it must be complemented with

interactive and surreal interior decorative environment. These two characters should

work together to relieve the viewer of the exhibit, of their monotonous and daily

perception of life by transporting them to a new world to liven up their imagination

(Visser, 2011)

Also, in integrating a good museum & exhibition properties, it should be

accessible and look accessible. With that notion, exhibits must be interactive with the

user and must emit a positive vibe. The user should not be hassled with the interior

design of the structure wherein he/she becomes confused on whether some parts of

18
the exhibits are accessible and walk-able. The Integrated Museums plan should be

inviting and the flow should effortlessly guide and nurture the viewers of the exhibit.

In summary, the plans should be extremely sound and flawless.

With everything taken into consideration, the establishment of an Interactive

Integrated Museum would ultimately bridge the gap between the progression of the

nations economy, society and industry, to its crowning level. Applied Science, with

all its majesty, helps the nation in achieving its ultimate goals. In relation to

sustainability and green design,

2.10 Impacts of Expos and Technological Centers

Studies have demonstrated that the construction of science and technological

centers have a wide effect on the society, economy and the human psyche. This is

especially evident when these learning centers are built up to be symbolic works of

art & engineering in widely recognized, urban areas. Such areas where Science &

Technology centers have great effect are as follows:

1. Science & technological centers and their influence on careers

There are very few studies of the effect that science & technological centers

have on students career choice. Woolnough (1994) showed that extracurricular

science activities encouraged students to study science at school and to pursue science

careers. Coventry (1997) surveyed university students. She found that 80% of

students studying for science-based careers had visited the science center in Perth,

Australia at least once whereas 64% of students who were not studying for science-

based careers had visited Scitech. Similar findings were made by Salmi (2000) in

19
Finland. There is evidence that youth programs in science & technological centers

have encouraged participants to pursue careers in science teaching (Siegel 1998).

2. The societal impact of science & technological centers

Witschey (2001) writes of the Science Center of Virginia as the power house

of the community and describes a rich array of partnerships and programs that the

Museum undertakes with its community. This is undoubtedly the case in many

communities that are served by science & technological centers.

The St. Louis Science Center runs a Youth Exploring Science (YES!) program

in which the-Science Center works with Job Training groups to provide a year round

work-based training program. Science & technological centers increase tourism to

their local area. They run youth employment and volunteer schemes. They support

local clubs and societies. They develop special programs for the elderly and for

people with disabilities. They are involved with environmental rehabilitation and they

affect the roads, parking and transport systems in their area.

Lipardi (1997) describes how the Citt della Scienza works with local

councils, firms and research centres in order to enhance the development potential of

a geographical area, with particular emphasis on the development of local industry.

However, although science & technological centers have put many programs

in place that benefit society, on the whole, they have not developed the methodology

to measure the impact that they have at a societal level. Sheppard (2000) makes a

strong plea that they should do so: As museums engage more substantially in

building social capital and partnering in their communities, they need strong,

effective evaluation methodology to measure their work. Anecdotal information

suggests that community outreach may be transforming both museums and the

communities they serve. To support further investment in community partnership,

20
however, museums and their publics need to test such assumptions through consistent

and methodical research. Museums have many stakeholders to convince, from their

own board and governance to public and private funders and ultimately the public

that chooses to engage in the rich programs they offer.

3. The political impact of science & technological centers

Science & technological centers have, understandably, not published reports

about the ways they have/ have not been able to influence government. They do not

necessarily want to publicize the means they use to gain government support.

However we can question whether it would be useful for science & technological

centers to share case studies and stories of success and failure in this area. Perhaps

there are some strategies being used by some science & technological centers that

could usefully be implemented or adapted by others.

4. The economic impact of science & technological centers

During the past few years, a few science & technological centers have

calculated their impact on the local community in terms of the extra money brought

into the community by visitors to the science center and extra jobs created by the

science center.

For example Greene writes, For every pound sterling spent by visitors at the

museum (The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester), twelve pounds is

spent elsewhere in the local economy. With 300,000 visitors spending 1.5 million in

2000, the contribution to the prosperity of the region was 18 million. To this can be

added the goods and services purchased by the Museum from local business, the

employment of 120 people, and the investment in new exhibitions and building

work. (Greene 2001)

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2.11 Importance of Scientific Literacy

Scientic Literacy has become an internationally well-recognized

enlightening catchphrase, and present-day enlightening objective. Scientic literacy

stands for what the general public ought to know about science (Durant, 1993), and

commonly implies an appreciation of the nature, aims, and general limitations of

science, coupled with some understanding of the more important scientic ideas

(Jenkins, 1994).

The term is usually regarded as being tantamount with public understanding

of science, and while scientic literacy is used in the United States. It is, however,

generally accepted that the deceptively simple conceptualization of scientic literacy

just described masks different meanings and interpretations associated with the

concept of scientic literacy because of, for example, different views of what the

public ought to know about science and who the public is.

But regardless of the arbitrary definitions of the term, caused by educational

gaps between contrasting societies, there still remains the one truthful and important

meaning of Scientific Literacy it is the currency of the present and the coming

generations of men (Angier, 2007). It is the grower of human cognitive development.

It is the thing that makes people smarter, more aware of their environment, more in

tune with the universe. In a philosophical stand point. But in realistic application,

Scientific Literacy is the interlinking factor of all humans on earth. It binds nations

together through scientific discoveries empowered by international bodies, for the

betterment of mankind. It is the one aspect of mankind that is not subject to bias and

prejudice for Scientific Literacy is founded upon the principles of a systematic

22
method of experiments and knowledge. It is important for it is the culture of humanity

as a whole.

2.12 Biophilic Landscaping

Landscape design is one of the areas where Biophilic design can make a wide

impact on a global scale. It excels in relation to the climatic changes. As people and

animals migrate from one region to another, it is wise to develop and nurture their

surrounding environment. Migration translates into huge ecological disruptions as

organism encounter places that are foreign to them. That is why it is important to

make the organism feel at home and be comfortable with his/her surroundings.

In relation to museum design, it is beneficial to the users to not only create a

landscape or environment that suits them physically, but rather, the environment

should suit them both physically and mentally. In a sense, there must be a balance and

compromise between setting the environment and the theme of the environment.

Landscape design also has the ability to blend in together some of the disembodied

elements that has occurred due to urban sprawl. (Lefroy,1999). This in turn can help

in the site development and planning of the close vicinity of a proposed project site.

2.13 Case Studies

In order for the study to be accurate and within the realm of standards of

contemporary Expo centers, Convention centers and Exhibition Centers, the research

calls for the conducting and analysis of case studies regarding similar events,

23
functional and structural samples. This is to have a template and conceptual basis for

the design of the structure.

2.13.1 Green Expo at Zambia, South Africa

The Green Expo in Zambia is an exhibition and exposition event in

southeastern Africa that focused on the Green movement and its components. The

Expo included trades and sales of green technologies and consumer products,

accompanied by education and forums about green strategies and planning.

The aim of the event is to promote a lifestyle choice which allows for

individual accountability whilst Going-Green Sustainably in Zambia.

By creating awareness about the green lifestyle choices to be made, with

additional support from both the business community and government, we will

actively encourage the growth of Zambias green industry. The Green Expo Zambia

was conceptualized by Jiivana.

Services in late 2011 and as principal hosts and organizers of the event, it is critical

component of their strategic vision.

The rationale behind the expo is to promote sustainability in Zambia as a way

of life, demonstrating that green living can be cool and fun. In its first year, The

Green Expo Zambia 2012 received over 1000 visitors and 300 students aged 6-16

from both private and government schools to actively engage with over 30 exhibitors

from across the country. It earned over an estimated K100m (South African Currency)

worth of additional business, collaborations and partnerships since the event.

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Participation represents an opportunity to publicize your efforts in sustainable

business practices, products and services. Register now in The Green Expo Zambia

2013 and participate in any of the listed categories.

Home & Building - green building & home improvement, cleaning products &

service, sustainable furniture & interior design, art feature

Pet/Garden - gardening products & service, green pet products & services

Business/Electronic - green office products & services, investing,

manufacturing & packaging, electronics & technology, carbon trading

Transportation/Travel - eco vacations, hybrid & alternative fuel vehicles,

rental car & car share services

Energy/Conservation/Recycling - power alternatives (wind, solar & water),

energy efficiency, waste management, building products

Health/Beauty/Fashion - eco-fashion, beauty products, health & wellness,

nutritional supplements

Food/Beverage - organic food & wine, green cookware, healthy snacks &

deserts

Kids Zone - hands on activities, eco-friendly toys, art competition for annual

expo design artwork

2.13.2 Edmonton Expo Center

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 The Edmonton Exposition and Conference Centre, or Edmonton EXPO Centre

for short, is a multi-purpose arena/conference center variously used as a sports and

music venue, and for hosting trade shows and conferences. It is located in Northlands

in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, adjacent to Rexall Place. It is owned and operated by

the Northlands not-for-profit group.

The total area of the site is 522,000 sq ft (48,500 m2), total. This was expected

to make it the largest such facility in Canada outside of Toronto. The Alberta

government contributed $50 million to the project which led to the decision to name

the 13,000-square-foot (1,200 m2) ballroom "Alberta Ballroom". The Canadian

federal government meanwhile contributed $25 million.

New Space and Architectural features include:

Four new exhibition halls (E,F,G,H)

New conference area with meeting rooms and ballroom

New gallery spaces connecting the halls

A business center

A food court with licensed services

Wireless internet access

As a convention and exhibition center, the EXPO Centre provides facilities for

many different purposes in a wide range of sizes. Upon completion of the expansion

in 2009, there have been eight convention halls, six ballrooms, thirteen meeting and

boardrooms, a lounge, and several smaller galleries within the building. In addition to

these rental spaces, Northlands maintains and staffs several concession stands and

other visitor amenities during large events.

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2.13.3 Qingdao Exhibition Center

The first phase of the Qingdao Water City development at Aoshan Bay, China,

designed by the Los Angeles office of NBBJ, will include a new exposition center of

1,940,000 sf. As the ocean sits to one side of the site, and a wetland on the other, a

strong emphasis has been placed on how the exposition is shaped by its interaction

and proximity to the water.

This exposition hall is an important component of the region and the architects

feel it will act as the stimulus for development within the entire city. Set for

completion in early 2011, the center will include 10 flat-floor expo halls, one multi-

purpose hall, two lobbies, retail and a central outdoor expo plaza. The hall will serve

as the center for international and domestic trade shows as well as host a variety of

performances and large scale events.

The exhibition center design aims to create a sinuous atmosphere to induce

associations of flowing water, while the L shaped program of the structure provides

pronounced edges along the western and southern aspects of the development.

Ultimately, the center will embody a gesture of welcoming, implicitly alluring visitors

to the Water City development, explained NBBJ.

Visitors will approach the main lobby, which leads to the different wings of

the hall, and experience the reflection of the glass facade that alludes to a deep calm

pool of water. An expansive outdoor plaza can be utilized as an exhibit for special

events and as a park at all other times. The landscape will rely on natural foliage to

minimize the need for irrigation and assist in the absorption of storm water. The

structure also applied many high performance and green strategies and technologies.

These are the following:

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 Construction Efficency: all exhibition halls are sized uniformly to expedite

construction process and reduce material waste.

Ventilation: natural ventilation wherever possible to reduce the percentage of

mechanical cooling required, including the use of solar stack vents in the expo halls.

Renewable Power: employ a photovoltaic system to take advantage of the surface

area of the roof and connect exhibition hall to district-wide Central Heat and Power

plant that utilizes the ocean water as a heat sink.

Natural Daylight: the exhibition center is designed with large windows in locations

that receive optimal sunlight to cut back on lighting energy demands

2.13.4 Shanghai New International Expo Center

The Shanghai New International Expo Center is an exhibition center in

Shanghai, China. It hosts a large number of exhibitions, including the Shanghai Motor

Show. It has also hosted the 2002 Tennis Masters Cup, where one of the halls was

temporarily converted into a tennis court. With more than 90 exhibitions per year and

a turnover rate of 32 (2011), SNIEC is one of the world's most successful exhibition

venues.

Construction started on November 4, 1999 with its opening taking place on

November 2, 2001. It has, as of 2012, a capacity of 200,000 square meters indoor and

130,000 square meters outdoor exhibition area. Expo Center facilities include 17

exhibition halls, conference rooms, and a business center. Hotel facilities and a

subway station are located at one of the entrance halls of the center.

The first phase investment amount was 99 million U.S. dollars. Situated in

Shanghai's Pudong district, the heart of Chinese business, SNIEC has attracted

28
worldwide attention since its opening on November 2, 2001. Featuring a prime, easily

accessible location, a pillar-free, single story structure and a wide array of expert on-

site services, SNIEC has been experiencing rapid growth. It now hosts more than 70

world-class exhibitions each year and this number is set to grow in the future.

SNIEC's future expansions will cement its market leadership in China and

secure Shanghai's position on the forefront of East Asian exhibition destinations. This

is the first exhibition center which is highly functional on the one hand, and

characterized by a sophisticated architectural design on the other hand, built in the

People's Republic of China through the collaboration of German and Chinese

partners. The concept for the functionality and architecture of the new trade fair

grounds was developed by the joint venture partners together with Helmut Jahn, the

renowned German-American architect from Chicago. With the Shanghai New

International Expo Centre, the most modern and efficient exhibition center-walls

created in East Asia

Trade fair themes from the Munich, Duesseldorf and Hanover programmes of

trade events are being adapted for the Chinese Market. Furthermore, the exhibition

center is also available to other organizers of trade fair events. The operating and

events concept with the expertise of the Munich, Hanover and Duesseldorf trade fair

companies includes close cooperation with international exhibitors, Chinese industry

and trade associations, and ministries.

29
 Chapter III. Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design

The research strategy basically consisted of four fundamental stages. The

first stage of the research strategy was the compiling and identifying the key

functional guidelines, characters and flows of Exhibition centers such as Expos,

World Fairs, Convention Centers and Integrated Retail stores. The stage particularly

focuses on the internal factors of these structures and how it operates during events. It

includes all the important design guides such as circulation patterns of users in the

general facility and the showcase exhibits, the marketing statistics and implications in

relation to buyers, and how everything else comes into place. This also corresponds

with the historical method or previous experiences of similar building types within

the country.

The second stage is to identify the historical and chronological aspect by

conducting interviews with key people. The researcher will conduct a study about the

organizations and entities that guides, conducts and facilitates events in the field of

Meetings, Incentives, Conventions & Expositions. The third stage involves the

analysis of the documentary evidences and data from interviews. This stage also

narrows down the picture in terms of understanding, and gives and insight of the

nature of, the relational and functional status of the sciences and fields tackled by the

Expo and Exhibition Centers. The stage aims to identify, for each institution, the

30
nature of the process, including the main factors involved in the operation of these

structures.

The fourth stage of the research is to contextualize the data and provide a

conclusive analysis of the three previous stages. The aim of the last stage is to

summarize and analyze the gathered resources prior to the design. The four

hypotheses of the thesis can then be tested, and the core questions and problem,

answered.

3.2 Research Method

For the study, the project used different research techniques and

methodologies to further polish and make the project sound and scientific. For the

benefit of the research, the researcher used the more practical and logical approaches

in data gathering to better understand the project implications.

One method used in the study involves the historical method wherein

extensive studies and primary to tertiary data were gathered from of bodies or entities

related to the project such as the Center for International Trade Expositions and

Missions, Department of Environmental & Natural Resources (DENR), National

Commission for Culture and the Arts, Science Education Institute of the Philippines,

Department of Education (DepEd), National Statistics Office (NSO) and Department

of Science and Technology (DOST).

The study also made use of the descriptive method wherein ocular

inspection, which involves firsthand observations and photo documentation of current

conditions present at the site, and the researcher shall visit exhibition and civic

centers such as the Philippine International Convention Center, National Museum of

31
the Philippines, The Mind Museum and the Science Education Institute, that could

fundamentally help in the development of the study regarding the feasibility, survey

plans, operational systems, profiles, zoning ordinances, historical background are

among others.

Structured Interview Methods of selected urban populations shall also be

conducted to obtain ideas and specific data regarding the projects operation, mission

& vision, objectives, problems and many others.

Case studies will also be conducted to further learn about the basic systems of

a museum. Specifically local case studies of the closely related and similar buildings

such as the Philippine International Convention Center can be beneficial.

Examination of international case studies of Expo centers, Convention Centers and

Exhibition Centers such as the Science World Expo, Edmonton Expo Center and the

Qingdao Exhibition center will be helpful to the research.

3.3 Research Instruments

To fully get an idea of the parameters of the project, specific research

instruments were used in the research. These range of instruments proved to be

effective to give the research design credibility and accuracy.

a. Archival

The archival information constitutes the majority of the researchs data and

conclusions. This specific research instrument forms a summation to the

comprehensive data collection to the depth and breadth of the project. It gave a

background check of the different aspects that affects and relates to the projects

32
fundamental objectives. To substantiate the ideas designed for the project, various

kinds of archival resources, from primary, secondary, and tertiary references, were

utilized. Materials from library collection were of great importance since it gave more

accessibility to the projects envisioned world. A focus on public assembly green

development, technology, buildings, exhibition centers, museums and expo centers

was an established criterion in finding references and sources for the benefit of the

research. In addition to that, materials like internet references, articles and journals,

were also utilized. The gathered knowledge helped in formulating the design

strategies and solution for the necessary development of the facilities of the project.

b. Observation

For the observation method of collecting data, the researcher studied direct

observation of current and non-current events related to the theme and focus of the

project. It basically resulted for the evaluated good and bad features of the related

building types and practices, by studying the flow and operations of similar structures

and systems. This type of instrument examined the psychological aspect and nature of

the users and groups of people who are affected by the impact and functionality of the

facilities of the project. This would help in designing the appropriate solution for the

project.

c. Personal Interview

Personal interviews with various government, non-government, and private

sector assisted the researcher to be introduced to the real world of the proposed

project. Special attention was given for different technology research organizations,

environment organizations, which are actively participating in combating the

33
countrys environmental degradation and seeking on improving its state. Interviews

of former professionals in the field of technology, development and construction were

also conducted to have a vast insight on what applications would be practical to use

with regards to the situations involved in project construction, planning and cost

computation.

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 Chapter IV. Project Site

4.1 Site and Current Condition

Choosing a site requires careful observation and evaluation. Civic Centers &

Exhibition Centers are generally placed at a well populated region although there is

an issue of availability regarding the site. The researcher established that Quezon City

would preferably be a good Urban City to build the project, for it is the site could be

in a generally populous region but it must balance out with the value of the land.

The existing site is located in the Quezon City Triangle Park which is the

Central Business District of Quezon City. The site will make use of the current vacant

lot across the PSHS(Philippine Science High School) under the Triangle Exchange

portion of CBD, that are directly adjacent to Agham road and near its intersection

with North Avenue. Triangle Exchange District is primarily associated with the

developments of mixed-use commercial structures.

4.1.1 Site Map

35
4.1.2 Vicinity Map

36
4.1.3 Location Map

4.1.4 Adjacent Structures & Institutions

Within a 5 km radius, the site is within proximity with several well- known

establishments and institutions such as the Quezon Memorial Circle, UP Diliman

Campus, Philippine Science High School, UP Technohub, Philippine Heart Center,

Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City Hall and the Bureau of Internal

Revenue.

4.1.5 Climate and Orientation

37
 The climate in Quezon City is typical of Metro Manilas, which has a distinct

dry season from December to April and wet season from May to November. The

normal annual rainfall total is 2,532.3 mm with the maximum mean monthly total

rains being experienced in August with 526.8 mm and the minimum in February with

8.9 mm. The maximum number of 24-rainy days occurs in August while the

minimum of two-rainy days occurs in February. The annual total number of rainy

days is 153 while the average temperature is lowest at 20.4 C in January and highest

at 34.9C in April.

4.1.6 Transportation

It involves an accommodating feature for bicycles and pedestrians, with

linking access to major roads, that are will be used by service vehicles. Commuting is

still a viable way for transportation because sheer number of jeeps and buses that

travel along the main and secondary roads. The main roads that allow access to the

site include the Quezon City Circle, EDSA, Commonwealth Avenue, University

Avenue. Minor access roads include Katipunan avenue.

4.1.7 Environment

The environment of the site is very good, the whole district is kept clean and

regularly maintained. The inhabitants near the area site are mixed classes, and are

primarily composed of middle class people. Students are the most frequent users of

the roads near the site.

4.2 SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)

38
 In order to determine if the land will be a viable site for the project, a SWOT

ANALYSIS is done to know if the specific characteristics of the site would

complement the design focus and features.

4.2.1 Strengths

1. Availability of the Land

Quezon City is unique and incomparable to other cities, in many ways. Gifted

with the biggest land area among the cities in Metro Manila, it holds the greatest

potential for more diverse and better-planned urban developments. It has also the

widest expanse of parks and open spaces that provides a natural setting in an urban

environment. Q.C CBD (Central Business District) has a very wide track of land

consisting of 250 hectares and about 80% of which are in current planning

developments or have development potential.

2. Strategic Location

The site is located in the Central Business District of Quezon City wherein it is

with close vicinity of major institutions and developments which in turn further

stimulate the impact of the project in terms of social and economic qualities. The city

is home to major hospitals and medical centers, all the national media, and

entertainment networks, top-ranked institutions of higher learning, and key

government agencies and offices, which would account for the accommodation of a

wide variety of possible clients and partners, by the project . Quezon City has now the

fastest growing ICT industry being the location of choice of business process

outsourcing firms. The citys population is generally young, educated and employable

and it is the biggest market base among all cities in the country. Overall, Quezon City

39
is the perfect place to accommodate the project, in a social and economic aspect. And

it is the most logical place to invest in structural and cultural developments.

Several major road networks and elevated light rail systems traverse across the

city including EDSA, and Quezon Avenue. The city has easy access to major

highways that lead to strategic tourism and economic hubs in the northern parts of

Luzon, including Clark, Subic, La Union, Bagiuo and Pangasinan, and to major

sources of agricultural produce such as Nueva Ecija.

4.2.2 Weaknesses

Overall, the site has minimal weaknesses and disadvantages considering that it

is the future of Philippine City/Municipality Development. Due to the site being

strategically located in the Triangle Exchange District near the Downtown Hub-Zone,

of the CBD, there will be a dynamic flow of interaction and developments within the

area. One possible weakness would be the size of the lot, which is roughly 4- 5

hectares in area. This could be a deficiency to the space requirement of the project, if

not planned properly.

4.2.3 Opportunities

The site has many opportunities. These include close vicinity to government,

healthcare buildings and commercial centers. It has the quality of being a part of the

developed Civic Center of Quezon City and in turn could make it a landmark and a

leisure destination. The site also has the opportunity to greatly help the effect of the

building, due to its close vicinity with big social and learning institutions such as the

University of the Philippines, thus making it easy to achieve one of the project

objectives, which was the promotion and education of Green development to the

youth, particularly the students.

40
4.2.4 Threats

The site has threats that could hinder the development of the project namely,

noise pollution due to the closeness of the Quezon Circle. Informal settlers that are

scattered within the vicinity, all of which could devaluate the worth of the project.

Lastly, flooding and waste problems are present but it is controlled to a minimal.

Also storms and typhoons pose a threat by debilitating the entire work flow of

the entire area within the CBD. This could bring about losses in financial resources

by doing damage to facilities and by a hindrance of work and business transactions

that are essential for the functionality and sustainability of the project.

Chapter V. Project Profile and Analysis

5.1 Project Information

The project entails for the funding from a private entity, preferably because these

entities have high monetary resources and invest much on big developments with high

quality outputs and products, in contrast to government funding. Joint venture of

private corporations will be core nature of the development of the project. The project

will have a prime funding entity, which will serve as the head financier and developer,

but will also be in partnership, or cooperation, with other corporations and companies,

41
in the lesser and smaller aspects of develop such as the urban development and

construction funding.

ADB in partnership with Ayala Land Inc. In the mean-time, the profile that

will be focused on this chapter will be the prime funding entities and partnerships

which are the ADB ( Asian Development Bank) and the real-estate developer Ayala

Land Inc, each of which will have their respective tasks in the field of Business

Promotion and Real-Estate Development.

These two entities will be responsible for the main development of the project

considering that they have similar mindsets and core values, which are the promotion

of Asian Urban Development, Appreciation of Land and Place Value, Green and

Sustainable Developments and the amelioration of Poverty.

5.2 Client/Institutional Information

5.2.1 Asian Development Bank (ADB)

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) bridges the development gap in Asia

and the Pacific, home to both the worlds fast-rising and most vulnerable economies.

ADF is a major instrument of concessional financing that has supported equitable and

sustainable development in the region since 1973. Funded by ADB's member

countries, it offers loans at very low interest rates as well as grants to help reduce

poverty in ADB's poorest borrowing countries. ADB has widely helped countries

improving their institutional capacities and the needed implement reforms

42
Long Term Goals
ADB has a proven track record in reducing poverty and improving the lives of

people in low-income and vulnerable countries in the region through ADF assistance.

Through key initiatives in energy, transport, water and sanitation, education, and

microfinance, ADF assistance has helped transform the lives of millions of poor and

vulnerable people, including women and children. Since 1973, ADF has provided

nearly $50 billion for projects and programs that helped poor families escape poverty.

In 2009-2012 alone, over 220 loan and grant projects totaling $11.8 billion were made

to developing member countries of ADB.

Focus Area of ADB

Inclusive Economic Growth. Inclusive growth is particularly important for

ADF countries. It has two mutually reinforcing objectives. First, rapid and sustainable

growth will create and expand economic opportunities. Second, broader access to

these opportunities will ensure that members of society can participate in and benefit

from growth.

To promote a more inclusive growth, ADB has supported investments in

infrastructureroads, water, energy and other servicesto help raise productivity,

create jobs, reduce poverty and promote trade and investments. Infrastructure also

promotes inclusiveness by integrating disadvantaged groups into mainstream

economic activities and broadening their access to basic social services. In many

ADF countries, for example, developing rural infrastructure to connect the poor to

43
markets and enable them to participate in the growth process is essential. Inclusive

growth also requires greater investment in education and health, particularly for the

poor.

Environmentally Sustainable Growth: Growth for a green future. The

regions environment faces daunting threats. The decline in forest cover and the

steady rise of greenhouse gas emissions are a major challenge. The region has also

become more vulnerable to extreme weather, rising sea levels, and other phenomena

related to climate change. Poor communities in many ADF countries, particularly

women and children, will continue to be hardest hit. ADB promotes an

environmentally sustainable growth, which include efforts to tackle climate change.

ADF assistance supports infrastructure investments in clean, efficient, and climate-

resilient energy systems; efficient and sustainable modes of transportation; increased

access to reliable and affordable water and sanitation; and climate-resilient and livable

cities. ADF projects also seek to improve natural resource management in rural areas,

maintain the integrity of important regional ecosystems, and strengthen environmental

governance and management capacities, while addressing climate change as a cross-

priority issue.

Partnering for shared prosperity. Regional cooperation and integration (RCI)

plays a critical role in accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty and economic

disparity, raising productivity and employment, and strengthening institutions. It

narrows development gaps between ADBs developing member countries (DMCs) by

44
building closer trade integration, intraregional supply chains, and stronger financial

links, enabling slow-moving economies to speed their own expansion.

With its decades of experience in the region, ADB can serve as a catalyst for

RCI, linking national and regional priorities. In South Asia, for example, the size and

scattered nature of the regions hydropower and natural gas resourcesand the

different sizes of its national economies and associated energy demand levels and

rates of growthsuggest immense potential for mutually beneficial integration and

trade in energy and energy resources.

ADF has supported various cross-border infrastructures, which helped

improve connectivity and raise national as well as household incomes. An increasing

number of ADBs regional projects are also targeted to support the Millennium

Development Goals. These include projects aimed at controlling the spread of

communicable diseases, promoting sustainable environmental management practices,

and generating and sharing knowledge resources. ADF will also address energy

security and climate change issues, as well as social and environmental issues

resulting from faster growth.

Historical Overview of the Client/Institution

Origins & Current State

ADB was conceived amid the postwar rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts

of the early 1960s. The vision was of a financial institution that would be Asian in

45
character and foster economic growth and cooperation in the region - then one of the

poorest in the world. A resolution passed at the first Ministerial Conference on Asian

Economic Cooperation held by the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia

and the Far East in 1963 set that vision on the way to becoming reality. Since then it

has served primarily as a global funding agency to promote the development of

underprivileged and 3rd world countries.

Into the 21st century

With the new century, a new focus on helping its developing members achieve

the Millennium Development Goals and making development more effective was

adopted within ADB. In 2003, a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic

hit the region, making it clear that fighting infectious diseases requires regional

cooperation. ADB began providing support at national and regional levels to help

countries more effectively respond to avian influenza and the growing threat of

HIV/AIDS.

ADB also had to respond to unprecedented natural disasters, committing more

than $850 million for recovery in areas of India, Indonesia, Maldives, and Sri Lanka

hit by the December 2004 Asian tsunami. In addition, a $1 billion line of assistance to

help victims of the October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan was set up. In 2008, ADB's

Board of Directors approved Strategy 2020: The Long-Term Strategic Framework of

the Asian Development Bank 2008-2020, a policy document guiding its operations to

2020.

46
 In 2009, ADB's Board of Governors agreed to triple ADB's capital base from

$55 billion to $165 billion, giving it much-needed resources to respond to the global

economic crisis. The 200% increase is the largest in ADB's history, and the first since

the 1994 100% capital increase

In 2012, ADB announced that it will invest about $100 million in a

multinational fund that will be put up to boost investments in environment-related

technologies and projects in developing countries like the Philippines.

5.2.2 Ayala Land Inc. (Real-Estate Developer)

Ayala corporation is one of the largest and most respected business houses in

the country. It is a real-estate development firm that specializes in Urban

Development and facilities construction and design. It is known for famous

developments as such in Makati and the current development of Quezon City..

In the 1940s, Ayala transformed and developed what was deemed as a

marginally useful tract of agricultural land into the thriving, green, and cosmopolitan

Makati business and cultural district of today.

By developing premier residential villages, commercial and residential

buildings, industrial business parks, and shopping and cultural enclaves at multiple

price ranges, we inspire Filipinos all over the country to achieve their dreams.

The core belief of the company is that all Filipinos, regardless of their station in life,

are entitled to a clean and sound environment and a place they can proudly call their

own.

47
5.3 Mission, Vision and Goals

5.3.1 Mission Statement

Green Expo Center a state-of-the-art complex addressing the Green and

Sustainable Development and evolving needs of local consumers and markets,

generating employment and foreign exchange, a pioneer in global business; providing

a platform for quality education and energizing the local economy.

5.3.2 Vision Statement

Green Expo Center....rooted on the sustainable and green development needs of

thriving rural and urbanizing communities! Anchored on Global Business! Raising

communities to higher echelons

5.3.3 Project Goals & Objectives

The study, with the goal of educating people with the relevance of Green and

Sustainable planning to the development and survival of a nation, aimed to propose a

multi-faceted project Green Expo Center that will pursue the following project

objectives:

Education

a. To provide a platform for exhibiting Green technologies and resources to

students and teachers, social entrepreneurs, businessmen, policy-makers and the

general public

48
b. To promote environmental awareness and proper adoption of Green

technologies. And educate the public on the relevance and impact of green and

sustainable planning, and environmental planning to the development of the country.

Business

a. To match users and suppliers of Green technologies products and services.

b. To incorporate financial sustainability in the design of infrastructures, business

programs and services.

Socio Economic

a. To stimulate investment, employment, growth and development in the Green

sector of the economy.

5.4 User Profile

The user profile is designated to plot and identify the users of the proposed

project. This includes the study and analysis of the flow of the users and personnel

that is circulating inside and outside the vicinity of the structure. This will help

identify the major and minor users and their behavior and how they able to distinguish

their activities in a definite form.

49
5.4.1 Organizational Structure

50
5.4.2 Identification of Users

The users of the structure vary from different types. It includes local and

foreign spectators and may come from all the different types of people and class. The

researcher has classified the users in three levels and they are primary level users,

secondary level users and tertiary level users. These levels have their own distinctions

and definitions depending on their usage and activities inside the building.

5.4.3 Primary level users

These users are classified as the most that have total concentration and daily

activities inside the structure and are classified as having the most usage of the

facilities, regarding physical interaction and the time spent. They are the ones who

have a direct relation to the function of the facility and the ones who are always

making direct contact. These classifications of users are the people who have ample

51
visitation and normally guest of the building. The level includes facilitators and

employees of the expo, guest, touristic visitors, exhibitors, contractors, buyers & retail

renters, event organizers, event staffs, Company head or CEO, Employees of other

companies and VIP.

5.4.4 Secondary level users

The role of Secondary users, are not as direct and frequent as Primary users.

These users are classified as having a passive usage of the facilities of the expo and

are usually occasional users brought about by indirect circulation and access of the

area. These include the occasional bystanders and visitors, and facility support

services and inspections conducted by Maintenance, Engineers, Planners, Architects

and Gardeners.

5.4.5 Tertiary level users

These classifications involve the spectators who have contact with the

structure from the outside. These users have the least interaction with the building.

Normally these people are the pedestrian people passing by the structure and vehicles

that pass by the avenues adjacent to the building. These types of users get a view of

the structure but have minimal, if any, direct physical interaction or stimulation to the

structure.

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5.4.6 Facilities to be provided

In order to meet the goals and objectives of the project, the major types of

facilities must first be identified by the researcher, which will ultimately coincide with

the integral functions up to the general services of the expo.

1. Exhibition Areas Exhibition rooms and halls usually consist of massive space

and volume to accommodate the exhibits and displays, and is the core area of the

entire facility. These areas are the most integral part of the expo for it houses the main

attractions and is the central interaction and function point of all primary users.

2. Commercial & Retail Spaces These are leasable and rentable spaces with a wide

variety of sizes and functions, depending on the nature of the renter. Commercial &

Retail Spaces can be considered a secondary type of space in an expo due to the

indirect relationship of its function to the main facility. These include restaurants,

branch offices, shops and other business related ventures.

3. Communal/ Public Spaces Public spaces are large areas or spaces intended to

reduce the crowd level in certain areas of the structure, and to maintain a continuous

flow of activities. These spaces are basically areas where individuals and groups of

people can gather and temporarily recuperate. These areas also serve as the receiving

part of the structure for people who are entering.

4. Offices These spaces are of a specific nature and function, wherein it is to

provide a suitable working area for corporate heads, facilitators, employees, and other

operations managers of the entire facility.

5. Landscape & Open Areas These areas are functionally similar to communal

spaces, wherein it is intended to relieve overcrowding and give a sense of relief the

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users. On the other hand, these areas have the distinction of being and external part of

the structure and holds floral decorations and massing to accentuate both the exterior

and the interior function of the building.

6. Gathering Forums/ Auditoriums These are medium to low capacity-gathering

areas with well-conditioned acoustics, with the purpose of holding oratorical and

visual presentations regarding the nature of the Expo.

7. General Services These spaces houses the various branches of operations which

is responsible facility support and maintenance. These usually include kitchen, storage

and filing, electrical, janitorial, water supply etc.

8. Storage Facilities These are basically large enclosed areas, with minimal

accessibility to the public, which will house the supplies and all the necessary

components of exhibits and displays. These spaces are usually near the vicinity of

service areas to accommodate easy preparation for events.

9. Function Halls Function halls are large multi-functional areas that accommodate

various types of events and services. These areas, with its nature, can also serve as an

exhibition area, just to name a few.

11. Amenities These are spaces which cater to the basic necessities of the users.

These include bathrooms, toilets, urinals etc.

5.5 Target Market

This involves the population/number, types and description of other Transient

Target Clients/users other than the staff. Specific targets are as follows:

a. Students & Children To meet the project goals and objectives, a focus or target

market for the structure will particularly be of students and people who seek interest

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in learning. This is to complement the goal of emphasizing on the training and

education of the youth to meet green and sustainable ideologies and methods.

b. Businessmen & Entrepreneurs As part of a financial and revenue based strategy,

the project targets businessmen and business investors that primarily revolves around

retail and sales, to complement the retail and market opportunities presented in the

facilities of the project.

c. Local Inventors Local inventors, scientists and innovators are a target market for

the project for it will give them opportunities to showcase and share ideas with other

people. The project will give these targeted markets the freedom to express their

works and investments and will also be a learning curve for aspiring future inventors

and innovators.

d. Professionals The project also makes professionals such as teachers, architects,

engineers, scientists, lawyers etc. a focus target due to the nature of their impact to

society. Targeting these people into the market sphere of the project will be a benefit

for it provides stimulation of knowledge in their respective fields of practice, wherein

each will have the opportunity to learn new concepts regarding green design in their

practice.

5.5.1 Market & Suppliers

The analysis and case studies of possible sponsors, market partners and

suppliers is important for the projects feasibility. It will establish a scope and

framework for the business operations of the expo and will give an understanding on

the business investment opportunities involved. These involve companies and entities

that promote green development through their products and projects.

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1. Plantex Inc.

Plantex Solution Manufacturing

Corporation is relatively new Philippine company

that espouses and embodies traditional and good,

green, and godly values. Their product design and

their marketing and distribution programs benefit

the consumers, the sellers, and the environment.

Plantex Corporation focuses on using indigenous, easy to get and sustainable raw

materials for their products.

Plantex-greenproducts

All their products use natural plant extracts and are without the toxic, harmful

chemicals we all are wary of. Unknown to many, some of the ingredients used in

common soaps, detergents and cleansers are harmful, some even are suspected to be

carcinogens. Some of these ingredients likewise contaminate and pollute our rivers,

soils, and ground water.

Plantexs packaging is all earth-friendly. They use recycled cardboards for boxes

and the recyclable varieties of plastics for the bottles. Another good thing: the

products are manufactured in the Philippines and most of the ingredients are also

sourced locally.

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2. Whole Foods Market Inc.
Whole Foods Market is an American

foods supermarket chain that emphasizes in

healthier organic foods, and

environmentally friendly operations and

management of its products.

Whole Foods Market only sells products that meet its self-created quality

standards for being "natural", which the store defines as: minimally processed foods

that are free of hydrogenated fats as well as artificial flavors, colors, sweeteners,

preservatives, and many others as listed on their online "Unacceptable Food.

Whole Foods placed third on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys list of

the "Top 25 Green Power Partners". The company also received the EPA Green Power

Award in 2004 and 2005 and Partner of the Year award in 2006 and 2007.

3.) Toyota Motors

Toyota is one of the biggest car manufacturing

companies in the world and in recent years has

shifted gears into mass producing and developing

of eco-friendly electric vehicles. The company can

serve as a perfect sponsor in exhibiting green and

sustainable cars to the Philippine public.

It also boasts its green manufacturing methods as a highly top notched and

unrivaled among other automobile mass production companies. Toyota has spawned

notable vehicles that are highly functional and eco-friendly. Such examples are:

Toyota Prius
It was the first automotive manufacturer to pioneer hybrid (petrol/electric)

technology and produced the worlds first mass produced eco-vehicle, the Toyota

Prius. The Prius offers Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive, which integrates all aspects of

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the Toyota Hybrid System, from the electric motor and petrol engine to electricity

regeneration through the braking system.

Hybrid Synergy Drive generates up to 89 percent fewer tailpipe pollutants than

conventional internal combustion engines, and 2.5 times the average fuel efficiency of

conventional vehicles.

Toyota iQ
In recent years, car manufacturers have been under huge pressure to increase the

fuel efficiency of their cars and cut CO2 emission rates. In 2008, Toyota introduced

the world to the iQ, which had a fuel consumption of 63mpg and CO2 emissions of

104 g/km (grams per kilometre).

The Environmental Transport Association (ETA) named the iQ Green Car of the

Year 2010. Now Toyota has gone one step further and is set to release an electric

version of the car. The Toyota iQ EV, which was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show

this month, is set to go into production in 2012. The iQ EV comes with an all-electric

powertrain that uses a new compact lithium-ion battery, located under the cars floor.

This can run for 65 miles on a single full charge.

5.5.2 Popular Trends & Technologies

To further support the objectives and to establish a more coherent system and

function of the project, the researcher needs to identify all the latest trends and

updated necessities related to the nature of the project. All the latest samples of Green

& Sustainable innovations and inventions will be studied particularly in the different

fields of professions, to complement the green expo and to gain an insight of the

opportunities and potentials of the marketability of the project.

5.5.3 Engineering & Architecture (Construction)

In recent years, the fields of architecture and engineering have made big

strides in utilizing and developing green strategies and innovations to minimize

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negative environmental impacts. Such developments include the maximum utilization

of the natural environmental conditions for cooling and heating, the wide use of

photovoltaic cells in powering houses and buildings, and the use of green roof

technologies for reducing water run-off and Urban Heat Island effect. But newer and

more efficient trends are making its way to the public.

1. Leaf- Mimicking Solar Cells

This is a type of photovoltaic cell that

utilizes Biomimicry to make it more fully

functional and more efficient than the regular

solar panels in the current market. By mimicking and applying the micro-

physiological processes of a plant leaf, scientists were able to create a synthetic solar-

leaf material that produces 47 percent more electrical energy than the standard solar

cells. This technology also has the advantage of having a 600 percent more lighting

absorption, eliminating the problem of light energy efficiency loss. The standard solar

cells today experience a 70 percent energy efficiency loss when exposed to harsh

conditions such as bending, environmental exposure etc. but the new technology

maintains its high efficiency even with the same conditions. This technology is a great

example of the current trends that will shape Green and Sustainable construction.

2. Recycled Building Materials

In todays world going green

has become a top priority in our society,

and sustainable buildings and design are

at the forefront of this green revolution.

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While many designers are focusing on passive and active energy systems, the reuse of

recycled materials is beginning to stand out as an innovative, highly effective, and

artistic expression of sustainable design. Reusing materials from existing on site and

nearby site elements such as trees, structures, and paving is becoming a trend in the

built environment, however more unorthodox materials such as soda cans and tires are

being discovered as recyclable building materials.

5.5.4 Industrial & Manufacturing

A good example of growing trends

for Green development can be found in the

manufacturing products, particularly the

automobile industry. In the last decade,

there have been numerous efforts to

minimize, and even to avoid the usage of combustible oils, as source of fuels and

energy. Developers sought an all-encompassing way to tackle the world oil crisis

while dealing with the product demands and environmental concerns, thus paving the

way for the development of eco-friendly fuel and most notably, Electric Powered

Vehicles.

Electric Vehicles

Battery-powered vehicles are not mainstream yet, but the demand for them is

surging. According to the Electric Drive Transportation Association, cumulative sales

of electric vehicles reached 100,000 in mid-2012. Electric vehicles are the next step

for green and eco-friendly transportation. They do not produce greenhouse gases that

deplete the ozone layer which contribute to Global Warming. Also, the natural

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resources of the world can be spared by utilizing natural electrical-energy-generating

processes such as solar power, thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, and wind turbines

instead of using combustible oils to generate energy. The promotion of electric

vehicles as the primary mode of transportation will yield vastly positive effects such

as a healthier environment, a more stable natural resource, and a more functionally

efficient machine compared to standard vehicles, given that mastery of gathering

electrical power becomes complete. Various vehicular companies have already

become proponents of green transportation by investing and promoting, and

producing electric powered vehicles, or hybrid powered vehicles. Most notably, such

companies include Toyota, Honda, Tesla Motors.

CHAPTER VI. Legal Framework

6.1 Introduction

To make a highly functional structure, the designer must meet the minimum

requirements and design standards of their respective project. To achieve this, one

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must be fully aware of all the provisions and codes that regulate design, construction,

maintenance and proper zoning.

This chapter discusses and illustrates all the different laws and regulation

regarding the design of infrastructures along with its necessary facilities, based on its

functional nature. The chapter focuses on the guidelines established by governing

bodies in the different areas such as architecture, engineering, landscape planning,

sanitation, accessibility etc.

6.2 National Building Code

The National Building Code of the Philippines allows for the regulation and

proper design of structures in the country. In relation to the project, the codes and

laws enumerated are all related to the proper design for a commercial buildings

specifically public assembly facilities, exhibition facilities, medium-density buildings

and recreational facilities. These laws include provisions for user-space analysis,

anthropometrics, ergonometrics, utilities, ventilation and functions.

6.2.1 Codes & Requirements

SECTION 5.01.11: Ventilating Skylights

(a) Skylights. Skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the

window they replace. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or louvers of an

aggregate net area not less than that required for open-able parts in the window they

replace or with approved ventilation of equal efficiency.

(b) Ventilation. Rooms containing industrial heating equipment shall be provided

with adequate artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive accumulation of hot

or polluted air.

SECTION 8.01.06: Roof Construction ad Covering

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(a) Roof Coverings. Roof coverings for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or

ordinary depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of the particular Type of

Construction. The use of combustible roof insulation shall be permitted in all Types of

Construction provided it is covered with approved roof covering applied directly

thereto.

(b) Roof Trusses. All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and

supporting walls so as to form an integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses

shall have all joints well fitted and shall have all tension members well tightened

before any load is placed on the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to

brace all roof trusses. The allowable working stresses of materials in trusses shall

conform to this Code. The minimum net section of the members after framing shall be

used in determining the strength on the truss at any point.

SECTION 8.01.07: Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
(a) General. The construction of stairs, exits, and occupant loads shall conform to

requirements for occupants of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and

grandstands.
Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than

50 where fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for classroom,

assembly, or similar purpose, shall have the capacity of the room posted in a

conspicuous place near the main exit from the room. Approved signs shall be

maintained in a legible manner by the owner or his authorized agent, and shall

indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room use.

(b) Exits Required
Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least

one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the first story having an occupant

load of more than 10 shall have not less than two exits. Each mezzanine used

for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters (2000

square feet), or if more than 18.00 meters (60 feet) in any dimension shall

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 have not less than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every story or portion

thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have not less than three

exits. Every story or portions thereof, having an occupant load of 1000 or

more shall have not less than four exits.

Width. The total width of exists in meters shall be not less than the total

occupant load served divided by 165 (in feet, by 50). Such width of exits shall

be divided approximately equally among the separate exits

Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a

distance apart equal to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area

served measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits are

required they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one

becomes blocked others will be available.

Distance to Exits. No point in an un-sprinkled building shall be more than

45.00 meters (150 feet) from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit

passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In

building equipped with a complete automatic fire-extinguishing system the

distance from exits may be increased to 60.00 meters (200 feet).

(c) Doors
Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit

the installation of a door not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) in width and not

less than 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) in height. When installed in exit

doorways, exits doors shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall

be so mounted that the clear width of the exitway is not less than 70

centimeters (2 feet, 4 inches).

Door Leaf Width. No leaf an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters (4 feet) in

width.
(d) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies.
Width. Every corridor or exterior exit balcony shall be not less in which 1.12

meters (3 feet, 8 inches).

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 Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall

be unobstructed: Except, That trim, handrails, and doors when fully opened

shall not reduce the required width by more than 18 centimeters.

Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted

when the dead ends does not exceed 6.00 meters (20 feet) in length.

6.3 Accessibility Law

The accessibility law of the Philippines enforces all the requirements to ensure

that the building is highly functional and accessible to individuals and the general

public in all forms and sizes.

6.3.1 Basic Physical Planning Requirements

1. Accessibility. The built environment shall be designed so that it shall be accessible

to all people. This means that no criteria shall impede the use of facilities by either the

handicapped or non-disabled citizens.

2. Reach-ability. Provisions shall be adapted and introduced to the physical

environment so that as many places or buildings as possible can be reached by all.

3. Usability. The built environment shall be designed so that all persons, whether they

be disabled or not, may use and enjoy it.

4. Orientation. Finding a person's way inside and outside of a building or open space

shall be made easy for everyone.

5. Safety. Designing for safety insures that people shall be able to move about with

less hazards to life and health.

6. Workability And Efficiency. The built environment shall be designed to allow the

disabled citizens to participate and contribute to developmental goals

6.3.2 Minimum Requirements for Accessibility

Entrances
1. Entrances should be accessible from arrival and departure points to the interior

lobby;
2. One (1) entrance level should be provided where elevators are accessible;

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3. In case entrances are not on the same level of the site arrival grade, ramps should

be provided as access to the entrance level;

4. Entrances with vestibules shall be provided a level area with at least a 1.80 m.

depth and a 1.50 m. width;

Ramps
1. Changes in level require a ramp except when served by a dropped curb, an elevator

or other mechanical device;

2. Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m
3. Ramp height to length ration must be 1m:12ft.
4. Ramps must have handrails for PWD's
Walkways and Passageways
1. Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-resistant

material.
2. Whenever and wherever possible, walkways should have a gradient no more than

1:20 or 5%.
3. Walkways should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100.
4. Walkways should have a minimum width of 1.20 meters.
5. If possible, gratings should never be located along walkways. When occurring

along walkways, grating openings should have a maximum dimension of 13 mm x 13

mm and shall not project more than 6.5 mm above the level of the walkway.
6. Walkways should have a continuing surface without abrupt pitches in angle or

interruptions by cracks or breaks creating edges above 6.50 mm.

7. In lengthy or busy walkways, spaces should be provided at some point along the

route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn around. These spaces should have

a minimum dimension of 1.50 m and should be spaced at a maximum distance of

12:00 m between stops.

8. To guide the blind, walkways should as much as possible follow straightforward

routes with right angle turns.

9. Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway, regular maintenance is

essential to ensure branches of trees or shrubs do not overhang walkways or paths, as

not only do these present a particular danger to the blind, but they also reduce the

effective footways width available to pedestrians generally. 10. Walkway headroom

should not be less than 2.0 m and preferably higher.

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11. Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by street furniture, bollards,

sign posts or columns along the defined route, as they can be hazardous.

6.4 Fire Code

The fire code is a set of rules and regulations guiding designers and planners

on how to design structures with fire preventive measures. This is to ensure the

maximum safety of people, particularly users, and to prevent high deaths or any other

forms of injuries attributed from fires and its deadly components.

SECTION 10.2.8.15 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR EXHIBITIONS HALLS
A. No display or exhibit shall be so installed or operated as to interfere in any way

with access to any required exit or with visibility of any required exit or
of any required exit sign, nor shall any display block access to fire-fighting

equipment.
B. All displays or exhibits of combustible material or construction and all booths and

temporary construction in connection therewith shall be so limited in combustibility

or protected as to avoid any undue hazard of fire which might endanger occupants

before they have opportunity to use available exits.

C. Any place of assembly used for exhibition or display purposes shall be equipped

with a complete automatic fire suppression system, when the exhibition or display

area exceeds one thousand three hundred ninety four square meters (1394 m2). For

combustible materials not on display, storage room having an enclosure with a fire

resistance rating of at least two (2) hours and protected by an automatic fire

extinguishing system shall be provided.

DIVISION 8. PLACES OF ASSEMBLY

SECTION 10.2.8.1 OCCUPANT LOAD
A. The occupant load permitted in any assembly building, structure, orportion there of

shall be determined by dividing the net floor area or

space assigned to that use by the square meter per occupant as follows:

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1. As assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as an auditorium,

place of worship, dance floor, and lodge room: sixty-five hundredths (0.65) square

meter per person.

2. An assembly area of less concentrated use such as conference room, dining room,

drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or lounge: one and four-tenths

(1.4) square meters per person.

3. Standing room or waiting space: twenty-eight hundredths (0.28) square meter per

person.
4. The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number

of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seats shall not be used

to increase the occupant load.121

5. Every room constituting a place of assembly and not having fixed seats shall have

the occupant load of the room posted in a conspicuous place near the main exit from

the room. Approved signs shall be maintained in legible manner. Signs shall be

durable and shall indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room.
6. In theaters and similar places of assembly where person are admitted to the

building at times when seats are not available for them and are allowed to wait in a

lobby or similar space until seats are available, such use of lobby or similar spaces

shall not encroach upon the required clear width of exits. Such waiting spaces shall be

restricted to areas other than the required means of egress. Exits shall be provided for

such waiting spaces on the basis of one person for each one-fourth
(0.25) square meters of waiting space area. Such exits shall be in addition to the exits

specified for the main auditorium area and shall conform in construction and

arrangement to the general rules for exits given in this division.

7. In areas not in excess of nine hundred thirty square meters (930 m2), the occupant

load shall not exceed one person in forty-six tenths square meters (0.46 m2); in areas

in excess of nine hundred thirty square meters (930 m2), the occupant load shall not

exceed one person in sixty-five tenths square meters (0.65 m2).

Lighting and Signs

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1. All places of assembly shall have exit lighting in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11

and signs in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12 of this IRR. All places of assembly

shall be provided with emergency lighting.

2. In every auditorium or other places of assembly where pictures, motion pictures or

other projections are made by means of directed light, the illumination projections are

made by means of directed light, the illumination of the floors of exit access may be

reduced during such period projection to values of not less than two ten-thousandths

(0.0002) lumen per square centimeter.

Exits Common to Other Occupancies
1. Places of assembly in building of other occupancy may use exits common to the

place of assembly and the other occupancy provided that the assembly area and the

other occupancy considered separately each have exits sufficient to meet the

requirements of this Chapter.

2. Exits shall be sufficient for simultaneous occupancy of both the place of assembly

and other parts of the building

6.5 Additional Design Provisions

Additional provisions include the guides implemented by the city of Quezon

regarding urban development and architectural specifications. These include the

aesthetic quality, design quality, and technical specifications of all approved aspects of

a building in coordination with the current development of the area.

6.5.1 Design Guidelines & Parameters for Mixed Use Commercial

Buildings

Policies and Parameters

a) Mixed use commercial buildings shall be located in the Triangle Exchange and

Emporium Districts.

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b) Minimum of two uses shall be required for commercial mixed use buildings. As the

project size increases, the ground floor uses should increase proportionally.

c) Height to bulk ratio will be in accordance with the National Building Code

d) Mixed use commercial buildings may be built to line to liven up the streetscape

where storefronts flow into the sidewalks. They can also have a front setback not

exceeding five meters from the public right of way. Where the building front is

setback from the property line the space should be landscaped or paved in order to

establish functional and visual integration with the sidewalk. Fences are not

permitted to delineate the private space from the public right of way.

e) Buildings constructed on lots with 20 meters frontage may have zero side setbacks

at ground floor and up to 4 storeys, provided that all applicable guidelines on

footprint, height and other architectural and building positioning details will be

complied with. Side setbacks shall be at a maximum of five meters.

f) In the absence of a building podium and arcade, awnings, canopies and overhangs

are encouraged at the ground floor level and shall be an integral part of the design of

the buildings they are attached and should be compatible with the overall design in

terms of material, detail, massing and form. They shall be a minimum of three

meters deep and a maximum of four meters.

g) Mixed use commercial buildings should have at least 30% active storefronts.

Active storefront street level businesses include retail, restaurants, outdoor sales and

businesses that offer activities in close proximity to the pedestrian environment.Blank

walls, office space and other non-active uses at street level are discouraged.

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h) Storefront design at street level should be transparent, open and inviting. The

transparent glass area should exceed the area of the solid wall.

i) Building entrances should be oriented directly towards the street.

j) Loading docks, trash storage, service courts and mechanical equipment shall be

located away from public view.

Dedicate at least 7-10% of total gross floor area of all buildings or at least

50% of total ground floor area in residential sub-districts for retail uses

comprising mostly of convenience stores, personal services, coffee shops,

drugstores, barbershops, beauty parlors, laundry, water stations, and other

enterprises that support residential living.

The establishment of retail and small size commercial services in the first two

storeys of buildings in mixed use institutional areas will be encouraged. To

this end, at least 50% of total gross floor areas of the first floor of all buildings

in mixed use institutional developments will be for retail and small

commercial establishment.
All buildings in mixed use institutional and mixed use commercial areas are

required to have at least 2 different uses in each development or building.

6.5.2 Building Orientation

a) All buildings must front on a public right-of-way. A building located on a street

corner must front towards the pedestrian oriented street. Where a building is located

on a corner of two pedestrian oriented streets, it is encouraged to front the street

corner and provide direct pedestrian access from such corner.

b) Pedestrian oriented uses will be encouraged on all street level street fronts in mixed

use buildings with retail or commercial developments at ground floor.

c) All primary building entrances should be oriented towards the street and sidewalk

to enhance pedestrian environment and encourage pedestrian interaction.

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d) Large buildings that front multiple streets shall provide entrances on each street but

the primary entrance of the building should be recognizable through its design from

the rest of the entrances.

6.5.3 Building Articulation & Shape

1. The visual impact of mass and height of taller buildings will be prevented by

breaking down into smaller units its various mass defining elements by
mixing materials, colors, textures, details and building form.
2. Building scale variations should relate to pedestrian oriented uses along the street

(see Section 7.9 Building Bulk). This can be achieved by articulating setbacks or

faade patterns of wide buildings to reduce visual impact.

3. Building corners should be highlighted through special treatments such as building

entrances, special roof shapes and taller building sections.

4. Balconies and terraces can be provided and incorporated into vertical and

horizontal
shifts where possible.
5. Buildings should highlight primary building entrances, corners or significant

architectural features. These features will establish the unique identify of each
building and at the same time harmonize it with the rest of the sub-district because of

the harmonization of setbacks and massing.

Planners, Inc.
6. Podiums shall be detailed differently from towers, through changes in plane,

materials and fenestration.

7. Structural elements should be articulated through changes in plane, use of

decorative and functional elements such as lintels, sills, muntins, pilasters, piers and
other elements.

6.5.4 General Guidelines on Building Color

1. Building colors should be considered in the context of the whole block and District

on which a building stands.

2. Adjacent buildings should have harmonious colors. A new building between two

existing buildings should consider color transition between the two.

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3. Districts are encouraged to adopt color themes. Cool colors are encouraged for the

Triangle Exchange and Emporium Districts. These include shades of blue, gray, green

and white. Warm pastel colors are encouraged for the Residences District. In

complexes of residential towers, individual buildings are encouraged to have different

complimentary colors to break the monotony. Warm earth colors are encouraged for

the Downtown Hub District to complement the abundant green open spaces and

predominant Institutional functions of the District.

6.5.5 Ensure Good Roofscape

1.Flat rooftops will not be permitted for any building in QC-CBD.

2. Roof treatments of low and medium-rise buildings should be designed for pleasant

viewing from higher floors of other buildings.

3. Rooftop systems such as mechanical, electrical and telecommunications system

should be screened from view from higher floors of surrounding buildings or

integrated into the roof form. Building roof forms should consider the context from

which they will be viewed (height, proportions and views from higher buildings)
4. Tower tops of buildings in Triangle Exchange and Emporium should be expressive

of the global nature of these two districts and the flair of QC-CBD. On the other hand,

gateway and landmark buildings should be capped with distinctive roof shapes,

towers and masts that communicate the visionary aspect of QC-CBD. Icon towers

should terminate in masts at the top which seek to express the poetic, lyrical nature of

the icons.
5. In Downtown Hub Parkway Sub-District and Institutional Sub-District roof shapes

should convey an institutional aesthetic.

6. In Residences and Downtown Hub Residences Sub-District, roof shapes should be

sloping, conveying a residential sense. Roof lines should be varied and massed with
other buildings so that a distinctive family of buildings can be perceived from all

around the defined area.

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7. In Downtown Hub Medical Sub-District, roof shapes should convey an institutional

aesthetic. Roof lines should be varied in height and be massed with other buildings so

that a distinctive family of institutional buildings that form the sub-district can be

perceived.
8. In Commons Residential Towers the tops of the four residential towers should

express the feeling of a related sculptural ensemble of skyline-creating architectural

forms.

Chapter VII. Design Focus

7.1 Introduction

In determining the type of design focus for the project, various logical thought

processes and factors were taken into consideration. Firstly, the idea for the focus

revolved around the location and environment of the project. These involved the

identification of the climate and the topography of the project site. By taking these

components into consideration, the researcher determined that the focus should be

materials, technologies and architectural systems that will prevent problems, and

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utilize and complement the tropical climate and the conditions of the site. This way

the longevity and effectiveness of the structure will be maximized.

Secondly, the design focus should be based on the nature of the structure itself.

The design should relate to the function and purpose of the structure. Since the project

is a public assembly, cultural, institutional and exhibition center, it entails problems

like the usage of massive amounts of available resources and energy, the need for

mass lighting; such as clean water, electricity etc. Thus the logical choice for a design

focus should be materials or strategies that will eliminate the said problems.
The primary design focus for the project will be the utilization of numerous

Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Glass Windows). Solar Glass Windows are a relatively

new technology. It has the mixed advantages of a regular Window and a Solar Panel,

where in, Solar Glass Windows allows light to enter the building while gathering solar

energy from the sun at the same ratio as traditional solar panels. This technology is a

fit choice for the project for it can solve the issue of the massive electricity

consumption of the building. This way, the buildings energy source will be more

efficient and self- sustaining.

The secondary design focus will be the use of the Rain Collecting Green

Roof. This technology drastically reduces the surface run-off that contributes to

flooding, Urban Heat Island Effect, and overall building heating itself. This green roof

technology allows for the easy cooling of the structure in warm climates and vice-

versa. The technology also employs a rain collecting system on the layers of the roof,

wherein the water can be stored and used for flushing and water usage of the building.

Thus, minimizing the overall water-consumption from public reservoirs.

Since Quezon City wants their structures in the present and the future to be

LEED certified it is a good design focus for the structure if it center on green

technologies and materials.

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7.2 Discussion of the Design Focus

7.2.1 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Glass Windows)

Brief History

A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that

converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a

form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristicse.g. current, voltage,

or resistancevary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can

generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage

source.

The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek (phs) meaning "light",

and from "Volt", the unit of electro-motive force, the volt, which in turn comes from

the last name of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery

(electrochemical cell). The term "photo-voltaic" has been in use in English since

1849.

Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical

application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often

used specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight. Cells can be

described as photovoltaic even when the light source is not necessarily sunlight

(lamplight, artificial light, etc.). In such cases the cell is sometimes used as a

photodetector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other

electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity.

The photovoltaic effect was first experimentally demonstrated by French

physicist A. E. Becquerel. In 1839, at age 19, experimenting in his father's laboratory,

he built the world's first photovoltaic cell. Willoughby Smith first described the

"Effect of Light on Selenium during the passage of an Electric Current" in an article

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that was published in the 20 February 1873 issue of Nature. However, it was not until

1883 that the first solid state photovoltaic cell was built, by Charles Fritts, who coated

the semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the

junctions. The device was only around 1% efficient. In 1888 Russian physicist

Aleksandr Stoletov built the first photoelectric cell based on the outer photoelectric

effect discovered by Heinrich Hertz earlier in 1887.

Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as a module.

Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the front (sun up) side, allowing

light to pass while protecting the semiconductor wafers from abrasion and impact due

to wind-driven debris, rain, hail, etc. Solar cells are also usually connected in series in

modules, creating an additive voltage. To make practical use of the solar-generated

energy, the electricity is most often fed into the electricity grid using inverters (grid-

connected photovoltaic systems); in stand-alone systems, batteries are used to store

the energy that is not needed immediately. Solar panels can be used to power or

recharge portable devices.

7.2.2 Specific Details

The PVGU is designed around the form factor of a standard insulated glass

unit (double paned window). A system of optics and photovoltaic cells is adhered to

the inner surface of the outer glass pane (surface #2).

The optical elements are designed to separate light according to the angle at

which it hits the glass, concentrating all direct sunlight onto PV cells which are

mounted perpendicular to the glass panes. At the same time, diffused light is

transmitted through the unit and into the building. This allows the PVGU to

simultaneously provide a high level of energy generation (up to 12.0% efficiency)

while acting as a high-performance shading device (SHGC as low as 0.14).

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 Glazing

Transmission Specs (Energy Transfer)

The PVGUs patented optical design accepts light

from a range of angles and concentrates it onto solar

cells. This unique ability allows the PVGU to obtain glazing transmission metrics

unlike any product on the market today. for angles where direct sunlight would be

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incident on the window the PVGU blocks all direct sunlight thus creating a very low

solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC). At the same time diffused light is transmitted at a

rate corresponding to the visible transmittance (VT) of the glass specified. It is this

optimization of SHGC and VT that allows the PVGU to achieve an effective light-to-

solar-gain (lSG) unmatched by any glazing product on the market today.

7.2.3 Rain Collecting Green Roof

A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely

covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing

membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage

and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in

pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated.

Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat grey-water.

Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater,

providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, and helping to lower urban air

temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect. There are two types of green roofs:

intensive roofs, which are thicker and can support a wider variety of plants but are

heavier and require more maintenance, and extensive roofs, which are covered in a

light layer of vegetation and are lighter than an intensive green roof.

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 7.2.4 Case Study: California Academy of Sciences ( Living Roof)

A new link in an ecological corridor

for wildlife, the new Academys living roof is

planted with nine native California species

that will not require artificial irrigation. The

planted area measures 2.5 acres; it is now the

largest swath of native vegetation in San

Francisco.

Approximately 1.7 million plants blanket the living roof.

The native plants will provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife. Beach

strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis) produce berries that attract native birds, self heal (Prunella

vulgaris) bears large tubular flowers that attract hummingbirds and bumble bees, sea pink

(Armeria maritime) produces pom-pom-like flowers favored by moths and butterflies,

stonecrop (Sedum spathulitholium) produces nectar for the threatened San Bruno elfin

butterfly, tidy tips (Layia platyglossa) attract parasitic wasps and pirate bugs that feed on pest

insects, miniature lupine (Lupinus bicolor) and California poppies (Eschscholzia californica)

provide nectar for bees and butterflies, California plantain (Plantago erecta) hosts a variety of

butterfly larvae, and the bright yellow flowers produced by Goldfield plants (Lasthenia

californica) attract a wide variety of beneficial native insects.

7.3 Applicability to the Project

Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Glass Windows)

Solar Glass Windows and Panels have a big effect in the overall performance

of the structure. By applying this technology to the facility, the design focus already

solves the main issues of the building, which is unsustainable energy consumption.

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There will be reduced carbon emissions and reduced energy consumption once the

technology is put to the test. The building will become more efficient and will fulfill

the goals of the project which is to promote and showcase green strategies and

innovations. In this case, the design focus directly applies to the prime functions of

the building and can play an interactive part itself, as an attraction. The building can

become a special exhibit in and of itself.

Rain Collecting Green Roof

The design focus is very applicable to the project. Considering that it basically

solves the majority of the problems in warm and humid climates such as cooling,

atmospheric humidity control, and rainwater control. With the Green Roof, the project

will not only succeed in a functional manner, but it will also succeed in an aesthetic

manner because this technology can be manipulated in a certain way that it can be

visible and interactive to the users. As a form of recreation, the green roof may also

serve as a walk able and circulatory space for the users. This way, the users can

appreciate the structure more, with all its components.

7.4 Conclusion
The continual progress and innovation of building materials has brought

proficiency and better living environment for the people. As people continue to grow

and underlying problem continues to arise, Innovation and technology is the only real

solution to these problems. As emphasized in the introduction, in choosing the design

focus it is vital that it will complement to the condition of the site area and proposed

building type and nature.

Green development is the only way to go the world seeks for the survival of

the human species. That is why the design focus chosen about sustainable energy are

harnessing and how architecture can build up with the technology available today.

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 Application and functionality of the design focus should support the building

but must not supersede it. This will give balance and coherency for the sustainable

design solution for the building and its aesthetics. The design focus can bring design

innovation into the building and set forth a standard template where all future

developments will hold it as relevant. That is why the design focus ultimately

complements Green Design.

CHAPTER VIII. Space Programming and Analysis

8.1 Introduction

The analysis of the different spaces of the desired building type will allow the

researcher to fully maximize the capacity of the structure. Particularly the relationship

of each structure based on their functionality and adjacency were examined and are

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illustrated to give a coherent understanding of the whole framework of the spatial

design. Also as part of the space programming, all the necessary requirements and

facilities of all rooms were researched and included in the format. These included the

identification of the Users, Number of Users, Required Space Area for each user, and

the Area of furniture and fixture within the space/room. This will determine the users

primary, secondary and tertiary usage of the building, and flow of work, circulation

and processes that involves analytical information.

8.2 User Profile & Identification

8.2.1 Identification of Users

The users of the structure vary from different types. It includes local and

foreign spectators and may come from all the different types of people and class. The

researcher has classified the users in three levels and they are primary level users,

secondary level users and tertiary level users. These levels have their own distinctions

and definitions depending on their usage and activities inside the building.

8.2.2 Primary level users

These users are classified as the most that have total concentration and daily

activities inside the structure and are classified as having the most usage of the

facilities, regarding physical interaction and the time spent. They are the ones who

have a direct relation to the function of the facility and the ones who are always

making direct contact. These classifications of users are the people who have ample

visitation and normally guest of the building. The level includes facilitators and

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employees of the expo, guest, touristic visitors, exhibitors, contractors, buyers & retail

renters, event organizers, event staffs, Company head or CEO, Employees of other

companies and VIP.

8.2.3 Secondary level users

The role of Secondary users, are not as direct and frequent as Primary users.

These users are classified as having a passive usage of the facilities of the expo and

are usually occasional users brought about by indirect circulation and access of the

area. These include the occasional bystanders and visitors, and facility support

services and inspections conducted by Maintenance, Engineers, Planners, Architects

and Gardeners.

8.2.4 Tertiary level users

These classifications involve the spectators who have contact with the

structure from the outside. These users have the least interaction with the building.

Normally these people are the pedestrian people passing by the structure and vehicles

that pass by the avenues adjacent to the building. These types of users get a view of

the structure but have minimal, if any, direct physical interaction or stimulation to the

structure.

8.2.5 Target Market

This involves the population/number, types and description of other Transient

Target Clients/users other than the staff. Specific targets are as follows:

a. Students & Children To meet the project goals and objectives, a focus or target

market for the structure will particularly be of students and people who seek interest

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in learning. This is to complement the goal of emphasizing on the training and

education of the youth to meet green and sustainable ideologies and methods.

b. Businessmen & Entrepreneurs As part of a financial and revenue based strategy,

the project targets businessmen and business investors that primarily revolves around

retail and sales, to complement the retail and market opportunities presented in the

facilities of the project.

c. Local Inventors Local inventors, scientists and innovators are a target market for

the project for it will give them opportunities to showcase and share ideas with other

people. The project will give these targeted markets the freedom to express their

works and investments and will also be a learning curve for aspiring future inventors

and innovators.

d. Professionals The project also makes professionals such as teachers, architects,

engineers, scientists, lawyers etc. a focus target due to the nature of their impact to

society. Targeting these people into the market sphere of the project will be a benefit

for it provides stimulation of knowledge in their respective fields of practice, wherein

each will have the opportunity to learn new concepts regarding green design in their

practice.

8.3 User Behaviour Analysis

The user behavior analysis will serve as a guide to the researcher in order to

understand the flow of activities rendered by its users. This analysis will explain the

simple flow of the users with respect to their department and involvement to the

specific area.

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1. The Administrative Area This area is dedicated in controlling the facilities of

the building and its resources. This area is mostly focused on paper works and simple

office activities such as meetings, interviews etc.

2. Kitchen department This area is dedicated in the success of food preparation

and its processing from the raw ingredients to the signature meals served to the

guests.

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3. Expo/Convention Centre Visitors - The common public that is guests or visitor of

a certain event.

4. Event Organizers and Contractors Flow

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8.4 User Space Function Analysis

User space function and analysis pertains to the study of the users of the

facilities and what activities are being done within the facilities. The researcher has

divided the project into five zones each with different functions and activities being

done. The following discussion and table below will explain the users of each zones

and what activities are done within the major spaces.

Convention Centre space users

Exhibitors these are industry or companies that have rented the exhibition

spaces and have displayed activities and offered activities. The industry may

or may not be related to architectural industry but it is preferred to be in

relation with architecture.

Guests these are visitors of the exhibitions and have come to view and

explore on the exhibition facilities.

VIP guests - Special type of guests that include special treatment of the hotel

staff and personnel.

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 Buyers Buyers of the exhibits or products that can be seen in the convention

event.
Contractor The person in charge for the setting up of the exhibition

equipments. They area commissioned by the exhibitor to assist them in the

ingress and egress of the event.

Service crew Service personnel delivering support and assistance to the

exhibitors.
Security personnel Secures the safety and security of the visitors and staff of

the events.
Business meeting people People that have regular business meetings on the

meeting rooms of the convention centre

8.5 Space Programming ( See Next Page)

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 Table of Contents

Chapter I. Introduction.................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Background & Nature of the Problem.................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................3
1.4 Project Objectives................................................................................................4
1.4.1 Education....................................................................................................4

1.4.2 Business......................................................................................................5

1.4.3 Socio Economic..........................................................................................5

1.5 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................5

1.6 Scope & Limitations................................................................................................6
1.7 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................8
Chapter II. Review of Related Literature....................................................................11

2.1 Chapter Overview...................................................................................................11

2.2 Green & Sustainable Development........................................................................11
2.3 Importance of Green Technology...........................................................................12
2.4 Significance of Green Architectural Planning........................................................13
2.5 Basic Principles of the Design and Planning.........................................................14
2.6 Site Selection..........................................................................................................14
2.7 Exhibition Centers & Museums as Social & Touristic Institutions.......................16
2.8 How Science & Reason Influences Humanity.......................................................17
2.9 Exhibition & Integrated Museum...........................................................................18
2.10 Impacts of Expos and Technological Centers......................................................19
1. Science & technological centers and their influence on careers....................19

2. The societal impact of science & technological centers................................20

3. The political impact of science & technological centers...............................21

2.11 Importance of Scientific Literacy.........................................................................22

2.12 Biophilic Landscaping.........................................................................................23
2.13 Case Studies.........................................................................................................23
2.13.1 Green Expo at Zambia, South Africa......................................................24

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 2.13.2 Edmonton Expo Center...........................................................................25

2.13.3 Qingdao Exhibition Center.....................................................................26

2.13.4 Shanghai New International Expo Center..............................................28

Chapter III. Research Methodology...........................................................................30

3.1 Research Design.....................................................................................................30

3.2 Research Method....................................................................................................31
3.3 Research Instruments.............................................................................................32
Chapter IV. Project Site..............................................................................................35

4.1 Site and Current Condition.....................................................................................35

4.1.1 Site Map..............................................................................................................35
4.1.2 Vicinity Map........................................................................................................36
4.1.3 Location Map......................................................................................................36
4.1.4 Adjacent Structures & Institutions......................................................................37
4.1.5 Climate and Orientation......................................................................................37
4.1.6 Transportation.....................................................................................................37
4.1.7 Environment........................................................................................................38
4.2 SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)........................38
4.2.1 Strengths...................................................................................................38

4.2.2 Weaknesses...............................................................................................39

4.2.3 Opportunities............................................................................................40

4.2.4 Threats......................................................................................................40

Chapter V. Project Profile and Analysis......................................................................41

5.1 Project Information................................................................................................41

5.2 Client/Institutional Information.........................................................................42
5.3 Mission, Vision and Goals.................................................................................47
5.4 User Profile...........................................................................................................49
5.5 Target Market.....................................................................................................53
CHAPTER VI. Legal Framework.............................................................................61

6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................61
6.2 National Building Code..........................................................................................61

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6.3 Accessibility Law...................................................................................................65
6.4 Fire Code................................................................................................................67
6.5 Additional Design Provisions.................................................................................70
Chapter VII. Design Focus..........................................................................................76

7.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................76
7.2 Discussion of the Design Focus............................................................................77
7.3 Applicability to the Project.....................................................................................82
7.4 Conclusion..............................................................................................................83
CHAPTER VIII. Space Programming and Analysis.................................................85

8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................85
8.2 User Profile & Identification..................................................................................85
8.3 User Behaviour Analysis........................................................................................88
8.4 User Space Function Analysis................................................................................90
8.5 Space Programming ( See Next Page)...................................................................91

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