ENGLISH MATERIAL

FIRST YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL

(TENTH GRADE)

MODALIDADES FLEXIBLES DE EDUCACIN

Name: _______________________________________________

Sede: ________________________________________________

Ao________

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 CHAPTER ONE

The choices we have

What will I achieve in this chapter?

Upon successful completion of this chapter, the different learning

experiences will enable you to:

1. Exchange personal information with classmates in conversations

or self introductions and brief reports, and show respect and
courtesy with formal language in order to establish a friendly
atmosphere in class and to foster cooperation with one another.

2. Evaluate the importance of the English language in academic

fields, the job market and others, by reading and talking about
the issue in class in order to find strong reasons for learning the
language.

3. Set up your own learning goals and express expectations for the
new school year or semester, using appropriate language
(vocabulary and structures) in order to commit yourself to
succeeding in the new school challenges.

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1.1. Meeting New Classmates and Greeting old Friends

1.1.1 Conversation

Nelson: Hi! Whats your name?

Frank: My names Frank. Whats yours?
Nelson: Im Nelson. Nice to meet you.
Frank: Me too. Do you know many people in the class?
Nelson: Yes. Many of them were my classmates.
Frank: Im new here. I come from another school.
Nelson: Where did you go to ninth grade?
Frank: I studied in a school in Chalatenango, but two of my brothers live here in
San Salvador, so I came here, too.
Nelson: I see. I have always studied here, since first grade.
Frank: Well, nice meeting you. Here comes the teacher.
Nelson: Yes, talk to you later.

1.1.2 Answer the Question about the dialogue

1. Nelson is new in the school. ____________________________________________

2. The two people knew each other before. __________________________________
3. One of the students knows other classmates. ______________________________
4. Both students know other classmates ____________________________________
5. They stop talking when the class finishes. ________________________________

1.1.3 Verb To Be.

Be (ser) Be (estar)

We use Be as ser for We use Be as estar for

-Jobs and professions, -places
-relationships -adjectives of mood
-adjectives of appearance -as an auxiliary to write sentences
- Nationalities in present continue.

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 - I am a student - I am in the house
- He is my father - You are sad

1.1.4 Personal Pronouns and verb To Be.

PRONOUN VERB TO BE PRONOUN VERB TO BE

SINGULAR PLURAL
1st I AM WE ARE
2nd YOU ARE YOU ARE
HE
3rd SHE IS THEY ARE
IT

1.1.5 Fill in the blanks with am, is, are.

1. You ____________ a mechanic.

2. He ____________ a teacher.
3. She ____________ a student.
4. My mother ____________ a secretary.
5. My father ____________ a bus driver.
6. Michael Jackson ____________ a singer.
7. I ____________ a painter.
8. We ____________ carpenters.
9. Billy ____________ a mason.
10. They ____________ pilots.

1.1.6 Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative forms of verb To Be.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am a student. I am not a student. Am I a student?
You are a carpenter. You are not a carpenter. Are you a carpenter?
He is a doctor. He is not a doctor. Is he a doctor?
She is a dentist. She is not a dentist. Is she a dentist?
We are teachers. We are not teachers. Are we teachers?
You are drivers. You are not drivers. Are you drivers?
They are mechanics. They are not mechanics. Are they mechanics?

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1.2 Nice to see you again

Listen to two classmates greet in school after 3 months of vacation.

How do you think they will start?
What will they talk about?
Dialogue:

Lucy: Hi Betty. Its good to see you again.

Betty: Im glad to see you, too. How have you been?
Lucy: Not bad. Ive been working all over vacation.
Betty: Thats why I havent seen you around. Where have you been working?
Lucy: At a restaurant, but now I just work on weekends. How about you?
Betty: I havent done anything exciting, but Ive helped my mom at the store.
Lucy: Anyway. Lets talk about our new schedule.
Betty: Yes. Look, we have to be here all day long.
Lucy: Yes, until three, and in 9th grade we used to leave at noon.
Betty: Yes, but its only two more years, then well be out of here.
Lucy: Well If we study hard, we will.

1.2.1 Listen to the conversation again and answer the questions below.

1 .When did the girls last see each other?

2. Whats new about Lucys life?
3. Has Betty done any work lately?
4. What do they miss about 9th grade?
5. Whos more optimistic about the new school year?

1.2.2. Complete the conversations below with the expressions provided.

Then practice the conversations with a partner.

You may change expressions or add some others.
Expressions:
1. How was your vacation? 2. How about you?
3. How are you? 4. Nice to see you again.

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 5. I prefer to be in class than on vacation.
Dialogue:

Mary: Hi, John.

John: Hello! Mary. ____________________?
Mary: Good thanks. ____________________?
John: Fine. ___________________________.
Mary: Nice to see you too.__________________________?
John: It was good. I relaxed and played sports a lot.
Mary: I was bored most of the time. I didnt have much to do.
John: Well, its good to be back anyway.
Mary: Yes. ____________________________. How about you?
John: I like both.

1.2.3 CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS.

Here are some expressions that can be used in class to avoid using Spanish.

Read as you listen to your teacher pronounce them.

1. Excuse me. I dont understand. Could you repeat please?

2. How do you say ______ in English?
3. Whats the meaning of _______ ?
4. What does ______ mean?
5. What is the pronunciation of _______ ?
6. Is it correct to say ___________?
7. Im sorry to be late. May I come in?
8. Excuse me. Could I use your dictionary?
9. Is it O.K. if I see your book?
10. Can you help me with this exercise?

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11. May I go to the restroom?

1.2.4 English Everywhere.

Heres an article about the importance of learning English.

Before you read, think about these questions.

1. Why do many people want to learn English?

2. Is it too difficult to learn English?
3. Does anyone in your family speak English?
4. Can you think of other languages that are used as Lingua Franca?

1.2.4.1 English for global communication

Approximately 350 million people speak English as their first language. About the same
number use it as a second language. It is an official language in 44 countries. In many
others it is the language of business commerce, and technology. There are many varieties of
English, but Texan, Scottish, Australian, Indian, and Jamaican speakers of English, in spite
of the difference in pronunciation, structure and vocabulary would recognize that they are
all speaking the same basic language.

You are a medical doctor from Japan. You are at an international conference in Switzerland
and you wish to communicate with a doctor from Senegal. What language do you speak
with him? The answer is probably English. Today, nearly 600 million people around the
world use the English language, but only half of these people speak English as their first
language. Why is English useful for international communication? For one thing, many
books and papers in specialized fields are written in English. As a result, specialists, in
these fields often learn English. Specialists from different countries may use English for
international communication. English is truly a language known throughout the world.

When a language is used for communication between two or more people, whose native
language is a different one, that language is called Lingua Franca. That is the case of Latin
in the Roman world.

Millions of people around the world want to learn English. Many of them go to the United
States (and other English-speaking countries) to study at language schools, especially in the
summer. There are thousands of different school. They offer courses for children, teenagers,
and adults. There are courses in general English, Technical English, business English, and
so on. English is for international communication.

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Scan the article for the following information.

1. How many people approximately speak English as their native language?

2. What is a Lingua Franca?
3. What language is used for research on most specialized fields?
4. What is your first language?
5. What is the official language in El Salvador
6. Name a country in Central America where English is the official language.

1.2.4 Active Voice and Passive Voice

When do we use the passive voice?

a) When the action is more important than the person who does it.
Ex. Millions of letters are sent every day.

b) When you describe a process.

Ex. Paella is cooked slowly in a large pan.

c) When you write a rule.

Ex. Ball games are not allowed here.

1.2.5 The formation of passive voice in English.

ACTIVE VOICE PASIVE VOICE

Mary writes letters. Letters are written by Mary.
S + V(present) + C S + Be (present) + V (past participle) + C

Examples:

ACTIVE VOICE PASIVE VOICE

1. We use satellites in many different ways. 1. Satellites are used in many different ways.

2. Television companies use satellites to 2. Satellites are used to broadcast television

broadcast television signals. signals.
3. We often make telephone calls via 3. Telephone calls are often made via
satellites. satellites.

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4. Pilots sometimes need satellites for 4.Sometimes, satellites are needed for
navigation. navigation.
1.3 READING STRATEGIES

1.3.1 Enjoying yourself

Most things cannot be enjoyed without friends but reading can. While sitting alone in our
house we can travel around the entire world, and we can understand the reason for
thousands of things. Living in this age, we can talk with those who lived thousands of years
ago. We can become the friends of wise men. Only books can give us these pleasures.
Those who cannot enjoy them are poor indeed; those who enjoy them most, obtain much
enjoyment from them.

Exercises:

a. Underline the sentence which gives the main idea of the passage:
1. It is a great pleasure to travel.
2. Reading offers people many pleasures.
3. Talking to wise men give us a great pleasure.

b. Underline the expression which can be used in place of living in this age:
1. Although he is alive today.
2. Although he has lived to an old age.
3. Although we live in the twentieth century.

c. Give synonyms for the following words from the passage:

1. Alone ____________________________
2. Entire ____________________________
3. Thousands of ____________________________
4. Wise ____________________________
5. Enjoy ____________________________

d. Complete the sentences:

1. Most things cannot be __________________ without friends.
2. We can travel around the world while __________________ in our house.
3. We can __________________ the reason for many things.
4. We can __________________ the friends of wise men.
5. Those people who cannot enjoy __________________ are poor indeed.

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 e. Underline the auxiliary can, in the paragraph. (Can is a modal auxiliary that is used
to ask for permission as well as to indicate ability.)

1.3.2 IF I HAD MY LIFE TO LIVE OVER

If I had my life to live over, Id dare to make

more mistakes next time. Id relax, I would
breath deeply. I would be sillier than I have been
this trip. I would take fewer things seriously.
5 I would take more chances. I would climb more
mountains and swim more rivers. I would eat
more ice cream and not so many vegetables.
I would perhaps have more actual troubles,
but Id have fewer imaginary ones.
10 You see, Im one of those people who live
sensibly and sanely hour after hour, day after
day. Oh, Ive had my moments, and if I had it
to do over again, Id have more of them. In
fact, Id try to have nothing else. Just
15 moments, one after another, instead of living so
many years ahead of each day. Ive been one of
those persons who never go anywhere without a
thermometer, a hot water bottle, a raincoat and
a parachute. If I had to do it again, I would
20 travel lighter.
If I had my life to live over, I would go
barefoot earlier in the spring and stay that way
later in to the fall. I would go to more dances. I
would ride more merry-go-rounds. I would pick more daisies.

DO THE FOLLOWING EXERCISES

READING STRATEGY: Getting the meaning from context.

a. Id dare to make more mistakes (line 1) probably means

- I would be afraid to make mistakes.
- I wouldnt be afraid to make mistakes.

b. Be sillier (line 3) probably means:

- Take things seriously.
- Not take things so seriously.

c. Actual (line 8)
- Real.
- Imaginary.

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 d. Barefoot (line 22) probably means:
- With shoes.
- Without shoes.

READING STRATEGY: Understanding figurative language.

a. This trip (line 4) probably means:

- In my life.
- On my vacation.

b. Climb more mountains and swim more rivers (line 5-6)

- Get more exercise.
- Do more difficult, exciting things.

c. Lines 16-19 mean that the author:

- Always takes a thermometer, a hot water bottle, a raincoat and a parachute when
he/she travels.
- Worries too much about things that might happen.

d. Go barefoot (line 22), for the author, is:

- A good thing.
- A bad thing.

READING STRATEGY: Getting the main idea. Check ( ) the item that the
author would check.

( ) Ive messed up my life. Ive done everything wrong.

( ) Ive had pretty good life, but I wish I could make a few changes.
( ) Ive had a wonderful life. I dont want to change a hing.

1.3.3 Simple Present.

We use the present simple to describe general facts, repeated actions and habits and facts
that are always true.

General facts
- I like milk. - They speak Japanese.
- Maria plays basketball. - We live in Mexico.

Repeated actions and habits.

- Harry often arrives late. - I usually get up at 6:00

Things that are always true.

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 - The sun rises in the East. - The earth goes around the sun.

1.3.4 Simple Present:

Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

S + V + C S+ Aux (do/does)+ not+V+ C Aux + S + V+ C + ?

I live in Mexico. I do not live in Mexico. Do I live in Mexico?
You watch television. You do not watch television. Do you watch television?
He goes to the stadium. He doesnt go to the stadium. Does he go to the stadium?
She washes the dishes. She does not wash the dishes. Does she wash the dishes?
We get up early. We do not get up early. Do we get up early?
You wear jeans. You do not wear jeans. Do you wear jeans?
They live in that house. They dont live in that house. Do they live in that house?

Exercise:

Write the negative and interrogative sentences.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

S + V + C S + Aux (do/does) +not+V+C Aux + S + V+ C + ?

I go to school by bus.
You brush your teeth.
He lives in that house.
She leaves her home early.
We live in El Salvador.
You speak Spanish.
They play football.

1.3.5 ADJECTIVES, COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

The Adjectives tell you more about the size, shape, color, etc. of nouns. We put them
before nouns. They do not have plural (s).
Examples: - He is tall. - She is tall. - They are tall.

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When we use an adjective with a noun, the adjective must come before the noun.
Examples: - Look at my new coat. - You are a young woman.

SHORT ADJECTIVES, SUPERIORITY (COMPARATIVES)

RULES:
A. We form the comparative of adjectives meaning superiority, with short adjectives by
adding -r or -er. We use the word than (que) after the adjective.
Ex. Wide = ancho Wider than = ms ancho que
Tall = alto Taller than = ms alto que
B. With adjectives ending in -y. We change -y to -ier
Ex. Pretty = bonit@ Prettier than = ms bonita que
Ugly = fe@ Uglier than = ms feo que
C. We duplcate the last consonant letter if a vowel sound is between two consonants.
Ex. Fat = gordo fatter than = ms gordo que
Big = grande bigger than = ms grande que

LONG ADJECTIVES, SUPERIORITY (COMPARATIVES)

We form the comparative adjectives meaning superiority, with long adjectives by using the
word more before the adjectives and then we write the word than after the adjective.
Ex. Vicky is more beautiful than Betty. - Betty is more intelligent than Vicky.

SHORT ADJECTIVES SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

We form the superlative degree of short adjectives by writing the article The before the
adjective and adding -est to the adjective.
Ex. He is the nicest boy. ( El es el muchacho ms simptico)
-Diana is the tallest girl in our classroom. (Diana es la muchacha ms alta en nuestra
clase)

LONG ADJECTIVES, SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

With long adjectives we use the expression the most before the adjectives
Ex. You are the most intelligent student here. T eres el estudiante ms inteligente aqu.
-It is the most expensive car in town. Es el carro ms caro de la ciudad.

REGULAR ADJECTIVES

Positive Adjectives Comparatives Adj. Superlatives Adj.

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Short Shorter than The shortest
Tall Taller than The tallest
Fat Fatter than The fattest
Lazy Lazier than The laziest
Nice Nicer than The nicest
Cute Cuter than The cutest
Beautiful More beautiful than The most beautiful
Intelligent More intelligent than The most intelligent
Interesting More interesting than The most interesting

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

Adjectives Comparatives Superlatives

Good Better than The best

Bad Worse than The worst
Little Less than The least
Well Better than The best
Much More than The most
Many More than The most

Assigment: Write 10 compound sentences using 7 regular adjectives (4 short and 3 long
adjectives) and 3 irregular adjectives as in the example:

Ice skating is dangerous, bungee is more dangerous than Ice Skating but skydiving
is the most dangerous of them.

1.3.6 Reading A funny thing happened to me

A funny thing happened to me last Friday. I went to Chicago to do some shopping. I wanted
to get some Christmas presents, and I needed to find a book for one of my classes. I
finished my shopping early, so I decided to stop at a small cafeteria and have some coffee
and doughnuts. I also bought the newspaper. When I entered the cafeteria I realized that
there were plenty of empty tables, and I found one near the window. I sat down and started
the crossword puzzle in the paper. I always enjoy doing that.
A few minutes later a woman sat down across from me at my table. That surprised me
because there were several empty tables. There was nothing strange about her, except that
she was very tall. She looked like a typical businesswoman, conservative suit, briefcase. I
didnt say anything; I just kept doing the crossword puzzle. Suddenly she opened my
package of doughnuts, took one out, and began to eat it. I couldnt believe my eyes! I was
too shocked to say anything. Anyway, I didnt want to make a scene, so I decided to ignore

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it. I always avoid trouble if I can. I just took a doughnut myself and went back to my
crossword puzzle.
When the woman took a second doughnut I didnt make a sound. I pretended to be very
interested in the puzzle. A few minutes later I casually put out my hand, took the last
doughnut, and glanced at the woman. She was staring at me furiously. I began to feel very
nervous. I was ready to get up and go when the woman suddenly stood up and left the
cafeteria. I felt very relieved and decided to wait for two or three minutes before going
home. I finished my coffee, folded my newspaper, and stood up. And there, on the table,
where my paper had been, was my package of doughnuts!!

1.3.7 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (memorize them)

HERE: aqu THERE all

OVER HERE: aqu OVER THERE: all
My mother is here The rabbits are there.
BESIDE: al lado de BETWEEN entre
The mangoe tree is beside the house. The seven is between six and eight.

ABOVE sobre BEHIND detrs, detrs de

See the clouds above the hill. There is a garden behind the house.
IN en, dentro de. OVER sobre
The cat is in the house. The lamp is over my head.
ON en, sobre INTO en, dentro de
The birds are on the roof. Dont put waste into the river.
AT en UNDER bajo, debajo, debajo de
Jenny is at the museum. The cats are under the tree.
CLOSE cerca de BENEATH debajo y cubierto por
NEAR cerca de The floor is beneath the rug.
BY cerca de
The dog is close to the door. WITH con (I want coffee with milk)
FAR AWAY lejos IN FRONT OF en frente de, frente de.
The mountain is far away from here. The car is in front of our house.
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS

a. They are _________ an international meeting.

b. He wants to communicate _________ them.
c. Millions _________ people _________ the world use English.
d. Half _________ these people speak English as their first language.
e. Many books _________ special fields are _________ English.

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 f. He is a specialist _________ the field of medicine.
g. There were specialists _________ different countries at the meeting.

1.4 POSSESSIONS AND PAST EVENTS

1.4.1 THE SAXON GENETIVE (S)

POSSESSIVE APOSTROPHE: We use an apostrophe when we talk about things belonging

to people.

Singular (s) Ex. This is Janes house. - Thats my friends bike.

Plural (s) Ex. These are the boys desks.

Two words with apostrophes together. Ex. Is that Anns aunts car? = (Is that the
car that belongs to the aunt of Ann?

Belonging to two people: Ex: -This is Carol and Tonys house.

Names ending in s: Ex. St. James park

Use an apostrophe in front of the s of irregular plural words: Ex. womens ,

childrens, mens

There is no apostrophe in possessive pronouns: yours, hers, its, ours, theirs.

We can use of when we talk about things belonging to things. Ex. The roof of
the house was damaged.

of is not always necessary: Ex. I saw this dress in the store window.
Own and belong. Ex. - I own this bike. = This bike belong to me.
-Do you own this bike? = Does this bike belong to you?
1.4.2 OUR SCHEDULE

Routines and Habits.

Routine: It is a usual, regular way of doing things.
Daily routines:
- To feed the cat. - To water the plants.
- To set the table. - To shine the shoes.
- To take a shower. - To eat breakfast.

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 - To go to school. - To go to work.
- To do the homework - To go to sleep.
Habits: An action that a person has done so often in the same way that he or
she does it without thinking. There are good and bad habits.

Good habits:
- To wash the hands before eating.
- To brush the teeth after eating.
- To use the fork, knife and spoon when eating.
- To shine the shoes.
- To eat slowly and chewing the food very well.
- To sleep eight hours a day. Etc

Bad habits:
- To smoke - To drink alcohol.
- To drink too much coffee. - To procrastinate.

Write your own Schedule for the week.

Morning
Days
Hour Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Afternoon

Days
Hour Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

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Listen to two people talk about their routines and complete the chart below.

Morning Afternoon Evening

JULIA
DENISE

Tape script for the listening exercise

Listen to two people talk about their routines and complete the chart.

Denise and Julia, two friends from High School, run into each other at a store.

Denise: Hi! Julia I hardly see you anymore.

Julia: Denise? How are you doing?
Denise: Great. How about you?
Julia: Im doing fine. But Ive been so busy lately.
Denise: What keeps you so busy? Are you working?
Julia: Yes, I work in the morning as a teacher, and I go to class in the afternoon.
Denise: Do you have classes in the evening, too?
Julia: No, but I go to the gym. How about you?
Denise: I go to the gym too, but in the morning sometimes.
Julia: Yes, I see you have lost weight.
Denise: Just a few pounds, but I feel good.
Julia: Why dont we get together someday?
Denise: Id love to. Maybe on a weekend because I do my homework in the afternoon and
in the evening I go to church. Why dont you call me when you have time?
Julia: Sure. Ill do that. Whats your number again?
Denise: 278-0935
Julia: O.K. Ill call you soon, Bye.

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1.4.3 PAST SIMPLE TENSE

We use the past simple to describe finished events in the past.

Example: * Yesterday I watched a great movie on TV.

There are regular and irregular verbs, for the way they form their past.

The regular verbs ended in -ed, for the past and past participle but changed in their
pronunciation /Id/, /t/, and /d/. The two syllable regular verbs with the stress on the last
syllable double the final consonant.
Example: clap clapped stop stopped

The irregular verbs have their own form for past and past participle, and follow different
rules for that.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

S + V + C S + Aux (did) + not + V + C Aux + S + V+ C + ?

I arrived at 2:00. I did not arrive at 2:00. Did I arrive at 2:00?
You called home. You did not call home. Did you call home?
He went to the movie. He didnt go to the movie. Did he go to the movie?
She helped the teacher. She did not help the teacher. Did she help the teacher?
We stopped the taxi. We did not stop the taxi. Did we stop the taxi?
You washed the jeans. You did not wash the jeans. Did you wash the jeans?
They opened that house. They didnt open that house. Did they open that house?
As in the present tense we need an auxiliary to form the negative and interrogative form.
The auxiliary we use for the past tense is did and when we use it, the verb remains in
infinitive form. See the examples on the previous chart.

1.4.4 PRONOUNS
The pronouns are used instead of a noun. There are different kinds of pronouns such as:
Subject pronouns, which come before the main verb: - I think its awful.
Do you like it?
Object Pronouns, they come after the main verb: - I sent them a letter.
Possessive pronouns: - Is this pen yours or mine.
This and these generally refer to something closer (in space or time) to the speaker.
That and those refer to something farther away:
- Whats this?, - Id like those, please. (close to the speaker)

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 - These shoes are nice. - Is that blue car yours? (farther away from the
speaker)
Someone/ somebody is used for an unknown person. :
- Someone is knocking at the door.

Something is use for unknown thing: - Something is wrong!

Anyhting, is used for questions and negatives: - Is there anything in the box.

No one/ nobody have a negative meaning. We do not use not

- Im sure that no one saw me.
Nothing also has a negative meaning. We do not use not
- I pressed the button, but nothing happened.
None means not one. We do not use not
- Can I have a cookie? There are none left.
None of. We usually use a singular verb with none, but some speakers use a plural
verb.
- None of the children is tired.
Everyone/ everybody means all the people. We always use a singular verb.
- Everyone knows the answer.

Everything, means all the things. We always use a singular verb.

- Everything is beautiful.

1.4.4.1 CHART OF PRONOUNS

PERSONAL OBJECT POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

PRONOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN
I ME MINE MY
YOU YOU YOURS YOUR
HE HIM HIS HIS
SHE HER HERS HER
IT IT ITS ITS
WE US OURS OUR
YOU YOU YOURS YOUR
THEY THEM THEIRS THEIR

1.5 DESCRIPTIONS.

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Use different cuttings, pictures, magazines, to describe a room or a place, using adjectives
and prepositions of place.

1.5.1 MODAL AUXILIARIES

The modal auxiliaries are used after the subject and before the main verb.

Expresses ability or possibility in Negative form

CAN
the present or future. Cannot/can not/ cant
It is the past form of CAN. Negative form
COULD
It is also used for polite requests. Couldnt/ could not
Express possibility in the present
Negative form
or future.
MAY/MIGHT May not
MAY is also used to ask for
Might not/ mightnt
permission.
Expresses recommendation or Negative form:
SHOULD
advice. Should not / shouldnt
Expresses necessity or prohibition. Negative form:
MUST
States a logical conclusion. Must not/ mustnt

Exercise: What advice would you give the person who wrote this letter?

Dear Steve,

Im 25 years old and recently married. Both my husband and I have full time jobs. Since we
got married. Ive been doing all the cooking and most of the household chores. Lately hes
been coming from work in the evening a half hour earlier than I do, but he just waits for me
to get home and prepare his dinner. I dont think thats fair. Ive been thinking about talking
it over with him, but I dont want to start an argument.

Newlywed

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 I. Make comments about the reading using these questions:
a. Should both a husband and a wife share responsibilities at home?
b. Should a man cook for his family?

II. Write an answer for the letter.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

1.5.2 WH Questions We use

WHO With people Who is that? - Its Jack
WHAT With things What are you looking for? - A pen
WHEN With time When are you leaving? - At 6:00
WHERE With places Where do you live? - In that house.
WHICH To make choices Which blouse do you want? The red one.

1.5.3 PRESENT PERFECT.

We use the present perfect when we talk about our experiences in the past and do
not mention an exact time.
Example: Ive been to Ecuador.
We may explain a present situation by saying what has happened. We do not
mention an exact time.
Example: Why are you late? Ive lost my watch.
Forming the present perfect: have/has(Aux.) + past participle
- The movie has started (regular verb)
- Ive eaten ten pizzas! (irregular verb)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

22
S+ Aux.+ V (past part)+ C
I have started the plan.
You have left the room.
He has drunk my juice.
She has eaten the apple.
We have written a report.
You have finished a book.
They have lost their car.
S + Aux + not + V(p.p.) + C
I havent started the plan.
You havent left the room.
He hasnt drunk my juice.
She hasnt eaten the apple.
We havent written a report.
You havent finished a book.
They havent lost their car.
Aux + S + V (p.p) + C + ?
Have I started the plan?
Have you left the room?
Has he drunk my juice?
Has she eaten the apple?
Have we written a report?
Have you finished a book?
Have they lost their car?

1.5.4 FUTURE WITH GOING TO AND SIMPLE FUTURE

We use going to when we decide to do something in the future, when we make

plans or have an intention. Plans can change, so it is not 100% certain.
Example:
- Carol is going to visit my family in New York. (this is her plan or intention)
- Im going to study in China. (this is my plan or intention)
We also use going to for predictions from the situation. Sometimes we can see
that something is going to happen.
Example: * Look out! Those books are going to fall on your head.
Forming the going to

We use the auxiliary (verb To Be) + going to + verb (in infinitive)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

S+Aux + going to + V + C S+Aux+not+going to + V + C Aux+S+ going to +V+ C + ?

I am going to stop.
You are going to live here.
He is going to go there.
She is going to ask you.
We are going to get up early.
You are going to wear jeans.
They are going to stay here.
I am not going to stop.
You are not going to live here.
He isnt going to go there.
She is not going to ask you.
We are not going to get up early.
You are not going to wear jeans.
They arent going to stay here.
Am I going to stop?
Are you going to live here?
Is he going to go there?
Is she going to ask you?
Are we going to get up early?
Are you going to wear jeans?
Are they going to stay here?

1.5.5 SIMPLE FUTURE

We use will in simple future tense.

- He will go to the beach.

23
 We also use will to make a promise.
- I will do lots of homework tonight.
For formal prediction.
- The weather forecast for tomorrow it will rain in the afternoon.
Forming the simple future (with the auxiliary will)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

S + Aux. + V + C S + Aux + not + V + C Aux + S + V+ C + ?

I will study English. I will not study English. Will I study English?
You will begin to work. You will not begin to work. Will you begin to work?
He will help her. He wont help her. Will he help her?
She will write a poem. She will not write a poem. Will she write a poem?
We will come early. We wont come early. Will we come early?
You will find the word. You will not find the word. Will you find the word?
They will paint the house. They wont paint the house. Will they paint the house?

CHAPTER TWO

Advertisement

What will I achieve in this chapter?

OBJECTIVES:

24
Students will be able to:

Understand the consequences of certain actions and unexpected results of life situations
by studying different stories of people and their own experiences in English in order to
adopt an optimistic and comprehensive attitude towards difficulties in life.

Analyze choices, make comparisons when shopping for goods and/or services by being
informed of different offers, consumer rights, in order to get the best for their money and be
aware of their rights and obligations as consumers, in situations where the English language
is required.

Analyze their own learning styles through reading stories about how other people learn,
what works for them, what doesnt, doing questionnaires and exercises related to the
learning strategies in order to make the most of the experience of being a second language
learner, overcome difficulties they may encounter in the learningteaching process and
become independent learners.

II.1 How does he look like?

Adjectives: The adjectives tell you more about the size, shape, color, etc. of nouns. We put
them before nouns. They do not have plural s or other changes. When we describe a
person there are some things that we have to mention:

Name Cristina
Age Late teens
Build good figure
Height pretty tall
Hair color black
Hair style long, wavy
Face oval-shaped, turned-up nose, full lips
Eyes brown, long eyelashes
Complexion olive-skinned
Distinguishing features dimples
Dress a T-shirt, a pair of jeans
Personality talkative, funny

ADJECTIVES THAT WE COULD USE TO DESCRIBE A PERSON.

Age Build Height Hair color Hairstyle Face

Young Fat 57 Brown Long Thin

25
 Medium
Middle/aged Thin Black Short Long
height
Average
Elderly Slim Gray Straight Round
height
In his/her 30s Petite Short Dyed Curly Oval
In his/her early
Overweight Tall Dark Wavy Squar
40s

Dintinguishing
Personality Eyes Complexion Dress
Features
Beard (male) Nice Black Pale Scruffy
Bushy
Mustache (male) Quiet Suntanned Conservative
eyebrows
Unshaven (male) Loud Thin eyebrows Dark-skinned Elegant
A scar Moody Thick eyelashes Olive-skinned Fashionable
With glasses Funny brown
What is it like? We use this question when we ask someone to give an opinion about, or
describe, something or someone. We use an adjective in the answer.

Examples: - Whats your teacher like? - Shes fantastic!

- Whats Joes house like? - Its enormous!

GROUPS AND NATIONALITIES:

Adjectives can become nouns if we add the

- Groups of people:
The young the old the rich the poor

- Some groups and nationalities have no plurals

The French the Chinese the Japanese the Portuguese
The Swiss the British the Amish the Dutch
The Irish the Spanish the Welsh the Danish

- Some nationalities use noun plurals.

The Indians the Brazilians the Americans the Turks the Greeks.

THE USUAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES. (you wont often find them all in one sentence)

1.How much / 2.What is it 3.How big 4.What shape 5.How old is

How many like? is it? is it? it?

26
 a / an Beautiful little Square Old
one Nice small Round New
Three Ugly Medium-size Oval Modern
A lot of Clean Average-sized Rectangular Antique
some Expensive long Flat 1982

6.What color is 7.Whats the 8.Wheres it 9.Whats it What is it?

it? pattern on it? from? made of? (noun)
pale Check French Plastic Scarf
Light Striped English Cotton Shirt
Bright Plain Japanese Wood(en) Chair
dark Flowered Mexican Leather Car
white Leopard-skin Chinese Paper Doll

Exercise: Put the words in order:

a) Shirt cotton a new beautiful.

_________________________________________________________________
b) Large wooden old a house.
_________________________________________________________________

c) Apples large two green beautiful

_________________________________________________________________

d) Movie an new interesting science-fiction

_________________________________________________________________

e) Green vase old a beautiful

_________________________________________________________________

f) Short a coat red plastic

_________________________________________________________________

g) Carpet a old beautiful blue

_________________________________________________________________

h) Puppy little a sweet black

_________________________________________________________________

27
PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES:

Adjectives ending in ed or ing can be confusing.

- John is bored. (the subject, John, feels bored)

- John is boring. (the subject, John, causes the feeling in others)
Other examples:

Bored interested excited worried fascinated

Boring interesting exciting worrying fascinating

II.2 Call

Work in small groups. Discuss these questions.

How many phone calls do you make/ receive in a typical day?

What do you use your phone for most?
Who do you call most?

Work with a partner. List any things that you dislike about phones. Read the magazine
article and check if it mentions any of the things on your list.

PHONE MOANS:

Audrey: I hate when the on a train or in a asked me to talks to the

person Im speaking to
starts drinking or eating
something. It sound
disgusting!
Ben: Its so boring when
you go out with
somebody who spends
half time talking on her
cell phone. When I go
out with somebody, I turn
my phone off and listen
to my voice mail when I
get home.
Cathy: I think there
should be places where
cell phones are banned.
For instance, when Im
restaurant, I hate
listening to people
talking about private
things. It should be
against the law! Call me
old fashioned, but I like
to travel and eat in peace.
Dan: Ive given up
calling my friends who
have children. Every
time I call them, they ask
me to talk to their two-
year- old boy. I have to
speak to him in this silly
voice, and he never talks,
so I have to listen to him
breathing into the phone.
Luckily, they havent
baby yet, but shes
usually screaming in the
background, so you cant
have a normal
conversation anyway.
Ellen: I like to talk to a
real person on the phone,
but nowadays
You get a recorded
message that gives you
all these options to
choose from. If you dont
hear everything the first
time, you cant ask them
to repeat. You have to
start again. Oh, and the
music that they play

28
while youre on hold
awful.
Frank: I hate it when you
call a company or an
office and you can never
get through to the person
you want to speak to.
The operator connects
you to an extension, and
the person you want is
not there, so you have to
wait for ages. Then you
get another extension,
and its still the wrong
one, so you have to wait
again. And again and
again, until you get tired
of trying.

COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS WITH WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS FROM THE

PREVIOUS ARTICLE.

a) Do you think it should be against the law to use a c________ p________ while
youre driving?
b) Have you ever been in an embarrassing situation because you forgot to t________
your phone o________?
c) When somebody leaves a message on your v________ m________, how long do
you wait before you return the call?
d) When was the last time you listened to a r________ m________ and had to choose
from different o________?
e) While you are o________ h________, do you prefer to listen to music or silence?

There are formal and informal calls, and we use different kind of phrases for each

Offers Requests Requests for permission

Should I have a message
for
Would you like me to drive
over and pick you up
Could you tell her its Can I call you back later?
urgent?
I was wondering if you could Is it O.K. if I bring my
come over and baby-sit. boyfriend?
Would you mind hanging on
a minute, please?

FORMAL CALL:

A: Good morning! HCB Incorporated, May I help you?

B: Good morning. May I speak with Mr. Mason, please?
A: Whos calling, please?
B: This is Miss Aguilar.
A: Where are you calling from?
B: Im calling from Scotiabank
A: Sorry, Miss Aguilar, but Mr. Mason is not available at this moment.
B: Do you know at what time he will be available?
A: No, I dont know. But would you like to leave him a message.

29
B: Yes, could you please tell him that we are missing some documents and we need the
last three months taxes payment receipts for the loan?
A: Sure, I will tell him.
B: Thank you, you are very kind, good bye.
A: Good bye.

INFORMAL CALL:

A: Hi! Doris, this is Ruth.

B: Hi Ruth, How are you doing?
A: Actually, not too good.
B: Oh sorry, whats happening? Is it something wrong with your children?
A: Yes, Danny had a bad night; he was with fever and coughing. All night long; he
even vomits.
B: Thats awful, what would you like me to do?
A: Well, Doris, I need to go to the doctors
B: I imagine.
A: Could you tell Mr. Gardner that Im going to be late for class?
B: OK, no problem. I hope that everything is going better. Take care of your children.

II.3 Shop.

When do you give presents?

Whats the best present youve ever given?
Whats the best present youve ever received?
Do you think its easier to buy presents for men or for women?

Read the article about giving and receiving presents and answer the following questions:

a) Did a man or woman write the article?

b) Does he or she think men are good at choosing presents?
c) Does he or she think women are good at choosing presents?
d) What do women and men really want for their birthday? Do you agree?

WHAT PEOPLE REALLY WANT FOR THEIR BIRTHDAY

It was my birthday recently, and as usual, I didnt get what I really wanted. I usually get a
bunch of flowers, a book, a box of candy, and electronic gadgets. My family always asks
me what I want, and I always say the same thing I want a surprise. So this year I
got flowers, books, candy and gadgets.

30
Flowers are lovely, but they hardly ever last for more than a week, and a real present is
something you can keep. I always look for the diamond ring hidden in the flowers, but its
never there.
Books are waste of time, and I hate getting candy because Im normally on a diet.
But gadgets are the worst. Most women are not interested in gadgets. Men buy gadgets for
women because men love gadgets. For my birthday, my husband bought me a gadget that
makes bubbles in the bath, like a Jacuzzi. Last year he got me one of those things you put
on the back of your seal and it massages your back. Whats he trying to tell me? That
I deserve some little luxuries? I agree with that, but the little luxuries I like are made of
gold or silver.
But women are sensitive and intuitive, so they always know the right thing to buy. Right?
Wrong.
The big mistake that women make is that they usually buy clothes. They buy clothes
because they like them, and they want other people to wear the clothes they like. you
always wear dark colors, and want to change you, so Im going to buy you a brightly
colored tie or a pair of Mickey Mouse socks.
This is a big mistake. Men usually dont want brightly colored ties or silly socks. The word
to remember when you are buying a present for a male is gadgets. Men like anything digital
or electronic. Like on of those watches that tell scuba flashlight and a Swiss army knife, the
same present that I once gave to a 12 year-old nephew. He was overjoyed.
Its very simple. You cant ever go wrong if you always remember the G word for men
and the J word for women and thats J for jewelry, not J for Jacuzzi.

Exercise: Read the text again and underline the words referring to frequency.

Exercise: Rearrange the words below to make six statements from the article.
You have been given the first word.

a) A can real you something is present keep

______________________________________________________
b) Books time of waste a are
______________________________________________________
c) Most in are interested women gadgets not
______________________________________________________
d) Women and intuitive are sensitive
______________________________________________________
e) Men usually silly or colored want
socks dont ties brightly
______________________________________________________
f) Men anything like electronic digital or
______________________________________________________

31
II.3.1 Consumer rights

To have a product warranty.

To be able to return damage merchandise.
To have a refund on damage merchandise.
To have a discount on damage merchandise.
To be able to read the ingredients written on the label of the products.
To know the expiration date of the items (medicaments, food, etc)
To pay fare prices for the items.
To receive a good service.
To receive the advices on the use of electric supplies.
To get the receipts.
To fit the clothing before buy them.
To be able to change the clothing or shoes which do not fit them.
The customer is always right.
To receive the necessary warnings about the consumption of the
products, for example Cigarettes might be hazardous for your health.

32
RETURNING AN ITEM

Here is an example where the person needed to return an item. What do the person is going
to return? And why?

Read the questions and then in pairs read the dialogue and discuss the situations. After that
make up a similar situation and write your own dialogue.

DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Was Ana right about returning the blouse she bought?

2. Would the phrase: the consumer is always right apply in this situation, why or
why not?

3. Should Ana get her money back if her mother doesnt like the colors the store has?

This would be a typical situation at a store, take roles, read it and discuss, use the questions
as reference.

IN A STORE:

33
 II.3.2 Classified adds

Help Wanted Help Wanted

Clerk Typist
Expd. Clerks to help w/filing and
typing 55 WPM. Top pay and bnfts.
Apply in person 1-4 p.m. M&B Tool
& Die Comp. 354 Lower Azusa Rd.
El Monte, Calif.
Clerk Typist
General office exp. Type 65 WPM.
Permanent FT. Excellent Salary and
Fringe Bnfts. Call Mrs Stevens,
please contact us phone. 2123-4567
Computer Programmer
$2,125/ month. Must be Expd.
Knowledge of Fortran Nec.
Phone 2241-9999
Construction
Opening for FT. Temp. workers M/f.
some Exp. required $500/Wk + Pd.
Vac. Send fact Sheet with Ref. to The
Mark Baver Co. 2216 Wood Ave.
Drivers
Deliver to hospital, flexible Hrs. Must
have valid drivers license, car
provided, Call 2625-4142
Crane operator
Exp. only. Salary commensurate with
Exp. Send resume to Box Trans 008.
General Office
Must type 45 WPM. Nice phone
personality. Congenial office.
Excellent salary.
Call 2222-6655
Manager Assistant.
Mens clothing store, South Chicago.
Pref. Bilingual Spanish English.
Exp. helpful but not Nec. Call Mr.
Bernardo for Appt. phone 7765-4321
Nurses aide
Wanted for 10 pm 6 am shift. Gd.
Sal. Excel. Benefits apply at General
Hospital. Personnel office from 8 12
daily. No phone call
Sales
Will train, hi fi, audio,
TV, Gd. Sal and Bnfts.
Ask for Napo. 7753-8205
Waiter/ waitresses
PT / FT work avail. Now. Days &
evenings. $6.00/hr. plus tips.
Call 6666-6500
Sales person
Carpets, expanding store, Exp. Gd.
Sal. Plus commission. Call for Appt.
from 9 to 5 Phone 5555-2442.

READING THE WANT ADS

The want Ads in the newspaper may be a gold mine of information about job openings.
Most job hunters head for the want Ads first. The from page of each newspaper usually tells
you on what page to find the want Ads (classified Ads) once you have found the right

34
section, look under Help wanted or Employment opportunities. Sometimes want Ads
are listed alphabetically. For example, job advertising for accountants would be near the
beginning and those for waiters / waitresses near the end.

Because there are often more highly qualified applicants than there are jobs, getting a good
job is not easy. Its hard to find a job if you dont have experience, but you cant get job
experience without first finding a job, you must fist decide what you are qualified for and
what you want to do. You must be realistic.
What should you do when you open the newspaper and find hundreds of jobs listed? How
can you decide which jobs to go after?
Look at the information shown in the Ad below.

Type of job HELP WANTED Education or

Auto Mechanic Needed. HS req., Training required
Work Experience 2 years Exp., 8 5, 5 days/ wk.
Required Tools A must $8,000 guar. working hours
Phone 4444-4444. Bob`s Service
Spot.
Personal Equip- Amount of pay
ment required.
Job location

QUESTIONS:

1. Which Ad requires a bilingual person?

2. How much does the construction job pay?

3. Which Ad promises you tips besides your salary?

4. Can a person with no experience apply for the crane operator job?

5. Which sales job sounds better for a person with no experience?

6. Which Ad says there will be some freedom in choosing working in restaurants?

7. Sandy only types 45 words in one minute. Which job should she try for?

8. What should you do if you are interested in the job of Crane operator?

9. Which ad us for working in restaurants?

10. Which ad promises the seller a percentage of every sale he/ she makes in addition to
his/her salary?

35
 II.4 ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTIONS

EXPRESSIONS:

ON HILL STREET : En la calle Hill.

ON SECOND AVENUE
ON THIRD STREET
ACROSS FROM THE PARK
IN FRONT OF THE CHURCH
NEXT TO THE CLINIC
AT THE CORNER
BETWEEN THE MOVIE AND THE BAN K:
TWO BLOCKS FROM THE HOTEL
TURN TO THE LEFT/ RIGHT
STRAIGHT AHEAD
: En la segunda avenida.
: En la tercera calle.
: Al cruzar el parque.
: Enfrente de la Iglesia.
: A la par de la clnica.
: En la esquina.
Entre el cine y el Banco.
: A dos cuadras del Hotel.
: Gira a la izquierda / derecha.
: Siga recto.

36
EXERCISES:

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS CHECK THE PLACES IN THE MAP:

1. Where is the Corner Store? ___________________________________________

2. Where is the hospital? ________________________________________________

3. Where is the bank? ___________________________________________________

4. Where is the stadium? _______________________________________________

5. Where is the post-office? _____________________________________________

6. Where is the church? ________________________________________________

7. Where is the Hotel? _________________________________________________

8. Where is the bookstore? ______________________________________________

9. Where is the bus terminal? ____________________________________________

10. Where is the train Station? ____________________________________________

PAST CONTINUOUS

We use the past continuous to describe a continuing situation. We often interrupt a

continuing situation with a sudden event.

6:30 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 7:30 p.m. 8:00 p.m.

X
Taking a bath phone rang

Nadia called me at 7:30. I was taking a bath.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

S+Aux + V(ing) + C S + Aux + not + V(ing) + C Aux + S + V(ing) + C + ?

I was reading a book. I was not reading a book. Was I reading a book?
You were living here. You were not living here. Were you living here?
He was drawing a picture. He wasnt drawing a picture. Was he drawing a picture?
She was asking you. She was not asking you. Was she asking you?
We were sitting. We were not sitting. Were we sitting?
You were wearing jeans. You were not wearing jeans. Were you wearing jeans?

37
 They were staying here. They werent staying here. Were they staying here?

EXERCISE:

Make questions using the words given.

1. Tim / draw pictures

___________________________________________________________________
2. Kate and Bill / use the computer
___________________________________________________________________
3. Ed and Lisa / read a book
___________________________________________________________________
4. Paula and Jim / write on the board
___________________________________________________________________
5. Anna / talk
___________________________________________________________________
II.5 PLURAL NOUNS

Spelling rules for regular noun plurals

- One vowel, one consonant

o Cat cats bed - beds
- Words ending in - ss -sh -ch -x -o
o Glass glasses dish dishes
o match matches watch - watches
o box boxes fax faxes
o potato potatoes tomato - tomatoes
- Words ending in a consonant and a y
o Family - families
- Words ending in a vowel and a y
o Donkey donkeys

Irregular noun plurals

Some nouns have irregular plurals,

- Knife knives - life lives

- Leaf leaves - thief thieves
- Shelf shelves - self selves

- Man men - Tooth teeth

38
 - Woman women - mouse mice
- Child children - foot feet

No change
Some words have the same singular and plural
- Sheep sheep
- Fish fish (fishes)

Some words are always plural

- Scissors - a pair of scissors
- Pants/ jeans/ shorts - a pair of pants/ jeans/ shorts.

II.5.1 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE NOUNS.

- We can count countable nouns: a bottle two bottles three bottles

- Countable nouns singular a/an (we use an with words beginning with a vowel sound.
I have an umbrella. Do you have a chair?

- Countable nouns plural. Some, any, not any.

o We use some for statements There are some chairs in the other
room.
o We use any for questions Are there any chairs in the other room?
o We use notany for negatives There are not any chairs in the other room.

UNCOUNTABLE (MASS) NOUNS

- We cannot count uncountable nouns.

Some coffee some milk some rice

- Uncountable / Mass nouns some, any, not any

o We bought some tea
o Did you buy any tea?
o We didnt buy any tea

- Some can also be used for questions.

o Could you buy me some tea? (a definite idea)
o Are there some sandwiches for me?

EXERCISE: Put SOME or ANY in each space.

a) There arent ____________ good restaurants in this town.

39
 b) Dont worry about lunch. I bought ____________ sandwiches.
c) You need ____________ scissors to cut the paper.
d) Do you have ____________ brothers or sisters?
e) I think you owe me ____________ money.
f) Wed like to stay longer, but we dont have ____________ time.
g) Could you give me ____________ information please?
h) Sam bought ____________ pants at the sale.
i) There are ____________ books on the table. Are they yours?
j) Could you bring me ____________ bread from the supermarket?

II.5.2 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE CONTRAST.

- Sorry, he isnt here. He has left.

- Sorry, he isnt here. He left at 8:00.

Smith has scored a goal!

We are not interested in when he did this. We are interested that he has scored!

Smith scored a goal in the second minute of the game.

We are interested in the time when he scored.

Ive broken my pen. Now I cant write my essay!

This explains why we cant do something now.

I broke my pen at school in math class.

This explains what happened, where it happened, and when it happened.

Have you been to China? Yes.

When did you go to China? I went in 1998.

BEEN AND GONE

- Kate has been to the store. (Shes at home now).

- Kate has gone to the store. (Shes not at home).

EXERCISE: Put the verbs in parenthesis into the past simple or present perfect.

a) Where (you go) __________________ on vacation last year?

b) Jane is a famous writer, and (write) __________________ over fifty books.

40
c) I (miss) __________________ the end of the movie last night. What (happen)
__________________?
d) I (lose) __________________ my keys on Monday but I (find)
__________________ them on Tuesday.
e) We had a great party last week Who (you, invite) __________________?
f) Where (you, meet) __________________ Sam?
g) Peter is hurt and (not play) __________________ basketball for a month.

CHAPTER THREE

Making friends

41
 What will I achieve in this chapter?

OBJECTIVES:

Students will be able to:

3.1 MAKING COMPARISONS

WRITE CORRECT SENTENCES USING THE INFORMATION PRESENTED
(see pages 13 and 14)
EXAMPLE: (my sister tall) (my mother taller) (my father the tallest)
a) My sister is tall; my mother is taller than my sister; my father is the tallest of the
three of them.
1) (Silvia short) (Betty shorter) (Rita shortest)
__________________________________________________________________

2) (Robert strong) (George stronger) (Richard the strongest)

__________________________________________________________________

3) (Gloria beautiful) (Jenny more beautiful) (Nicole the most beautiful)

__________________________________________________________________

3.1.1 WHAT IS SHE LIKE? WHAT DOES SHE LOOK LIKE?

What is he/she like? Refers to personality.
Example: What is your father like? - He is a very patient man

42
 What does he/she like? Refers to physical characteristics.
Example: What does your mother look like? - She is short, with long wavy hair.

3.1.2 DESCRIBE YOUR BEST FRIEND ANSWER BOTH QUESTIONS.

What is he/she like?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.

What does he/she look like?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
3.2 THATS WHAT FRIENDS ARE FOR.

3.2.1 Do you have a lot of friends?

1. Do you have many friends?

2. How many close friends do you have?

3. What makes a good friend?

4. Do you have a relative that you see as a friend?

3.2.2 Look at the lyrics. The lines have been cut in half. The lines are in the correct
order in column A, but they are mixed up in column B. Listen and match the two
halves of each line.
A B
VERSE 1 1) When youre down loving care
2) And you need some even your darkest night
3) And nothing, no, and think of me
4) Close your eyes and troubled
5) Oh, and soon is going right
6) To brighten up Ill be there
CHORUS 1) You just call out be there, yes I will

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 2) And you know summer, or fall
3) Ill come running is call
4) Dont you know that wherever I am
winter, spring a friend
5) All youve got to do yeah, to see you again
6) And Ill my name
7) Youve got
VERSE 2 1) Aint it good to know that If you let them
2) People can be so cold
3) Theyll hurt you let them
4) Take your very soul youve got a friend
So dont and desert you
5)

3.2.3 Arrange the words below to make well-known English expressions about
friendship.
a) Friend - girls - a - best - are - diamonds
__________________________________________________________________

b) Friends enemies like who that, - with needs - ?

__________________________________________________________________

c) Friend friend need a a in indeed

__________________________________________________________________

3.2.4 Complete each expression in the sentences below with one word from the box.

out stormy difference split have pursue get

a) The best age to ___________ married is twenty-five for women and twenty-seven
for men.
b) A big ___________ in age should not be a problem for a couple if they are in love.
c) It is impossible for both partners in a marriage to ___________ a career.
d) A woman should never ask a man ___________ on a first date.
e) A stormy relationship is much better than a boring one.
f) A couple with children should never ___________ up. They should stay together.
g) The main reason for getting married is to ___________ children.

3.2.5 MOTHER TERESA by Catherine Podijil (A book review)

In 1979, Mother Teresa won the Nobel Prize for Peace. This book tells about her life-
long work with poor people and how she finally became famous.

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The story begins with her childhood in Yugoslavia. She was born in 1910. At the age of
18, she decided to become a nun. The Catholic religion was very important to her. But
more important was helping other people. She especially wanted to help poor people of
India.

She first worked as a school teacher in India. But her students were not poor people. So,
finally she left the school. That was when she began her real lifes work. She walked the
streets in Indian cities looking for people who needed help. She gave them food,
clothing, or medicine.

After a while, other nuns began to help her. She built hospitals and schools for the poor.
She also started a special group of nuns called the Order of the Missionaries of Charity.
They began to work with the poor people in many countries around the world.

Important people sometimes gave Mother Teresa money or cars for her work. But the
money and cars always went to the poor people. She lived very simply and worked very
hard. The Nobel Prize gave her $100,000. Her Order has used this money to continue
her work. This book provides many interesting details about her life work. We may not
be able to give our lives to the poor like Mother Teresa. But we can learn from her, even
after her death.

EXERCISE: Think about the information carefully as you read. Then in the following
exercise, circle the letter of the expression that best completes each sentence.

1. This book probably

a. Is fun to read.
b. Is good for children.
c. Has a lot of useful information.
d. Tells about the problems of the poor people.

2. Mother Teresa was famous because she

a. Was an Indian.
b. Helped poor people.
c. Had a lot of money.

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 d. Was a schoolteacher.

3. People gave Mother Teresa money in order to

a. make her rich.
b. help her win the Nobel Prize.
c. help her travel.
d. help her to help poor people

3.2.6 MOHANDAS K. GANDHI

Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Probandar, India, Gandhis father and grandfather
had both gone into politics, and each had served as prime minister of an Indian State.
Gandhi was married at the age of thirteen to a girl of the same age named Kasturbai. He
had been engaged to Kasturbai for several years.

When Gandhi was nineteen, he went to England to study law. His wife and his son stayed
in India. In 1891, Gandhi returned to India. He passed his bar examination, but he was so
shy and afraid to speak that he wasnt a good lawyer. Two years later, however, an Indian
business company sent Gandhi to South Africa as its lawyer there.

In South Africa, Gandhi was shocked at the treatment of other Indians. Gandhi read books
by Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. In them, he found ideas about nonresistance, the dignity of
labor and civil disobedience. Gandhi believed in these ideas so strongly that he became an
excellent lawyer and political leader, and after a twenty-year fight, he ended legal
discrimination against Indians in South Africa.

A forty-six, Gandhi returned to India, where he used the same ideas of nonviolent civil
disobedience to free his country from British rule. India became independent in 1947. Since
his death in 1948, Gandhis work has influenced other leaders such as Martin Luther King,
Jr., in the United States.

EXERCISES:

* According to last reading about Mohandas K. Gandhi answer the following questions:

46
1. Which was his Profession? _________________________________________________

2. What was his date of birth? ________________________________________________

3. Which was his wifes name? _______________________________________________

4. Where is he from? _______________________________________________________

5. How old was him when he get married? ______________________________________

6. Who influenced him? _____________________________________________________

7. When was the Indians independence? _______________________________________

8. At what age he returned to his country? ______________________________________

9. In which country did he work as a lawyer? ____________________________________

10. Besides an excellent lawyer Ghandi became a ________________________________

* Answer the following questions: What happen first? (Select a or b)

1. a) Gandhi got married.

b) He went to England to study law.

2. a) Gandhi was born.

b) His grandfather was prime minister of an Indian State.

3. a) Gandhi died.
b) Martin Luther King Jr., used his ideas in the U.S.

4. a) Gandhi became a lawyer.

b) He became engaged to Katurbai.

5. a) Gandhi became an excellent lawyer.

b) An Indian firm sent him to Africa.

6. a) India became independent.

b) Gandhi died.

COMBINE EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES IN ONE SENTENCE. Sentences a has to

be changed into the past perfect form and should be place when before the sentence,
and sentences b should be leave in simple past.

47
EXAMPLE: a) Gandhi got married
b) He went to England to study law.

When Gandhi had gotten married, he went to England to study law.

1. ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

PAST PERFECT TENSE

The past perfect talks about an event in the past that happened before other past event.
Forming the past perfect: HAD(Aux.) + VERB in past participle
- The movie had started when we arrived to the movies theater. (regular verb)
- Wed eaten ten pizzas, then they gave us some ice cream. (irregular verb)
We use the Past Tense for the more recent event and Past Perfect Tense for the
previous event.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

S+ Aux.+ V (past part)+ C S + Aux + not + V(p.p.) + C Aux + S + V (p.p) + C + ?

I had started the plan. I hadnt started the plan. Had I started the plan?
You had left the room. You hadnt left the room. Had you left the room?
He had drunk my juice. He hadnt drunk my juice. Had he drunk my juice?
She had eaten the apple. She hadnt eaten the apple. Had she eaten the apple?

48
 We had written a report. We hadnt written a report. Had we written a report?
You had finished a book. You hadnt finished a book. Had you finished a book?
They had lost their car. They hadnt lost their car. Had they lost their car?

Use these words with the Past Perfect tense:

For por/durante Never nunca/ jams
Since desde Once una vez
Before antes Twice dos veces
Ever jams/ alguna vez

The past perfect is used to describe a past event which took place before another
past event.
o By the time the train arrived, Susan had managed to push her way to the
front of the crowd.

It is not always necessary if a time expression makes the order of events clear.
o Before the train arrive, Susan managed to push her way to the front of the
crowd.

EXERCISE

CHOOSE THE MOST SUITABLE TENSE.

1. I suddenly remembered that _______________________ my keys. (forgot / had

forgotten)

2. By the time Sheila got back, Chris _______________________ (went / had gone)

3. David _______________________ Japanese food before, so he knew what to order.

(ate / had eaten)

4. Laura missed the party because no-one _______________________ her about it.
(was telling / had told)

5. I didnt know you _______________________ a new car. (buy / had bought)

KEYPOINTS:
The past Perfect describes past events which took place before another past event.
Generally referring to two events in the past.
If before or after is used, the past perfect is optional
The past perfect is not used to show that an event happened a long time ago in the
past.

49
 It expressed a continuous state for a time in the past, but that have finished before
the present time (it means, that does not continue).

3.3 POLLUTION

CIVILIZATION OR PLANET DESTRUCTION?

When I was a child and a young boy, we had a better life than now a days. Some young
people would say that life is better now, that they live in a modern way with T.V. sets, cell
phones, beepers, fast cars, fast motorcycles, video games, VHSs, computers and
calculators that make their life easier.
Thats fine, very fine, but we have to go to the core of the matter: Is modern man living
better than before? Just take a look at our world: rivers, lakes, lagoons and seas are
contaminated; our air is polluted; cars, buses, trucks and vans are filling the air with
pollution; we contaminate our earth with the garbage we produce every day and we
contaminate the air with smoke and loud noise produced by our stereos and radios.
We are killing our Mother Earth with our carelessness and stupidity We are not
intelligent We are going right into the abysm Our ancient people told us take care of
the earth but we are foolish. We dont want to hear and understand this message.
We should do it, but we cant understand the message: save the earth to save yourself.

EXERCISE: ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. USING CAN AND CANT. SEE THE
EXAMPLE.
a. Can we clean our rivers? Yes, we can clean our rivers.
No, we cant clean our rivers.
1. Can people help to preserve forests and wildlife?
_________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.
2. Can we sort the garbage in bags for pick up?
_________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.
3. Can we have special laws to protect the environment?

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 _________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.
4. Can our community outlaw burning garbage?
_________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.

5. Can we have a recycling center in our community?

_________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.

3.4 .
3.5 .

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