edx cybersecurity fundamentals unit 6 22 trminos GwonnyWong

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sys admin systems administrator

DHCP dynamic host configuration protocol

DNS domain name system

statically manually configured

RARP reverse address resolution protocol, RARP server gives

out ip address to NIC's with MACs, like ARP, existed
inside of frames and did not have header IP to be sent
out of networks, needing its own RARP server, mac
address needed to be collected and ip address (to be
handed out in RARP server)

BOOTP bootstrap protocol, messages encapsulated in UVP data

 grams at layer 4, encapsulated in IP packets at layer 3,
allowing it to be routed off network and need for a
server each and every network is not needed, machine
sends request to bootp server with mac address, and
assigned an ip address, usually two servers on for full
tolerance and load balancing, admins still had to collect
mac address and manually associate them with ip
address on server

relay agents in bootp server responsible for relaying back ip address

requested, turns device's broadcast into unicast directed
specifically at bootp server

DHCP uses scopes, client machine asks DHCP server for ip

address, server picks a number from dyanmic pool and
assigns it to host's physical mac address for a given time,
"lease", can be renewed before it expires to not lose
connectivity, no mac addresses need be collected
because it's all dynamic, made in extension of BOOTP
because of its capability with relay agents

scopes ranges of ip addresses used in dynamic fashion, ip

addresses can be excluded or reserved in scope

option 53 distinguishes DHCP from BOOTP in layer 7

static addressing prevalent for servers and router interfaces that cant rely
on external server giving them dynamic ip addresses

DORA discover, offer, request, ack (acknowledge) (describes

the four message types), general process of client
requesting and getting ip address from DHCP server

discover message broadcasted at layer 2 and 3, layer 3, ip address is

broadcast 255.255.255.255, layer 2 broadcast mac is FF-FF-FF-FF-
FF-FF, source ip is unspecified 0.0.0.0, clients default
gateway will need to be preconfigured to know about
DHCP server in autonomouos system, router interface
sees broadcast and inspects UDP datagram to see
DHCP discover message to have its frame and packet
replaced and send UDP datagram as unicast in new one
to DHCP server through normal routing process, DHCP
checks ip address of relay agent (in DHCP portion of
 message), shows what network the client is on, and give
address accordingly, gateway is same network as client

DHCP server gives such things as subnet mask, default gateway ip

address, DHCP server address, and DNS server address
to DHCP client, through client-requested DHCP requiest
with source ip 0.0.0.0 and destination ip 255.255.255.255
and source mac mac of client and destination mac FF-
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

DHCP ack sent after requested DHCP is sent from client, client can
now send unicast from ip address

FQDN fully qualified domain name or Web address, in HOSTS

file along with ip address, allows for websites to still be
accessed despite ip changes

DNS domain name system, hierarchical distributed way of

resolving names to ip address, client configuration has ip
address, subnet mask, and default gateway ip, DHCP
server ip, and DNS server ip, DNS is contacted first in
resolving FQDN's with their corresponding addresses,
two usually set up

DNS process client contacts DNS servers, escalates query to 13 root

DNS servers, sharing logical ip addresses, root server
responds with referral to client, and

top level domain (TLD) .net, .com, .edu, maintained by registries

top level domain responsible for knowing the authoritative DNS servers
authoritative DNS for subdomains in given top level domain
servers

router DHCP and DNS server is typically in routers, but not as

robust as enterprise server, it just acts as a sender for
queries to ISP's DNS server

www.rit.edu www - machine name, ip address is needed, .RIT -

subdomain, .edu - top level domain