CAR HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

AMIRUL IKRAM BIN MD ZAINAL 1224519

Project supervisor: Prof MOMOH JIMOH EYIOMIKA SALAMI

A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR A DEGREE BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(B. ENG) IN MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
 DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled Car Health Monitoring System is the result of

my own research

Signature ..

Name ..

Date .

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 APPROVAL PAGE

I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it

conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in

scope and quality, as Final Year Project report as partial fulfillment for a degree of

Bachelor of Engineering (Mechatronics) (Honours).

..

[Prof. Momoh Jimoh Salami Emiyoka]

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 ABSTRACT

Automotive technologies nowadays have been developed into the new whole

level. The diagnostic system became a serious matter in order to know the condition

of the car. However, certain peoples with car technical skill can only diagnose a car.

For the typical layman who does not have any knowledge about the car condition, to

diagnose a car such a nightmare for them. In order to avoid this situation, a proposed

system with a user friendly is developed in this project. This system can be used to

diagnose and monitor the vehicle condition. Moreover, this system will continue to

alert the user if anything happened in their car system. There are certain parameters

given to ensure that this system can monitor the car condition efficiently.

Keywords: Automotive, car condition, diagnose and monitor

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I want to show grateful to The Almighty Allah S.W.T.

because give me such a strength in order to complete Final Year Project 1 (FYP1). His

knowledge that is beyond among all of the human make me want to study more so that

I can still be grateful to him to give me his little knowledge.

I want to express my appreciation to Prof Momoh-Jimoh Eyiomika Salami for

his guidance and patience in order to give me really big knowledges for the

completion of FYP1. His characters and words give me inspiration to continue in

further studies about this project.

Finally, I dedicated this project to my parents that continue to give emotional

and psychological support so that I can continue to finish this project. Thank you also

for any individuals that gave me unaccountable assistance for the completion of this

project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLERATION

APPROVAL PAGE

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURE

LIST OF TABLE

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 1

1.3 Project Objectives 3

1.4 Project Methodology 3

1.4.1 Literature Review 5

1.4.2 Conceptual Design 5

1.4.3 Simulation of the Design 5

1.4.4 Develop the prototype 5

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 1.4.5 Project testing 6

1.4.6 Final Report and Presentation 6

1.5 Scope of Work 6

1.6 Report Outline 7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Car Monitoring System 9

2.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System 12

2.4 Battery Voltage Level Monitor 13

2.5 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor 14

2.6 Air Filter Condition Checker 16

2.7 Summary of literature review 18

2.8 Summary 20

CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND COMPONENTS

SELECTION
3.1 Introduction 21

3.2 Car Health Monitoring System 21

3.2.1 Car Battery Voltage Level Detector 23

3.2.2 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor 23

3.2.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System 24

3.2.4 Air filter Condition Checker 25

3.3 Flowchart 28

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 3.3.1 Car Battery Voltage Level Detector 28

3.3.2 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor 29

3.3.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System 30

3.3.4 Air filter Condition Checker 31

3.4 Block Diagram 32

3.4.1 Car Battery Voltage Level Detector 32

3.4.2 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor 32

3.4.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System 33

3.4.4 Air filter Condition Checker 33

3.4.5 Block diagram of entire system 34

3.5 Schematic Diagram 35

3.6 Bill of Material 36

3.7 Summary 37

CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION, RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 38

4.2 Implementation 38

4.3 Result 40

4.2.1 Car Battery Voltage Level Monitor 40

4.2.2 Radiator Coolant Level Detector 42

4.2.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System 43

4.2.4 Air Filter Condition Checker 45

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 4.4 Analysis 47

4.4.1 Algorithm 47

4.4.2 Car Battery Voltage Level Monitor 48

4.4.3 Radiator Coolant Level Detector 48

4.4.4 Tire Pressure Monitoring System 49

4.4.5 Air Filter Condition Checker 51

4.5 Summary 52

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 53

5.2 Recommendation 53

REFERENCES 54

APPENDIX A: GANT CHART PROJECT 55

APPENDIX B: CODING 56

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 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1: Methodology flowchart 4

Figure 2.1: Every part of the car systems 9

Figure 2.2: Block diagram of On-Board diagnostic system 10

Figure 2.3: Basic concept (VHMS/WebCARE) 11

Figure 2.4: Piezoelectric is used for monitoring tyre condition 13

Figure 2.5: Car battery monitoring circuit using PSPICE as simulation 14

Figure 2.6 Diagram of a car cooling system 15

Figure 2.7: Size of mass thin air flow sensor 17

Figure 3.1: Arduino atmega328 22

Figure 3.2: HC-06 Bluetooth module 22

Figure 3.3: Water level sensor 24

Figure 3.4: Laser module 27

Figure 3.5: LDR (light dependent resistor) sensor 27

Figure 3.6: Flowchart of battery level detector 28

Figure 3.7: Flowchart of radiator coolant level monitor 29

Figure 3.78: Flowchart of tire pressure monitoring system 30

Figure 3.9: Flowchart of air filter condition checker 31

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Figure 3.10: Block diagram of battery voltage level monitor 32

Figure 3.11: Block diagram of radiator coolant level monitor 32

Figure 3.12: Block diagram of tire pressure monitoring system 33

Figure 3.13: Block diagram of air filter condition checker 33

Figure 3.14: Block diagram of entire system ` 34

Figure 3.15: Entire system schematic diagram 35

Figure 4.1: Red area of the main system was installed 39

Figure 4.2: GUI for car health monitoring system in a smartphone 40

Figure 4.3: Result for car battery in a good condition 41

Figure 4.4: Result for car battery in a bad condition 41

Figure 4.5: Result of normal level of water in the spare tank 42

Figure 4.6: Result of the low water level in the spare tank 43

Figure 4.7: Result of good condition tire 44

Figure 4.8: Result of bad condition tire 44

Figure 4.9: Result of normal air filter 45

Figure 4.10: Result of bad air filter 46

Figure 4.11: Flowchart algorithm of car health monitoring system 47

Figure 4.12: Curve of output air pressure sensor 50

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 LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1: Summary of literature review 18

Table 3.1: Relationship air pressure and tire condition 25

Table 3.2: Relationship LDR sensor and air filter condition 26

Table 3.3: Bill of material 37

Table 4.1: Input and output of the float-less water level sensor 49

Table 4.2: Result of the car air filter experiment using LDR 51

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

TPMS - Tire pressure monitoring system

ADC Analog to digital converter

RTD Resistance temperature detector

LED Light emitting diode

LDR- Light dependent resistor

LIST OF APPENDIX

FYP project 2 Gantt chart 55

Coding 56

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

It is very easy to discover our car have some problems like having a flat tire,

car cannot be turn on due to low battery voltage and many more. The situation can be

really worst when it comes in a situation that one is in motion of hurry. The driver

does not have a time to check their car condition even their tire condition. So, this

project is expected to develop an intelligent car health monitoring that capable of

alerting the car user when there is a problem with their car system.

1.2 Problem Statement

a) Poor car maintenance

Every 90% of car broke down cases is actually from the users themselves. The

user did not send their car for maintenance. The car owner should follow the

maintenance schedule so that the car can perform optimally without any

consequences. The problem is that they actually are not a car expert. The critical part

is that they also do not know anything about the car. The user of the car is just a

layman that who does not have any skill to monitor their car. So, the worst case

scenario that could happen is that their car maybe broken down in the middle of

nowhere.

b) Insufficient knowledge and skills on car technology

For many drivers also the inner of a car is just a nightmare for them. They are

afraid to check and monitor the car system. So, when something goes wrong they send

their car to someone who expert in automotive system to provide an accurate solution.

Although they send their car for repair, not all of the mechanic give an honest solution

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for the car owner. Sometimes because of the greedy, the mechanic cheat their

customer by change many parts of the car system which actually the part or the system

does not required any maintenance. It is happen because of the driver does not have

any knowledge about the car. But, what if all of the problem can be solved if there

was a device that could provide the car owner about vehicular simpletons with

ongoing monitoring and recommend a non-biased solution when a problem is

identified.

c) Unexpected car components or system failure

There are several cases of accidents which is that the car system is failed

while the driver is driving. As expected, there are no any symptoms that the car will

be brake down but after several minutes of travel, some parts or system of the car is

failed. This shows that it is a serious problem because it may lead into an accident and

can be dangerous to the car driver.

d) Car components theft

It is common for cars to expose in many unexpected situations. Car

components theft is one of them. The car theft usually steals car components like

battery tyres and others. The worst case scenario is that someone can sabotage the car

in order to make something bad to the car user. For car health monitoring system it

can help the car user to monitor any condition of their car so that any unexpected

problem can be avoid.

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1.3 Project Objectives

1. To investigate relevant sensor for monitor various critical parameters in a

vehicle especially battery voltage level, air filter checker, tire pressure and

water radiator coolant level.

2. To develop an algorithm for intelligent car health monitoring for various

critical parameters

3. To design a graphical user interface (GUI) which can be implemented in a

smartphone

4. To develop a prototype of the car health monitoring system that can be

implemented in real life.

5. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system.

1.4 Project Methodology

The methodology flowchart in figure 1.1 is used as a guidance in order to develop

this project. This methodology describes the steps that should be follows from the start

until the finish of the project within the period given. The duration of the project is 14

weeks.

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 Start

Literature review

Conceptual design

Simulation of the design

Is the simulation
satisfactory?

Develop the project prototype

Project testing

Is the project testing

satisfactory?

Final report and presentation

End

Figure 1.1 Methodology flowchart

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1.4.1 Literature review

Literature review is the review from the previous study about slightly the same

title of this project. It can give the idea as well as to gain information so that this

project can be done. Literature review is conducted based on the selected parameters.

All of the subsystems have been studied during literature review in order to avoid

plagiarism.

1.4.2 System analysis and design

This is the phase where the information and ideas from the previous review is

being used. Conceptual design is one of the most important stages because it is the

design in order to make this project. Several hardware and software must be selected

during this phase. All of the subsystem overview like flowchart, block diagram and

schematic diagram is done during this stage.

1.4.3 Simulation of the design

Simulation of the design is the stage where the conceptual design being

simulate in order to know exactly the design of the system is really good or not.

Simulation is really important because it provide the real result of the design.

1.4.4 Develop the prototype

This is the stage where all of the systems design being constructed. This phase

mainly used practical skill in order to build the system. All of the theoretical concept

that were done during previous stage is being used to develop the prototype of the

system.

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1.4.5 Project testing

This is the phase where the develop prototype were being tested. All of the

subsystems must be connected to the one main system. If the project testing were

failed, conceptual design must be redesigned so that the performance of the system

can be better. It provides the result the system and the limitations of the system.

1.4.6 Final report and presentation

This is the phase for the documentation of the system. All of the analysis, results,

conclusion and future work of this project is being documented in the report.

Presentation is the stage where the project is being present to the judge.

1.5 Scope of Work

This project is to integrate multiple subsystems and analyse the data then send it to

the main system. Wireless data transmission is used in order for the main system and

subsystems to communicate with each other.

This system will include the following:

a) Arduino as the microcontroller

b) HC-06 as the hardware to transfer the data wirelessly.

c) The sensors will be voltage level detector, gas pressure sensor and water level

sensor float switch.

d) Interfacing the input and output peripheral devise to the microcontroller.

e) Independent power supply

f) Integrate multiple subsystems to one main system.

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1.6 Report Outline

The outline of this project is categorized into 5 chapters. Chapter 1 is about

introduction of the title. It is to introduce the project. All of the contents like

background, problem statement, objectives, scope of works and report outline are

briefly discussed in this chapter. This chapter is all about the understanding the

concept of the title. For the chapter 2 it is about the review of the previous research

that are related to this project. Some points of view and limitations about the previous

research have been listed. Chapter 3 is about the conceptual design of the system and

components selection. This chapter provides the design concept flowchart of each of

the subsystem and schematic diagram. Chapter 4 is about the system implementation,

result and analysis. This chapter is about the analysis of the system. The result and the

outcome of the system will include in this chapter. Chapter 5 is about conclusion and

recommendation. The whole content of this project and any recommendation can be

discussed in this chapter. This chapter also concluded overall the project work.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Car is a vehicle that is the most important for human to travel from one place

to another. It can make the travel become faster and easy. The problem is that not

everyone knows how to monitor essentially the components or devices of the car and

diagnose their car whenever problems occur. Once the car broke down, it takes a huge

amount of cost to repair it. Besides that, when the car being repair it can waste the

time also it can affect the activity of the car user. In order to overcome this problem, it

is necessarily to detect any symptoms that can affect the car health so that suitable

measures can be taken without any delay. There are certain devices that are still

effective in order to monitoring the car health. For example, mechanics still using

digital multimeter in order to measure voltage, current and resistance while an

advance version of digital multimeter can measure frequency, pulse width and

temperature. This shows that how important to monitor the car even using a simple

device. Figure 2.1 shows every part of the car systems.

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 Figure 2.1: Every part of the car systems. (Image from http://warrantycompete.com/systems.asp)

2.2 Car monitoring system

Diagnostic system is invented in order to monitor and control the system of

a car. This system consists mainly of a controller exclusive for collection of data for

self-diagnosis of the operating condition of the car system and a data base which

stores collected data so that the data can be effectively used for the diagnosis

mentioned above. The diagnostic system that can be implemented in car system is on-

board diagnostic system (OBD). On board diagnostic means that the car has a

capability of self-diagnostic and reporting to the user. This device can diagnose the car

system then when the car system has some problem it can report to the user so that the

user can take action for the problem. M. Jyothi Kiran (2012) further emphasizes, OBD

can monitoring most electrical and electronic parts of a car. Furthermore, OBD system

can indicate the type of diagnostic indicator and its pinout and the electrical signalling

protocol also the communication format of the system.

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 There are certain parameters also that OBD can monitor in which this device

have been programme to encode each of the data from the car system. Speed, rpm,

coolant temperature and battery voltage which is for ignition of the car are some of the

parameters which OBD can monitor effectively. If OBD is the system that can report

directly to the user through a direct communication, there is also a system called off-

board diagnostic system. This system function same as OBD but the contrast is that

off-board will produce an error code. It required special device in order for the error

code to be translate and read. The code which the device is produced is the specific

problem of the car system. The advantages of this system is that the system can

constantly monitor any parameters of the user have programme to the system. The

disadvantage is that this system is one of the old systems that can monitor the car

system. In order to implement it in the car, it required a lot of complicated wiring so

that the system can be function smoothly. Figure 2.2 shows the block diagram of the

OBD.

Figure 2.2: Block diagram of On-Board diagnostic system (Jyothi, 2012)

Apart from that, there is also vehicle monitoring system using web based

system in order to monitor heavy vehicle. Murakami (2002) says that in his journal

title Development of Vehicle Health monitoring System (VHMS/WebCARE) for

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large-sized construction machine, the VHMS controller use Computer Area Network

in order to make the computers to communicate with electronic controller of the

machines. Electronic devices then give the data to each of the controller in the main

part of the heavy vehicle system. The controller now process the data that are acquire

from the electronic devices after that the data will automatically transmitted to the

WebCARE database via the ground station at the optimum timing. After all of the

processes have done, the user can monitor the vehicle system in the workstation. By

using VHMS controller, the user can perfectly monitor the vehicle condition also the

device can give such as the date, preparing frequency distribution and performing

flight data function which means it can save the data even the system have some

trouble. Moreover, VHMS system is using non-volatile memory, even when the

system is disconnected from the power source the data of the system still not lost.

Although, VHMS is using web as an interface to monitor vehicle system, there are

also have some flaws. Firstly, this system is for only industrial use which operator can

monitor a lot of heavy vehicle in the industry. Secondly, this system required high cost

of budget in order to implement it. Figure 2.3 shows how VHMS works.

Figure 2.3: Basic concept (VHMS/WebCARE) (Murakami, 2002)

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2.3 Tire pressure monitoring system

For the tire intelligent system, according to Ryosuke (2008), the intelligent car

tyres can monitor many parameters such as strain, temperature and air pressure in

order to ensure the car safety. The European scientists have proposed an intelligent

system to make sure that the system can diagnose the deformation of an automobile

tyre. The deformation of the tyre can happen if there have friction between the tyres

with the road surface. This system can benefit the user so that the user can drive their

car safely, improve the stability of the car, provides some information of the tire

condition and prevention tyre burst. In the journal title intelligent tyre system- states

of the art and potential technologies emphasizes that in order for the data to be

transmit the data must be converted to the resonance frequency. Most of the wireless

system is using microcontroller as a controller to transmit the data. The

microcontroller will analyse and process the data then with a help of certain hardware

the data will transmit to the workstation. Basically, the communication protocols that

the controller is using such as bluetooth, zigbee and IEEE. For the wireless data

transmission, power source is required so that the wireless communication can be

performed. Yi (2008) writes that a small power source is placed in a tyre in order to

make sure that radio signal can be send to the workstation from inside the tyre. The

advantage of the intelligent car tyre system is that the system is a simple system that

can perform effectively for the user to monitor their tyre. However the disadvantage is

that the system can be easily be damage due to non-protection place because it is

situated in a tyre. Figure 2.4 shows that piezoelectric is used for intelligent tyre

monitor.

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 Figure 2.4: Piezoelectric is used for monitoring tyre condition (Image from

http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/12/8123/htm)

2.4 Battery voltage level monitor

The major problem of an electric car is that the battery of an electric car is

limited. The electric car can be use in short term time. Mokkonen summarizes that in

his INCA research, due to the limited power source, electric car can only travel in

short range.

In previous study by Madu Amajor (2008) states that battery monitoring

system (BMS) is used to develop the system in order to monitor the automobile car

battery level. BMS can make sure that the user do not draining the car battery until the

level which the car not being able to restart. BMS is developed by using electrical

components such as LED, resistor and inductor. The advantage of BMS is that the

user can monitor their battery level as soon as the user started to turn on the engine. It

also alerts the user to make sure that the car is not being use until the battery voltage

level become so low. The disadvantage of BMS is that the system is being placed near

the car engine with a high temperature. The BMS components can be damage because

of the high temperature of the car engine. Apart from that, before BMS is developed,

PSPICE is used for the simulation of the system to make sure that the circuit is

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working when the actual circuit is build. Figure 2.5 shows the circuit of the battery

monitoring system using PSPICE.

Figure 2.5: Car battery monitoring circuit using PSPICE as simulation (Image from
https://fkineavy.wordpress.com/pspice-model/)

2.5 Radiator coolant level monitor

Car coolant system is also important in order for the user to drive the car

safely. If coolant system of the car is failed, the car engine may be on fire because of

overheating. So, it is important to monitor the car coolant system. According to

Francis (2007), the most common failure in car system is coming from the car radiator

cooling system. The radiator system failure commonly happened because of the poor

car maintenance. Regular car radiator checking must be imply to the car user at least

once a month. For an internal combustion, the engine is compulsory to have a cooler

system because of the internal combustion make the temperature become high.

Madeline (2009) explain that statistically cooler system of an engine may lower the

engine temperature by 30 to 35 percent which is consider as the best temperature for

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the engine to continuously run effectively. Figure 2.6 shows the diagram of a car

cooling system.

Figure 2.6 Diagram of a car cooling system (Image from http://www.stforeignauto.com/service-

repair/engine-cooling-system)

Overheating of an engine can be caused by loss of coolant because of the

system leak, airflow of the car radiator is poor even defective radiator cap. Infrared

thermometer also can be use in order to detect the cooler system whether it is leaking

or not. The infrared sensor will find low level temperature so that the operator can

know the place where the cooler is leaking. For the hardware design, Madeline (2009)

claims that in order to make the water level sensor of coolant system become

intelligent some microcontroller must be used in a circuit system. The advantage of

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the system is that the system clearly can detect the water level and the disadvantage is

that the read data can be corrupted due to the stability of the car.

2.6 Air Filter Condition Checker

The car engine needed air in order to produce the internal combustion of the

engine that cause by oxygen. Although the car engine needed air to produce the

combustion, the engine needed a quality air so that the car combustion can run

effectively. Jaroszczyk, Wake and Connor (1993) summarizes that the fuel

consumptions of the car engine is depend of the good filtration system. If the filtration

system of the car is good, the fuel efficiency of the car can be more efficiency. This

shows that, a good air filtration of the car system can help the car become more

reliable. For statistics by anonymous at Thornton Research Centre, about 90 percent of

fuel consumptions may not be affected during the internal combustion due to good air

filter.

In previous study by NASA Glenn Research Centre, thin film air flow sensor

is used to measure the air flow of the system. The study said that the mass air flow

works by measure the temperature difference at the Wheatstone Bridge. When the

current is passing through the Wheatstone bridge, it can cause the rises of the

temperature. So, when the air passing through the Wheatstone Bridge it reduce the

temperature of the Bridge thus reduce the electrical resistance of the Bridge itself. If

there is no wind passing through, the electrical resistance between the Wheatstone

Bridge is increases. By measure the electrical resistance shows that whether the car air

filter is in good condition or not. The advantages of this research are this sensor is

much more robust than hot wires, causes less disturbance than pilot tube and more

accurate than vane anemometer. Although this sensor have really good advantages, it

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also have flaw because thin film air flow sensor is not easy to design. Figure 2.7

shows the size of the thin mass air flow sensor.

Figure 2.7: Size of mass thin air flow sensor (Image from Glenn Research Centre of Ohio, 2004)

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2.7 Summary of literature review
Table 2.1: Summary of literature review

Source of Point of view Performance Remarks

Information
M.Jyothi kiran, S.Ravi This study shows that The result gathers The OBD system is
teja (2012). Vehicle the On-Board the information of too old for the new
Health Monitoring Diagnostic (OBD) the vehicle technology. The
System, International system is used for monitoring system. interface of the user
Journal of vehicle monitoring There are several is not friendly as the
Engineering Research system. OBD used parameters that can new technology can
and Applications direct monitor through make the system is
(IJERA) Vol. 2, Issue 5, communication with OBD. Researcher use more user friendly.
September- October, the user interface. Labview as the user
pp.1162-1167 interface to simulate
the system.

Taku Murakami, This study use web- The operator can This system is just for
Takachi Saigo, based as a monitor all of the a heavy industry as
Yasunari Ohkura, communication of system in the large- to monitor many of
Yukio Ogawa, the controller in sized vehicles at the large-sized
Tadashi Tadinaga large-sized workstation. This can vehicle system. The
(2008). Development construction vehicles reduce the operator budget for this
of Vehicle Health to monitor the workload as they can system is high
Monitoring system. only monitor at one because use private
(VHMS/WebCARE) place only. this study satellite to monitor
for Larged-Sized used satellite as the the vehicles.
Construction communication
Machines, Komatsu system.
Technical Report vol.
48 no. 158, pp.15-21

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Source of Point of View Performance Remarks
Information
Ryosuke Matsuzaki, Discussed the criteria Provides wireless Protection-less
Akira Todoroki of intelligent tires data transmission to system at the sensor
(2008). Department using microcontroller send the data from as it placed in the
of Mechanical to monitor the the sensor to the tyre. The system
Sciences and deformation, operator. This study have some limited
Engineering, Tokyo temperature and air gives the example total energy
Institute of pressure of the tire. what sensor to be available,
Technology, Japan, used for monitor temperature
Wireless Monitoring
each of the dependency and
of Automobile Tires
parameters. relatively short life
for Intelligent Tires,
span.
Sensors ISSN 1424-
8220
Madu Amajor, James The main point of Using PSPICE as the The circuit will be
Nguyen, Fisseha this study is about simulation to build damage as it does
Tessfaye (2008). Battery Monitoring the circuit provides not have any coating
Department of System. Through very good result for to withstand the
Electrical Engineering BMS the user can the research. Simple temperature of the
University of San monitor their battery circuit is used to engine. The user
Jose, United States level as soon as the construct the interface is not user
of America. Real user started to turn system. friendly.
Time Automotive on the engine. It also
Battery Monitoring alerts the user to
system, EE98 Senior make sure that the
Project Report, pp.1- car is not being use
30 until the battery
voltage level become
so low

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Source of Information Point of View Performance Remarks

Madeline R. Ables, Using sensor to This project use Use assembly

Daniel Carlo L. Noay, monitor the car LED display to language to
Lorraine A. Rivera radiator with the monitor the water program the
(2009). Bachelor of sensor is connected to level. The project microcontroller
Science in Computer the microcontroller. run successfully as which is really hard
Engineering, Mapua Microcontroller it can monitor the to implement.
Institute Technology. receives and converts water level even
Microcontroller- the analog signals to the car is running.
based car radiator digital then send to
Temperature and the workstation.
Coolant Level
Indicator, pp.1-85
Glenn Research Using a thin mass air Thin mass air flow The system
Centre of Ohio flow that is made up of can be required
Technology Transfer Wheatstone Bridge. implemented at the complicated circuit.
and Partnership This research use wind air filter to detect There is no wireless
Office ; Thin Film to measure the the air flow of the transmission as the
Mass Air Flow Sensor electrical resistance at air filter system. user must check
TOP3-00158, 2004, the Wheatstone The ideal mass flow manually the
pp.1-2 Bridge. shows that it can sensor.
gives the smooth
reading for the
turbulence flows.

2.7 Summary

To summarize the literature review, all of the previous research had been

understand in order to produce the idea for conceptual design of the system. Some

performance and limitations of the past research have been selected in order to ensure

the design of the system will be a good system.

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 CHAPTER 3

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND COMPONENTS SELECTION

3.1 Introduction

Car health monitoring system consists of one main system that monitor several

subsystems in the car which are battery voltage level, radiator coolant level, air filter

condition and tire pressure. All of the subsystems have its own respective sensor in

order to gather all the data of the related parameters which considered as a car health.

Each of the subsystem will analyse and interpret the data then the data will send to the

main system. The main system actually is a workstation that will notify the user about

the condition of each subsystem in the car. Due to the latest technology, wireless data

transmission is used in order each of the subsystems to communicate with the main

system. The main system will intelligently provide the explanation about the problem

and give solution to the user.

3.2 Car health monitoring system

Car health monitoring system is the combination several subsystems that

gather the data of each parameter then send it to the main system. The major

components of the system are as following:

1. Arduino atmega328

2. HC-06

The connection of the main system and the subsystem is wireless. The sensors

that are attached in each of the parameters will send directly to the workstation so that

the user can know their car condition. Arduino atmega328 is the microprocessor of the

subsystem. The microprocessor will then connect to the HC-06. HC-06 is a Bluetooth

module that will transfer the data of the sensor to any workstations that have a

21
Bluetooth device. The workstation for this project is a smartphone. The Bluetooth

module will connect to the smartphone so that the data from the sensor can be

monitor by the user. Figure 3.1 shows Arduino Atmega328 and figure 3.2 shows HC-

06.

Figure 3.1: Arduino atmega328 (Image from http://www.geeetech.com/wiki/index.php/Arduino_Uno)

Figure 3.2: HC-06 bluetooth module (Image from http://www.instructables.com/id/Add-bluetooth-to-

your-Arduino-project-ArduinoHC-06/)

22
3.2.1 Battery Voltage Level Monitor

The car health monitoring system is designed to monitor the battery level

condition. The voltage of the battery that a car usually used is 12V. The monitoring

phase is when the engine is turning on. During this phase, the battery of the car is

stabilized. The battery voltage will be connected to the microprocessor. The

microprocessor then connected to the HC-06 by using RX and TX port which are

receiving and transmitting port respectively. The HC-06 then will transfer the data to

the workstation. If the voltage level is around 12V to 12.5V, the battery is in good

condition also the alternator is in good shape. If the voltage level is below then 12V

the battery is clearly is in bad condition. For the battery voltage which is around

12.5V above, the battery might explode which shows the symptom of the faulty

voltage regulator.

3.2.2 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor

Every car in the world had a type of heat transfer which can be called as

radiator. The radiator is used for the cooling system of the internal combustion of the

car engine. If there is no heat transfer between car engine and the radiator, the engine

may be on fire due to high heat temperature of the engine. The basic principle of the

car cooling system is that the coolant will circulate through the engine block thus the

heat transfer will be conducted. Then the coolant will pass through the radiator fins.

The fins are cooled by the cooling fans that have in the radiator system.

23
 In order to detect the radiator coolant level, water level float sensor is used.

Water level float sensor is used as a switch in order to complete the circuit. The

electrode of the sensor is just a metal which conduct electricity. If the coolant touched

the sensor it will give a low input to the microprocessor. The microprocessor will

connect to the HC-06 then it will send the data to the workstation so that the user can

monitor the coolant level. Figure 3.0 shows the water level sensor float sensor.

Figure 3.3: Water level sensor (image taken from http://www.lelong.my)

3.2.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)

Car health monitoring system also incorporated with TPMS. TPMS is the

system that are designed to monitor the air pressure in the tire. Air Pressure sensor is

used to monitor the air pressure in the tire then send it to the workstation using the

same principle as the others system. Air pressure around 36 psi is the best pressure for

the normal tire condition. Below than 36 psi will alert the user because the air pressure

of the tire is too low. This project is only for the use of static tire only. In order to

monitor the tire while moving, this system need to have a protection and must be in a

24
small size so that the device will not damage due to the vigorous activity of the tire

while move. With a low cost of budget, this system will be built only to test the

concept of using static tire and transmit the data to the smartphone. Table 3.1 shows

the air pressure of the tire and the condition of the tire.

Table 3.1: Relationship air pressure and tire condition

Tire pressure Condition

Around 36 psi Good

Below 34 psi Bad

3.2.4 Air filter condition checker

Every car had an air intake system in order for the engine to produce an

internal combustion. Air from the outside of the engine will feed to the engine. The air

filter will make sure that the air will be pure as possible so that the internal

combustion can be produce efficiently. If the ratio of the air and fuel is not maintained

at optimum level, it will affect the performance of the engine. In order to detect the air

filter whether it is good or not, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor is used with a

laser module. LDR sensor is a light controlled variable resistor. It used resistance to

generate photoconductivity. The resistance of LDR will decrease when there is an

increasing of light intensity. If there is a low intensity of light, the resistance of LDR

will be increase due to generate photoconductivity. The laser module is a device that

can emits light through a process of optical amplification. There must be a power

sources so that the laser module will turn on. The light of laser module is moving in a

25
straight line. The laser module is reliable because it used only a small amount of

power sources to turn on the light by using a simple circuit.

The laser module will be place at the inlet of the air filter so it can act just like

the air that are entering the air filter but the laser module used light as a medium to

determine whether the air filter is in good condition or not. LDR sensor will be placed

at the outlet of the air filter which the air will enter the engine to perform combustion.

LDR will detect the light intensity of the laser module from the outlet of the air filter.

If air filter still in a good condition, LDR sensor will have a low resistance while a bad

air filter will make LDR sensor have a high resistance due to the interruption of light

entering the air filter. The dust will closed the air filter so the light also will not be

passing through the air filter. Table 3.2 shows the percentage of LDR resistance to

check the condition of the air filter. Figure 3.4 shows the laser module while figure 3.5

shows the LDR sensor.

Table 3.2: Relationship LDR sensor and air filter condition

Percentage of LDR resistance Air filter condition

Below 75% Normal

Above 75% Bad

26
Figure 3.4: Laser module (Image from https://www.volumerate.com/product/diy-10mw-green-laser-

module--bronze-dc-3.0~3.7v-158244)

Figure 3.5: LDR (light dependent resistor) sensor (Image from http://www.raspberrypi-spy.co.uk)

27
3.3 Flowchart

3.3.1 Battery Voltage Level Monitor

START

MEASURE
BATTERY

12v TO BATTERY IN GOOD

12.5v CONDITION

GREATER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

THAN 12.5v PROBLEM

LOWER BATTERY IN BAD

THAN 12v CONDITION

Figure 3.6: Flowchart of battery voltage level monitor

28
3.3.2 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor

START

MEASURE
CHECK WATER
LEVEL

IF LOW LOW

IF HIGH NORMAL

Figure 3.7: Flowchart of radiator coolant level monitor

29
3.3.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System

START

MEASURE
MEASURE TIRE
PRESSURE

IF LOW
BAD CONDITION
PRESSURE

IF HIGH GOOD CONDITION

PRESSURE

Figure 3.8: Flowchart of tire pressure monitoring system

30
3.3.4 Air filter Condition Checker

START

MEASURE
AIR FILTER

IF LDR READING AIR FILTER IN

<75% GOOD CONDITION

IF LDR AIR FILTER IN BAD

READING >75% CONDITION

Figure 3.9: Flowchart of air filter condition checker

31
3.4 Block Diagram

3.4.1 Battery Voltage Level Monitor

arduino

HC-06
Car battery

Figure 3.10: Block diagram of battery voltage level monitor

3.4.2 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor

HC-06
arduino
Water level
sensor

Figure 3.11: Block diagram of radiator coolant level monitor

32
3.4.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System

arduino

Pressure
HC-06
sensor

Figure 3.12: Block diagram of tire pressure monitoring system

3.4.4 Air Filter Condition Checker

arduino

HC-06

LDR sensor

Figure 3.13: Block diagram of air filter condition checker

33
3.4.5 Block diagram of entire system

Car battery

Water level
sensor

Tyre HC-06
pressure
sensor

LDR sensor

Figure 3.14: Block diagram of entire system

34
3.5 Schematic Diagram

3.5.1 Schematic diagram of the entire system

Protheus software is used to make a schematic diagram of the system. There are many

sensor that were used in this system which are float-less water level sensor, Air

pressure sensor, battery interface and LDR sensor that are connected to the Arduino

atmega328. From Arduino atmega328 it then connected to HC-06. HC-06 Bluetooth

module will connect to the smartphone via Bluetooth communication so that the car

user can monitor the car system. Below shows the entire schematic diagram of the car

health monitoring system.

Figure 3.15: Entire system schematic diagram

35
3.6 Bill of material
Table 3.3: Bill of material

Part Quantity Price Total

Arduino atmega328 1 RM 101.76 RM 101.76

HC-06 1 RM 43.00 RM 43.00

Laser module 1 RM 3.50 RM 3.50

Pressure sensor 1 RM 45.00 RM 45.00

Water level sensor 1 RM 10.00 RM 30.00

Breadboard 2 RM 9.01 RM 18.02

Resistor 11 Rm 0.05 RM 0.55

Miscellaneous Lump sump - RM 100.00

Total RM 341.83

36
3.7 Summary

To summarize, the entire system is constructed clearly as the schematic

diagram shown. All of the subsystems need a microprocessor in order to analyse the

data and send it to the smartphone. The flowchart and block diagram of each

subsystems show how the system will work from the gather the data until send it to

the workstation.

37
 CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION, RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

Sensor is a device that functions to detect the environmental factor from its

surrounding then it will provide a corresponding output. Sensor produces various

critical outputs in a form of electrical or optical signal. Most of the sensor in the world

use analog signal to detect the parameter. In this project, all of the sensors that is used

is an analog sensor. Analog to digital converter (ADC) must be used in order for

microcontroller and the sensors to communicate with each other. The microcontroller

in this project is already embedded with ADC, so microcontroller will be able to read

the data from the sensor.

4.2 Implementation

This system consist of several sensor that installed in each subsystem. All of

the sensors were connected to the microcontroller. The microcontroller will send the

data to the smartphone by using a hardware that were called Bluetooth module. The

main system which is included microcontroller and Bluetooth module will act as a

device that named car health monitoring system. Both of the hardware were placed in

a box that placed behind of the driver seat. The power source of the system also will

be placed in the box. The power source for this project is a battery. If the battery is in

low voltage, the user can disconnect the battery from the system and recharge again so

that the battery voltage is enough to supply the entire system. Figure 4.1 shows the red

area of the main system was installed. From the figure the red area is behind of the

driver seat.

38
 Figure 4.1: Red area of the main system was installed

For the subsystems, each of the subsystem was placed in their subsystem.

Voltage level detector will be placed in the car battery. Air filter condition checker

was placed in the air filter system. Radiator coolant level detector was placed in a

spare tank of the car. Tire pressure monitoring system was placed in a car tire.

Bluetooth electronic which is an application in a smartphone that is used to

make the GUI for this system. The display of the smartphone for the car user will

appear a graph that plot the entire system reading. There were also a speaker that will

alert the user if any of the system is not in good condition. Figure 4.2 shows the GUI

for the car health monitoring system in a smartphone.

39
 Figure 4.2: GUI for car health monitoring system in a smartphone

4.3 Result

4.3.1 Car Battery Voltage Level Detector

The result for the car battery voltage level detector is perfect. When the car

battery is connected to the voltage level detector which is the sensor for the car

battery, it gives a true reading about the voltage of the car. Economy car usually can

be power up by 12 V of car battery. So, for this project same principle is done by

using lithium battery which have a voltage same with car battery which is 12 V. The

voltage level detector read the same amount of voltage with the lithium battery then it

send the data to the microcontroller to process. The Arduino atmega382 send the data

to the smartphone by using Bluetooth communication as a medium to communicate

wirelessly. From the smartphone, it can be clearly seen the voltage reading. If the

battery is already in low voltage, the voltage level detector can also detect the voltage

level. Thus, in the smartphone it will appear Please Change Battery. The battery

40
voltage level detector will monitor the reading through the graph in the smartphone.

Figure 4.3 shows the result of the car battery is in good condition. Figure 4.4 shows

the result appear in smartphone during battery is failing.

Figure 4.3: Result for car battery in a good condition

Figure 4.4: Result for car battery in a bad condition

41
4.3.2 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor

The result for radiator coolant level monitor can be monitor also by using

smartphone. The float-less water level sensor is a great sensor to detect the water level

in the car spare tank. The data from the sensor will send to the microcontroller and the

microcontroller will send it to the smartphone by using Bluetooth communication. The

smartphone can display whether the water level in the spare tank. If the water in spare

tank is full, it will display normal due to enough water can supply the engine radiator.

Please add water will appear if the water in spare tank is empty. Figure 4.5 shows

the result of normal level of water in the spare tank while figure 4.6 shows the result

for the low water level in the spare tank.

Figure 4.5: Result of normal level of water in the spare tank

42
 Figure 4.6: Result of the low water level in the spare tank

4.2.3 Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)

Usually car tire used around 300 KPa for air pressure. For this project same

principle had been done to develop the tire pressure monitoring system. This project

used motorcycle tube as a medium to detect the air pressure because it is same as the

car tire. The air pressure sensor that detect the air pressure send the data to the

microcontroller to analyse. So, the reading for the air pressure will be display in the

smartphone. The result for the air pressure is small because the motorcycle tube is

small compared to the car tire. Thus, the air pressure reading also will not reach until

300 KPa. The graph of the air pressure also is constructed in order to know the

reading of the tube. Figure 4.7 shows the result of good condition tire pressure. Figure

4.8 shows the result of bad condition of tire pressure.

43
Figure 4.7: Result of good condition tire

Figure 4.8: Result of bad condition tire

44
4.3.4 Air filter condition checker

The LDR sensor got the data for the air filter condition. The reading will be

displayed also in a smartphone. The microcontroller will analyse first the data and

send it to the smartphone. There are only two condition of the air filter which are

normal and bad condition. Smartphone will display bad condition if the air filter is in

bad condition and vice versa. There is also a plotting graph to show the sensor

reading. If the percentage sensor reading below 75% it shows the air filter is in normal

condition. The smartphone will display bad condition if the percentage sensor reading

higher than 75%. Figure 4.9 shows the normal air filter while figure 4.10 shows the

bad condition of air filter both of the picture have the graphs to display percentage of

LDR.

Figure 4.9: Result of normal air filter

45
Figure 4.10: Result of bad air filter

46
4.4 Analysis

4.4.1 Algorithm

The algorithm for this project is actually to alert the car user so that they can

know their car condition. Each of the subsystem have indicators that can change if

anything happen to their car system. The buzzer which is in the GUI will turn on if the

indicator of the system is changed. The data from the sensor will be plot in the GUI so

that the car user can clearly be seen the sensor reading. Figure 4.11 shows the

algorithm flowchart.

Figure 4.11: Flowchart algorithm of car health monitoring system

47
4.4.2 Car Battery Voltage Level Detector

In order to monitor the battery voltage level voltage divider is a simplest

circuit to done the system. 100K ohms and 10K ohms of resistor is used so that the

resistance can be minimize to read the voltage reading. Arduino Uno artmega382

which is the microcontroller needs 5 V power of battery to run, then the car battery is

around 12 V to 14 V. Since Arduino pins support only 5 V maximum, then the

Voltage Divider is needed. It is simply made up of two resistors in series in order to

divide the voltage into half. Thus 100K ohms and 10K ohms is used for monitor the

car battery voltage level, but the larger the resistance the lower the power consumed

by the Voltage Divider.

4.4.3 Radiator Coolant Level Monitor

From this project, obviously the float-less water level sensor did a good job to

monitor the water level. This sensor actually reacts as a switch which is the output is

only on and off. Float-less water level sensor is made up of magnetic force that will

produce a resistance that act like a switch. The sensor will float when the water is

enough to make the sensor float. If the sensor is floating it will give the output of the

system on and when the sensor is sinking the output of the system become off. Figure

4.12 shows the input and output of the float-less water level sensor. This sensor will

not provide analog read because it is a digital sensor. That is why radiator coolant

level monitor is the only subsystem that will not plotting the graph in a smartphones

GUI because it output is only on and off.

48
 Table 4.1: Input and output of the float-less water level sensor

Input Output

1 On

0 Off

The challenge for this subsystem is that the spare tank radiator coolant is so

big while this sensor is in small size. For this project the sensor can only detect

whether the water in the spare tank if still there or the spare tank is already empty. The

idea of this project is that the user can know what is the level of their water radiator

like HIGH, MEDIUM and LOW. Although that is the idea, this project only managed

to determine the water is still in the tank and the water is already finished due to

supply to the engine. Somehow, if there is enough space to attached the sensor then

the challenges can be declined.

4.4.4 Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)

For this subsystem, it is to ensure that the sensor which is air pressure

transducer will read the data then send it to the microcontroller. The sensor will work

on 0 to 1.2 MPa. This project however collect the data from a motorcycle tube but

used the same principle to detect the car tire air pressure. The sensor is needed to be

inside the tire to get the air pressure reading. For motorcycle tube, it is only need 4Kpa

to 7Kpa of air pressure to full the tube. Thus the sensor will get a smaller reading then

the car tire pressure. Before the sensor can be used some calculations need to be done

so that the sensor will get a perfect data. Figure 4.12 shows the output curve of air

pressure transducer

49
 Figure 4.12: Curve of output air pressure sensor

The sensor had been calibrate by using some calculations. It is because to

know the true value of the sensor. If the sensor not calibrated it may cause false

reading due to not known the origin point of the sensor. From the figure 4.14 it can be

clearly seen that 0.5 V is an analog reading for 102 which is 0 MPa. 4.5 V is an analog

read for 912 which is 1.5 MPa. So, from this the true value of air pressure can be read

by using Eq. (1).

Pressure (MPa) = (Analog Reading - 102 ) * 175 / ( 921 - 102 ) (1)

There are some challenges for the tire pressure monitoring system. The

obvious challenge for this project is that this sensor is using direct communication by

using wire to communicate with microcontroller. For actual purpose, the tire should

not have any wire because the tire is moving when the car is started to move. The tire

sensor should be wirelessly connected to the microcontroller. It is to ensure the

optimum performance of the tire but for this project same principle is used to detect

the tire air pressure but using a different type of sensor. Even though, the sensor can

still detect the air pressure it does not means it is a suitable for tire. Moreover, the tire

sensor also should have a really good protector because of the car tire vigorously

50
activities like move to the bump, hole and many others. From this project also there is

a leak whenever the air entering the tire. It is due to the sensor need to be inside the

tire. So, a small hole at the surface of the tire need to be done and the sensor will be

put inside the tire. The tire have been glued but still there is a small leaking of the air

because of the sensor interrupt the tire. Thus the reading of TPMS also have been

interrupt. That is why the graph is not consistent, it is due to the small leaking. All of

this problem may be solve if the budget of FYP is much more higher. It is because to

use a really true car tire sensor is a Renault tire sensor that cost around 200 dollars. As

a conclusion, TPMS for this project is still can be used but there must be some

improvement to the sensor.

4.4.5 Air filter condition checker

Unfortunately, many cars still do not have air filter sensor. Thus, this project

had implement to check the air filter condition. The normal condition of air filter

percentage reading for LDR to monitor the air filter is around 75% and the bad

condition for air filter above 75%. An experiment had been done to determine what is

the normal percentage reading of a car air filter. Table 4.2 shows the result of the

experiment. The experiment was using 3 different type of car air filter which are

Perodua Kelisa, Proton Saga and Proton Wira.

Table 4.2: Result of the car air filter experiment using LDR

Air filter Normal condition (%) Bad condition (%)

Perodua Kelisa <80 >80

Proton Saga <75 >75

Proton Wira <75 <75

51
 The challenge for the car air filter checker is that the LDR sensor will not

stand in a high temperature in a car filter. The car air filter is placed near the engine so

that air can enter the engine to produce internal combustion. The laser module also

will not withstand such as a high temperature. This problem can be solve if the LDR

and laser module is coating with some material that can withstand such as a high

temperature in a car engine.

4.5 Summary

The result of the entire project had been shown in this paper. There is an GUI

so that the system will alert the car user if anything bad happen to their car. The

plotting graph is the data from each of the subsystem except radiator coolant level

monitor is not have a graph because the sensor is in digital form. All of the challenges

for each the subsystem also have been discussed in the analysis. The solving problem

for the challenges also have been identified in this chapter.

52
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

As a conclusion, this project have showed clearly the main idea of the system

design so that it can be implemented in a true car. From the simulation and experiment

in the FYP1 this project works very well to monitor the car system. Several types of

challenges for the car health monitoring system have been identified and to solved the

problem have been discussed in analysis. As the technology of the car is continuing to

grow, many car systems are really complicated to monitor. Thus, car health

monitoring system is a system that can monitor that can help the user to monitor their

car system easily. As a matter fact, it is firmly believed that the car health monitoring

system should be implemented in every car because it will help the car users to reduce

the cost for their car maintenance, reduce the risk for the car to breakdown and help

drivers to know more the condition of their car.

5.2 Recommendation

For the future work, it is recommended that the challenges of car health

monitoring system can be solved. It is to ensure a reliable system. Apart from that, it

hopes that the car user can still monitor their car system even though their car is not

around. Furthermore, it hopes that this system itself can help the car user to repair and

rebooting the car system. The parameters also should be widely monitored by car

health monitoring system.

53
 REFERENCES

Amajor, M., Nguyen, & Tessafaye, F. (2008). Real Time Automotive Battery

Monitoring System. United States of America: Department of Electrical

Engineering University of San Jose.

Kiran, M., & Teja, S. (2012, September-October). Vehicle Health Monitoring System.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), pp.

1162-1167.

Madeline, R., L. Noay, D., & Rivera , L. A. (2009). Microcontroller Base Car

radiator. Mapua Institute Technology: Bachelor of Science in Computer

Engineering.

Matsuzaki, R., & Todoroki, A. (2008). Wireless Monitoring of Automobile Tires for

Intelligent Tires. Japan: Department of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering,

Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Murakami, T., Saigo, T., Ohkura, Y., & Tadinaga, T. (2008). Development of Vehilce

Health Monitoring (VHMS/WebCARE) for Larged Size Construction

Machines. Komatsu Technical Report vol. 48 no.158, pp. 15-21.

Thin Mass Air Flow Sensor. (2004). Glenn Research Centre of Ohio Technology

Transfer and Partnership Office, 1-2.

Wang, Xiaojun, Wu, Z., & Liu, S. (2005). Modelling and Simulation of Thermal

Mechanical Characteristics. IEEE. International Conference on Electronic

Packaging Technology, 1.

54
 APPENDIX A: GANT CHART PROJECT 2

No Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 Implementation of

conceptual design

2 Calibrate all the sensor

3 Identify and analyse the

algorithm

4 Make the prototype

5 Identify the problem

6 System test

7 Finishing project

8 Finalizing Report

APPENDIX B: CODING

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#define WATER 8
#define LASERPIN 13

55
SoftwareSerial ss(2, 3); //(RX,TX)
float Sens1;
int Sens1Pin = 0;
float Sens2;
int Sens2Pin = 1;
float Sens3;
int Sens3Pin = 2;
float Dust,Bat,Pressure;
String WaterLevel;
float s3;
void setup(void)
{
ss.begin(9600);

Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(WATER,INPUT);
pinMode(LASERPIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop(void)
{
Sens1 = analogRead(Sens1Pin); //read the value from the sensor
Sens1 = (5.0 * Sens1 * 100.0)/1024.0; //convert the analog data LDR
Dust=100-((25 -Sens1)/10*100);
Sens2 = analogRead(Sens2Pin); //read the value from the sensor
Sens2 = (5.0 * Sens2 * 100.0)/1024.0; //convert the analog data VOLTAGE
Bat=Sens2*0.132;
Sens3 = analogRead(Sens3Pin); //read the value from the sensor
Pressure= (Sens3-102)*1.2/818;

56
s3=Pressure*1000; //convert the analog data PRESSURE
digitalWrite (LASERPIN, HIGH);
if(s3<0){
s3=0;
}
if (digitalRead(WATER)==1){
WaterLevel="LOW";
ss.print("*APlease add water!*");
ss.print("*QR255G171B149*");
ss.print("*S100*");
}
if (digitalRead(WATER)==0){
WaterLevel="NORMAL";
ss.print("*ANORMAL*");
ss.print("*QR185C234B255*");
//ss.print("*S100*");
}
if (Bat < 3){
ss.print("*BBattery Warning!!*");
ss.print("*S100*");
ss.print("*RR255G170B255*");
}
if (Bat >= 3){
ss.print("*BNORMAL*");
ss.print("*RR0G0B255*");
}
if (Dust<=74){
ss.print("*CNORMAL*");
ss.print("*LR0G255B0*");

57
}
if (Dust>=75){
ss.print("*CBAD AIRFILTER*");
ss.print("*LR255G0B0*");
ss.print("*S100*");
}
if (s3>=1.5){
ss.print("*DNORMAL*");
ss.print("*PR255G154B75*");
}
if (s3<1.5){
ss.print("*DBAD*");
ss.print("*PR174G37B75*");
}
ss.print("*W");
ss.print(WaterLevel);
ss.print("*");
ss.print("*G"); //graph
ss.print(Dust);
ss.print(",");
ss.print(Bat);
ss.print(",");
ss.print(s3);
ss.print("*");
ss.print("*X");
ss.print(Dust);
ss.print("*");
ss.print("*Y");
ss.print(Bat);

58
 ss.print("*");
ss.print("*Z");
ss.print(s3);
ss.print("*");
Serial.print("WATER LEVEL:");
Serial.print(WaterLevel);
Serial.print(" DUST:");
Serial.print(Dust);
Serial.print(" BATTERY:");
Serial.print(Bat);
Serial.print(" PRESSURE:");
Serial.println(s3);
while (ss.available()) {
// get the new byte:
char inChar = (char)ss.read();
// Serial.write(Serial.read());
// add it to the inputString
// if the incoming character is a newline, set a flag
// so the main loop can do something about it:}delay(10);
}

59