NAME: NURUL MARDHIAH BT ZULKIFLI

CLASS: A16F

RESEARCH QUESTION:

Is there any association of species Chrysopogon aciculatus between two different places?

INTRODUCTION:

One of the sampling method is the quadrat method. The goal of the quadrat method is to estimate
the population density of each species in a given community. Population density is the number of
individuals of each species per unit area. Small square areas, called quadrants, are randomly
selected to avoid choosing unrepresentative samples. Once the population densities for all quadrats
are determined, the population size within the larger area can be estimated. This sampling method
is usually used for non-moving or slow moving organisms.

AIM:

To test for the association between 2 different location for love grass (sp. Chrysopogon
aciculatus Retz) using x2 test with data obtain from quadrant sampling.

HYPOTHESIS:

Null hypothesis (H0) = There is no significant difference of the distributions of the species between
two different places.

Alternative hypothesis (H1) = There is a significant difference of the distributions of the species
between two different places.

APPARATUS:

Apparatus Quantity
Measuring tape (10m) 2
Stake 4
String
Quadrat frame (1m2) 1

PROCEDURE:

Your survey area is at a 100m2 area field.

1. Using the tape measure, mark off a square 10m on each side and drive a stake into the
ground at each corner.
2. Loop the string around each of the four stakes to mark the boundaries of the study site, then
cut the string and tie he ends. Be sure the string is taut.
3. Observe the abiotic factors of your side such as whether the area is located in full sun or
shade, or whether the soil is moist or dry.
4. On the square of 10m, put the tape measures on the ground at right-angled to each other.
Use a pair of random numbers within the sampling area to collect your data. The two
numbers are used as coordinates to locate a quadrat frame within the area. The first random
 number gives the position on the first tape and the second random number giver the
position on the second tape.
5. Determine the only species you want to study (eg: species X)
6. Observe the presence of X species in the quadrant frame.
7. Repeat step 4 to 6 by observing the present of X species in quadrat frame by picking another
random coordinate within your name 100m2 of study area.
8. Record the number of quadrat where the X species is present and absent from the total of
10 quadrant.
9. Repeat steps 1 to to 8 on different location of your study are but still using the same random
number of coordinate (e.g. first location is at football field and second location is at garden).
10. Analyse your data using chi-square test analysis.

RESULTS:

QUALITATIVE DATA:

Shady Area Sunny Area Total

Present 10 (8) 6 (8) 16
Absent 0 (2) 4 (2) 4
Total 10 10 20

Expected value for each table:

=

16 10
=8
20
Chi-square statistic formula:

( )2
2 =
( )
(10 8)2 + (6 8)2 + (0 2)2 + (4 2)2
=
8+8+2+2
16
= 0.8
20
Degrees of freedom:

= ( 1)( 1)

= (2 1)(2 1)
=1

Where r = number of rows in the contingency table

c = number of columns in the contingency table

Critical value : 3.841 (the p is 0.05)

QUANTITATIVE DATA:

The presence of love grass in sunny area is higher compared to shady area.

DISCUSSION:

It is usual to consider a result statistically significant at the 95% certainty (p less than 0.05)
level. As df = 1, that means the H0 is rejected if X2 is greater than 3.841( the critical value). Since 0.8
is less than 3.841 (expected value < critical value) thus, H0 is not rejected. There is random
distribution of love grass between two different places. 95% certain there is no association between
the two different places.

CONCLUSION:

X2 is less than critical value, H null is not rejected, reject the association between two
different places.