CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the survey of related literature and studies that provide the

researchers' knowledge and background of the study.

Related Literature

According to Abramowitz and Davidson (1999), microscopes are instruments

designed to produce magnified visual or photographic images of small objects. The

microscope must accomplish three tasks: produce a magnified image of the specimen,

separate the details in the image, and render the details visible to the human eye or

camera. This group of instruments includes not only multiple-lens designs with objectives

and condensers but also very simple single lens devices that are often hand-held, such as

a magnifying glass.

Dendere et. al. (2015), emphasized that the expansion in global cellphone network

coverage coupled with advances in cellphone imaging capabilities present an opportunity

for the advancement of cellphone microscopy as a low-cost alternative to conventional

microscopy for disease detection in resource-limited regions. The development of

cellphone microscopy has also benefitted from the availability of low-cost miniature

microscope components such as low-power light-emitting diodes and ball lenses. As a

result, researchers are developing hardware and software techniques that would enable

such microscopes to produce high-resolution, diagnostic-quality images. This approach

may lead to more widespread delivery of diagnostic services in resource-limited areas

where there is a shortage of the skilled labor required for conventional microscopy and
where the prevalence of infectious and other diseases is still high. In this paper, we

review current techniques, clinical applications and challenges faced in the field of

cellphone microscopy.

In accordance with the previous statements, Cot and Pirnstill (2015) stated that

there is a high fidelity and high optical resolution cell-phone based polarized light

microscopy system is presented which is comparable to larger bench-top polarized

microscopy systems but at much lower cost and complexity. The detection of malaria in

fixed and stained blood smears is presented using both, a conventional polarized

microscope and our cell-phone based system. The cell-phone based polarimetric

microscopy design shows the potential to have both the resolution and specificity to

detect malaria in a low-cost, easy-to-use, modular platform.

According to the article made by Kisliuk (2013), a professor of electrical

engineering and bioengineering at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and

Applied Science named Aydogan Ozcan, and his team have created a portable

smartphone attachment that can be used to perform sophisticated field testing to detect

viruses and bacteria without the need for bulky and expensive microscopes and lab

equipment. The device weighs less than half a pound.

On the other hand, Skandarajah et. al. (2014) focused on microscopic optical

imaging using a custom mobile phone microscope that is compatible with phones from

multiple manufacturers. They used all versions of the iPhone and a selection of Android

phones released between 2007 and 2012 and showed that phones with greater than 5 MP

are capable of nearly diffraction-limited resolution over a broad range of magnifications.

By accommodating the differences between mobile phone cameras and the scientific
cameras, mobile phone microscopes can be reliably used to increase access to

quantitative imaging for a variety of medical and scientific applications.

Overall, the stated literature supports that smartphones could be developed as an

optical instrument using lens. Tiny things like microorganisms cannot be seen by naked

eye so the researchers conducted this study to determine if using smartphones is a good

optical instrument.