INTRODUCTION

Temperature sensors are vital to a variety of everyday products.

For example, household ovens, refrigerators, and thermostats all
rely on temperature maintenance and control in order to function
properly. Temperature sensors are devices used to measure the
temperature of a medium. The circuit uses very few and basic
components which can be easily available, anyone can build it
right away. This temperature sensor is not only simple but also
effective.

Transistor BC547 is used as a Heat Sensor. As the temperature of

PN junction increase, transistor starts conducting to some extent.
This 'temperature' property of transistor is used here to use it as a
heat sensor. Diode 1N4148 and variable resistor of 1k ohm are
used here to set a reference or threshold level for the sensitivity of
heat. And the sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted by rotating
the knob.
Working principle of Temperature Sensor.

Working of the circuit is simple, when there is heat or increase in

temperature to the level where it crosses the threshold set by Pot,
Then the collector current increase and LED starts illuminating
slowly. We can also use Buzzer in place to LED. You also note
that, before start testing the circuit, first set the variable resistor.
When you rotate it completely in one direction, LED will be Off,
and when you rotate it completely in other direction, LED will
glow with full illumination. So set the Pot at the position, where a
slight rotation will start a dim illumination in LED.

The temperature dependency of PN junctions in transistor can be

understood by the formulae :~

T = temperature in kelvins,
T0 = reference temperature,
VG0 = bandgap voltage at absolute zero,
VBE0 = junction voltage at temperature T0 and current IC0,
K = Boltzmann's constant,
q = charge on an electron,
n = a device-dependent constant

Base-Emitter voltage (VBE) drops approximately -2.5

mV/deg.Celcius , negative sign indicates the drop or decrease of
voltage across B and E.
A NPN transistor much acts like a diode if we short the Base (B)
and collector (C) of Transistor. In that case B-C acts as Positive
terminal and Emitter (E) acts as negative terminal. And if we keep
the voltage source constant, then the voltage across the transistor
becomes the function of the temperature. For PNP transistor E will
be positive terminal and B-C will be negative. Hence by shorting
the B and C, we can use transistor as Temperature Detector. Below
is the NPN transistor BC547 Pin configuration:

Operating temperature of Transistor BC547 is up to 150 degree

Celcius, so it can be perfectly used at high temperature as a Heat
sensor. And we can also make a Fire Alarm out of it.
EQUIPMENTS / COMPONENTS

1) Protoboard.
~ The figure below shows the protoboard used for the
construction of the circuit.

2) Resistor. (1k ohm x2)

~ The figure below shows the 1k ohm resistor used for the
construction of the circuit.
3) Resistor. (220 ohm x1)
~ The figure below shows the 220 ohm resistor used for the
construction of the circuit.

4) Diode 1N4148.
~ The figure below shows the Diode used for the construction
of the circuit.
5) Transistor BC547
~Figure below shows the transistor used for the construction
of the circuit.

6) Light Emitting Diode

~ Figure below shows the LED used for the construction of
the circuit.
Procedures
1. Construct the circuit exactly like the figure below.

2. Light up a match or a lighter and put it near the Transistor

BC547
3. Observe the LED.

Results / Observations
Resistors Nominal value Measured value Percentage Error
R1 220 ohm
R2 1k ohm
RV1 1k ohm

Does the LED light up?

-YES
Conclusion
The purpose of this laboratory is to use bipolar junction transistor
(BJT) or metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
(MOSFET) and diodes for solving problems. Beside that, the
software and laboratory equipments is used for simulation and
measuring purposes. The Temperature Sensor circuit is
constructed on protoboard and the working principle of the circuit
is observed .

REFERENCE
https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/heat-sensor