902017 Secu chlorate - Wikpedia Sodium chlorate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaCIO,, It is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 300 °C to release oxygen“! and leave sodium chloride. Several hundred million tons are produced annually, mainly for applications in bleaching paper!) Contents = 1 Synthesis = 2 Uses = 2.1 Herbicides = 2.2. Chemical oxygen generation = 3 Toxicity in humans = 4 Formulations = 5 Trade names = 6 Cultural references + 7 See ako "8 References "9 Further reading = 10 External inks Synthesis Industrially, sodium chlorate is produced by the electrolysis ofa hot sodium chloride solution!*! NaCl+ 3 H,0 > NaClO; +3 Hy: This reaction progresses in heat (at least 70 degrees Celsius), and controlled pH. In lower temperature or with high pH another reaction progresses: 2 NaCl + HO — NaClO + NaCl Hy ‘The Chloralkali process is an industrial process for the electrolytic production of sodium hydroxide and chlorine. It can ako be synthesized by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium hydroxide. It is then purified by crystallization, Uses hapsilenikipeca cegiwitSodium chlorate Sodium chlorate Na"| 97 O- oO TUPAC name Sodium chlorate (Other names Sodium chlorate(V) Identifiers ‘CAS Number 7775.09-9 (httpyiwww. commonchemistry.org/C hhemicalDetailaspx?ref= 7775.09-9) ‘3D model (Jmol) Interactive image (http: cchemapps.stolaf-eduljmo, Vjmol php?model-%SBN) 2% 2B%SD.%SBO-%SD €9%28%3D0%29%3D °) (ChEBI (CHEBI:65242 (https: ww.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/sear chid.do? chebild=65242) * (Chemspider 22895 (bttpziwww.che mspider.com/Chemical- Structure.22895.btml) ¢ [ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.989 (bttps://echa.europ a.eu/substance-information/-/su bbstanceinfo/100.028.989) 45902017 Secu chlorate - Wikpedia ‘The main commercial use for sodium chlorate is for making chlorine dioxide (C103). The largest application of C1IOy, which accounts for about 95% of the use of chlorate, is in bleaching of pulp. All perchlorate compounds are produced industrially by the oxidation of solutions of sodium chlorate by electrolysis.{“1 Herbicides Sodium chlorate is used as a non-selective herbicide. It is considered phytotoxic to all green plant parts. It can ako kill through root, absorption, Sodium chlorate may be used to control a variety of plants including ‘morning glory, canada thst, johnson grass, bamboo, Ragwort, and St John's wort. The herbicide is mainly used on non-crop land for spot treatment and for total vegetation control on areas inchuding, roadsides, fenceways, and ditches. Sodium chlorate is also used as a defoliant and desiceant for: = Cotton = Grain sorghum = Safflower = Southem peas = Com = Dry beans = Flax = Rice = Peppers = Sunflowers = Soybeans Ifused in combination with atrazine, it increases the persistence of the effect. Ifused in combination with 2,4-D, performance is improved. Sodium chlorate has a soil sterlant effect. Mixing with other herbicides in aqueous solution is possible to some extent, so Jong as they are not susceptible to oxidation, Chemical oxygen generation Chemical oxygen generators, such as those in commercial aircraft, provide emergency oxygen to passengers to protect them fom drops in cabin pressure. Oxygen is generated by high temperature decomposition of sodium chlorate. Heat is generated by oxidation of a small amount of iron powder mixed with the sodium chlorate, and the reaction consumes less oxygen than is produced. Barium peroxide (BaO) is used to absorb the chlorine which is a minor product in the decomposition.{7] An ignitor charge is activated by pulling on the emergency mask. Similarly, the Solidox welding system used pellets of sodium chlorate mixed with combustible fibers to generate oxygen. Toxicity in humans hapsilenikipeca cegiwitSodium chlorate EC Number KEGG MeSH PubChem CID RTECS number UNIL [UN sumber InChl ‘SMILES (Chemical formula Molar mass. ‘Appearance (Odor Density Mekting point Boiling point ‘Solubility in water Solubility (231-887-4 C18765 (http:iwww.ke sjpfentry/C18765) ¢ Sodium+chlorate (https:/iwww. inlm.nib. gov/egi/mesh/2014/MB _sei?mode=8eterm=Sodiumch orate) 516902 (https:/pubche ‘m.nebi.nlm.nib.gov/com| pound/$16902) F00525000 T9SDR77GMR (https: dasis.nim.nih. gov/srs/sts ‘SDR, direct. jsp?regne TIGMR) 1495, 2428 Properties INack 106.44 g mot” Colorless or white solid, hygroscopic Odors 2.49 gem’ (15 Cyl] 2.54 glem (20.2 °0)P1 248-261 °C (478-5029 534 K) 300-400 °C (572-152 °F; S73 673 K) 21- decomposes! 79 g/100 mL (0 °C) £89 g/100 mL. (10 °C) 105.7 g/100 mL. (25 °C) 125 g/100 mL (40 °C) 220.4 g/100 ml. (100 °C) Soluble in glycerol, hydrazine, methanol Slightly soluble in ethanol, ammonial!] Solubility in acetone 51,8 g/100 gl!lson0%7 Due to its oxidative nature, sodium chlorate can be very toxic if ingested. The oxidative effect on hemoglobin leads to methaemoglobin formation, which is followed by denaturation of the globin protein and a cross-linking of erythrocyte membrane proteins with resultant damage to the membrane enzymes. This leads to increased permeability of the membrane, and severe hemolysis. The denaturation of hemoglobin overwhelms the capacity of the G6PD metabolic pathway. In addition, this enzyme is directly denatured by chlorate reducing its activity. ‘Therapy with ascorbic acid and methylene blue are frequently used in the treatment of methemoglobinemia. However, since methylene blue requires the presence of NADPH that requires normal fimctioning of GGPD system, itis less effective than in other conditions characterized by hemoglobin oxidation, ‘Acute severe hemolysis results, with multi-organ fire, inckuding DIC and renal failure. In addition there is a direct toxicity to the proximal renal tubule.'S! The treatment will consist of exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.!°1 Formulations Sodium chlorate comes in dust, spray and granule formulations, There is a risk of fire and explosion in dry mixtures with other substances, especially organic materials, and other herbicides, sulfur, phosphorus, powdered metals, and strong acids. In particular, when mixed with sugar, it has explosive properties. accidentally mixed with one ofthese substances it should not be stored in dwellings.!"® Marketed formulations contain a fire retardant, but this has litle effect iftdelberately ignited. Most commercially available chlorate weedkillers contain approximately 53% sodium chlorate with the balance being a fire depressant such as sodium metaborate or ammonium phosphates. Trade names Sodium chlorate is the active ingredient in a variety of commercial herbicides. Some trade names for products containing sodium chlorate include Atlacide, Defol, De-Fol-Ate, Drop-Leaf, Fall, Harvest-Aid, Kusatol, Leafex, and Tumbleaf. The compound may be used in combination with other herbicides such as atrazine, 2,4-D, bromacil, diuron, and sodium metaborate Sodium chlorate was an extensively used weedkiller within the EU, up until 2009 when it was withdrawn after a decision made under terms of EU Regulations. Its use as an herbicide outside the EU hapsilenikipeca cegiwitSodium chlorate Secium chlorate Wikipedia ‘Solubility in glycerol 29 g/100 g (15.5 °C)!!! ‘Solubility in ethanol 4.7 9/190 gltl Napor pressure <9.35 mPa] Magnetic susceptibility (2) Refractive index (mp) 1.515 (20 °C){4 -34.7-10- em*/mol Structure Crystal structure [Cubie ‘Thermochemistry Specific 104.6 mol KU! hheat capacity (C) ‘Std molar 129.7 Simo KU entropy (S*298) Std enthalpy of 365.4 kImoll! formation (AsH>93) Gibbs free energy 75 k/moll!] KarG") Hazards ‘Safety data sheet [ICSC 1117 (http:!Avww. inche im.org/documents/iesc/iescleies 1117.htm) |GHS pictograms & <> ne (Gis signal word Danger [GHS hazard 1271, 1302, HAI GHS precautionary |p999, p27315 ‘statements NFPA 704 Flash point \Non-flammable [Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LO): LDsq (median (6500 mgykg (rats, oral) dose) 700 mg/kg (dogs, oral Related compounds (Other anions Sodium chloride Sodium hypochlorite Sodium chlorite Sodium perchlorate ‘Sodium bromate ‘Sodium iodate902017 Socum chlorate - Wikpedia remains unaffected, as does its use in other non- herbicidal (Other cations ‘Ammonium chlorate applications, such as in the production of chlorine dioxide biocides Potassium chlorate and for pulp and paper bleaching Barium chlorate Related compounds | Chlorie acid Cultural references [Except where otherise noted, dala ae given for ‘materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], Historian James Watson of Massey University in New Zealand wrote 100 kPa). a widely reported article, "The Significance of Mr. Richard Buckley's verity hav is “4 Exploding Trousers'{""1!121 about accidents with sodium chlorate when used as an herbicide to control ragwort in the 1930s.('3) This the basis for the May 2006 "Exploding Pants" episode of Infobox references later won him an Ig Nobel Prize in 2005,!"4 and w: MythBusters, See also = Sodium chloride References 1. http://chemister.rwDatabase/properties-en.php?dbid=1 &id=786 2. "GPS Safety Summary of Sodium Chlorate" (htp:/‘www.arkema.com/export/shared/.content/media/downloads/socialrespo nsabilty/safety-summuries/safety-summaries-hydrogen-peroxide-sodium-chiorate-2012-06-30.pdf) (PDF), ‘ttp://www.arkema,com. Arkema. Retrieved 2014-05-25. External link in [webs te (help) Seidell, Atherton; Linke, Wiliam F, (1952). Solubilities of Inonganic and Onganic Compounds. Van Nostrand. CID 516902 (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/S16902) from PubChem Sigma-Aldrich Co,, Sodium chlorate (hitp:/www.sigmaaldrich,com/catalog/product/sial/403016). Retrieved on 2014-05- 25. ‘Hoimut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E, Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saced Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone “Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine ‘Oxygen Acids” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.206_483 (http s:fidx.doi.org/10.1002%2F 14356007.a06_483) 7. Yunchang Zhang; Girish Kshirsagar & James C. Cannon (1993). "Functions of Barium Peroxide in Sodium Chlorate Chemical Oxygen", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 32 (5): 966-969. do:10, 1021 /ic000174028 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie00017a 028). 8. Oliver J.; MacDowell M,, Tracy A (1951). "THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH ‘TRAUMATIC AND TOXIC INJURY. RENAL ISCHEMIA, NEPHROTOXIC DAMAGE AND THE ISCHEMURIC EPISODE" (https:/www.nebi.nim. nib. gov/pme/articles/PMC441312). J Clin Invest. 30 (12): 1307-439. doic10,1172/5C1102550 (https:doi org/10,1172%2FICI102550). PMC 441312 (https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih, gow/pmefarticle siPMC441312) @. PMID 14897900 (https:/www.nebinim. ni gov/pubmed/14897900).. 9, Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, McGraw-Hill Professional; 8th edition (March 28, 2006), ISBN 978-0-07-143763-9 10, Beveridge, Alexander (1998). Forensic Investigation of Explosions. Taylot & Francis Ltd. ISBN 0-7484-0565-8, 11, “The Significance of Mr. Richard Buckley's Exploding Trousers: Reflections on an Aspect of Technological Change in New Zealand Dairy Farming between the World Wars" (htp//aghist.metapress.com/content/q3224660874x8q51/), Agricultural History magazine 12. "Histories: Farmer Buckley's exploding trousers" (hitp:/www.newscientist.com/article/mg1842477 1 800-histories-farmer-b uuckleys-exploding-trousers-.html), New Scientist 13, "Trousers Explode (http://paperspast.natlb. govt.nz/egi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d-EP 193304212. 1048&e— Evening Post, 21 April 1933, 14, James Watson for "The Significance of Mr, Richard Buckley's Exploding Trousers." (bttp:/improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinn «ers, htmltig2005), improbable.com 10 My Further reading ipso ikipecta ogini/Sodium chlorate assouzo17 Sodium cherate- Wikpedia = "Chlorate de potassium. Chlorate de sodium’, Fiche toxicol. n° 217, Paris Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 2000. 4p. External links = International Chemical Safety Card 1117 (httpy/www.cde. govinioshvipesn Wikimedia Commons bas engnengl 117) Cs) nei rete to Sodium chlorate. Retrieved from "hitps://en. wikipedia. org/w/index php ?tile-Sodium_chlorate&oldid=781533388" Categories: Chlorates | Sodium compounds | Desiccants | Pyrotechnic oxidizers | Oxidizing agents = This page was last edited on 21 May 2017, at 20:02. = Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization hapsilenikipeca cegiwitSodium chlorate 55