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Farmers Remote Eye

Project Report

SUBMITTED IN THE FULLFILLMENT OF MAJOR PROJECT OF DIPLOMA


IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by- Submitted to-


Dheeraj ( 6136/12) Mr. Bipan Sher Singh
Vipan Banga ( 6135/11)

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete
this project. We want to thank the department of Electronics and Communication in CCET
for giving us permission to commence this project in the first instance, to do the necessary
research work and use the departmental data.
We have furthermore to thank whole team working for CCET who have equally cooperated
with us to understand the real working of the process and providing us the information about
the flow of the college process at different levels. We are thankful to the entire management
of CCET for their great stimulating support to us in all projects
We are deeply indebted to our project guide Miss. Renu and Mr. Bipan Sher Singh who help,
always encourage us an give stimulating suggestions during the research work of our entire
project. We also want to thank all the faculty members of E.C.E department for trheir support
and guidance. In addition we also want to thank our colleagues for their support and guidance
during project research work.

2
PREFACE
An embedded system is a combination of computer circuitry and software that is built into a
product for purposes such as control, monitoring and communication without human
intervention. Embedded systems are at the core of every modern electronic product, ranging
from toys to medical equipment to aircraft control systems1.

In contrast to general-purpose computers, embedded systems perform a narrow range of pre-


defined tasks. Thus, they usually do not have any of the typical computer peripheral devices
such as a keyboard, display monitor, serial connections, mass storage (e.g., hard disk drives),
etc. or any kind of user interface software, unless required by the product in which they are
used in. This can make it possible to greatly reduce the complexity, size and cost and increase
the robustness of embedded systems as compared with general-purpose systems.

Embedded systems are typically far cheaper than general-purpose personal computers. In
addition to the lack of peripheral devices, this is due to very large volumes of output for many
embedded chips and systems. It can also be the result of the use of relatively slow processors
and small memories that are often used, which are made practical by the narrow range of
functions performed. The lack of peripheral devices and narrow range of functions also
contribute to a lower power consumption.

An embedded system contains at least one microprocessor, also referred to as a processor,


which performs the logic operations for the system. Many embedded systems use one or
more microcontrollers, which are a type of microprocessor that emphasizes self-sufficiency
and cost-effectiveness, instead of a general-purpose microprocessor. A typical
microcontroller contains sufficient memory and interfaces for simple applications, whereas a
general-purpose microprocessors require additional chips to provide these functions,
including at least one ROM (read-only memory) chip to store the software. These chips,
along with other circuit elements (e.g., resistors, diodes and capacitors), are typically
mounted on a single printed circuit board.

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................5-19
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT..................................................................5
1.2 BASIC IDEA BEHIND PROJECT................................................................6
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES USED.................7-19
(i) GSM( sim 900A)
(ii) ARDUIINO
(iii) Environmental sensors
CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................20-22
2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM..................................................................................20
2.2INTRODUCTION TO MODULES........................................................21-22
(i) GSM (sim 900A)
(ii) Soil moisture
(iii) Dht11
(iv) Soil moisture meter
CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................23-35
3.1 COMPONENTS USED...............................................................................23
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED.........................................24-35
CHAPTER 4.......................................................................................................36
4.1.WORKING OF PROJECT..........................................................................36
CHAPTER 5.................................................................................................37-38
5.1 ADVANTAGES..........................................................................................37
5.2 APPLICATIONS.........................................................................................38
CHAPTER 6.......................................................................................................39
6.1 FUTURE SCOPE........................................................................................39
6.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................39
6.3PICTORIAL VIEW OF PROJECT...............................................................39

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CHAPTER-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

The project we are presenting here named Farmers remote eye is based on 8 bit
microcontroller platform, Microchips PIC16F877.

All the required sensors to give detailed view of field like soil moisture, temperature,
humidity, pH and any other required sensors can be added to the device. A GLCD (Graphic
Liquid Crystal Display) is added to the device for all the sensors readings and settings which
give a visual contact to the user.

A GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) link is established using GSM module
i.e. SIM 900 with farmers handset. The module is configured with the device which will
send the details to the farmers as when required. A warning message will be automatically
sent if the field is not suitable for crops.

All the sensors are connected to analog pins of Microcontroller. Sensor reads the value from
the field and send it to the microcontroller. Microcontroller converts it in to digital form
stores it in their variables. All the time new value overwrites the existing value of sensors in
variables and the same is displayed on GLCD in details with high precision.

Whenever the user asks the device to send him details via SMS, user message is received and
read. Then as per the demand reading of the sensor is chosen from the variable and sent to
user on demand via GSM. On the other hand if there is requirement of water or lights in field,
task can be performed just via an SMS. Also a special format will be designed so that nobody
other than owners can command the device.

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1.2 BASIC IDEA BEHIND PROJECT
Nowadays the number of farmers are decreasing day by day and in turn decreasing number of
farmers is affecting the production of eatables and on the other hand the development of
humanity is affected in every aspect.

Rather than increasing the number of farmers we can increase the production rate by
providing remote eyes for the farmers, which will help the farmers to monitor a large area of
field without visiting the field physically. All the required works in the field from sowing to
cutting can be done easily after monitoring the field with the help of farmers remote eye. All
this saves time and farmers can go for other options like doing any other work or business.

This project aims to establish a field monitoirng system that is capable of real-time and
accurate measurement of agricultural information. The design of the monitoring stations will
be composed of distributed sensing devices such as application specific sensors, network
camera, and Ethernet and wireless LAN modulee. The multi-sensing system will be acquiring
significant agricultural parameters such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and soil pH
levels. Other sensors can be optionally added in order to support monitoring of soil moisture,
leaf wetness, carbon dioxide concentration, ultraviolet radiation, and pest accounting.
Information from these sensing devices can be used for basic environmental measurement,
plant/animal monitoring, and farm observations.

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1.3 INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS
TECHNOLOGIES USED
(i)GSM(sim 900A)-
The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM solution in a SMT module which can
be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring an industry-standard interface, the
SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS, Data,
and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption. With a tiny configuration of
24mm x 24mm x 3 mm, SIM900 can fit almost all the space requirements in your M2M
application, especially for slim and compact demand of design.
Features-
1. SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-chip processor integrating AMR926EJ-S
core
2. Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a size of 24mmx24mmx3mm
3. SMT type suit for customer application
4. An embedded Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack
5. Based upon mature and field-proven platform, backed up by our support service, from
definition to design and production.

PICTORIAL VIEW OF SIM 900A


The GSM/GPRS Module for M2M applications
General featrues
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Quad-Band 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz
GPRS multi-slot class 10/8
GPRS mobile station class B
Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+
Class 4 (2 W @850/ 900 MHz)
Class 1 (1 W @ 1800/1900MHz)
Dimensions: 24* 24 * 3 mm
Weight: 3.4g
Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT
Commands)
Supply voltage range 3.4 ... 4.5 V
Low power consumption
Operation temperature: -30 C to +80 C
Specifications for fax
Group 3, class 1
Specifications for data
GPRS class 10: max. 85.6 kbps (downlink)
PBCCH support
Coding schemes CS 1, 2, 3, 4
CSD up to 14.4 kbps
USSD
Non transparent mode
PPP-stack
Specifications for SMS via GSM / GPRS
Point-to-point MO and MT
SMS cell broadcast Text and PDU mode `

Drivers
MUX Driver
Specifications for voice
Tricodec
Half rate (HR)
Full rate (FR)
Enhanced Full rate (EFR)

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PIN CONFIGURATION OF SIM900A-


Auto-Bauding-
SIM900A supports baud rate from 1200bps to 115200bps,also support auto
bauding mode. When power-on auto bauding mode, the first letter of command
should be uppercase such as AT or At otherwise ,module will not give any
response. Usually command with all uppercase letters are strongly
recommendatory.
Applications-

SMS based Remote Control & Alerts


Security Applications
Sensor Monitoring
GPRS Mode Remote Data Logging

(ii)EMBEDDED(PIC 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER)

PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made Microchip


technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General instruments
Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface
Controller'" now it is "PIC'" only.

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PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost,
wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low
cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash
memory) capability.

PIC MICROCONTROLLERS IN DIP AND QFN PACKAGES

CORE ARCHITECTURE
The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple attributes:

Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture).


A small number of fixed length instructions
Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles, or 4 clock cycles in 8-bit
models), with one delay cycle on branches and skips
One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is
notencoded in the opcode)
All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of math and
other functions.[6]
A hardware stack for storing return addresses
A small amount of addressable data space (32, 128, or 256 bytes, depending on the
family), extended through banking
Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers
ALU status flags are mapped into the data space
The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to
implement indirect jumps).
There is no distinction between memory space and register space because the RAM serves
the job of both memory and registers, and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register
file or simply as the registers.
HISTORY
The original PIC was built to be used with General Instrument's new CP1600 16-bit CPU.
While generally a good CPU, the CP1600 had poor I/O performance, and the 8-bit PIC was
developed in 1975 to improve performance of the overall system by offloading I/O tasks from

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the CPU. The PIC used simple microcode stored in ROM to perform its tasks, and although
the term was not used at the time, it shares some common features with RISC designs.
PIN CONFIGURATION OF PIC16F877A

TABULAR DESCRIPTION OF 16F877A

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Advantages

Small instruction set to learn


RISC architecture
Built in oscillator with selectable speeds
Easy entry level, in circuit programming plus in circuit debugging PIC KIT units
available for less than $50
Inexpensive microcontrollers
Wide range of interfaces including I2C, SPI, USB, USART, A/D, programmable
comparators, PWM, LIN, CAN, PSP, and EthernetAvailability of processors
in DIP package make them easy to handle for hobby use.

Limitations

One accumulator
Register-bank switching is required to access the entire RAM of many devices
Operations and registers are not orthogonal some instructions can address RAM
and/or immediate constants, while others can only use the accumulator
The following stack limitations have been addressed in the PIC18 series, but still apply to
earlier cores:

The hardware call stack is not addressable, so task switching cannot be implemented
Software-implemented stacks are not efficient, so it is difficult to generate random code
and support local variables
With paged program memory, there are two page sizes to worry about: one for CALL and
GOTO and another for computed GOTO (typically used for table lookups). For example, on
PIC16, CALL and GOTO have 11 bits of addressing, so the page size is 2048 instruction
words. For computed GOTOs, where you add to PCL, the page size is 256 instruction words.
In both cases, the upper address bits are provided by the PCLATH register. This register must
be changed every time control transfers between pages. PCLATH must also be preserved by
any interrupt handler.

(iii)ENVIORNMENT SENSORS - Sensors are used today in a wide


range of applications throughout the electronics industry. As electrical components become
smaller and more intricate, the need to ensure specific measurements are adhered to grows in
importance, with quality control processes becoming fundamental and complex.

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR- Soil moisture sensors measure the water content in soil. A
soil moisture probe is made up of multiple soil moisture sensors.

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Technologies commonly used in soil moisture sensors include:

Frequency domain sensor such as a capacitance sensor.


Neutron moisture gauges utilize the moderator properties of water for neutrons.
electrical resistance of the soil
Time Domain Transmission (TDT), Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) water has a
high Dielectric constant a higher water concentration causes a higher average dielectric
constant for the soil. The average dielectric constant can be sensed by measuring the
speed of propagation along a buried transmission line.
heat dissipative sensor; Heat dissipation sensors rely on the effective heat R-value
moisture of soil. Soil with additional water conducts heat more readily than dry soil.
AGRICULTURE- Measuring soil moisture is important in agriculture to help farmers
manage their irrigation systems more efficiently. Not only are farmers able to generally use
less water to grow a crop, they are able to increase yields and the quality of the crop by better
management of soil moisture during critical plant growth stages.
Besides agriculture, there are many other disciplines using soil moisture sensors. Golf courses
are now using sensors to increase the efficiencies of their irrigation systems to prevent over
watering and leaching of fertilizers and other chemicals offsite.
LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION- Urban and suburban areas , Landscapes and residential
lawns are using soil moisture sensors to interface with an irrigation controller. Connecting a
soil moisture sensor to a simple irrigation clock will convert it into a "smart" irrigation
controller that prevents an irrigation cycle when the soil is wet.

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR


Electronic brick of soil moisture sensor is mainly used to detect the moisture content in the
soil. The control board can get the moisture value or threshold in the soil via analog or digital
pins.

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FEATURES OF SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR- 1. Plug and play, easy to use.
Compatible with the mainstream 2.54 interfaces and 4-Pin Grove interfaces in the market.

2. With use of M4 standard fixed holes, compatible with M4-standard kits such as Lego and
Make block.

3. With switch to shift between analog and digital output. Able to read the specific soil
moisture information (analog) or the over-wet or over-dry soil information according to the
threshold (digital). The adjustable potentiometer is used to set the moisture threshold.

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4. With hysteresis comparator circuit for more stable digital output voltage.

Specifications -
PCB size- 71.65mm X 24.00mm X 1.6mm
Working voltage- 3.3or 5V DC
Operating voltage- 3.3 or 5V DC
Compatible interfaces- 2.54 3-pin interface and 4-pin Grove interface (1)(2)
Hardware

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DHT11 (HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE SENSOR)
DHT11 digital temperature and humidity sensor is a composite Sensor contains a calibrated
digital signal output of the temperature and humidity. Application of a dedicated digital
modules collection technology and the temperature and humidity sensing technology, to
ensure that the product has high reliability and excellent long-term stability. The sensor
includes a resistive sense of wet components and an NTC temperature measurement devices,
and connected with a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller.

DTH11 ( HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE SENSOR)


1) Feature & Application:
* Full range temperature compensated * Relative humidity and temperature measurement
* Calibrated digital signal *Outstanding long-term stability *Extra components not needed
* Long transmission distance * Low power consumption *4 pins packaged and fully
interchangeable
2) Description:
DHT11 output calibrated digital signal. It utilizes exclusive digital-signal-collecting-
technique and humidity sensing technology, assuring its reliability and stability. Its sensing
elements is connected with 8-bit single-chip computer.Every sensor of this model is
temperature compensated and calibrated in accurate calibration chamber and the calibration-
coefficient is saved in OTP memory.Small size & low consumption & long transmission
distance(20m) enable DHT11 to be suited in all kinds of harsh application occasions. Single-
row packaged with four pins, making the connection very convenient.

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3. Technical Specification:
Model- DHT11
Power supply- 3-5.5V DC
Output signal- digital signal via single-bus
Sensing element- Polymer resistor
Measuring range humidity -20-90%RH;
Temperature- 0-50 Celsius
Accuracy humidity- +-4%RH (Max +-5%RH);
Temperature- +-2.0Celsius
Resolution or sensitivity-humidity 1%RH; temperature 0.1Celsius
Repeatability humidity- +-1%RH; temperature +-1Celsius
Humidity hysteresis- +-1%RH
Long-term Stability- +-0.5%RH/year
Sensing period Average- 2s
Interchangeability- fully interchangeable
Dimensions size- 12*15.5*5.5mm

4. Dimensions: (unit----mm) -

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5. Typical application-

3Pin-NULL, MCU=Microcomputer or single-chip computer


6. Operating specifications:
(1) Power and Pins
Power's voltage should be 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to sensor, don't send any
instruction to the sensor within one second to pass unstable status. One capacitor valued
100nF can be added between VDD and GND for power filtering.
(2) Communication and signal
Single-bus data is used for communication between MCU and DHT11. One communication
process is about 4ms. Data consists of decimal and integral parts. A complete data
transmission is 40bit, and the sensor sends higher data bit first. Data format: 8bit integral RH
data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T data + 8bit check sum. If
the data transmission is right, the check-sum should be the last 8bit of "8bit integral RH data
+ 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T data".

(3) Attentions of application


(1) Operating conditions- Applying the DHT11 sensor beyond its working range stated in this
datasheet can result in 3%RH signal shift/discrepancy. The DHT11 sensor can recover to the
calibrated status gradually when it gets back to the normal operating condition and works
within its range. this section to accelerate its recovery. Please be aware that operating the
DHT11 sensor in the non-normal working conditions will accelerate sensors aging process.
(2) Attention to chemical materials Vapor from chemical materials may interfere with DHTs
sensitive-elements and debase its ensitivity. A high degree of chemical contamination can
permanently damage the sensor.
(3) Restoration process when (1) & (2) happen Step one: Keep the DHT sensor at the
condition of Temperature 50~60Celsius, humidity <10%RH for 2 hours; Step two:K keep the
DHT sensor at the condition of Temperature 20~30Celsius, humidity >70%RH for 5 hours.
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CHAPTER-2
2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

20
2.2 INTRODUCTION TO MODULES USED
GSM(SIM900A) - The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM solution in a SMT
module which can be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring an industry-
standard interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance
for voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption. With
a tiny configuration of 24mm x 24mm x 3 mm, SIM900 can fit almost all the space
requirements in your M2M application, especially for slim and compact demand of design.
Features-
1. SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-chip processor integrating AMR926EJ-S
core
2. Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a size of 24mmx24mmx3mm
3. SMT type suit for customer application
4. An embedded Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack
5. Based upon mature and field-proven platform, backed up by our support service, from
definition to design and production.

SIM 900A

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR - Soil moisture sensors measure the water content
in soil. A soil moisture probe is made up of multiple soil moisture sensors.
Technologies commonly used in soil moisture sensors include:

Frequency domain sensor such as a capacitance sensor.


Neutron moisture gauges utilize the moderator properties of water for neutrons.
electrical resistance of the soil
Time Domain Transmission (TDT), Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) water has a
high Dielectric constant a higher water concentration causes a higher average dielectric
constant for the soil. The average dielectric constant can be sensed by measuring the
speed of propagation along a buried transmission line.
heat dissipative sensor; Heat dissipation sensors rely on the effective heat R-value
moisture of soil. Soil with additional water conducts heat more readily than dry soil.

21
AGRICULTURE- Measuring soil moisture is important in agriculture to help farmers
manage their irrigation systems more efficiently. Not only are farmers able to generally use
less water to grow a crop, they are able to increase yields and the quality of the crop by better
management of soil moisture during critical plant growth stages.
Besides agriculture, there are many other disciplines using soil moisture sensors. Golf courses
are now using sensors to increase the efficiencies of their irrigation systems to prevent over
watering and leaching of fertilizers and other chemicals offsite.

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

DHT11(HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE SENSOR) - DHT11 digital temperature


and humidity sensor is a composite Sensor contains a calibrated digital signal output of the
temperature and humidity. Application of a dedicated digital modules collection technology
and the temperature and humidity sensing technology, to ensure that the product has high
reliability and excellent long-term stability. The sensor includes a resistive sense of wet
components and an NTC temperature measurement devices, and connected with a high-
performance 8-bit microcontroller.

22
CHAPTER 3
3.1 COMPONENTS USED
Microcontroller PIC 16F877
40 pin IC base
GSM module SIM 900
GLCD 128*64 ( KSO108 or KSO107)
Port expander MCP23S17SP
Humidity sensor
Temperature sensor
Soil moisture sensor
5 resistors- 10K
4 Transistors- BC547
4 Relays
2 Capacitors- 22F,
2 Capacitors-100F,
2 Capacitors-10F each
Crystal- XTAL 20Mhz
LED(light emitting diode)
Voltage regulator- 7805
1 appliance connector

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3.2 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
Microcontroller PIC 16F877- PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture
microcontrollers made Microchip technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally
developed by General instruments Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred
to "Peripheral Interface Controller'" now it is "PIC'" only.
PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost,
wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low
cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash
memory) capability.

PIC16F877A
40 pin IC base - The IC Base is always preferred instead of directly soldering IC to
the PCB.Removing IC mounted on this IC Base is simple and quick.This is 40 Pin IC
Base with pin to pin spacing of 2.54mm and width of 15.24mm (600 mil).

40 pin IC base

GLCD 128*64 ( KSO108 or KSO107) - The 16x2 Character LCDs have their
own limitations; they can only display characters of certain dimensions. The Graphical
LCDs are thus used to display customized characters and images. The Graphical LCDs find
use in many applications; they are used in video games, mobile phones, lifts etc. as display
units.
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Various graphical LCDs are available in the market with different sizes.
Here JHD12864E Graphical LCD has been explained. This LCD has a display format
of 128x64 dots and has yellow-green colour backlight. Each LCD needs a controller to
execute its internal operations. This LCD uses twoKS0108 controllers.The 128x64 LCD is
divided into two equal halves with each half being controlled by a separate KS0108
controller. Such LCDs (using KS0108 controller) involve paging scheme, i.e., whole LCD is
divided equally into pages. The paging scheme of the graphical LCD can be easily
understood

1. 128x64 LCD implies 128 columns and 64 rows. In total there are (128x64 = 1024) pixels.
2. 128x64 LCD is divided equally into two halves. Each half is controlled by a separate
controller and consists of 8 pages. In above diagram, CS stands for Controller Select.
3. Each page consists of 8 rows and 64 columns. So two horizontal pages make 128 (64x2)
columns and 8 vertical pages make 64 rows (8x8).
Troubleshooting-
No pixels visible on the display
Check +5v and Gnd connections between Arduino and GLCD panel
Check all data and command pins are wired according to the datasheet and matching
the configuration settings this is the most common cure to this problem
Check that sketch has compiled correctly and has downloaded to Arduino.
25
Run GLCD diags test sketch, see Configuration section above.
Left and right side of image reversed
Swap CSEL1 and CSEL2 wires (or swap pin assignments in the configuration file)
Display garbled
Check all data and command pins are wired correctly and that these match the setting in
the configuration file.
Check the datasheet for your panel to verify appropriate timing values are set in the
configuration file.

PIN CONFIGURATION-

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Port expander MCP23S17SP - The MCP23017/MCP23S17 (MCP23X17) device
family provides 16-bit, general purpose parallel I/O expansion for I2C bus or SPI applications.
The two devices differ only in the serial interface.
MCP23017 I2C interface
MCP23S17 SPI interface
The MCP23X17 consists of multiple 8-bit configuration registers for input, output and
polarity selection. The system master can enable the I/Os as either inputs or outputs by
writing the I/O configuration bits (IODIRA/B). The data for each input or output is kept in
the corresponding input or output register. The polarity of the Input Port register can be
inverted with the Polarity Inversion register. All registers can be read by the system master.
The 16-bit I/O port functionally consists of two 8-bit ports (PORTA and PORTB). The
MCP23X17 can be configured to operate in the 8-bit or 16-bit modes via IOCON.BANK.
There are two interrupt pins, INTA and INTB, that can be associated with their respective
ports, or can be logically ORed together so that both pins will activate if either port causes
an interrupt. The interrupt output can be configured to activate under two conditions
(mutually exclusive):
1. When any input state differs from its corresponding Input Port register state. This is used to
indicate to the system master that an input state has changed.
2. When an input state differs from a preconfigured register value (DEFVAL register). The
Interrupt Capture register captures port values at the time of the interrupt, thereby saving the
condition that caused the interrupt.The Power-on Reset (POR) sets the registers to their
default values and initializes the device state machine.The hardware address pins are used the
determine the device address

PORT EXPANDER
27
TEMPERATURE SENSOR - LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with
its output proportional to the temperature (in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore
it is not subjected to oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be
measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does
not cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.
The operating temperature range is from -55C to 150C. The output voltage varies by
10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is
0.01V/ oC..

PIN DESCRIPTION-

RESISTORS- The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. There are two
classes of resistors; fixed resistors and the variable resistors. They are also classified
according to the material from which they are made. The typical resistor is made of either
carbon film or metal film. There are other types as well, but these are the most common. The
resistance value of the resistor is not the only thing to consider when selecting a resistor for
use in a circuit. The "tolerance" and the electric power ratings of the resistor are also
28
important. The tolerance of a resistor denotes how close it is to the actual rated resistance
value. For example, a 5% tolerance would indicate a resistor that is within 5% of the
specified resistance value. Resistors are of two types:

1. Fixed resistors
2. Variable Resistors
Fixed Resistors-A fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change.
Such as Carbon film resistors.

Carbon film resistors-This is the most general purpose, cheap resistor. Usually the tolerance
of the resistance value is 5%. Power ratings of 1/8W, 1/4W and 1/2W are frequently used.
Carbon film resistors have a disadvantage; they tend to be electrically noisy. Metal film
resistors are recommended for use in analog circuits.

Variable Resistors-There are two general ways in which variable resistors are used. One is
the variable resistor which value is easily changed, like the volume adjustment of Radio. The
other is semi-fixed resistor that is not meant to be adjusted by anyone but a technician. It is
used to adjust the operating ondition of the circuit by the technician. Semi-fixed resistors are
used to compensate for the inaccuracies of the resistors, and to fine-tune a circuit. The
rotation angle of the variable resistor is usually about 300 degrees. Some variable resistors
must be turned many times to use the whole range of resistance they offer. This allows for
very precise adjustments of their value. These are called "Potentiometers" or "Trimmer
Potentiometers."

Variable Resistors

29
CAPACITORS: The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The
capacitor also functions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct
current (DC). This symbol F is used to indicate a capacitor The capacitor is constructed
with two electrode plates facing each other, but separated by an insulator. When DC voltage
is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each electrode. While the capacitor
is charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when the capacitor has fully
charged.

Types of Capacitor:

Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors)-Aluminum is used for the


electrodes by using a thin oxidization membrane.Large values of capacitance can be obtained
in comparison with the size of the capacitor, because the dielectric used is very thin. The
most important characteristic of electrolytic capacitors is that they have polarity. They have a
positive and a negative electrode. The photograph on the left is an example of the different
values of electrolytic capacitors in which the capacitance and voltage differ.

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From the left to right:

1F (50V) [diameter 5 mm, high 12 mm]

47F (16V) [diameter 6 mm, high 5 mm]

100F (25V) [diameter 5 mm, high 11 mm]

220F (25V) [diameter 8 mm, high 12 mm]

1000F (50V) [diameter 18 mm, high 40 mm]

Ceramic Capacitors-Ceramic capacitors are constructed with materials such as titanium acid
barium used as the dielectric. Internally, these capacitors are not constructed as a coil, so they
can be used in high frequency applications. Typically, they are used in circuits which bypass
high frequency signals to ground. These capacitors have the shape of a disk. Their
capacitance is comparatively small. The capacitor on the left is a 100pF capacitor with a
diameter of about 3 mm. The capacitor on the right side is printed with 103, so 10 x

103pF becomes 0.01 F. The diameter of the disk is about 6 mm. Ceramic capacitors have no
polarity. Ceramic capacitors should not be used for analog circuits, because they can distort
the signal.

Ceramic Capacitors

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Variable Capacitors- Variable capacitors are used for adjustment etc. of frequency mainly.
On the left in the photograph is a "trimmer," which uses ceramic as the dielectric. Next to it
on the right is one that uses polyester film for the dielectric. The pictured components are
meant to be mounted on a printed circuit board.

Variable Capacitors

TRANSISTOR- BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for


transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base
controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for
amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent
transistors are BC548 and BC549. The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to
operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For
amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input
conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in
common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used
biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if
there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.
Pin Diagram:

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VOLTAGE REGULATOR-Voltage regulator is a device which provides fix output voltage
in spite of the variable input voltage supplied. It is a three terminal device. Voltage regulator
basically comes in two different series: 78XX and 79XX. Voltage regulator under 78XX
series are designed for positive inputs i.e. if while 79XX series are designed for negative
inputs. In market variety of voltage regulators are available with output as 6V, 9V, 12V, 15V
etc. Voltage regulator can also withstand over current drawn due to short circuit or
overheating. It will cut off the circuit before damage occurs. One must take care while
mounting the regulator because reverse polarity may destroy the regulator.

Pin configuration of negative and positive voltage regulator-

VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805- 7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a


member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit
may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator
IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output
voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of
suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective
voltage levels

.Pin Diagram :

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RELAY-Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically
and connect them magnetically. They are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch
another one while they are completely separate. They are often used to interface an electronic
circuit (working at a low voltage) to an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage.
For example, a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a 230V AC mains circuit.
Thus a small sensor circuit can drive, say, a fan or an electric bulb.

A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output. The input section has a coil
which generates magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic circuit is applied to
it. This voltage is called the operating voltage. Commonly used relays are available in
different configuration of operating voltages like 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V etc. The output section
consists of contactors which connect or disconnect mechanically. In a basic relay there are
three contactors: normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common (COM). At no
input state, the COM is connected to NC. When the operating voltage is applied the relay coil
gets energized and the COM changes contact to NO. Different relay configurations are
available like SPST, SPDT, DPDT etc, which have different number of changeover contacts.
By using proper combination of contactors, the electrical circuit can be switched on and off.
Get inner details about structure of a Relay Switch.

APPLIANCE CONNECTOR-Berg strip male and female come with a predefined number
of pins. The designer then cut off only the required number of pins and assembles to the
circuit board. It can act as wire-to-board connector also; we can solder the wire to either of
the connector pins and fix the other connector to the circuit board. When we solder wires to
the pin of both the pair it can function as a wire-to-wire connector also. Normally they are
used as board-to-board connectors with the male connector are soldered at the periphery of
the circuit board and the female connector is assembled wherever another board is intending
to be connected.
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They are designed for high reliability and quick assembly. They are also very cheap
connectors. The Berg strips are used to carry both power and data. Berg strip found its
application in almost all kind of circuit modules, like GSM module, GPS module, Xbee
module, LCD module and in all kind of circuit boards.

MALE CONNECTOR FEMALE CONNETOR

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR(20 MHZ)- A crystal oscillator is an Electronic


oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric
material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency This frequency is
commonly used to keep track of time (as quartz rist watches), to provide a stable clock
signal or digital integrate circuits , and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and
receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal,
so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators, [1] but other
piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to
hundreds of megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most
are used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, and cellphones. Quartz
crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as countersignal
generators, and oscilloscopes

20 MHZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

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CHAPTER 4
4.1 WORKING OF PROJECT

All the sensors are connected to analog pins of Microcontroller. Sensor reads the value from
the field and send it to the microcontroller. Microcontroller converts it in to digital form
stores it in their variables. All the time new value overwrites the existing value of sensors in
variables and the same is displayed on GLCD in details with high precision.

Whenever the user asks the device to send him details via SMS, user message is received and
read. Then as per the demand reading of the sensor is chosen from the variable and sent to
user on demand via GSM. On the other hand if there is requirement of water or lights in field,
task can be performed just via an SMS. Also a special format will be designed so that nobody
other than owners can command the device.

The sensors used for measuring are the ultrasonic sensors, temperature sensors and humidity
sensors. The ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the water level in the field. The
temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature at the field Analog temperature
sensors are actually chips that record the surrounding temperature. The PIC 16F88A is the
most powerful microcontroller which can be used in all Industrial works. PIC
microcontrollers (Programmable Interface Controllers) are electronic circuits that can be
programmed to carry out a vast range of tasks. They can be programmed to be timers or to
control a production line and much more. They are found in most electronic devices such as
alarm systems, computer control systems, phones, in fact almost any electronic device. PIC
Microcontrollers are relatively cheap and can be bought as pre-built circuits or as kits that can
be assembled by the user. The PIC microcontroller we use here is to convert the analog
values from the sensors to digital values. These values are displayed using an LCD screen.

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CHAPTER 5
5.1 ADVANTAGES

Remote contact with farmers-: Farmers sitting at their homes can send a
message through their handset to get details about the soil like its humidity, moisture
content , temperature etc.
Humidity sensors-: Humidity sensors are used to know the moisture content
present in the field environment thus making it easy for the farmers to decide whether
it is suitable to grow crops in that field or not, also it helps to decide the crop type as
per the conditions.
Temperature sensors-:Temperature is one of the most important factor effecting
the crop yield, as some crops require very high temperature while others require low
temperature. Thus temperature sensor gives readings about the existing temperature in
the area.
Soil moisture sensors-: Soil moisture also contributes to the crop selection and
crop yield, thus soil moisture sensor provides information about the moisture content
in the soil.
GSM link-: GSM link is established between the GSM module and farmers
handset. The module is configured with the device so as to send the details as per
requirement.
ON demand detailed message-: Whenever farmer feels like testing the
conditions for crop growth, he needs to send a message and all the details about the
soil are sent to his handset in return
Upgradeability-: One of the most important feature is the upgradability at any
time for example- SMS controlled appliances like motors, lights can be added.

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5.2 APPLICATIONS
1.Help the farmers to monitor a large area of field without visiting the field physically. All
the required works in the field from sowing to cutting can be done easily after monitoring the
field with the help of farmers remote eye.

2. Farmers sitting at their homes can send a message through their handset to get details about
the soil like its humidity, moisture content, temperature etc.

3. Humidity sensors are used to know the moisture content present in the field environment
thus making it easy for the farmers to decide whether it is suitable to grow crops in that field
or not, also it helps to decide the crop type as per the conditions.

4. Temperature is one of the most important factor effecting the crop yield, as some crops
require very high temperature while others require low temperature. Thus temperature sensor
gives readings about the existing temperature in the area.

5. Soil moisture also contributes to the crop selection and crop yield, thus soil moisture
sensor provides information about the moisture content in the soil.

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CHAPTER 6
6.1 FUTURE SCOPE
The system which we have discussed above is implemented on the board.. But the system can
work more efficiently with present technology and may improve the existing technology in
the field of wireless communication and with the wide improvement of GSM technology
which can improve Short Message Service with the help of embedded technology anything
may become possible and easy. With the wide improvement of wireless and GSM
technology. The system may be cost with wireless sensors may little cost but it works with
more effectively. The system may be implemented with the help of many technologies but
these technologies more reliable, easy to implement, works effectively and easy to operate.

6.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.engineersgarage.com

PICTORIAL VIEW OF PROJECT

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