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Pressure Transient Analysis for Wells
With Variable Sandface Flow Rate
I.S. NASHAWI
Kuwait University
t q sf 1 rw2 tp
pi pwf = M exp d + 2 Msq D 1 rw2 t n
q t 4 (t ) pi pwf = M exp d + M 1 ai t i 1
0
..........................(3) 0 t
4 (t )
t
q i=0 t
p
r 2
where: exp w d + 2 Msq D
4 (t )
.....................................................................(7)
70.6qB
M=
kh .........................................................................................(4) Integration of Equation (7) results in the following equation:
2149qB
k=
b k mh
s = 1.151 log + 3.23
2
........................................................................................(19)
m ct rw
....................................................(13)
b k
s = 1.151 log + 5.10
2
m ct rw
Discussion of the Working Equation .....................................................(20)
The following discussion is intended to prove that the final In SI units, the flow rate is expressed in m3/d, the pressure in
working equation [Equation (9)] accurately fits the proposed test. kPa, the viscosity in mPas, and the length in m. SI unit conver-
If any of the two flowing periods is deleted from the test schedule, sion factors are given at the end of the paper.
Equation (9) reverts to describe a well-known pressure drawdown
technique as shown below.
1. If the test is performed at variable flow rate only, i.e., the Analysis of Variable-Rate Drawdown Test
stabilized flow rate period is omitted from the test schedule Two simulated cases are presented to illustrate the applicability
(tp = 0), one can write: of the proposed technique. The sandface pressure and flow rate
120 22500
20000
90 21000
60 19500 10000
30 18000
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0
Time, hours 0 5 10 15 20 25
(1/qD)[log(t)+(q D - 1)log(t)]
FIGURE 2: Sandface flow rate and pressure response, simulated
case No. 1. FIGURE 3: Variable rate analysis plot, simulated case No. 1.
R2 = 0.9998
50 18000 10000
0 15000 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time, hours (1/qD)[log(t)+(qD - 1)log(t)]
data are obtained using an integrated reservoir/wellbore simulator results obtained from this case with the input data. The calculated
developed by Almehaideb et al.(36) The model simulates transient formation permeability falls within 0.2% of the actual permeabili-
fluid flow around a single well that may be opened or closed. ty used in the simulator, whereas the absolute error of the skin
Wellbore storage and damage or stimulation are rigorously includ- factor is 0.26. This case shows that the proposed method provides
ed in the model. The flow in the reservoir in the vicinity of the an excellent match of the actual data.
wellbore is radial and the well is assumed to penetrate the entire
pay zone thickness.
Simulated Case No. 2
Simulated Case No. 1 The well reported in this case produced at a constant rate of
180.5 sm3/d (1,135 stb/d) before rate variation. The simulated
This case simulates a high-pressure reservoir. The well was sandface rate and pressure data are displayed in Figure 4. The
flowing at a constant rate of 159 sm3/d (1,000 stb/d) before rate input formation permeability and mechanical skin factor are 48
variation. The sandface flow rate and pressure response data are md and 11, respectively. Other fluid and reservoir properties used
shown in Figure 2. Table 1 presents pertinent fluid and rock prop- in the simulator are manifested in Table 3.
erties for this case. The simulator input formation permeability
and skin factor are 100 md and 2, respectively. Figure 5 illustrates the graph of the new technique. As was the
case with the first example, all the data points fall on a straight
Figure 3 displays the plot of the new technique. This figure
line having R2 = 0.9998. The linear regression analysis conducted
demonstrates that all the data points fall on a straight line (R2 =
on the plotted data suggests that the line has a slope of 692.87
0.9998), as suggested by Equation (9). A linear regression analy-
(100.49) and intercept of 9,798.5 (1,421.2). The formation perme-
sis performed on the data shows that the straight line has a slope
ability and skin factor are calculated to be 47.78 md and 10.77,
m of 1,181.6 (171.38) and intercept b of 8,100.3 (1,174.86). Using
respectively. The results obtained from the proposed technique are
these values of the slope and the intercept, the formation perme-
compared with the actual input values in Table 4. Once again, the
ability and the skin factor are calculated from Equations (19) and
comparison demonstrates that the new technique is capable of
(20) to be 100.2 md and 1.74, respectively. Table 2 compares the
delivering accurate test results.
TABLE 1: Fluid and rock properties for the simulated It is important to mention that both simulated cases do not
case No. 1. show any sign of wellbore storage effects, as depicted in Figures 3
and 5. This is one of the major advantages of the proposed tech-
Porosity, fraction = 25% nique, as opposed to conventional analysis techniques where the
wellbore storage effects disturb the early test data.
Oil FVF, m3/sm3 = 1.056
Oil viscosity, mPas =2 TABLE 2: Results of the simulated case No. 1.
Net reservoir thickness, m = 6.096
Total system compressibility, kPa-1 = 27.93 10-7 Analysis Technique Permeability, mD Mechanical Skin
Well radius, m = 0.0508 Simulator input data 100 2
Initial reservoir pressure, kPa = 31,005.7 This study 100.2 1.74
1200 15000
20000
0
800 14000 0 50 100 150 200 250
(1/qD)[log(t)+(qD - 1)log(t)]
400 13000
17000 4000
m = 394.69 kPa/cycle m = 394.69 kPa/cycle
16000
3000
(p ws p wf), kPa
15000
2000
14000
1000
13000
0
12000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
10 100 1000 10000 100000
FIGURE 8: Horner plot, field example No. 1. FIGURE 9: Agarwals method, field example No. 1.
/d
50 6000
adopted in this work.
5000
40
TABLE 5: Comparison of the new technique and other 4000
30
pressure analysis techniques, field example No. 1. 3000
20
Analysis Technique Permeability, mD Mechanical Skin 2000
60000
60 1700
m = 4107.2
/d
1500
50000 b = -1477
50
R2 = 0.9996
(p i pws )/q D , kPa
1300 40000
40
1100 30000
30
900
20000
20
700
10000
10 500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0
Shut-in time, hours 0 3 6 9 12 15
(1/qD)[log(t)+(qD - 1)log(t)]
FIGURE 11: Sandface flow rate and pressure response, field
example No. 2. FIGURE 12: Variable rate analysis plot, field example No. 2.
7500 7500
4500 4500
3000 3000
1500 1500
0 0
100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
(tp+t)/t te, hours
FIGURE 13: Horner plot, field example No. 2. FIGURE 14: Agarwal method, field example No. 2.
TABLE 6: Comparison of the new technique and other pressure analysis techniques, field example No. 2.
kh k
t t
Analysis Technique mD-m/mPas mD/mPas Skin
This study 27.3 1.90 -4.58
Horners method 25.0 1.74 -4.74
Modified MDH analysis 28.1 1.80 -4.70
Agarwals method 25.0 1.74 -4.74
STAT analysis 28.2 1.83 -4.69
Superposition based on log of time 27.9 1.80 -4.60
approximation to pD tD
Uniform-flux vertical fracture constant 28.7 1.86 -4.70
rate solution
Superposition based on pD tD, uniform-flux 28.9 1.87 -4.70
vertical fracture constant rate solution
tp j1 k
1 rw2 j 1 1 1
pi pwf = M exp d + exp
t ( / t ) jk
j l j! Ei t
0
t 4 (t ) k =0 l=0 ...................................(A-9)
t
1 n 1 r 2 For i = 0, a0 = q, then one obtains from Equation (A-9):
M ait i t exp 4 (t w ) d + 2 Msq D
q i=0
tp ..................................(A-1)
i i j1 j
1 n 1 k
1
Let: M exp ai t i t j k j 1
q t i=1 j
j=0 k =0 ( / t ) l=0
rw2 1 n i i 1 j
= Ei Ei ai t i j j! t ]
4 ..............................................................................................(A-2) t q t i=1 j=0
..................................(A-10)
and
Due to the complexity of Equation (A-10), each of its terms
will be studied separately. The first term is:
X = exp
t i j1 j
...................................................................................(A-3) 1 n i 1 k
1
exp ai t i j l
q t i=1 j=0 j k =0 t ( / t ) j k l=0
By substituting Equations (A-2) and (A-3) into Equation (A-1), ......................(A-11)
simplifying, and rearranging terms, one obtains:
Recalling that:
exp
t
1 rw2 t
pi pwf = M dX + = = << 1
ln X 4 4t D
exp ..........................................................................(A-12)
t
then:
i
M n 0 1
ai
q i= o
t + ln X ln X dX + 2 Msq D
exp exp 1
t
t
.....................................(A-4) .....................................................................................(A-13)
The first term of Equation (A-4) can be evaluated as(48): Using Equations (A-12) and (A-13), Equation (A-11) can be
written as:
exp
t
1 1 n i i j1 1 k t jk k 1
dX = Ei Ei
t ai t i (1) jk
ln X t q i=1 j 4t D t l=0 j l
exp j=1 k =0
t ...........................(A-14)
...................................................(A-5)
Using the conventional assumption that 1/4tD<<1, replacing t
The second term of Equation (A-4) is: by t tp, and expanding Equation (A-14), one obtains:
i
M n 0 1 1 3 1 11 1 1
ai
q i= o
t +
ln
X ln X
dX a1 (t t p ) + a2 t 2 tt p t 2p + a3 t 3 t 2 t p tt 2p t 3p + ...
q 2 2 6 2 3
exp
t
.....................................................(A-6)
1 n
+an n(t n t n1t p ) (t n 2 t n1t p + t n2 t 2p )
Equation (A-6) can be written as(48): 2 2
M n i
i 0 1 n 1
ai t i j j
1 + (t n 3t n1t p + 3t n2 t 2p t n3t 3p ) ... + (1) n (t t p ) n
q i=o j=0 j
j+1
dX 3 3 n
(ln X ) ...(A-15)
exp
t
...........................................(A-7)
Using Equations (2) and (6) of the main text, Equation (A-15)
The integral in Equation (A-7) can be evaluated as: can be written as:
j1 k 1 1 1 5 1 1
1 X 1 1 1 q D + a0 + a1t p + a2 t 2 + tt p + t 2p + a3 t 3 + t 2 t p + tt 2p + t 3p + ...
dX = j k j l
+ dX q 2 2 6 2 3
(ln X ) j+1 k =0 (ln X ) l=0
j! ln X
......................(A-8)
1 n
Using the result of Equation (A-5) and substituting Equation +an (n 1)t n + nt n1t p + (t n 2 t n1t p + t n2 t 2p )
2 2
(A-8) into Equation (A-7) yields: