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Ex: # 01: A sample of dry anthracite has the following

composition by mass.
C 90%; H 3%; O 2.5%; N 1%; S 0.5%; ash 3%
Calculate:
i) The stoichiometric A/F ratio;
ii) The A/F ratio and the dry & wet analysis of the products
of combustion by mass and by volume, when 20% excess
air is supplied.
Sol: (i);
Carbon:
C + O2 CO2
12kg C + 32kg O2 44kg CO2
For 1 kg;
1 kg C + O2 CO2

For 0.9 kg;

0.9 kg C + (0.9* ) O2 (0.9* ) CO2

0.9 kg C + O2 required 2.4 kg\kg coal 3.3 kg CO2 produced.

Hydrogen:
H2 + O2 H2O

2kg H2 + 16kg O2 18kg H2O

1kg H2 + 8kg O2 9kg H2O
0.03kg H2 + 0.03*8kg O2 0.03*9kg H2O
0.03kg H2 + O2 required 0.24kg\kg coal steam produced 0.27kg\kg coal.
Sulphur:
S + O2 SO2
32kg S + 32kg O2 64kg SO2
1kg S + 1kg O2 2kg SO2

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0.005kg S + O2 required 0.005kg\kg coal SO2 produced 0.01kg\kg coal.

The results in a table;
Constituent Mass O2 required (kg\kg Product mass
fraction coal) (kg\kg coal)
Carbon (C) 0.900 2.400 3.30 (CO2)
Hydrogen (H) 0.030 0.240 0.27 (H2O)
Sulphur (S) 0.005 0.005 0.01 (SO2)
Oxygen (O) 0.025 -0.025 -----
Nitrogen (N) 0.010 ----- 0.01 (N2)
Ash 0.030 ----- -----
From table; Oxygen (O2) required per kilogram of coal is = 2.62kg.

As we know that air contains 23.3% of oxygen (O2) by mass, therefore;

.
The stoichiometric A/F ratio=
.

= 11.245kg. Ans.

(ii) For an air supply which is 20% in excess;

\ \
Formula % excess air =
\

From this; actual A/F ratio = 11.245 + 11.245

= 13.494

Therefore;

N2 supplied = 0.767 * 13.494 = 10.350kg

O2 supplied = 0.233 * 13.494 = 3.144kg.

In the products, then, we have;

N2 = 10.350 + 0.01 = 10.360 kg,

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And excess O2 = 3.144 2.620 = 0.524kg.

Now, in table;

Product Produced % by Mass Amount of Wet Dry

mass mass of subs:/kg of
(mi/m) moles coal ni=mi/mi ni/n ni/n(%)
(mi) (%)
(%) (mi)
3.300
CO2 22.81 44 0.0750 15.74 16.25

H2O 0.270 1.87 18 0.0150 3.15 -----

SO2 0.010 0.07 64 0.0002 0.04 0.04

O2 0.524 3.62 32 0.0164 3.44 3.55

N2
10.360 71.63 28 0.3700 77.63 80.16

Total m=14.464 =100 ----- ni=0.4766(wet) =100 =100

ni=0.4616(dry)

Ex: # 02: The analysis of supply of gas is as follows:

H2 49.4%, CO 18%, ch4 20%, C4H8 2%, O2 0.4%, N2 6.2%, CO2 4%;
calculate:

i) The stoichiometic A/F ratio,

ii) The wet & dry analysis of products of combustion if the
actual mixture is 20% weak.

Sol: (i);

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

1kmol CH4 + 2kmol O2 1kmol CO2 + 2kmol H2O

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0.2kmol CH4 + (0.2*2) kmol O2 0.2kmol CO2 + (0.2*2) kmol H2O

0.2kmol CH4 + 0.4kmol O2 required 0.2kmol CO2 + 0.4kmol H2O

Const Kmol/ Combustion equation O2 Products kmol/kmol

ituent kmol kmol/k fuel
s fuel mol fuel
CO2 H2O

H2 0.494 2H2+O22H2O 0.247 ----- 0.494

CO 0.18 2CO+O22CO2 0.09 0.18 -----

CH4 0.20 CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O 0.4 0.2 0.4

C4H8 0.02 C4H8+6O24CO2+4h2O 0.12 0.08 0.08

O2 0.004 ------ -0.004 ----- -----

N2 0.062 ------ ----- ----- -----

CO2 0.04 ------ ----- 0.04 -----

Total =0.853 =0.50 =0.974

As we know that air contains oxygen 21% by volume,

.
Stoichiometric A/F ratio =
.

= 4.062kmol/kmol gas (air required by volume)

(ii); for a mixture which is 20% weak,

Actual A/F ratio = 4.062 + (0.2 * 4.062)

=4.874 by volume.

Associated nitrogen = 0.79 * 4.874 = 3.851 kmol/kmol gas,

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Excess oxygen = (0.21 * 4.874) 0.853 = 0.1706 kmol/kmol gas.

Product Kmol/kmol fuel % by vol: (dry) % by vol: (wet)

CO2 0.50 10.90 9.0

H2O 0.974 ----- 17.51

O2 0.171 3.72 3.09

N2 3.912 85.4 70.4

Total wet = 5.557 =100 =100

Total dry = 4.583

Ex: # 15.6: First law analysis of Steady-Flow combustion;

Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustion chamber at 25C at a

rate of 0.05 kg/min where it is mixed and burned with 50%
excess air that enters the combustion chamber at 7C, as shown
in fig:. An analysis of the combustion gases reveals that all the
hydrogen in the fuel burns to H2O but only 90% of the carbon
burns to CO2, with the remaining 10% forming CO. if the exit
temperature of the combustion gases is 1500 K, determine (a)
the mass flow rate of air and (b) the rate of heat transfer from
the combustion chamber.

Q =??

C3H8 (l) Combustion 1500 K H2O

25C Chamber CO2
Air CO, O2
7C 0.05kg/min N2

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Sol: The theoretical amount of air is determined from stoichiometric

reaction to be;

C3H8 + 5 (O2+3.76N2) 3CO2 + 4H2O + 18.8N2

Here 5 moles of oxygen required, 50% (excess air) of this is 2.5, which must
be added;

C3H8 + 7.5 (O2+3.76N2) 2.7 CO2 + 0.3 CO + 4H2O + 2.65 O2 + 28.2 N2

(a) The A/F ratio for combustion process is;

A/F ratio =

( . . )( \ )
=
( )( \ ) ( )( \ )

=25.53kg air/kg fuel

Thus;

mair = (A/F ratio) (mfuel)

= (23.53) (0.05)

mair =1.18 kg air/min Ans.

(b) As we know that, energy balance equation;

Qout + Np (hf +h - h)p = Nr (hf +h - h)r or

Qout = Nr (hf +h - h)r - Np (hf +h - h)p

Assuming the air and the combustion products to be ideal gases, we have
h = h (T), and we from following table using data from the property
tables;

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Products hf h280K h298K h1500K

KJ/kmol KJ/kmol KJ/kmol KJ/kmol
C3H8 -118910 ----- ----- -----

O2 0 8150 8682 49292

N2 0 8141 8669 47073

H2O (g) -241820 ----- 9904 57999

CO2 -393520 ----- 9364 71078

CO -110530 ----- 8669 47517

The hf of liquid propane is obtained by subtracting the hfg of propane at

25C from the hf of gas propane, substituting gives;

Qout = (1 kmol C3H8) [(-118910 + h298 h298) KJ/kmol C3H8] + (7.5 kmol
O2) [(0+8150-8682) KJ/kmol O2] + (28.2 kmol N2) [(0+8141-8669)
KJ/kmol N2] (2.7 kmol CO2) [(-393520+71078-9364) KJ/kmol CO2]
(0.3 kmol CO) [(-110530+47517-8669) KJ/kmol CO] (4 kmol H2O) [(-
241820+57999-9904) KJ/kmol H2O] (2.65 kmol O2) [(0+49292-
8682) KJ/kmol O2] (28.2 kmol N2) [(0+47073-8669) KJ/kmol N2]

Qout = 363880 KJ/kmol of C3H8

qout = [ ]C3H8 =

qout = 8270 KJ/kg

Qout = m qout

= (0.05 kg/min) (8270 KJ/kg)

=413.5 KJ/min

Qout =6.89 kW Ans.

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Ex: # 15.7: First law analysis of combustion in a bomb

The constant-volume tank shown in fig: contains 1 kmol of
methane (CH4) gas and 3 kmol of O2 at 25C & 1 atm. The
contents of the tank are ignited and the methane gas burns
completely. If the final temperature is 1000K, determine
(a) the final pressure in the tank and (b) the heat transfer
during this process.

Before reaction After reaction

1 kmol CH4 CO2

3 kmol O2 Qout =?? H2O
25C O2
1 atm 1000K
P2 = ??

Sol: The balanced combustion equation is;

CH4 (g) + 3O2 CO2 + 2H2O + O2

(a) At 1000K, water exists in gas phase. Using ideal-gas relation for
the both reactants and the products, the final pressure in the tank
is determined to be;

PreactV = Nreact Ru Treact & PprodV = Nprod Ru Tprod

Pprod = Preact ( )

Pprod = (1 atm)

Pprod = 3.36 atm Ans.

(b) Energy balance equation applied to the tank;

Ein Eout = Esystem

-Qout = Np (hf +h - h - Pv)p - Nr (hf +h - h - Pv)r

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Since, both reactant and products are assumed to ideal gas;

therefore; Pv = Ru T,

Qout = Nr (hf - Ru T)r - Np (hf +h1000K h298K - Ru T)p

Since the reactants are at the standard reference temperature of 298K.

From hf and ideal gas tables in the appendix;

Substance hf KJ/kmol h298K KJ/kmol h1000K KJ/kmol

CH4 -74850 ----- -----

O2 0 8682 31389

CO2 -393520 9364 42769

H2O (g) -241820 9904 35882

Substituting, we have;

Qout = (1kmol CH4) [(-74850-8.314*298) KJ/kmol CH4] + (3kmol O2)

[(0-8.314*298) KJ/kmol O2] (1kmol CO2) [(-393520+42769-9364-
8.314*1000) KJ/kmol CO2] (2kmol H2O) [(-241820+35882-9904-
8.314*1000) KJ/kmol H2O] (1kmol O2) [(0+31389-8682-8.314*1000)
KJ/kmol O2]

Qout = 717590 KJ/kmol CH4 Ans.

Ex: # 15.8: Adiabatic flame temp: in steady combustion

Liquid octane (C8H18) enters the combustion chamber of a gas
turbine steady at 1 atm and 25C and it is burned with air that
enters the combustion chamber at the same state, as shown in
fig:. Determine the adiabetic flame temperature for (a)
complete combustion with 100% theoretical air, (b) complete
combustion with 400% theoretical air and (c) incomplete
combustion (some CO in the products) with 90% theoretical
air.

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C8H18 CO2
25C, 1 atm Combustion H2O
chamber Tp N2
Air 1 atm O2
25C, 1 atm

Sol:

(a) The balanced equation for the combustion process with the
theoretical amount of air is;

C8H18 (l) + 12.5 (O2 + 3.76N2) 8CO2 + 9H2O + 47N2

The adiabetic flame temperature relation Hprod = Hreact, in this case

reduces to;

Np (hf + h - h)p = Nr hf r = (Nhf)C3H8

The hf and h values of various components at 298K are;

Substance hf KJ/kmol H298K KJ/kmol

C8H18 (l) -249950 -----

O2 0 8682

N2 0 8669

H2O -241820 9904

CO2 -393520 9364

Substituting, we have;

(8 kmol CO2) [(-393520+hCO2 9364) KJ/kmol CO2] + (9 kmol H2O) [(-

241820 + hH2O 9904) KJ/kmol H2O] + (47 kmol N2) [(0 + hN2 8669)
KJ/kmol N2] = (1 kmol C8H18) (-249950 KJ/kmol C8H18)

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8 hCO2 + 9 hH2O + 47 hN2 =5646081 KJ

It appears that we have one equation with three unknowns. Actually we

have only one unknown- the temperature of the products Tprod, since h = h
(T) for ideal gases. Therefore, we have to use trial-and-error approach to
determine temperature of the products.

A first guess obtained by;

(8 + 9 + 47) h = 5646081

h = 88220 KJ/kmol, this enthalpy value corresponds to about;

2650K for N2, 2100K for H2O, & 1800K for CO2.

Noting that majority of the moles are N2, we see that Tprod should be close to
2600K, but somewhat under it. Therefore a good first guess is 2400K.

At this temperature;

8 hCO2 + 9 hH2O + 47 hN2 = 8*125152 + 9*103508 + 47*79320

=5660828 KJ

This value is higher than 5646081 KJ. Therefore, the actual temperature is
slightly under 2400K. Next we choose 2350K. It yields;

8 hCO2 + 9 hH2O + 47 hN2 = 8*122091 + 9*100846 + 47*77496

=5526654 KJ, which is lower than 5646081 KJ.

Therefore the actual temperature of the products is between 2350 and
2400K. By interpolation, it is found to be;

Tprod = 2395K Ans.

(b) The balanced equation for the complete combustion process with
400% theoretical air is;

C8H18 (l) + 50 (O2 + 3.76N2) 8CO2 + 9H2O + 37.5O2 + 188N2

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By following the procedure used in (a), the adiabatic flame temperature

in this case is determined to be;

Tprod = 962K Ans.

(c) The balanced equation for the incomplete combustion process with
90% theoretical air is;

C8H18 (l) + 11.25 (O2 + 3.76N2) 5.5CO2 +2.5CO + 9H2O + 42.3N2

Following the procedure used in (a), we find the adiabatic flame

temperature in this case to be;

Tprod = 2236 K Ans.

Thermodynamics-II 13-Batch ME MUETSZAB Khairpur