RECAP

BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY:

ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION
Specific Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the development of oneself and others as a
product of Socialization and Enculturation.
2. Identify examples of agents of socialization and
describe their role in socialization.
4. Discuss how agents of socialization shaped their
individual identities.
5. Differentiate the various types of deviant behaviors.
6. Understand and appreciate the value of human
dignity, human rights and the common good;
7. Explain the significance of human rights in the process
of becoming a member of society.
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NATURE VERSUS NURTURE

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We are not born human

-Robert Merton
We become human by being
with others and through
socialization.
SOCIALIZATION/ENCULTURATION

is the process through which

people learn the expectations
of society.
 Socialization is the basis of identity:
how one defines oneself. It is both
personal and social
Socialization also establishes
personality: a persons relatively
consistent pattern of behavior,
feelings, predispositions, and
beliefs.
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THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIALIZATION

1. establishes the self-concept.
2. creates the capacity for role taking
3. learn societal norms and expectations
that brings order to society.
4. makes people bearers of culture. We
are recipient and creators of culture
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Status
the social position of person in
society. It carries with it a degree
of social rank or value.
 2 types of statuses
Ascribed status
occupied from the
moment a person is born. It is
inborn, inherent or biological.
Achieved status
attained by virtue of
individual effort.
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Status set
the combination of statuses. A
complete set of statuses
occupied by a person at a
given time.
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Master status
one status that is dominant
among other statuses. It might
be imposed by others, or a
person may define his or her
own master status.
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Role
the behavior others expect from
a person associated with a
particular status.
 Role Strain
if too much is required of a
single role

Role conflict
when roles are contradictory
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AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Family The first source of
socialization
Children...
are introduced to the
expectations of society.
learn to see themselves
through their parents eyes
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School
teaches learners a variety of
knowledge and skills and other
lessons informally
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Peers - those with whom you

interact on equal terms
No formally defined superior and
subordinate roles
Source of social approval,
disapproval and support.
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Mass Media impersonal

communications directed to a
vast audience.
 Have extraordinary power
to shape culture.
It expose us to numerous
images that shape our
definitions of ourselves and
the world around us.
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Religion it influences a large

number of beliefs that guide
people in how they organize
their lives, including beliefs
about moral development and
behavior.
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THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION
How each SOCIAL- SYMBOLIC-
FUNCTIONAL CONFLICT
theory LEARNING INTERACTION
THEORY THEORY
views: THEORY THEORY
Individual
People People and group
respond to internalize the aspirations Children learn
Individual social role are shaped through
learning stimuli in expectations by the taking the role
process their that are opportunitie of significant
environme present in s available to others.
nt society different
groups
How each SOCIAL- SYMBOLIC-
FUNCTIONAL CONFLICT
theory LEARNING INTERACTION
THEORY THEORY
views: THEORY THEORY
Identity is
Group Identity
created Internalizing
consciousnes emerges as the
through the values of
s is formed creative self
Formation the society
in the interacts with
of self interaction reinforces
context of a the social
of mental social
system of expectations of
and social consensus.
inequality others.
worlds.
How each SOCIAL- SYMBOLIC-
FUNCTIONAL CONFLICT
theory LEARNING INTERACTION
THEORY THEORY
views: THEORY THEORY
Young
Society relies
children Expectations of
upon Social
learn the others form
conformity to control
Influence principles the social
maintain agents exert
of society that shape context for
stability and pressure to
the learning social
social conform.
external roles.
equilibrium.
world

elizabeth
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CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE

Deviance
is a behaviour that violates
the standards of conduct or
expectations or social norms of a
group or society
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Control theory
the idea that two control
systems inner controls and
outer controlswork against our
tendencies to deviate.
Walter Reckless stated that two
systems of control are
responsible for keeping humans
at bay to do whatever they
want to the detriment of others
and society.
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Inner social control

persons conscience, internalized
morality of right and wrong,
religious principles.
fear of being ostracized due to
being deviant will make someone
conform to the norm established by
society.
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Outer social control Society provides

sanctions to actions of people in
society: punishment to those who
violate and reward to those who
conform. Sanctions can be done
informally by people that might know
the deviant person such as family
members, friends and neighbours or
formally by the police or military. These
agents influence a person not to
deviate.
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Robert Mertons Strain Theory
Institutional
Adaptation Cultural Goal
Mean
Conformity Accepted (+) Accepted (+)

Innovation Accepted (+) Not accepted (-)

Ritualism Not accepted (-) Accepted (+)

Retreatism Not accepted (-) Not accepted (-)

Reject and Reject and
Rebellion
Replace Replace
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In a CW, copy and fill-out the table below

How were
Type of What did you
you stopped/
deviance do?
controlled
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Andersen, M.et.al. (2015). Sociology the

essentials. Stamford, CT: Cengage
Learning.