Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
various administrative areas in the Roman/Byzantine Empire with widely Anthem: Famous Macedonia (unofficial)
differing borders (see Macedonia (region) for details).
Even before the establishment of the modern Greek state in 1830, it was
identified as a Greek province, albeit without clearly defined geographical
borders.[7][8][9][10][11] By the mid 19th century, the name was becoming
consolidated informally, defining more of a distinct geographical, rather than
political, region in the southern Balkans. At the end of the Ottoman Empire
most of the region known as Rumelia (from Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli,
"Land of the Romans") was divided by the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913,
following the Ottoman defeat in the Balkan Wars of 191213. Greece,
Serbia, and Bulgaria each took control of portions of the Macedonian
region, with Greece obtaining the largest portion; a small section went to
Albania. The region was an administrative subdivision of Greece until the Macedonia (blue) within Greece
administrative reform of 1987, when the region was divided into the regions Coordinates: 4045N 2254E
of West Macedonia and Central Macedonia and part of the region of East
Country Greece
Macedonia and Thrace, the latter containing also the whole of the region of
Thrace.[12] Capital Thessaloniki
Region 1913[1]
Central Macedonia is the most popular tourist destination in Greece with
Regions[2] 3
more than 3.6 million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total number of tourists
who visited Greece that year). East Macedonia and
Thrace (part)
Central Macedonia
West Macedonia
Contents Government
Body Ministry for Macedonia and
1 History Thrace
1.1 Prehistory Minister for Maria Kollia-Tsaroucha
1.2 Ancient history Macedonia and (Independent Greeks)
1.3 Roman period Thrace
1.4 Medieval history Area
1.5 Ottoman Rule
Total 34,177 km2 (13,196 sq mi)
1.6 Modern history
Area rank 1st
2 Etymology
3 Local government Highest elevation 2,917 m (9,570 ft)
4 Economy and transport Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft)
5 Tourism
6 Culture Population (2011 census)[3]
6.1 Macedonian cuisine Total 2,400,721
6.2 Macedonian music Rank 2nd in Greece
7 Demographics Density 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
7.1 Languages Demonym(s) Macedonian
7.2 Population of largest towns
7.3 Regional identity GDP (PPP) 39.749 billion[4] ($53.140
7.4 Minority populations billion[5] )
7.4.1 Slavic-speakers Per capita 16,557 ($22,135[5] )
7.4.2 Aromanians GDP (nominal) 36.634 billion[4] ($48.976
7.4.3 Megleno-Romanians billion[5] )
7.4.4 Arvanites
Per capita 15,260 ($20,400[5] )
7.4.5 The Jews of Thessaloniki and other cities
7.4.6 Others The flag is widespread, even on an official level, but
8 See also bears no official legal standing as a symbol for the
8.1 Portals region.
9 References The use of the Vergina Sun is widespread, though it
bears no legal standing as an official emblem of the
9.1 Bibliography
region. However, Greece has lodged a claim for
9.2 Notes
trademark protection of it as an official state symbol
10 External links
under the World Intellectual Property Organization,[6]
10.1 Official links
Famous Macedonia is a military march of the Greek
army, but is regarded as the regional anthem of
Macedonia.
Prehistory
Macedonia lies at the crossroads of human development between the Aegean and the Balkans. The earliest signs of human
habitation date back to the palaeolithic period, notably with the Petralona cave in which was found the oldest European humanoid,
Archanthropus europaeus petraloniensis. In the Late Neolithic period (c. 4500 to 3500 BC), trade took place with quite distant
regions, indicating rapid socio-economic changes. One of the most important innovations was the start of copper working.
Ancient history
Archaeological site of Facade of the "Tomb of Lion of View of the ancient View of ancient Dion
Pella, capital of ancient Philip II of Macedon" (4th Amphipolis Philippi, an UNESCO
Macedonia BC), Vergina World Heritage Site
Roman period
Macedonia remained an important and powerful kingdom until the Battle of Pydna (June 22, 168
BC), in which the Roman general Aemilius Paulus defeated King Perseus of Macedon, ending
the reign of the Antigonid dynasty over Macedonia. For a brief period a Macedonian republic
called the "Koinon of the Macedonians" was established. It was divided into four administrative A statue of Alexander the Great
districts. That period ended in 148 BC, when Macedonia was fully annexed by the Romans.[13] in Thessaloniki, capital of
The northern boundary at that time ended at Lake Ohrid and Bylazora, a Paeonian city near the Macedonia, Greece.
modern city of Veles. Strabo, writing in the first century AD places the border of Macedonia on
that part at Lychnidos,[14] Byzantine Achris and presently Ochrid. Therefore ancient Macedonia
did not significantly extend beyond its current borders (in Greece). To the east, Macedonia ended according to Strabo at the river
Strymon, although he mentions that other writers placed Macedonia's border with Thrace at the river Nestos,[15] which is also the
present geographical boundary between the two administrative districts of Greece.
The Acts of the Apostles (Acts 16:9-10) records a vision in which the apostle Paul is said to have seen a 'man of Macedonia'
pleading with him, saying, "Come over to Macedonia and help us". The passage reports that Paul and his companions responded
immediately to the invitation.
Subsequently the provinces of Epirus and Thessaly as well as other regions to the north were incorporated into a new Provincia
Macedonia, but in 297 AD under a Diocletian reform many of these regions were removed and two new provinces were created:
Macedonia Prima and Macedonia Salutaris (from 479 to 482 AD Macedonia Secunda). Macedonia Prima coincided approximately
with Strabo's definition of Macedonia and with the modern administrative district of Greece[13] and had Thessalonica as its
capital, while Macedonia Salutaris had the Paeonian city of Stobi (near Gradsko) as its capital. This subdivision is mentioned in
Hierocles' Synecdemon (527528) and remained through the reign of emperor Justinian.
The Slavic, Avar, Bulgarian and Magyar invasions in the 67th centuries devastated both provinces[16] with only parts of
Macedonia Prima in the coastal areas and nearer Thrace remaining in Byzantine hands, while most of the hinterland was disputed
between the Byzantium and Bulgaria. The Macedonian regions under Byzantine control passed under the tourma of Macedonia to
the province of Thrace.
A new system of administration came into place in 789802 AD, following the Byzantine
empire's recovery from these invasions. The new system was based on administrative divisions
called Themata. The region of Macedonia Prima (the territory of modern Greek administrative
district of Macedonia) was divided between the Thema of Thessalonica and the Thema of
Strymon, so that only the region of the area from Nestos eastwards continued to carry the name
Macedonia, referred to as the Thema of Macedonia or the Thema of "Macedonia in Thrace". The
Thema of Macedonia in Thrace had its capital in Adrianople.[17][18][19]
Medieval history
Familiarity with the Slavic element in the area led two brothers from Thessaloniki, Saints Cyril
and Methodius, to be chosen to convert the Slavs to Christianity. Following the campaigns of
Basil II, all of Macedonia returned to the Byzantine state. Following the Fourth Crusade 1203
1204, a short-lived Crusader realm, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, was established in the region.
It was subdued by the co-founder of the Greek Despotate of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos
Doukas in 1224, when Greek Macedonia and the city of Thessalonica were at the heart of the View of the interior of the
short-lived Empire of Thessalonica. Returning to the restored Byzantine Empire shortly Roman-era Rotunda in
thereafter, Greek Macedonia remained in Byzantine hands until the 1340s, when all of Thessaloniki with remnants of
the mosaics.
Macedonia (except Thessaloniki, and possibly Veria) was conquered by the Serbian ruler Stefan
Duan. [20] Divided between Serbia and Bulgaria after Duan's death, the region fell quickly to
the advancing Ottomans, with Thessaloniki alone holding out until 1387. After a brief Byzantine
interval in 14031430 (during the last seven years of which the city was handed over to the Venetians), Thessalonica and its
immediate surrounding area returned to the Ottomans.[21]
The capture of Thessalonica threw the Greek world
into consternation, being regarded as the prelude to
the fall of Constantinople itself. The memory of the
event has survived through folk traditions containing
fact and myths. Apostolos Vacalopoulos records the
following Turkish tradition connected with the
capture of Thessalonica:[22]
While Murad was asleep in his palace at The Frankish Castle of Platamon, Pieria.
Yenitsa, the story has it that, God
appeared to him in a dream and gave him
a lovely rose to smell, full of perfume.
The sultan was so amazed by its beauty
that he begged God to give it to him. God
Saints Cyril and Methodius. replied, "This rose, Murad, is
Thessalonica. Know that it is to you
granted by heaven to enjoy it. Do not
waste time; go and take it". Complying
with this exhortation from, Murad
marched against Thessalonica and, as it
has been written, captured it.
Ottoman Rule
There were several uprisings in Macedonia during Ottoman rule, including an uprising after the
Battle of Lepanto that ended in massacres of the Greek population, the uprising in Naousa of the
armatolos Zisis Karademos in 1705, a rebellion in the area of Grevena by a Klepht called Ziakas
(17301810) and the Greek Declaration of Independence in Macedonia by Emmanuel Pappas in
1821, during the Greek War of Independence. In 1854 Theodoros Ziakas, the son of the klepht
Ziakas, together with Tsamis Karatasos, who had been among the captains at the siege of Naousa
in 1821, led another uprising in Western Macedonia that has been profusely commemorated in
Greek folk song.
In World War II Macedonia was occupied by the Axis (194144), with Germany taking western and central Macedonia with
Thessaloniki and Bulgaria occupying and annexing eastern Macedonia.
From the 1870s, Slavic[24] speaking communities of northern Greece split into two hostile and opposed groups with two different
national identities - Greek and Bulgarian.[25] By the Second World War and following the defeat of Bulgaria, another further split
between the Slavic group occurred. Conservatives departed with the occupying Bulgarian Army to Bulgaria. Leftists began
identifying as Macedonians (Slavic), joining the communist-dominated rebel Democratic Army of Greece.[26] At the conclusion
of the Greek Civil War (194649), most
Macedonians of Slavic background left Greece and
settled in the Yugoslav Socialist Republic of
Macedonia. Some also migrated to Canada or
Australia.[27]
Etymology
The name Macedonia derives from the Greek The 1st Battalion of theArmy of
Greece following the Balkan Wars, the (Makedona),[28][29] a kingdom (later, National Defence marches in
province of Macedonia can be seen region) named after the ancient Macedonians. Thessaloniki on its way to the
written at the bottom. Their name, (Makednes), is cognate Macedonian Front during World War I
to the Ancient Greek adjective
(makedns), meaning "tall, slim". It was
traditionally derived from the Indo-European root *mak-, meaning 'long' or 'slender', but according to modern research by Robert
Beekes both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and cannot be explained in terms of Indo-European morphology.[30] However,
Beekes' views are not mainstream.
Local government
Macedonia is divided into three regions (Greek: ) comprising fourteen regional units (Greek:
). The regional units are further divided into municipalities (Greek: ) or "communities" (Greek:
roughly equivalent to British or Australian shires). They are overseen by the Ministry for the Interior, while the Ministry of
Macedonia and Thrace is responsible for the coordination and application of the government's policies in the region.[31] Prior to
the Kallikratis Reform in 2010, Greece's regional units were called "prefectures", and Thasos was part of the prefecture of Kavala.
Macedonia borders the neighboring regions of Thessaly to the south, Thrace (part of the East Macedonia and Thrace region) to the
east and Epirus to the west. It also borders Albania to the north-west, the Republic of Macedonia to the north and Bulgaria to the
north-east. The three Macedonian regions and their subdivisions are:
Tourism
Central Macedonia is the most popular tourist destination in Greece with more than 3.6
million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total number of tourists who visited Greece that year).
Marble quarry, Thasos island.
Popular tourist destinations include the various UNESCO World Heritage sites, the various
beaches (such as the peninsula of Chalkidiki) during the summer and ski resorts like
Vasilitsa. There is also significant religious tourism to Mount Athos.
Culture
Macedonian cuisine
The arrival of Greek refugees from Asia Minor and Constantinople in the 20th century
popularised Ottoman and Constantinopolitan recipes.
A continuation from ancient days is dishes such as lamb cooked with quince or various View of Egnatia Odos (modern road).
vegetables and fruits, goat boiled or fried in olive oil: modern recipes from Kavala to
Kastoria and Kozani offer lamb with quince, pork with celery or leeks.
Some current specialties are trahana with crackling, phyllo-based pies (cheese, leek, spinach) and
wild boar. Favourites are tyrokafteri (Macedonian spicy cheese spread), soupies krasates (cuttlefish
in wine), mydia yiachni (mussel stew). Unlike Athens, the traditional pita bread for the popular
souvlaki (kebab) is not grilled but fried. The variety of sweets has been particularly enriched with
the arrival of the refugees. (Information included from 'Greek Gastronomy', GNTO, 2004)
Macedonian music
Music of Macedonia is the music of the geographic region of Macedonia in Greece, which is a part
of the music of whole region of Macedonia. Folk dances in Macedonia include Makedonia (dance),
chasapiko, leventikos, zeibekiko, zonaradiko, endeka Kozanis, Samarinas, stankena, Akritikos,
baidouska, Macedonikos antikristos, mikri Eleni, partalos, kleftikos Makedonikos, mpougatsas,
Kastorianos, o Nikolos and sirtos Macedonias. In Macedonia, there are also patriotic songs sung by View of Mount Athos from
the Greek army and local citizens like: famous Macedonia. Sartri
Demographics
The inhabitants of Greek Macedonia are overwhelmingly ethnic Greeks and most are
Greek Orthodox Christians. In East Macedonia and Thrace there is also a sizable
Muslim minority consisting mainly of Pomaks and Western Thrace Turks, although
almost all Greek Muslim communities of Western Macedonia such as the Vallahades
left the region as part of the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1922
23. Most Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks who came to Greece during or shortly
before the 192223 population exchange with Turkey were resettled in Greek
Macedonia rather than other parts Greece, mainly in towns and villages that had had
large Muslim populations until 1922. From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century,
the ethnic composition of the region of Macedonia is characterized by uncertainty both
about numbers and identification. The 1904 Ottoman census of Hilmi Pasha people Panorama of Serres.
were assigned to ethnicity according which church/language they belonged, it recorded
373,227 Greeks in the vilayet of Selnik (Thessaloniki), 261,283 Greeks in the vilayet
of Monastir (Bitola) and 13,452 Greeks in the villayet of Kosovo.[36] For the 1904
census of the 648,962 Greeks by church, 307,000 identified as Greek speakers, while
about 250,000 as Slavic speakers and 99,000 as Vlach.[37][38] Hugh Poulton, in his
Who Are the Macedonians, notes that "assessing population figures is problematic"[39]
for the territory of Greek Macedonia before its incorporation into the Greek state in
1913.[39] The area's remaining population was principally composed of Ottoman Turks
(including non-Turkish Muslims of mainly Bulgarian and Greek Macedonian convert
origin) and also a sizeable community of mainly Sephardic Jews (centred in
Thessaloniki), and smaller numbers of Romani, Albanians and Vlachs.
Panoramic view of Kavala.
During the first half of the twentieth century, major demographic shifts took place,
which resulted in the region's population becoming overwhelmingly ethnic Greek. In
1919, after Greek victory in World War I, Bulgaria and Greece signed the Treaty of
Neuilly, which called for an exchange of populations between the two countries.
According to the treaty, Bulgaria was considered to be the parent state of all ethnic
Slavs living in Greece. Most ethnic Greeks from Bulgaria were resettled in Greek
Macedonia; most Slavs were resettled in Bulgaria but a number remained, most of them
by changing or adapting their surnames and declaring themselves to be Greek so as to
be exempt from the exchange. In 1923 Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of
Lausanne in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (19191922), and in total 776,000
Greek refugees from Turkey (674,000), Bulgaria (33,000), Russia (61,000), Serbia
(5,000), Albania (3,000) were resettled in the region.[40] They replaced between
300,000 and 400,000 Macedonian Turks and other Muslims (of Albanian, Roma, Slavic Panorama of Veria.
and Vlach ethnicity) who were sent to Turkey under similar terms.[41]
Macedonian cities during Ottoman rule were often known by multiple names (Greek,
Slavic or Ottoman Turkish by the respective populations). After the partition of
Ottoman Europe, most cities in Greece either became officially known by their Greek
names or adopted Greek names; likewise most cities in Bulgaria and the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia became officially known or adopted names in the languages of their
respective states. After the population exchanges, many locations were renamed to the
languages of their new occupants.
Naousa, Imathia.
Year Greeks Bulgarians Muslims Others Total
After the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine ten thousands of Bulgarians left and after the
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey almost all Muslims left the region,
while hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees settled in the region thus changing the
demography of the province.
The 1928 Greek Census collected data on the religion as well as on the language.[42]
Year Christians Jews Muslims Total
Year Greek Slavic dialects Turkish Ladino Aromanian Armenian Other Total
1928 Greek Census data 82.52% 5.72% 5.09% 4.19 0.95% 0.84% 0.69%
1,412,477
Language (1,165,553) (80,789) (71,960) (59,146) (13,475) (11,859) (9,695)
The population was badly affected by the Second World War through starvation, executions, massacres and deportations. Central
Macedonia, including Thessaloniki, was occupied by the Germans, and in the east Nazi-aligned Bulgarian occupation forces
persecuted the local Greek population and settled Bulgarian colonists in their occupation zone in eastern Macedonia and western
Thrace, deporting all Jews from the region. Total civilian deaths in Macedonia are estimated at over 400,000, including up to
55,000 Greek Jews. Further heavy fighting affected the region during the Greek Civil War which drove many inhabitants of rural
Macedonia to emigrate to the towns and cities, or abroad, during the late 1940s and 1950s.
Languages
An article published in an Athenian newspaper from 1959 tells a detailed story of the
ceremony which took place in the village of Atrapos, when the villagers - mostly women
and children - took "the oath before God" to cease speaking the local Slavic idiom, which
gives ground for misunderstandings to the Bulgarians.[43][44]
Greek is by far the most widely spoken and the only official language of public life and
education in Macedonia. The local Macedonian dialect is spoken alongside dialects from Mount Falakro, Drama Prefecture
other parts of Greece and Pontic Greek still spoken by some Greeks of Pontic descent. One
archaic Greek dialect indigenous to Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece
is that spoken by the Sarakatsani, a traditionally transhument shepherd community whose
dialect has undergone very little change through foreign influences. Macedonian Slavic
dialects are the most widely spoken minority language while Aromanian, Arvanitic,
Megleno-Romanian, Turkish and Romani are also spoken. Ladino is still spoken by some
Jews in Thessaloniki.
Axios river
Town or city Greek name Population[32]
Regional identity
The distinct regional identity of Greek Macedonians is also the product of the fact that it
was closer to the centres of power in both the Byzantine and Ottoman period, was Apogevmatini headline quoting Kostas
Karamanlis:
considered culturally, politically, and strategically more important than other parts of
"I myself am a Macedonian, just as 2.5
Greece during these two periods, and also the fact that the region had a far more ethnically
million Greeks are Macedonians."
and religiously diverse population in both the medieval and Ottoman periods. In the late
Byzantine period Greek Macedonia had also been the centre of significant Byzantine
successor states, such as the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the short-lived state established by
the rival Byzantine emperor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, and - in parts of western Macedonia - the Despotate of Epirus, all of
which helped promote a distinct Greek Macedonian identity. In the contemporary period this is reinforced by Greek Macedonia's
proximity to other states in the southern Balkans, the continuing existence of ethnic and religious minorities in East Macedonia
and Thrace not found in southern Greece, and the fact that migrants and refugees from elsewhere in the Balkans, southern Russia,
and Georgia (including Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks from northeastern Anatolia and the south Caucasus) have usually
gravitated to Greek Macedonia rather than southern Greece.
Minority populations
The exact size of the linguistic and ethnic minority groups of Macedonia is officially unknown, as Greece has not conducted a
census on the question of mother tongue since 1951. The main minority groups in Macedonia are:
Slavic-speakers
Aromanians form a minority population throughout much of Macedonia. They largely identify as Greeks and most belong to the
Greek Orthodox Church. In the 1951 census they numbered 39,855 in all Greece (the number in Macedonia proper is unknown).
Many Aromanians villages can be found along the slopes of the Vermion Mountains and Mount Olympus. Smaller numbers can
be found in the Prespes region and near the Gramos mountains.
Megleno-Romanians
The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 burned much of the center of the city and left 50,000 Jews
homeless of the total of 72,000 residents who were burned out.[54] Having lost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated:
to the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not wait for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which
was eventually done.[55]
After the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the expulsion of Greeks from Turkey, many refugees
came to Greece. Nearly 100,000 ethnic Greeks resettled in Thessaloniki, reducing the proportion
of Jews in the total community. After this, Jews made up about 20% of the city's population.
During the interwar period, Greece granted the Jews the same civil rights as other Greek
citizens.[54] In March 1926, Greece re-emphasized that all citizens of Greece enjoyed equal
rights, and a considerable proportion of the city's Jews decided to stay.
World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied Jewish workers of theSocialist
Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Resistance and Italian Workers' Federation march in
forces (before 1943) tried to protect the Jews and managed to save some.[50] By the 1940s, the Thessaloniki (19081909).
great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmly identified as both Greek and Jewish.
According to Misha Glenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered "anti-Semitism as in
its North European form."[56]
In 1943 the Nazis began actions against the Jews in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near
the railroad lines and beginning deportation to concentration and labor camps. They deported
and exterminated approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews of all ages during the Holocaust.[50]
Today, a community of around 1200 remains in the city.[50] Communities of descendants of
Thessaloniki Jews both Sephardic and Romaniote live in other areas, mainly the United
States and Israel.[50] Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker recorded a song about the Jews of The Jewish synagogue of Veria
Thessaloniki, called "Wait for me, Thessaloniki".
Other cities of Greek Macedonia with significant Jewish population (Romaniote or Sephardi) in the past include Veria, Kavala and
Kastoria.
Others
Other minority groups include Romaniotes, Armenians and Romani. Romani communities are concentrated mainly around the city
of Thessaloniki. An uncertain number of them live in Macedonia from the total of about 200,000300,000 that live scattered on all
the regions of Greece.[57]
See also
Macedonians (Greeks)
Macedonia (region)
Macedonia (terminology)
List of Macedonians (Greek)
Modern regions of Greece
Portals
References
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Notes
1. "Macedonia" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354264/Macedonia). Encyclopdia Britannica.
www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
2. .. 51/87 " ... " (Determination
of the Regions of the Country for the planning etc. of the development of the regions). Government Gazette. 1987.
3. "Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population" (https://web.archive.org/web/201
31113172928/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_0
0_2011_02_F_EN.pdf) (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. Archived from the original (http://www.statistics.gr/portal/pag
e/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_EN.pdf) (PDF) on 13 November
2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
4. "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices at NUTS level 3" (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/port
al/product_details/dataset?p_product_code=NAMA_R_E3GDP). Eurostat. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
5. According to the United States Internal Revenue Service, the average exchange rate of the United States Dollar to the Euro
in 2011 was 0.748 (https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/international/article/0,,id=206089,00.html).
6. World Intellectual Property Organization: 1st variety (http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/SIXTERXML-IMAGES/im
ages/gr1.jpg), 2nd variety (http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/SIXTERXML-IMAGES/images/gr2.jpg), 3rd variety
(http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/SIXTERXML-IMAGES/images/gr3.jpg)
7. Grigoriou, Alexandros Ch.; Chekimoglou, Evangelos A. (2008). 14301930 (https://book
s.google.com/?id=p6vdPgAACAAJ&dq=%CE%97+%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B
F%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%C
E%B7%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD) [The Thessaloniki of Explorers 14301930] (in Greek).
Thessaloniki: . p. 43. ISBN 960-7265-91-2. Retrieved 2 August 2011. "From Robert de
Dreux's personal journals, 1669: Leaving a village named Baicui, we reached Thessaloniki, which is one of the most
splendid cities of Macedonia and the whole of Greece."
8. "The whole of Greece is divided into four great pashaliks; Tripolizza, Egripo or Neropont, Yanina, and Salonica. The
pashalik of [] Salonica [comprises], the southern divisions of Macedonia. The north of Macedonia is governed by beys;
" Quoted from: Thomas Thornton, The Present State of Turkey, London 1807, Vol. 2, p. 10,
http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/thornton/t2c5.shtml
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Thessaly, Macedonia, Crete, and the Islands. [] What proportion of Macedonia is considered as coming within the
boundaries of Greece, we have no means of deciding" Quoted from: John L. Comstock, History of the Greek Revolution
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External links
Macedonian Press Agency
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Nikolaos Martis - Macedonia's Hellenism: Empirical documents and sources
An online review of Macedonian affairs, history and culture
EMS.name
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Macedonia, The Historical Profile of Northern Greece
Map of Makedonia
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Official links
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