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Figure 5-9: Plot of the Bessel function data from Fig. 5-8.
5-3: Modulation Index
and Sidebands
Bessel Functions
The symbol ! means factorial. This tells you to
multiply all integers from 1 through the number to
which the symbol is attached. (e.g. 5! Means 1 2
3 4 5 = 120)
Narrowband FM (NBFM) is any FM system in which
the modulation index is less than /2 = 1.57, or
mf < /2.
NBFM is widely used in communication. It conserves
spectrum space at the expense of the signal-to-
noise ratio.
5-3: Modulation Index
and Sidebands
FM Signal Bandwidth
The higher the modulation index in FM, the
greater the number of significant sidebands and
the wider the bandwidth of the signal.
Bessel table.
5-4: Noise-Suppression Effects of FM
Preemphasis
Noise can interfere with an FM signal and
particularly with the high-frequency components of
the modulating signal.
Noise is primarily sharp spikes of energy and
contains a lot of harmonics and other high-
frequency components.
To overcome high-frequency noise, a technique
known as preemphasis is used.
A simple high-pass filter can serve as a
transmitters pre-emphasis circuit.
Pre-emphasis provides more amplification of only
high-frequency components.
5-4: Noise-Suppression Effects of FM
Preemphasis
A simple low-pass filter can operate as a
deemphasis circuit in a receiver.
A deemphasis circuit returns the frequency
response to its normal flat level.
The combined effect of preemphasis and
deemphasis is to increase the signal-to-noise
ratio for the high-frequency components during
transmission so that they will be stronger and
not masked by noise.
5-4: Noise-Suppression Effects of FM