Definitions

Stakeholder

Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitionsPerson, group, or organization

that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by
the organization's actions, objectives, and policies. Key stakeholders in a business
organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its
agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the
business draws its resources. Although stake-holding is usually self-legitimizing (those who
judge themselves to be stakeholders are de facto so), all stakeholders are not equal and
different stakeholders are entitled to different considerations. For example, a firm's
customers are entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same
consideration as the firm's employees. See also corporate governance

Shareholder

Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitions Individual, group, or

organization that holds one or more shares in a firm, and in whose name the share
certificate is issued. It is legal for a firm to have only one shareholder. Also called
stockholder.

Organization
1. Non-random arrangement of components or parts interconnected in a manner as to
constitute a system identifiable as a unit.

2. Sequential or spatial (or both) form in which a body of knowledge, data, people, things,
or other elements, is purposefully arranged.

3. Social unit of people, systematically arranged and managed to meet a need or to pursue
collective goals on a continuing basis. All organizations have a management structure that
determines relationships between functions and positions, and subdivides and delegates
roles, responsibilities, and authority to carry out defined tasks. Organizations are open
systems in that they affect and are affected by the environment beyond their boundaries

Management

1. Organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain

policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of

production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter

Drucker (1909-2005), the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation. Practice

of modern management owes its origin to the 16th century enquiry into low-efficiency and failures of

certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535).
2. Directors and managers who have the power and responsibility to make decisions to manage an

enterprise. As a discipline, management comprises of the interlocking functions of formulating

corporate-policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the firm's resources to achieve

the policy's objectives. The size of management can range from one person in a small firm to

hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large firms the board of directors

formulates the policy which is implemented by the chief executive officer. Some business analysts and

financiers accord the highest importance to the quality and experience of the managers in evaluating

an organizations current and future worth.

Community

Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitions1. Self-organized network of

people with common agenda, cause, or interest, who collaborate by sharing ideas,
information, and other resources. Virtual communities consist of participants in online
discussions on topics of mutual concern, or of those who frequent certain websites.

2. Cluster of common interests that arise from association.

Corporation Hide links within definitionsShow links within

definitions
1. Firm that meets certain legal requirements to be recognized as having a legal existence,
as an entity separate and distinct from its owners. Corporations are owned by their
stockholders (shareholders) who share in profits and losses generated through the firm's
operations, and have three distinct characteristics (1) Legal existence: a firm can (like a
person) buy, sell, own, enter into a contract, and sue other persons and firms, and be sued
by them. It can do good and be rewarded, and can commit offence and be punished. (2)
Limited liability: a firm and its owners are limited in their liability to the creditors and other
obligors only up to the resources of the firm, unless the owners give personal-guaranties.
(3) Continuity of existence: a firm can live beyond the life spans and capacity of its owners,
because its ownership can be transferred through a sale or gift of shares.

2. Municipal authority of a town or city.

Publicity
 Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitioType of promotion that relies on
public relations effect of a news story carried usually free by mass media. The main
objective of publicity is not sales promotion, but creation of an image through editorial or
'independent source' commentary. While the publicist can control the content of the story,
he or she may not have any control over its placement or interpretation by the media.

Employee

Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitionIndividual who works part time or
full time under a contract of employment, whether oral or written, express or implied,
and has recognized rights and duties. Also called worker.

Employer

Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitionsLegal entity that controls and
directs a servant or worker under an express or implied contract of employment and pays
(or is obligated to pay) him or her salary or wages in compensation.

Manager Hide links within

definitionsShow links within definitions
An individual who is in charge of a certain group of tasks, or a certain subset of a company.
A manager often has a staff of people who report to him or her. As an example, a
restaurant will often have a front-of-house manager who helps the patrons, and supervises
the hosts. In addition, a specific office project can have a manager, known simply as the
project manager. Certain departments within a company designate their managers to be
line managers, while others are known as staff managers, depending upon the functionality
of the department.

Manage

Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitions1. To control something, such
as a project, team of people, or idea. “Although each employee managed their own day to
day projects, the CEO managed the entire office, and all major decisions had to go through
him.”

2. To complete a goal or project. “If you don’t manage to complete your taxes by April 15th,
you will likely get in trouble with the IRS.”

Supplier
1. General: External entity that supplies relatively common, off the shelf, or standard goods
or services, as opposed to a contractor or subcontractor who commonly adds specialized
input to deliverables. Also called vendor.

2. Quality control: Internal or external entity that provides inputs to jobs or tasks of an
organization's internal customers. Efficient interactive relationship between a supplier and a
customer is a critical component of quality management.

Implementation plan
Detailed listing of activities, costs, expected difficulties, and schedules that are required to
achieve the objectives of the strategic plans.

Income
1. General: Flow of cash or cash-equivalents received from work (wage or salary), capital
(interest or profit), or land (rent).

2. Accounting: (1) Excess of revenue over expenses for an accounting period. Also called
earnings or gross profit. (2) Amount by which total assets increase in an accounting period.

3. Economics: Consumption which, at the end of a period, will leave an individual with the
same amount of goods (and the expectations of future goods) as at the beginning of that
period. Therefore, income means the maximum amount an individual can spend during a
period without being any worse off. Income (and not the GDP) is the engine that drives an
economy because only it can create demand.

4. Law: Money or other forms of payment (received periodically or regularly) from

commerce, employment, endowment, investment, royalties, etc

Audit
1. Accounting: Systematic examination and verification of a firm's books of account,
transaction records, other relevant documents, and physical inspection of inventory by
qualified accountants (called auditors). See also external audit and internal audit.

2. Quality control: Periodic (usually every six months) onsite-verification (by a certification
authority) to ascertain whether or not a documented quality system is being effectively
implemented.

Bias
1. General: Inclination or preference that influences (but ought not to) one's judgment from
being balanced or even-handed. Prejudice is bias in pejorative sense.

2. Statistics: Systemic inaccuracy in data due to the characteristics of the process employed
in creation, collection, manipulation, and presentation of data, or due to faulty sample
design of the estimating technique.

Appraisal
1. Impartial analysis and evaluation conducted according to established criteria to determine
the acceptability, merit, or worth of an item.

2. Evaluation by a qualified appraiser to (1) assess the current market value of a property,
(2) estimate the extent of damage to an insured property and cost of repairs, or (3)
determine if a total loss occurred. A written appraisal is usually a key requirement when a
property is bought, sold, insured, or mortgaged. It is required also when a claim is filed for
compensation for damage or destruction of the insured property. See also appraisal value.

3. Alternative term for valuation.

Appraisal approach
Method used in estimating the market value of a business, business ownership interest,
intangible asset, property, or security. The three common appraisal approaches are: (1)
cost approach, (2) income approach, and (3) market comparison approach. Also called
appraisal method.

Market value
1. General: Highest estimated price that a buyer would pay and a seller would accept for an
item in an open and competitive market.

2. Accounting: Asset's or inventory's replacement cost of an item arrived at by deducting

estimated carrying, delivery, and selling costs from its estimated selling price. See also fair
market value (FMV).

Utilitarianism
Ethics concept in which the happiness of the greatest number of people in the society is
considered the greatest good. According to this philosophy, an action is morally right if its
consequences lead to happiness (absence of pain), and wrong if it ends in unhappiness
(pain). And since the link between actions and their happy or unhappy outcomes depends
on the circumstances, no moral principle is absolute or necessary in itself. Proposed by the
English philosopher-reformer Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) in his 1789 book 'Principals Of
Morals And Legislation' it was developed by the English philosopher-economist John Stuart
Mill (1806-73) in his 1863 book 'Utilitarianism.
Compliance
Certification or confirmation that the doer of an action (such as the writer of an audit
report), or the manufacturer or supplier of a product, meets the requirements of accepted
practices, legislation, prescribed rules and regulations, specified standards, or the terms of a
contract. See also conformance.

Trend
Pattern of gradual change in a condition, output, or process, or an average or general
tendency of a series of data points to move in a certain direction over time, represented by
a line or curve on a graph.

Trend analysis
Method of time series data (information in sequence over time) analysis involving
comparison of the same item (such as monthly sales revenue figures) over a significantly
long period to (1) detect general patter of a relationship between associated factors or
variables, and (2) project the future direction of this pattern.

Efficiency
Comparison of what is actually produced or performed with what can be achieved with the
same consumption of resources (money, time, labor, etc.). It is an important factor in
determination of productivity. See also effectiveness.

Constraint
Element, factor, or subsystem that works as a bottleneck. It restricts an entity, project, or
system (such as a manufacturing or decision making process) from achieving its potential
(or higher level of output) with reference to its goal. See also theory of constraints.

Alternative
One of the two or more ways of achieving the same desired end or goal. An alternative does
not have to be a close substitute for the first choice (or other alternatives), or must solve
the problem in a particular way. For example, bundling, extensive promotion, lower price,
money-back guaranty, special offer, etc., are all alternative ways for achieving the same
end: greater sales revenue. Alternatives are mutually exclusive in the sense that if features
of two or more alternatives are combined it would create a new alternative. Also called
option

Criteria
Statement of needs, rules, standards, or tests that must be used in evaluating a decision,
idea, opportunity, program, project, etc., to form correct judgment regarding the intended
goal. Criteria is plural of criterion.

Integrity
1. Strict adherence to a moral code, reflected in transparent honesty and complete harmony
in what one thinks, says, and does.

2. State of a system where it is performing its intended functions without being degraded or
impaired by changes or disruptions in its internal or external environments.

3. Stored or transmitted data that is free from any unauthorized change. See also data
integrity.

Virtue
A virtue is a character trait or quality valued as being always good in and of itself.
Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual and collective
well being. The opposite of virtue is vice. Ethics (virtue - vice, good - evil, moral -
immoral - amoral, right - wrong).
Bribe
1. Something, such as money or a favor, offered or given to a person in a position of trust to influence that
person's views or conduct.
2. Something serving to influence or persuade.
3.To give, offer, or promise a bribe to.

Abide
1. To wait; to pause; to delay.
2. To stay; to continue in a place; to have one's abode; to dwell; to sojourn; -- with with before a
person, and commonly with at or in before a place.
3. To remain stable or fixed in some state or condition; to continue; to remain.
4. To wait for; to be prepared for; to await; to watch for; as, I abide my time.To endure; to sustain; to
submit to.
5. To bear patiently; to tolerate; to put up with.
6. To stand the consequences of; to answer for; to suffer for.
What is Flurry Analytics?
Flurry Analytics provides accurate, real time data to developers about how consumers use their
mobile applications, as well as how applications are performing across different handsets.
Application developers receive aggregated usage and performance data, as well as robust
reporting and analysis tools. With this data, developers can identify issues and opportunities,
create a more informed product roadmap, increase retention and grow their user base.

Flurry
a sudden commotion or burst of activity. A short period of active trading, as on a stock exchange.
• A snow flurry; that is, a brief snow shower
• Flurry, a Mac OS X screensaver
• Flurry, a Super Mario series enemy character
Brainstorming
a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a
problem. a process for developing creative solutions to problems. Brainstorming
works by focusing on a problem, and then deliberately coming up with as many
solutions as possible and by pushing the ideas as far as possible. One of the reasons
it is so effective is that the brainstormers not only come up with new ideas in a
session, but also spark off from associations with other people's ideas by
developing and refining them.
Quota
1. An allotment or limited amount.
2. The amount of sales needed to reach a company's sales goal.
Rate: