Fyp 070 Final

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Libali, Bhaktapur 2, Nepal
A
FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT
ON
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MILTI-STOREY
BUILDING
PROJECT SUPERVISOR: PROJECT MEMBERS:

Er. Sudip Karanjit Abishek Chitrakar 070BCE50
Anjan Suwal 070BCE51
Dijen Suwal 070BCE57
Parikshit B. Magar 070BCE71
Sunil Kharbuja 070BCE93
August 10, 2017

PREFACE
This report has been prepared as part of project work to fulfill the requirement of course
syllabus prescribed to Civil Engineering final year course. Our project group has chosen to
do analysis and design of Reinforced Concrete framed building under the guidance of our
dedicated supervisor and Department of Civil Engineering.
Among the two category of building structure, viz, load bearing and framed structures,
here, in the project work the frame structure is practiced. Building frame is the three-
dimensional structure as space which consist of rigidly interconnected beams, slab and
columns. It produces greater number of the redundancy thus reduces the moments and
facilitates the even distribution of the load.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Building is the project we are given
from the short-listed number of the projects. This project enabled us to acquire knowledge
on design of building. Some aspects of field problem and how to converge to reasonable
solution was also studied in the project. The courses really helped us while designing the
structure and provided the knowledge to design in terms of safety, economy, stability and
efficiency. During the project work, we duly got to know how to tackle the problems and
get the optimal result while designing the structures. It has taught us to work in team which
will surely help us in the future to come.
The results of calculation are presented in tabular form and sample calculations are
provided in detail to reduce the bulkiness of the report. Sufficient figure and sketches have
been introduced to illustrate the theories. Reference to the appropriate clauses of standard
codes of practices has been made wherever necessary. Some knowledge of software and
use of computer software has lessened the burden of repeated calculations in analysis. It is
clear that for understanding the process physically and realizing the structure behavior,
manual steps by steps procedure is necessary. However due to the time constraint and to be
familiar to the modern technology, the structural analysis and design part is performed
using computer software SAP 2000 V-18.
Report is focused on the design of slab, beam, column, staircase and foundation.
Although, every care has been taken to make the report free from errors, we shall be obliged
if any error present shall be brought to our notice. Constructive criticism will be heartily
welcomed.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The trend of getting structures analyzed scientifically for structural safety and economic
reasons is getting more and more popular nowadays. Nearing graduation, after which we
would qualify as full engineers, the desire to learn about such an analysis and design has
motivated us for this project, entitled Structural Analysis and Design of Multi Storey
Building.
At the outset, we will like to forward our sincere thanks and gratitude to our dear project
Supervisor Er. Sudip Karanjit, for providing immense guidance and support for our
project. We benefited a lot in a great deal from his logical thoughts, experience, and incisive
comments.
We would like to indulge towards our respected Principal Er. Sunil Duwal and our head
of the civil department Er. Rameshor Shrestha for their every effort in arranging favorable
ambience to handle such a very important project.
We extend our heartfelt appreciation to our respected teacher Er. Anand Kumar Mishra
and all other teachers of civil department associated with Khwopa College of Engineering
for their valuable suggestions.
We also acknowledge our gratitude towards each other for such a united coordination
amongst the group members during the project as well as some of the other friends who
help throughout the project.
Project group:
Abishek Chitrakar (070BCE50)
Anjan Suwal (070BCE51)
Dijen Suwal (070BCE57)
Parikshit B. Magar (070BCE71)
Sunil Kharbuja (070BCE93)
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ABSTRACT
Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering(IOE) offers a four-year course on Bachelor

degree in Civil Engineering and at the final year, student has to do a project work to
implement theoretical knowledge acquired during study into practical field. Project on
different topics are performed which may be allocated by the Institute or the students may
bring the project by ourselves.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Apartment Building is a multi-storey projection building
based on modern advanced technology whose height creates different conditions in the
design, construction and use than those that exist in common buildings of a certain region
and period. The symbolic value of an Apartment Building is very powerful in an urban
landscape. The design-criteria is a quite different using digital tools to represent it in
different forms that exhibit a more complex geometry.
The use of digital tools in the schematic design phase of Seismic Analysis and Design of
Apartment Building design is still quite limited. The computer-aided design includes
using the computer not only for visualization, analysis and evaluation, but also for the
generation of designs or more accurately, for the rapid generation of computable design
representations describing conceptual design alternatives. Potential design alternatives are
generated and evaluated in order to obtain the most promising solution.
The main objective of the project work is to make the students able to analyze and design
the high-rise structures. Considering the various facts, we the students of 070 batch of Civil
Engineering Department chose to undertake the project work on Seismic Analysis and
Design of Apartment Building. Despite of the time, boundary and resources we have
completed the project successfully. We hope it will meet the project objective, though any
opinions, suggestion, criticism for the project would be fruitful.
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Symbol Description
Diameter of Bar
c Shear Stress
m Partial Safety Factor
Ab Area of Each Bar
Ag Gross Area of Concrete
Ah Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
Asc Area of Steel in Compression
Ast Area of Steel
Asv Area of Stirrups
B Width
d Effective Depth
d Effective Cover
D Overall Depth
e Structure Eccentricity
E Youngs Modulus of Rigidity
Es Modulus of Elasticity of Steel
fck Characteristics Strength of Concrete
fy Characteristics Strength of Steel
fs Steel Stress of Service Load
h Height of building
I Importance Factor (For Base Shear Calculation)
I Moment of Inertia
Ip Polar Moment of Stiffness
k Lateral Stiffness
L Length of Member
Ld Development Length
M Bending Moment
Pc Percentage of Compression Reinforcement
Pt Percentage of Tension Reinforcement
Q Design Lateral Force
R Response Reduction Factor
Sa/g Average Response Acceleration Coefficient
Sv Spacing of Each Bar
T Torsional Moment due to Lateral Force
Ta Fundamental Natural Period of Vibrations
V Additional Shear
VB Design Seismic Base Shear
W Seismic Weight of Floor
Xu Actual Depth of Neutral Axis
Xul Ultimate Depth of Neutral Axis
Z Zone Factor
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Abbreviations
D.L Dead Load

E.Q Earthquake Load
IS Indian Standard
L.L Live Load
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
Units
Force KN
Moment KN-m
Length m
Bar Dia. mm
Spacing mm
The outputs of SAP 2000 are corresponding to force in KN and Length in m.

All dimensions are in mm units unless specified.
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Table of Contents
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................... iv
Symbol ............................................................................................................................. iv
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... v
Units.................................................................................................................................. v
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objective of the project work ................................................................................ 2
1.3 Scope of the project ............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Project Building Description ................................................................................. 3
1.5 Units ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Interpretation ......................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Detailing ................................................................................................................ 4
2 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 5
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 History of Earthquake in Nepal and its effects: ............................................. 6
2.1.2 Building Typology of Nepal .......................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Elements of building: ..................................................................................... 7
2.1.4 Understanding and Design philosophy .......................................................... 7
2.1.5 Load and forces .............................................................................................. 8
2.1.6 Loading pattern .............................................................................................. 9
2.1.7 Codes of Practices: ....................................................................................... 10
2.1.8 Methods and tools for analysis .................................................................... 10
3 DESIGN METHOD .................................................................................................. 11
3.1 Limit state method ............................................................................................... 11

3.1.1 Structural system .......................................................................................... 12
3.1.2 Analysis of building ..................................................................................... 12
3.2 Load cases ........................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Earthquake resistant design philosophy .............................................................. 14
3.3.1 Configuration ............................................................................................... 14
3.3.2 Connection ................................................................................................... 15
3.3.3 Construction quality ..................................................................................... 15
4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN ........................................................................................ 16
4.1 Design data .......................................................................................................... 16

4.1.1 Construction Material .................................................................................. 16
4.2 Preliminary design of elements ........................................................................... 17
4.2.1 Preliminary Design of Slab .......................................................................... 17
4.2.2 Preliminary Design of Beam ........................................................................ 18
4.2.3 Preliminary Design of Column .................................................................... 19
5 LOAD CALCULATION........................................................................................... 22
5.1 Seismic load ........................................................................................................ 22

5.2 Equivalent static force analysis ........................................................................... 22
5.2.1 Base shear calculation .................................................................................. 22
6 STOREY DRIFT ....................................................................................................... 28
7 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 29
8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 31
9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ......................................................................................... 32
9.1 Design of structural elements .............................................................................. 32

9.1.1 Design of slab .............................................................................................. 32
9.1.2 Design of beam ............................................................................................ 55
9.1.3 Design of column ......................................................................................... 71
9.1.4 Design of staircase ....................................................................................... 93
9.1.5 Design of lift wall ...................................................................................... 109
9.1.6 Design of basement wall ............................................................................ 118
9.1.7 Design of Foundation ................................................................................. 123
10 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 134
11 ANNEX I: TABLES................................................................................................ 136
11.1 Load Calculation ............................................................................................... 137

11.1.1 Wall Load................................................................................................... 137
11.1.2 Swimming Pool Weight ............................................................................. 146
11.1.3 Slab Weight ................................................................................................ 147
11.1.4 Lift Wall Weight ........................................................................................ 152
11.1.5 Beam Weight ............................................................................................. 153
11.1.6 Column....................................................................................................... 162
11.1.7 Stair Case Weight ...................................................................................... 165
11.1.8 Retaining Wall ........................................................................................... 165
11.2 Dynamic Calculation ......................................................................................... 166
11.2.1 Scale Factor Determination........................................................................ 166
11.2.2 Model Participation Mass Ratios ............................................................... 167
12 ANNEX II: FIGURES ............................................................................................. 174
13 ANNEX III: DRAWINGS ...................................................................................... 179
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 180

List of Tables
Table 1 Limiting Value of Neutral Axis ............................................................................ 12

Table 2 Zone Factor ........................................................................................................... 23
Table 3 Values of Sa/g ....................................................................................................... 23
Table 4 Seismic Weight Calculation.................................................................................. 25
Table 5 Storey Deflection along X-axis............................................................................. 28
Table 6 Storey Deflection along Y-axis............................................................................. 28
Table 7 Calculation of forces and moments in elevator wall ........................................... 112
Table 8 Calculation of center of gravity of plan area and locating centroid of resultant forces
.......................................................................................................................................... 125
Table 9 Soil Pressure at different points .......................................................................... 128
List of Figures
Figure 1 Flowchart of Methodology .................................................................................... 5
Figure 2 Loading pattern in beam ........................................................................................ 9
Figure 3 Separate Buildings for Different Functions ......................................................... 15
Figure 4 Design Response spectra curve as per IS 1893-2002 .......................................... 23
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Nepal is a developing country having difficult topography, poor geological condition and
young geology. By considering increasing growth rate of population, living style, economic
status and more pronounced scarcity of land, it is necessary to develop a trend of safe,
economical, stable and serviceable design and analysis of high rise building structure. As
height of building increases, lateral loads (due to wind and earthquake) makes their
presence felt increasingly; in fact, in very tall building the choice of structural system is
dictated primarily by its relative economy in effectively resisting lateral load rather than
gravity loads.
Nepal is located in the most severe earthquake zone. Nepal lies at boundary of continuously
moving Indian plate and stable Eurasian plate. Due to plate tectonic, the plates are always
in motion and the boundary area is the region of high vulnerability as most of the
earthquakes are the result of relative movement of tectonic blocks along active faults. So,
to emphasis the importance for considering earthquake load as the major lateral load, IS
1893: 2002 has Kathmandu on zone V, the severest one. So, the building should be
designed to resist lateral load due to earthquake and constructed by using codes as well as
with proper control.
The project selected by our group is a multi-storey apartment building. These structures are
subjected to various loads like concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly
varying loads, internal or earthquake load and dynamic forces. The structure transfers its
load to the supports and ultimately to the ground. While transferring the loads, the members
of the structure are subjected to internal forces like axial forces, shearing forces, bending
and torsional moments. So, considering all these the project of structures is designed as
follows. First of all, the most appropriate structural system and initial proportioning of
members is done. Generally, the initial drawing of architecture is referred. After that the
loads are estimated based on functionality and purpose of building based on codes. Then
the process of structural analysis and design evolves. Structural Analysis deals with the
prediction of performance of a given structure under stipulated loads and other external
effects. The performance characteristics of interest are stresses and stress resultants such as
axial forces, shear forces, bending moments, deflections and support reactions.
Structural Design deals with sizing various members of the structure of actual proportion
(member sizes, reinforcement details) and grades of materials required for safety and
serviceability under the calculated member forces. The Indian Standard Code of Practice is
thoroughly implemented for proper analysis, design and detailing with respect to safety,
economy, stability, strength here in our project. This project work has been undertaken as
a partial requirement for B.E. degree in Civil Engineering. All the theoretical knowledge
on analysis and design acquired on the course work are utilized with practical application.
The main objective of the project is to acquaint in the practical aspects of Civil Engineering.
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1.2 Objective of the project work
Learn the concept of lateral and vertical loadings on the building.

Learn the analysis for earthquake loading on the building.
Identification of the structural arrangement of the plan.
Modeling of the building for the structural analysis.
Detail structural analysis using SAP2000.
Sectional design of the structural components.
Structural detailing of the members and the system.
1.3 Scope of the project
1. The structural analysis of the building is done by SAP 2000 V18, for different cases of
loads.
2. Design of RCC framed members, walls, mat foundation, staircase, and other by limit
state method of design.
3. The project is not concerned with existing soil condition of the locality and the bearing
capacity of the soil is adopted.
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1.4 Project Building Description
Building Type Multi-storey Apartment Building

Structural System RCC Framed Structure
Purpose of Building Residential Apartment
Plinth Area 942.179 m2
Foundation Type Mat Foundation
Number of Storey 11+1 (Basement)
Floor Height 4m (Basement)
3m (Normal Floor)
4.2m (Terrace)
Seismic Zone V
Types of Loads Dead load as per IS 875-part I
Live load as per IS 875- part II
Seismic loads as per IS 1893:2002
Size of Beam 1000*400, 800*450, 700*450, 600*550,
600*500, 600*400, 500*350, 700*400,
700*350, 600*450, 600*350 mm2
Size of Column 1600*800, 800*800, 700*700, 650*650,
600*600 mm2
Type of Staircase Type I (Dog Legged)
Type II (Open Well)
Type III (Half Turn)
Width of Walls 230 mm
Grade of Concrete M20, M25, M35
Grade of Steel Fe500
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1.5 Units
SI (i.e. metric) units are used in this report. Whenever dimensions are not mentioned in
figure and drawing should be taken as mm.
1.6 Interpretation
Whenever reference to the clause of an Indian standard is made, it will be written as IS
456:2000 for structural design. Also, some of clauses are written from the IS 1893:2002,
SP-16 and other important factors from our book other reference books.
1.7 Detailing
Detailing are done by using code IS 13920:1993, Handbook on concrete reinforcement and
detailing (SP 34) and reference books stated in project are extensively used.
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2 METHODOLOGY
The diagrammatic representation of methodology is shown below:
Figure 1 Flowchart of Methodology
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2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 History of Earthquake in Nepal and its effects:

The country has a long history of destructive earthquakes. In this century alone, over 20,000
people have lost their lives in five major earthquakes.
1990 BS/1934 AD
Magh (January-February) Earthquake, known as Great Bihar Earthquake struck the
Kingdom of Nepal and its surrounding areas around 2 pm on the 16th of January. The
magnitude of the earthquake was 8.4 in the Richter scale. In total 8519 people lost their
lives in Nepal, a total of 1,26,355 houses were severely damaged and around 80,893
buildings were completely destroyed.
Total money spent from the earthquake relief fund was NRs 2,06,500 inside Kathmandu
valley only. Earthquake relief fund was established by the then king, loans were provided
for earthquake effected people and earthquake volunteers groups were formed.
Three earthquakes of similar size occurred in Kathmandu Valley in the 19th Century: in
1810, 1833 and 1866AD.
2045 BS/1988 AD
Udayapur Earthquake, Eastern Development Region was mostly affected and some parts
of Central Development Region was also affected, 721 people were dead and 6553 were
injured, 64,174 private buildings, 468 public houses, 790 government buildings were
damaged, 1566 live stocks, 22 districts of Eastern Nepal were affected, Total direct loss
was of 5 billion rupees.
2054 BS/1997AD
Central Region and Far Western Region were mostly affected, some parts of Eastern
Region and Western Region was also Affected, 1 person was injured and 1489 were
affected, 196 houses were destroyed and 60 buildings were damaged. Total loss of 51.29
million rupees.
2072 BS/2015 AD
The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake) killed nearly
9,000 people and injured nearly 22,000. It occurred at 11:56 Nepal Standard Time on 25
April, with a magnitude of 7.8. Its epicenter was east of Gorkha district at Barpak, Gorkha,
and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km. It destroyed or damaged at least
880,000 homes and more than 1200 health facilities. It set off avalanches on Mount Everest
and catapulted the entire region into chaos. The overall damage was estimated to be at about
$10 billion.
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2.1.2 Building Typology of Nepal
Typical Reinforced Concrete (RC) Framed buildings with brick masonry infill are
dominantly emerging Building Typology in the Urban areas of Nepal. Even this there exist
many types of building in Nepal which are as follows: -
RCC 47%
Fired Brick Cement Joint 28%
Mud Brick Plastered 17%
Mud Mortar Joint 8%
2.1.3 Elements of building:

Foundation
Structure: - Beam, Column and Slab
Exterior wall
Interior wall
Environmental control system: - Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, Lighting and
Acoustical System.
Vertical transportation system: - Elevators, Escalators and Staircase
2.1.4 Understanding and Design philosophy
2.1.4.1 Background
The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structure being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. We are mainly dealing with
seismic analysis and structural design of RCC framed concrete structure. Structure and
structural element shall normally be designed by limit state method.
2.1.4.2 Design philosophies

There are three philosophies for the design of reinforced concrete.
1. Working stress method
2. Ultimate load method
3. Limit state method
1.Working stress method:

The working stress method of design is based on the behavior of structure at working load.
The stress distribution in concrete and steel at working load is assumed to be linear. Hence
the design is made by assuming the linear stress-strain relationship ensuring that the stresses
in steel and concrete do not exceed their permissible values at service load which is taken
as the fixed proportion of the ultimate or yield strength of the material.
2.Ultimate load method:
This is an aspect of limit design, which confines the structural usefulness up to the plastic
strength or ultimate load carrying capacity. This method is based on failure condition rather
than working load condition. In plastic design method, working load is multiplied by load
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factor and the cross section of members is selected and design on the basis of collapse
strength.
3.Limit state method:
It is judicious amalgamation of working stress method and ultimate load method, removing
the drawback of both of these methods but retaining their good points. In the method of
design based on the limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely
all loads liable to act on it throughout its life: it shall also satisfy the serviceability
requirements, such as limitation on defection and cracking should be based on characteristic
value for materials strength and applied load. The designed value is derived from
characteristic value through the use of partial factor of safety for load and strength.
2.1.5 Load and forces
According to clause 19.1 of IS 456 2000

In structural design, account shall be taken of dead loads, imposed loads and wind loads
and forces such as those caused by earthquake and effects due to shrinkage, creep,
temperature etc. where applicable. The main types of load considered are:
1.Dead load
Dead load is produced by the self-weight of slabs, beams, columns, walls, parapet walls,
staircases, and so on. Magnitudes of dead load/ unit load/ density are chosen as per
IS875:1987(part I)
Screeding : 24 KN/m3
Plunging :20.4KN/ m3
R.C.C. specific wt. : 25KN/m
Brick masonry specific wt. : 19KN/m
2.Live load
The magnitude of live load depends upon the occupancy of the building. These are to be
chosen from code IS875:1987(part II) for various occupancies.
Live load on slab : 2KN/m
Live load on stair : 3KN/m
Live load on roof : 1.5KN/m
Live load on ground floor : 3KN/m
3.Lateral load
Lateral load acting in the building is earthquake/seismic load and wind load. Only
earthquake load analysis is carried out in the project. Earthquake or seismic load on a
building depends upon its geographical location, lateral stiffness and mass. Its effect should
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be considered along both axis of building taken only one at a time. During an earthquake,
the mass is imparted by the building where as acceleration is imparted by the ground
disturbance. In order to have minimum force, the mass of building should be as low as
possible. The inertial force is resisted by the building and the resisting force at the center
of rigidity at each floor of the building. There are two methods to determine the earthquake
force in the building.
1. Seismic coefficient method or static method
2. Response spectrum method
The seismic coefficient method is generally applicable to buildings up to 40m in height and
those are more or less symmetrical in plan and elevation.
2.1.6 Loading pattern
The loading is applied to the slab elements directly. The total load (DL and LL) on staircase
is equally distributed on both supporting beam and the load is converted to UDL. The load
on slab is taken as per the requirement stated in IS 875:1987(Part I & II).
Dead loads are computed from the dimensions of the structural member such as walls,
beams, slabs, etc. and their material densities confirming to IS 875 (Part I). Similarly, live
loads are to be chosen from IS 875 (part II) for various occupancies where required. The
uniformly distributed dead and live load acting on the slab are transferred to the beams
holding the slab. The slab load is distributed on the floor beams as shown in figure below.
The smaller beam holds the triangular load and the longer beams hold the trapezoidal load
as shown in figure. The beam element also resists the self-weight and the wall load
including all the finish loads on wall such as external and internal plaster.
Figure 2 Loading pattern in beam
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2.1.7 Codes of Practices:
Following codes of practices developed by Bureau of Indian Standard were followed in the
analysis and design of building:
1. IS 456: 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
2. IS 875: 1987 Code of Practice for Design Load for Building and
Structures (Part I Dead Loads; Part II Imposed
Loads)
3. IS 1893(Part I):2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
4. IS 13920: 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Subjected to Seismic Forces Code of Practice
5. SP 16 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456:1978
6. SP 34 Hand book on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
2.1.8 Methods and tools for analysis

1. Creating grid/ model
2. Defining
a) Material
b) Section (beam, column, slab)
c) Load cases
d) Load pattern
e) Load combination
3. Assigning
a) Section
b) Load
4. Analyze the structure
Earthquake loads are calculated using seismic coefficient method.
5. Design of structural elements
6. Limit state design using above mentioned codes.
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3 DESIGN METHOD
We have adopted limit state design method for design in our project.
3.1 Limit state method

It uses the concept of the probability and based on the application of method of statistic to
the variation that occurs in the practice in the loads acting in the structures or in the strength
of material.
The structures may reach a condition at which it becomes unfit for use for one of many
reasons e.g. collapse, excessive deflection, cracking, etc. and each of these conditions is
referred to a limit state condition. The aim of limit state design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that the structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use of
which it has been intended i.e. it will not reach a limit state. It means the structure should
be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it
would satisfy the limitations of deflection and cracking.
Assumptions for limit state for flexural member

(IS 456:2000, cl.38.1)
1. Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.
3. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain
in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any other shape which
results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the result of test. For design
purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67
times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor m = 1.5 shall be applied in
addition to this.
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
5. The design stresses in reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve
for the type of steel used. For the design purposes, the partial safety factor m = 1.15 shall
be applied.
6. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall

not be less than: + 0.002

Where, fy = characteristic strength of steel
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
Assumptions for Limit state of collapse for compression members

(IS 456:2000, clause 39.1)
In addition to the assumptions given above from i) to v), the following shall be assumed:
1. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
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2. The maximum compressive strain at highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete
subjected to axial compressive and bending and when there is no tension on the section
shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber.
3. The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel based on the
assumptions are as follows:
Table 1 Limiting Value of Neutral Axis
Fy Xu, max
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
Limit state of serviceability

This state corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used for checking
members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of the structure or its
component. This limit may correspond to
1. Deflection
2. Cracking
3. Vibration
The choice of the degree of reliability should be taken into account the possible
consequences of exceeding the limit state of collapse which may be classified according to
1. Risk to life negligible and economic consequences small or negligible.
2. Risk to life exists and / or economic consequences considerable and
3. Risk to life great and / or economic consequences also great.
3.1.1 Structural system

The system has been analyzed as 3D space frame. Element stresses in beams and columns
are calculated by SAP 2000 V18 with provision of special joint frame system. Raft
foundation has been constructed looking towards its effectiveness in the construction of
building. Due to complexity of the structure, variation of load is high thus the mat
foundation is best foundation for the structural system in comparison of other on context
of safety, economy and stability.
3.1.2 Analysis of building

For the static analysis of our building we use the structural analysis program SAP 2000
V18 that has special option for modelling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system. We have
adopted seismic coefficient method in sap analysis.
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3.2 Load cases
Load cases are independent loading for which the structure is explicitly analyzed.
Earthquake forces occur in random fashion in all directions. For building whose lateral load
resisting elements are oriented in two principal directions. It is usually sufficient to analyze
in these two principal directions (X and Y direction) separately one at a time.
Thus, the load cases adopted are as follows.
1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)
Following load combination are adopted for design
a) 1.5(DLLL)
b) 1.5(DL+LLEQX)
c) 1.5(DL+LLEQY)
d) 1.2(DL+LLEQX)
e) 1.2(DL+LLEQY)
f) 0.9(DLEQX)
g) 0.9(DLEQY)
13
3.3 Earthquake resistant design philosophy
The primary objective of earthquake resistant design is to prevent building collapse during
earthquakes thus minimizing the risk of death or injury to people in or around those
buildings.
Engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquake; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake-resistant; such
buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged severely but
would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and contents is
assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is a major
objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.
Design Philosophy
1. Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the buildings that carry vertical
and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however, buildings parts that do not carry
load may sustain repairable damage.
2. Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable
damage, while the other parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
3. Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe damage, but the
building should not collapse.
The earthquake resistant design process involves various factors to be considered. Some of
them are sort listed below:
3.3.1 Configuration
1. Symmetry:
The building as a whole or its various blocks should be kept symmetrical about both the
axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion during earthquakes and is dangerous.
2. Regularity:
Simple rectangular shapes behave better in an earthquake than shapes with many
projections. Torsional effects of ground motion are pronounced in long narrow rectangular
blocks. Therefore, it is desirable to restrict the length of a block to three times its width. If
longer lengths are required two separate blocks with sufficient separation in between should
be provided.
14
3. Separate Buildings for Different Functions
Figure 3 Separate Buildings for Different Functions
3.3.2 Connection
Proper selection of the material in proper ratio is needed for the construction of earthquake
resistant design. Material properties should match the requirement of earthquake resistant
concept. This involves various material properties.
Ductility is the major parameter need to be considered in the building performance during
earthquake. Earthquake resistant buildings, particularly their main elements, need to be
built with ductility in them. Such buildings have the ability to sway back-and-forth during
an earthquake, and to withstand the earthquake effects with some damage, but without
collapse.
Thus, a necessary requirement for good earthquake-resistant design is to have sufficient
ductile materials at points of tensile stresses.
Again, base isolation of the structure from the ground motions which actually impose the
forces on the structure can also be done. For reduction of the coefficient of friction between
the structure and its foundation, one suggested technique is to place two layers of good
quality plastic or flexible connection between the structure and its foundation.
3.3.3 Construction quality

Though the connection and configuration of the structure is properly planned, but if the
execution of the work is not accomplished using the planned format or specification then it
may be difficult to achieve earthquake resistant structure. Proper supervision of the work
by expert is required.
15
4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The principal purpose for preliminary design of any structure is:
1. Obtained a clear picture of structural action
2. Established the dimension s of structure
3. Use the preliminary design as a check on the final design
Preliminary design includes the approximation of size of the structural component of the
buildings for analysis. The preliminary bridges the gap between the design concept and the
detail phase.
4.1 Design data
4.1.1 Construction Material

Concrete Grade : M25
Steel Grade : Fe500
Live load on slab = 2 KN/m2 (IS 875-1964 Table I)
Live load on staircase = 3 KN/m2 (IS 875-1964 Table I)
Live load on roof = 1.5 KN/m2 (IS 875-1964 Table II)
Marble stressed = 26.5 KN/m2 (IS 875-1964 Table I)
Brick masonry = 20.4 KN/m3 (IS 875-1964 Table I)
RCC Specific Weight = 25 KN/m3
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 165KN/m3
16
4.2 Preliminary design of elements
4.2.1 Preliminary Design of Slab
From Deflection Control Criterion,

According to IS456,
()
Depth of Slab=
Taking, Modification Factor (MF) =1.5
Shorter Span (lx) = 6500 mm
Longer Span (ly) = 6500 mm

Ratio to Longer to Shorter Span ( ) = 1 < 2
So, two-way slab is to be designed.
Now,
6500
Depth of Slab (d) = 231.5 = 188.406 mm > 150 mm
Since, the depth of slab is greater than 150 mm so, secondary beam is required.
Again,
We have,
Shorter Span (lx) = 3250 mm
Longer Span (ly) = 3250 mm

Ratio to Longer to Shorter Span ( ) = 1 < 2
So, two-way slab is to be designed.
Now,
3250
Depth of Slab (d) = 231.5 = 94.203 mm
Providing, Effective Depth = 100 mm
Effective Cover = 25 mm
Hence, provide overall depth of slab (D) = 125 mm
17
4.2.2 Preliminary Design of Beam
Primary Beam (M2M3)

Span of Beam (L) = minimum of (c/c distance or clear span + d) = 6500 mm
6500
Depth of Beam (D) = 12 = =541.667 mm 550 mm
12

Taking, = 2 then,
550
Width of Beam (b) = = 275 mm
2
Hence, Provide Depth of primary beam (D) = 550 mm

Width of primary beam (b) = 275 mm
Secondary Beam
Span of Beam (L) = 6500 mm
6500
Depth of Beam (D) = 15 = = 433.33 mm 500 mm
15

Taking, = 2 then,
500
Width of Beam (b) = = 250 mm
2
Hence, Provide Depth of Secondary beam (D) = 500 mm

Width of Secondary beam (b) = 250 mm
18
4.2.3 Preliminary Design of Column
Unit Weight (IS 875 Part 1)

Unit wt. of RCC = 25 KN/m3
Unit wt. of Screeding = 24 KN/m3
Unit wt. of Plaster = 20.4 KN/m3
Unit wt. of Wall = 19 KN/m3
Unit wt. of Marble = 26.5 KN/m3
Now,
For Slab,
Self-weight of slab = 25*0.125 = 3.125 KN/m2
Screeding (50 mm) = 24*0.05 = 1.2 KN/m2
Plaster (12 mm) = 20.4*0.012 = 0.2448 KN/m2
Live Load = 3 KN/m2
Total Load of Slab = 7.57 KN/m2
Column L4
Area of Slab = 13.72 m2
Area of Staircase = 8.42 m2
For Staircase,

7 (; = = 1200)

1200
or, 7

or, d 171.4286
Providing, Effective Depth (d) = 174 mm
Effective Cover = 26 mm
Overall Depth of Staircase (D) = 174 + 26 = 200 mm
Self-wt. of Staircase = 25*0.2 = 5 KN/m2
Screeding (50 mm) = 24*0.05 = 1.2 KN/m2
Plaster (12 mm) = 20.4*0.012 = 0.2448 KN/m2
Live Load = 5 KN/m2
Total Load of Staircase = 11.44 KN/m2
Load Calculation of Column

Load transfer from Slab = 7.57*13.72 = 103.86 KN
19
Load transfer from Staircase = 11.44*8.42 = 96.32 KN
Load transfer from Primary Beam = 25*(2.378+1.646+2.155) *0.275*(0.55-0.125)
= 18.05 KN
0.25
Load transfer from Secondary Beam= 25*(3.25*0.25*(0.5-0.125)+3.804* *(0.5-0.125))
2
= 12.08 KN
Load transfer from Wall = 19*(2.378+1.646+2.155) *0.23*(3-0.55) = 66.15 KN
Self-wt. of Column = 25*(3-0.55) *B*D = 61.25 BD KN
Total load transfer to Column = 296.46 + 61.25 BD KN
Total design load (Pu) = 1.5*1.5*Total Load*No. of Storey
= 1.5*1.5*(296.46 + 61.25 BD)*12 KN
= 8004.42 + 1653.75 BD KN . (1)
Assuming axially loaded column and steel = 3%, fck = 25 N/mm2
Pu = 0.4* fck*AC + 0.67*fy*AS
= 0.4*25*(BD-0.03BD) + 0.67*415*0.03BD
= 9.7 BD + 8.3415 BD
= 18.0415*103 BD KN . (2)
Equating equation (1) and (2), we have,
18.0415*103 BD 1653.75 BD = 8004.42
BD = 0.488 m2
Assuming square column,
B = D = 698.88 mm 700 mm
For Circular Column,
Diameter of circle = 788.251 mm 800 mm
20
Column H9
Area of Slab = 32.22 m2
Area of Water = 15.29 m2
Depth of Water = 1200 mm
Load Calculation of Column
Load transfer from Slab = 7.57*32.22 = 243.91 KN
Load transfer from Water = 9.81*15.29*1.2 = 179.99 KN
Load transfer from Primary Beam = 25*(5.462+6)*0.275*(0.55-0.125)
= 33.49 KN
0.25
Load transfer from Secondary Beam= 25*(5.462+6+3.944+5.269) * *(0.5-0.125)
2
= 24.23 KN
Load transfer from Wall = 19*(5.462+6) *0.23*(3-0.55) = 122.72 KN
Self-wt. of Column = 25*(3-0.55)*B*D = 61.25 BD KN
Total load transfer to Column = 604.34 + 61.25 BD KN
Total design load (Pu) = 1.5*1.5*Total Load*No. of Storey
= 1.5*1.5*(604.34 + 61.25 BD) *12 KN
= 16317.18 + 1653.75 BD KN . (1)
Assuming axially loaded column and steel = 3%, fck = 25 N/mm2
Pu = 0.4* fck*AC + 0.67*fy*AS
= 0.4*25*(BD-0.03BD) + 0.67*415*0.03BD
= 9.7 BD + 8.3415 BD
= 18.0415*103 BD KN . (2)
Equating equation (1) and (2), we have,
18.0415*103 BD 1653.75 BD = 16317.18
BD = 0.995 m2
Assuming square column,
B = D = 997.84 mm 1000 mm
For Circular Column,
Diameter of circle = 1125.55 mm 1150 mm
21
5 LOAD CALCULATION
5.1 Seismic load

Seismic weight is the combination of overall dead load and approximate amount of live
load acting on the building. For the calculation of the seismic weight of a floor. The floor
takes the half load above and half of the load below the floor for wall and column dead load
this is called lumping of floor mass. The seismic weight W of the whole building is the sum
of the seismic weight of the floor.
5.2 Equivalent static force analysis

5.2.1 Base shear calculation
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.4.2 the design horizontal seismic coefficient
Ah for a structure shall be determined by the following expression: Ah for structure shall
be determined by the following expression:

Ah = 2

Where,
= Average response acceleration coefficient that depends on fundamental natural period
of vibration (Ta)
I = Importance factor
R = Response reduction factor
Z = Zone factor
From IS 1893(part I):2002 table 2,
Nepal as a mountainous country lies near the mountainous belt as high earthquake risk zone
i.e. Zone V.
So, Z = 0.36 [for zone V]
I = 1.5 [depends upon importance function of building]
R=5 [IS 1893(part I):2002 table 7]

For , from Cl. 7.4.2 of IS 1893(part I)

Tx= 0.09h/(Dx)0.5
Ty = 0.09h/(Dy)0.5
Where, h = height of building in m, and h = 38.2m
22
Table 2 Zone Factor
Table 3 Values of Sa/g
Figure 4 Design Response spectra curve as per IS 1893-2002
23
CALCULATION
Vbx = x*Wt = 3.164063*118215.9 = 374042.5KN
Vby = y*Wt = 1.796249*118215.9 = 212345.2KN
Where, Wt = 118215.9KN
According to Cl. 7.7.1 of IS1893:2002,
Vb is distributed along the height of building as per the following:
2
Fi = Vb*( 2
)
Where,
Fi = Design lateral force at ith floor,
Wi = Seismic weight of ith floor,
hi = Height of ith floor measured from base, and
n= Number of storey in the building is the number of levels at which the masses are located
24
Table 4 Seismic Weight Calculation
Parapet Shear Swimming Total Wt.
Floor Slab Column Beam Wall Lift Staircase DL+K(LL)
Wall wall Pool W (KN)
Basement 0 0 0
Ground floor 2630.2 3287.5 1804.7 353.4 354.4 105.1 0 1399 1612.8 11547.1
1st floor 2025.8 2475 1413.7 1446.1 303.8 216.5 43.7 1224.7 9149.1
2nd floor 2025.8 2475 1413.7 2315.3 303.8 261.6 43.7 1233.3 10072
3rd floor 2029.6 2475 1425.9 2354.7 303.8 261.6 202.2 1272.5 10325.3
4th floor 2029.6 2475 1425.9 2394 303.8 261.6 202.2 1272.5 10364.6
5th floor 2029.6 2475 1425.9 2394 303.8 261.6 202.2 1272.5 10364.6
6th floor 2029.6 2475 1425.9 2394 303.8 261.6 202.2 1272.5 10364.6
7th floor 2029.6 2475 1425.9 2394 303.8 261.6 202.2 1272.5 10364.6
8th floor 2029.6 2475 1425.9 2394 303.8 261.6 202.2 1272.5 10364.6
9th floor 2029.6 2475 1425.9 2394 303.8 261.6 202.2 1253 10345.1
Lower
2610.3 2475 1505 1378.1 364.5 130.8 448.3 1301.2 1581.2 11794.3
Terrace
Upper Terrace 225.4 473 244.9 181 212.6 165 346.6 1848
116903.9
25
Calculation of Lateral Load
Seismic zone factor Z 0.36
Importance factor I 1.5
Response reduction factor R 5
Height of the building h 38.2
Dimension of the building along x Dx 41.8
Dimension of the building along y Dy 23.361
Time period of the building along x Tx=.09h/(Dx)^.5 0.531
Time period of the building along y Ty=.09h/(Dy)^.6 0.711
Soil type medium ii
Basic seismic coefficient along x (Sa/g) x 2.5
Basic seismic coefficient along y (Sa/g) y 1.912
Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ahx = ZISa/(2Rg) 0.135
Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ahy = ZISa/(2Rg) 0.103
Seismic wt. of the building for DL + .25LL W 116903.9
Base shear Vbx = W*Ahx 15782.03

Base shear Vby = W*Ahy 12069.84
26
Table 5 Distribution of seismic load
Floor Wi Hi WiHi Fix Fiy
Basement 0
Ground Floor 11547.09 4 184753.4 52.373 40.054
1st floor 9149.058 7 448303.8 127.084 97.192
2nd floor 10072.04 10 1007204 285.52 218.361
3rd floor 10325.26 13 1744969 494.66 378.308
4th floor 10364.62 16 2653344 752.164 575.243
5th floor 10364.62 19 3741629 1060.669 811.182
6th floor 10364.62 22 5016478 1422.06 1087.568
7th floor 10364.62 25 6477890 1836.337 1404.401
8th floor 10364.62 28 8125866 2303.502 1761.681
9th floor 10345.07 31 9941609 2818.224 2155.333
Lower Terrace 11794.34 34 13634257 3865.008 2955.896
Upper Terrace 1847.955 38.2 2696609 764.429 584.623
116903.9 55672912
27
6 STOREY DRIFT
As per Clause no. 7.11.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, the storey drift in any storey due to
specified design lateral force with partial load factor of 1.0, shall not exceed 0.004 times
the storey height. From the frame analysis, the displacements of the mass centers of various
floors are obtained and are shown in table below:
Table 5 Storey Deflection along X-axis

Storey Total displacement Story drift Storey height h Drift ratio
level (x) in mm (mm) ( mm) dx
up. Roof 36.98700 3.85793 4200 0.00092
roof 33.12907 3.07285 3000 0.00102
9 30.05622 3.68914 3000 0.00123
8 26.36708 3.85379 3000 0.00128
7 22.51329 3.97727 3000 0.00133
6 18.53602 3.99361 3000 0.00133
5 14.54241 3.84979 3000 0.00128
4 10.69262 3.54483 3000 0.00118
3 7.14779 3.09143 3000 0.00103
2 4.05636 2.42361 3000 0.00081
1 1.63275 1.10744 3000 0.00037
GF 0.52531 0.52531 4000 0.00013
Table 6 Storey Deflection along Y-axis

Storey Total displacement Story drift Storey height h Drift ratio
level (y) in mm (mm) (mm) dy
up. Roof 39.10682 5.06816 4200 0.00121
roof 34.03866 3.75242 3000 0.00125
9 30.28624 3.99209 3000 0.00133
8 26.29415 4.09554 3000 0.00137
7 22.19861 4.11947 3000 0.00137
6 18.07914 4.02451 3000 0.00134
5 14.05463 3.75527 3000 0.00125
4 10.29936 3.32415 3000 0.00111
3 6.97521 2.80643 3000 0.00094
2 4.16878 2.22346 3000 0.00074
1 1.94532 1.17655 3000 0.00039
GF 0.76877 0.76877 4000 0.00019
Here maximum drift ratio is 0.00137 which is less than 0.004. Hence, ok.
28
7 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Dynamic analysis shall be carried out to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution
to different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral load resisting
elements, for the following buildings.
i) Regular buildings:
Those greater than 40m in height in zones IV and V.
Those greater than 90m in height zones II and III.
ii) Irregular buildings:
All framed buildings higher than 12m in zones IV and V, and those greater than 40m in
height in zones II and III.
Time History Method: Time history method of analysis when used, shall be
performed using accepted principle of dynamics, shall be based on an appropriate
ground motion
Response spectrum method: Response spectrum method of analysis shall be
performed using the design spectrum specified in Cl. 6.4.2 or by a site-specific
design spectrum mentioned in Cl.6.4.6 of IS 1893.
When dynamic analysis is carried out either by time history method or by Response
Spectrum method, the design base shear(VB) calculated from the dynamic analysis
shall be compared with base shear calculated using fundamental time period
(Ta)(VB); where Ta is as per Cl.7.6. If base shear obtained from dynamic analysis
(VB) is less than (VB)(VB<VB), all the response quantities member forces,
displacements, storey forces, storey shears and base reactions shall be multiplied by
VB
ratio
VB
Free vibration analysis must be carried out to get natural time period and mode
shapes ().
Modes to be considered: The number of modes to be used in the analysis should be
such that the sum of odal masses of all modes considered is at least 90%. If modes
with natural frequency beyond 33Hz are to be considered, modal combination shall
be carried out for modes up to 33Hz.
The effect of modes with natural frequency beyond 33Hz be included by
considering missing mass correction following well established procedures.
29
Steps
1) Obtain zone factor (Z). Table 2 or Annex of IS 1893 (part 1).
2) Compute seismic weight of building (W) Cl 7.4.2 (IS 1893) seismic weight of
floors.
3) Establish mass [M] and stiffness [K] matrix of the building using system of mass
lumped at the floor levels with each mass having one degree of freedom, that of
lateral displacement in the direction under consideration. Columns and infill walls
shall be considered for stiffness. Floor slab is assumed to be infinitely stiff.
4) Using [M] and [K] of previous step and employing principles of dynamics compute
modal frequencies {w} and corresponding mode shape {}.
5) relationship with n being no. of modes considered,
[n
i=1 Wiik]
Pk = (Cl. 78.4.5b. of IS 1893)
n
i=1 Wiik
2
6) Compute design lateral force(Qik) at each floor in each mode (i.e. for ith floor in
mode K);
Qik = Ah(k). ik.Pk. Wi (Cl.7.8.4.5c. of IS 1893
Ah(k) = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per (Cl.6.4.2 of IS 1893)
2
using the natural period of vibration Tk = of mode k.
k
7) Compute storey shear forces in each mode (Vik) acting i in mode k as given by;
Vik = n i+1 Qik (Cl. 7.8.4.5d)
8) Compute storey shear forces due to all modes considered, Vi in storey i, by
combining shear forces due to each mode in accordance with Cl. 7.8.4.4 of IS 1893.
i.e. either (QC or SRSS modal combination methods are used).
9) Finally compute design lateral forces for each storey as,
Froot = Vroot , and
Fi = Vi Vi+1
10) Compute modal mass Mk of mode k using the following relationship with in being
number of modes considered.
[n
i=1 Wiik]
2
Mk = (Cl. 78.4.5a. of IS 1893)
g n
i=1 Wiik
2
11) Compute modal participation factors Pk of mode k using the following
30
8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
For the structural analysis of the structure, there considered four load cases which are
mentioned below:
1. Dead load(DL)
2. Live load(LL)
3. Earthquake load in X direction (EQX)
4. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQY)
Salient features of SAP 2000 which is used for the analysis.

Sap 2000 represents the most sophisticated and user-friendly releases of the SAP series of
computer programs. Creation and modification of and model, execution of the analysis and
checking and optimization of the design are all done through this interface. Graphical
displays of the results, including real time display of the time history displacements, are
easily produced.
The finite element library consists of different elements out of which the three-dimensional
FRAME element was used in the analysis. The Frame element uses a general, three-
dimensional beam-column formulations which include the effect of biaxial bending,
torsion, axial deformation and biaxial shear deformation.
Structures that can be modeled with this element include:
1. Three-dimensional frames
2. Three-dimensional truss
3. Planar frames
4. Planar grillages
5. Planar trusses
Loading option allows for gravity, thermal and pre-stress condition in addition to the usual
nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be in the
form of a base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base accelerations.
INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

The design of earthquake resistant structure should aim at providing appropriate dynamic
and structural characteristics so that acceptable response level results under the design
earthquake.
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building we use the structural analysis program
SAP 2000 V18, which has a special option for modelling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm
system. A floor diaphragm is modelled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y
plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-
Y plane.
31
9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
9.1 Design of structural elements

The design section is the most important part. The design of the structural elements should
be done for durability, construction and use in entire service life of the structure. The
realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards for
materials, production, workmanship, and also maintenance and use of structure in service.
This chapter includes all the design process of sample calculation for a single element as
slab, beam, column, staircase, basement wall, lift wall and mat foundation.
1. Design of slab
2. Design of beam
3. Design of column
4. Design of staircase
5. Design of lift wall
6. Design of basement wall
7. Design of mat foundation
9.1.1 Design of slab

Slabs are the plate elements forming floors and roofs of building and carrying distributed
loads primarily by flexure, which may be supported by beams or walls and may be used as
the flange of T or L-beam. Slab may be simply supported or continuous over one or more
supports and is classified according to the manner of support as: one-way slabs spanning
in one direction, two-way slab spanning in directions, circular slabs, and grid floor slabs
resting directly on columns with no beams and grid floor and ribbed slabs.
Slabs are designed by using the same theories of bending and shear as are used for beams.
The following methods of analysis are available:
1. Elastic analysis-idealization into strips or beams.
2. Semi empirical coefficients as given in the code, and
3. Yield line theory
Slabs are analyzed and designed as having a unit width that is 1 m wide strips. Compression
reinforcement is used only in exceptional cases in a slab. Shear stresses are usually very
low and shear reinforcements is never provided in slabs. It is preferred to increase the depth
of a slab and hence reduce the shear stress rather than provide shear reinforcement.
Temperature reinforcement is invariably provided at right angles to the main longitudinal
reinforcement in a slab. There are two types of slabs described as follow:
32
1. One-way slab
One way slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A one-way
slab may be simply supported or continuous, or can be analyzed in a manner similar to that
for continuous beam.
2. Two-way slab
When slabs are supported on the four sides, two-way spanning actions occur. Such slabs
may be simply supported or continuous or any other sides. The deflection and bending
moments in a two-way slab are considerably reduced as compared to those in one- way
slab. In a square slab, the two-way action is equal in each direction.
A slab may have its few or all edges restrained. The degree of restraints may vary depending
whether it is continuous over its supports or cast monolithically with its supporting beams.
A hogging or negative moment will develop in the top face of the slab at the supported
sides. In these slabs, the corners are prevented from lifting and provision is made for
torsion. The maximum moments Mx and My at mid span on strips of unit width for spans
lx, ly are given by:
Mx =x w lx2
My =y w lx2
Where, x, y = moment coefficients that can be obtained from table 26 of IS 456:2000 for
different arrangements of slabs.
33
Design of two-way slab (Rectangular)
Concrete Grade = M20 Steel Grade = Fe500 (TMT)
Reference Step Calculation Output
Slab ID: Panel 188 (Interior Panel)
1. Known Data
Shorter span (Lx) = 3250 mm
Longer span (Ly) = 3250 mm
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Wall load = 7.29 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1.26 KN/m2
2. Calculation of effective span

Along shorter direction;
lx = clear span between supports
IS 456:2000 = 3250-2*300 = 2650 mm lx = 2650
cl.22.2
mm
Along longer direction
ly = clear span between supports
= 3250-2*300 = 2650 mm
ly
ly = 2650
= 1 < 2 Hence, two-way slab should be mm
lx
IS 456:2000
designed.
ANNEX D-1.11
3. Using deflection control criteria

(lx/d) = (l/d) basic *
Assuming, = 1.2
or, (2650/d) = 26 * 1.2
or, d = 84.94 mm d = 100 mm
Adopting, d = 100 mm
effective cover = 25 mm
Total Depth (D) = 125 mm D = 125 mm
34
4. Load Calculation
Self wt. = 25*0.125 = 3.125 KN/m2
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Total load (w) = (3.125+3+7.29+1.26)
= 14.675 KN/m per unit width wu =
22.0125
Total design load (wu) = 1.5*14.675
KN/m
= 22.0125 KN/m
5. Calculation of BM
IS 456:2000 Mux = x wu lx2 1(a)
ANNEX D-1.1 Muy = y wu lx2 1(b)
6. Calculation of area of main reinforcement

IS 456:2000 Mux = 0.87*fy*Astx*(dx 0.416*xu) 2(a)
ANNEX G-1.1 Muy = 0.87*fy*Asty*(dy 0.416*xu) 2(b)
0.87fy Ast
Where; xu = 0.362f
ck b
b 2
Ast = spacing 3
4
b 2
Spacing = A 4
st 4
IS 456:2000
Ast min = 0.12% of bD 5
cl.26.5.2.1
Tabular Calculation
Shorter Span Longer Span

SN Description Reference
Support Mid Support Mid
IS 456:2000
1. x and y 0.032 0.024 0.032 0.024
table 26
From equation
2. BM (KN-m) 4.947 3.710 4.947 3.710
1(a) and 1(b)
35
Ast From equation
3. 117.146 87.187 131.126 97.398
required (mm2) 2(a) and 2(b)
4. Ast min (mm2) 150 150 150 150 From equation 5
5. (mm) 10 10 10 10 Assuming
Spacing From equation 4
6. 523.599 523.599 523.599 523.599
Required (mm) (> 300mm or 3d)
Spacing
7. 300 300 300 300 Providing
provided (mm)
8. Ast provided (mm2) 261.799 261.799 261.799 261.799 From equation 3
7. Calculation of limiting BM
IS 456:2000 Mulim = 0.362*fck*xulim*b*(d 0.416* xulim)
ANNEX G- where; xulim = 0.46*d = 0.46*100 = 46 mm
1.1
Mulim = 0.362*20*46*1000*(100
& cl.38.1 0.416*46) = 26.93 KN-m
Mumax < Mulim So, singly reinforced section is
Mulim=26.93KN-
to be designed.
m
8. Check for Deflection control criteria

For shorter span;
for ,
IS 456:2000 A
fs = 0.58 * fy * A st required
st proviede
cl.23.2.1
87.187
= 0.58*500*261.799 = 96.578
Percentage Tension Reinforcement

IS 456:2000 Ast provided 261.799
= 100 = 1000125 100
bD
Fig: 4
= 0.20944
From fig 4,
=2
(lx/d) max (l/d) basic * Hence, Safe
or, 26.5 52
36
9. Check for Shear
For shorter span;
Shear force at the face of the support,
wu l x 22.01252.65
V= = = 29.167 KN
2 2
Shear at critical section
29.167 u V
= 1.3250.1
1.325
Vu = 26.97 KN.
Here, tension reinforcement of slab
contributes in shear Vu = 26.97 KN
For pt = 0.262%
IS 456:2000 c = 0.385 N/mm2
Table 19 &
k*c*b*d =
1.30.3851000100
= 50.05 KN c = 0.385
cl.40.2 1000 N/mm2
> Vu Hence, Safe
10. Check for Development Length

IS 456:2000 s 0.87500
Ld = 4 =
bd 1.641.2
cl.26.2.1
or, Ld = 56.64* = 56.64*10 = 566.4 mm
M1
Ld 1.3 + Lo
V
For shorter span,

M1
1.3 + Lo = 0.796 m = 796 mm Hence, Safe
V
For longer span,

M1
1.3 + Lo = 0.744 m = 744 mm
V
Hence, Safe
37
11. Provision of Distribution Reinforcement
Ast distribution = 0.12% of b*D
= 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150 mm2
b 2
Spacing of bars, Sv = A
st 4
Taking, = 10 mm
1000 102
Sv = = 523.598 mm
150 4
> 300 mm or 3d
So, provide 10 mm @ 275 mm c/c
12. Provision of Torsion Reinforcement

Since, this is an interior panel there is no need
of torsion reinforcement.
13. Provision for Curtailment of

Reinforcement
Curtailment is done as per simplified method
and IS code and SP 34
38
Design of two-way slab (Trapezoidal)
1. Known Data
Clear Span
Live load = 2 KN/m2

IS 456:2000 lx = clear span between supports
cl.22.2 = 2700 mm lx = 2700 mm
Along longer direction;
ly = clear span between supports
= 4806 mm ly = 4806 m
IS 456:2000 ly
= 1.817 < 2 Hence, two-way slab should be
lx
ANNEX D-
designed.
1.11
39
3. Using deflection control criteria
(lx/d) = (l/d) basic *
Assuming, = 1.2
or, (2700/d) = 26 * 1.2
or, d = 86.538 mm
Adopting, d = 100 mm d = 100 mm
effective cover = 25 mm
Total Depth (D) = 125 mm D = 125 mm
4. Load Calculation
Self wt. = 25*0.125 = 3.125 KN/m2
Live load = 2 KN/m2
Total load (w) = (3.125+2+0.286+1.26)
= 6.671 KN/m per unit width
Total design load (wu) = 1.5*6.671 wu = 10.007
KN/m
= 10.007 KN/m
IS 456:2000 Mux = x wu lx2 1(a)
ANNEX D-1.1 Muy = y wu lx2 1(b)
6. Calculation of area of main reinforcement

IS 456:2000 Mux = 0.87*fy*Astx*(dx 0.416*xu) 2(a)
ANNEX G-1.1 Muy = 0.87*fy*Asty*(dy 0.416*xu) 2(b)
0.87fy Ast
Where; xu = 0.362f
ck b
b 2
IS 456:2000 Ast = spacing 3
4
cl.26.5.2.1 b 2
Spacing = A 4
st 4
40
Tabular Calculation
Shorter Span Longer Span
SN Description Reference
Support Mid Support Mid
IS 456:2000
1. x and y 0.061 0.046 0.032 0.024
table 26
From equation
2. BM (KN-m) 4.475 3.361 2.334 1.751
1(a) and 1(b)
Ast From equation
3. 105.654 78.813 60.646 45.288
required (mm2) 2(a) and 2(b)
4. Ast min (mm2) 150 150 150 150 From equation 5
5. (mm) 10 10 10 10 Assuming
6. 523.599 523.599 523.599 523.599
Spacing
7. 300 300 300 300 Providing
provided (mm)
8. Ast provided (mm2) 261.799 261.799 261.799 261.799 From equation 3
7. Calculation of limiting BM
IS 456:2000 Mulim = 0.362*fck*xulim*b*(d 0.416* xulim)
ANNEX G-1.1 where; xulim = 0.46*d = 0.46*100 = 46 mm
& cl.38.1 Mulim
= 0.362*20*46*1000*(100 0.416*46)
= 26.93 KN-m Mulim=26.93 KN-
m
Mumax < Mulim So, singly reinforced section
is to be designed.

For shorter span;
for ,
IS 456:2000 A
st provided
cl.23.2.1
78.813
= 0.58*500*261.799 = 87.303
IS 456:2000 Percentage Tension Reinforcement

Ast provided 261.799
Fig: 4 = 100 = 100 =
bD 1000125
0.20944
41
From fig 4, = 2
(lx/d) max (l/d) basic * Hence, Safe
or, 26.5 52
9. Check for Shear

For shorter span;
wu l x 10.0072.7
V= = = 13.51 KN
2 2
13.51 KN
12.51 KN
d=0.1 m
1.35 m
13.51 u V
= 1.350.1
1.35
Vu = 12.51 KN
Vu = 12.51 KN
contributes in shear
IS 456:2000 For pt = 0.21%
Table 19 & c = 0.328 N/mm2 c = 0.328 N/mm2
cl.40.2
1.30.3281000100 Hence, Safe
k*c*b*d = = 42.64 KN >
1000
Vu

IS 456:2000 s 0.87500
Ld = 4 =
bd 1.641.2
cl.26.2.1
or, Ld = 56.64* = 56.64*10 = 566.4 mm
M1
Ld 1.3 V
+ Lo
42
For shorter span,
M1
1.3 + Lo = 0.796 m = 796 mm
V
For longer span,

M1
1.3 + Lo = 0.744 m = 744 mm
V

= 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150
2
mm
b 2
st 4
Taking, = 10 mm
1000 102
Sv = = 523.598 mm
150 4
Provide 10 mm
> 300 mm or 3d @ 300 mm c/c

Since, this is an interior panel there is no
need of torsion reinforcement.

Reinforcement
Curtailment is done as per simplified
method and IS code and SP 34
43
Design of two-way slab (Triangular)
In case of triangular slab, it may be treated as circular slab having diameter equal to the
mean of the circumscribed and inscribed circles.
a = 4.752 m
1. Dimension of slab
a = 4.752 m ++
K=
b = 3.361 m
= 5.737m
c = 3.361 m
Diameter of inscribed circle
triangular area
d1 = 2*
K
()()()
= 2*

= 1.969 m
Diameter of circumcircle

d2 = 2*
(++)(+)(+)(+)
= 4.752 m
Mean Diameter, d = 3.361 m
Radius, r = 1.681 m
44
2. Known Data
Depth of slab;
Provide, d=100mm
Effective cover = 25mm
Total depth = 125mm
3. Load Calculation
Self wt. of slab = 25*0.125 = 3.125
KN/m2
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Total load (w) = (3.125+3+2.277+1.26)
= 9.662 KN/m per unit
width
wu = 14.493 KN/m
Total design load (wu) = 1.5*9.662
= 14.493 KN/m
4. Calculation of max. BM (radial)

1
Max. positive value at center = 16 * wr2
(Mr) = 2.56 KN-

m
2
Max. negative value at edge = 16 * wr2
(M) = 5.119 KN-

m
The radial moment become zero or

change sign at radius = from centre
3
= 0.971 m from center

Mulim = 0.632 fck Ast(d-0.416xulim)
xulim = 0.46 d = 47.9 mm
Mulim = 27.796 KN-m
45
As Mumax<Mulim, singly reinforced can be Hence, safe.
designed.
5. Calculation of area of main

reinforcement
Mu-max = 0.87*fy*Ast*(d 0.416*xu)
IS 456:2000
0.87fy Ast
ANNEX G-1.1 Where; xu = 0.362f
ck b
Solving,
Ast = 121.358 mm2
According to IS 456:2000;
0.12
Ast * bD 150 mm2
100
IS 456:2000
Hence, provide Ast = 150 mm2 and
cl.26.5.2.1 10mm bar
b 2
Ast = spacing 4
b 2
Spacing = A
st 4 Dia. = 10 mm
Spacing required = 523.599 mm Spacing = 300mm
(> 300mm or 3d) Ast provided =
Hence, provide spacing of 300 mm 261.79mm2
Hence, Ast provided = 261.79 mm2

for ,
IS 456:2000 A
st proviede
cl.23.2.1
150
= 0.58*500*261.799 = 166.158

= 100 = 100 =
bD 1000125
0.261 %
IS 456:2000 From fig 4,
Fig: 4 =2
46
(lx/d) max (l/d) basic *
or, d 64.635 mm
7. Check for shear

Shear force, V = = 24.355 KN
2
IS 456:2000
Shear stress, v = = 0.244 N/mm2
Table 20 &
cmax = 0.28
cl.40.2.1.1
Design c = 1.3 * c = 0.364 > v
Hence, Safe.

IS 456:2000 s 0.87500
Ld = =
4bd 1.641.2
cl.26.2.1
or, Ld = 56.64* = 56.64*10 = 566.4 mm
M1
Ld 1.3 + Lo
V
For shorter span,

M1
1.3 + Lo = 0.796 m = 796 mm
V
For longer span,

M1
1.3 + Lo = 0.744 m = 744 mm
V
9. Provision of Distribution
Reinforcement
= 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150
2
mm
b 2
st 4
Taking, = 10 mm
1000 102
Sv = = 523.598 mm
150 4
> 300 mm or 3d Provide 10 mm

@ 300 mm c/c
47

Reinforcement
48
Design of Cantilever Slab
For Cantilever slab;
Let, w be the total load per square meter for which the slab is to be designed.
Let wx be the portion of load carried by the slab along short direction or l x and let, wy be
the portion of the load carried by the slab along long direction or ly.
It is assumed that such a slab behaves like cantilever slab along shorter span and it acts like
a simply supported slab along longer span.
In order that the slab may be stable, the deflection of imaginary cantilever strips of slab
along lx and simply supported strips of slab along ly direction at point O should be equal.
Hence
4 4
1 . 5 .
=384
8

or, wy = 9.6* 4
=9.6* 4
( )

or, w-wx = 9.6 4
9.6
or, w = wx (1 + )
4
4 +9.6
= wx ( )
4
4
or, wx = w. 4 +9.6
wy = w-wx
4
=w (1 4 +9.6)
49
Design of Cantilever Slab
1. Known Data
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Assume d= 115 mm
Total depth = 140 mm

IS 456:2000 lx = length to the face of support
cl.22.2 = 1575 mm lx = 1575 mm
Along longer direction
ly = center to center distance between
supports
ly = 2500 mm
IS 456:2000 = 2800-2*300/2 = 2500 mm
ANNEX D-1.11 ly
= l = 1.5873
x
3. Load Calculation
Self-wt. = 25*0.14 = 3.5 KN/m2
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Total load (w) = (3.5+3+3.175+1.26)
= 10.935 KN/m per unit width
Total design load (wu) = 1.5*10.935 wu = 16.48
KN/m
= 16.48 KN/m
50
4. Calculation of BM wx = 6.528 KN
IS 456:2000 4
wx = w. 4 +9.6
ANNEX D-1.1 wy = 9.872 KN
wx = 6.527924 KN
4
wy = w (1 4 +9.6)
wy = 9.872076 KN
Mx = 8.096KN-
m
Consider a strip of slab one-meter wide

parallel to lx.
2
Mx = wx * 2
My = 7.71KN-m
= 8.096 KN-m
2

My = w y * 8
= 7.71 KN-m
Mulim = 0.362fck xulim b (d-0.416xulim)
Here, xulim = 0.46d = 52.9 mm Mulim=35.6KN-
And Mulim = 35.616 KN-m m
As, Mu<Mulim singly reinforced section
can be designed.

reinforcement
IS 456:2000
Mux = 0.87*fy*Ast*(dx 0.416*xu)
ANNEX G-1.1
1(a)
Muy = 0.87*fy*Ast*(dy 0.416*xu)
1(b)
0.87fy Ast
Where; xu = 0.362f
ck b
Solving,
IS 456:2000 Astx = 167.984 mm2
cl.26.5.2.1 Asty = 183.536 mm2

b 2
Ast = spacing 2
4
b 2
Spacing = A 3
st 4
Provide 10 mm reinforcement
Spacing required = 467.54 mm
51
(> 300mm or 3d)
Hence, provide spacing of 300 mm Provide 10 mm
bars @ 300
Hence, Ast provided = 261.79 mm2
mm c/c

For shorter span;
IS 456:2000 for ,
cl.23.2.1 A
st proviede
167.984
= 0.58*500* = 186.079
261.79 9

IS 456:2000 = 100 = 1000140 100
bD
Fig: 4
= 0.227651642
From fig 4,
=2
(lx/d) max (l/d) basic * Hence, Safe.
or, d 112.5 mm
7. Check for Shear

For shorter span;
V = W x x lx
= 6.53 x 1.575 = 10.28148 KN
52
10.28 KN
9.53 KN
d=0.115 m
1.575 m
10.28 u V
= 1.575.115
1.575
Vu = 9.53 KN
Vu = 9.53 KN
contributes in shear
For pt = 0.228%
IS 456:2000
c = 0.3424 N/mm2
Table 19 &
cl.40.2 1.30.34241000115
k*c*b*d = = 51.19KN
1000
> Vu Hence, Safe.

IS 456:2000 s 0.87500
Ld = 4 =
bd 1.641.2
cl.26.2.1
or, Ld = 56.64* = 56.64*10 = 566.4 mm
M1
Ld = 566.4 mm
Ld 1.3 V
+ Lo
For shorter span,

M1
1.3 + Lo = 0.796 m = 796 mm
V
For longer span, Hence, Safe.

M1
1.3 + Lo = 0.744 m = 744 mm
V
Hence, Safe.
53
= 0.12*1000*125/100 = 150
2
mm
b 2
st 4
Taking, = 10 mm
1000 102
Sv = = 523.598 mm
150 4
(> 300 mm or 3d)

Provide 10 mm
So, provide 10 mm @ 300 mm c/c @ 300 mm c/c

Reinforcement
54
9.1.2 Design of beam
Design of beams requires determination of the cross-sectional dimensions and
reinforcement details to satisfy both serviceability and strength requirements. The
serviceability requirement for deflection is controlled by effective span to effective depth
ratio. Generally, depth of the beam is governed by the strength requirement. The spacing
of reinforcement controls the serviceability requirement for crack. In beams, spacing of
reinforcement bars are small and governed by the minimum spacing requirement than
maximum spacing for crack control. The reinforcements are provided to satisfy strength
requirements. The detailing of longitudinal and transverse bars should satisfy the bending,
shear and bond requirements. The bending moment and shear are determined from the
analysis generally based on the elastic theory.
Beams are designed for the worst condition. So, the maximum values from the combination
have been used for the design.
Types of beam designed
i. Primary Beam
ii. Secondary Beam
55
Design of Beam
Concrete Grade: M20 Steel Grade: Fe500 (TMT)
Reference Ste Calculations Output
p
1. Known Data
Overall depth of beam = 450 mm D = 450 mm
Width of beam, B = 300 mm B = 300 mm
Considering effective cover, d' = 40 mm
Effective depth, d = 410 mm d = 410 mm
Span length, L = 7.608 m
SAP 2000 Loads Left End Mid Span Right End
Mu(+ve 17.19kNm 53.09kN 25.90kNm
) m
Mu(-ve) 115.72kN 3.265kN 121.28kN
m m m
Max. -263.79kN 46.41kN 257.55kN
shear
force
(Vumax)
2 Check for Axial Stress
IS13920:199 Factored Axial Stress = 1.22N/mm2
3 cl. 6.1.1
Axial Stress = 1.22N/mm2 < 0.1 fck
Hence, design as flexural member.
3 Check for Member Size

IS13920:199 Width of beam, B=300mm > 200mm Depth of
3 cl.6.1.3 beam,
D=450mm
IS13920:199 B/D = 300/450 = 0.67 > 0.3
3 cl.6.1.2 Hence, OK
IS Span Length, L=7.608 m
13920:1993 L/D = 7.608/.45 = 16.907 > 4 OK Ok
cl.6.1.4
4 Check for Limiting Longitudinal

Reinforcement
Min. Reinforcement,
IS
13920:1993 20
= 0.24 = 0.24
cl.6.2.1. b 500
3
= 2.146 10 = 0.215%
0.215 410
IS = = 0.215 300
100 100
13920:1993
= 264.45 2 = .
cl.6.2.2
. , = 0.025
= 0.025 300 410
= 30002 =
56
5 Design for Flexure
= 0.46 = 0.46 410 = 188.6
= 0.362 ( 0.416 ) =
= 0.362 20 188.6 300(410 0.416 . /
188.6) =135.82 kN/mm2
i. At left end,
For hogging moment (-ve moment)
= 115.72 Hence, singly
< reinforced.
115.7210001000
2
= = 2.29
3004102
SP 16 = 0.628%
Table 2 0.628
= 300 410 = 772.44 2
100
IS 50%
13920:1993 = 0.5 772.44 = 386.22 2
cl.6.2.3
For sagging moment (+ve moment)
= 17.188
< Hence, singly
17.18810001000 reinforced.
= = 0.34
2 3004102
= 0.082%
SP 16 0.082
So, = 100 300 410 = 33.62 2 <
Table 2
501.232 Top
Now, reinforcement
Top reinforcement Provide 3 nos of
Provide 3 nos of 20 mm dia. 20 mm
2 Bottom
, = 942.48 > ,
Bottom reinforcement reinforcement
Provide 3 nos of 20 mm dia. Provide 3 nos of
2
, = 942.48 > , 20 mm
ii. At mid span,

= 53.09
< Hence, singly
53.0910001000 reinforced.
= = 1.05
2 3004102
SP-16 = 0.258%
Table 2 0.258
So, = 100 300 410 = 317.34 2
= 158.67 2 Top
Now, reinforcement
, = 628.32 2 > ,
Bottom reinforcement Bottom
Provide 3 nos of 20 mm dia. reinforcement
, = 942.48 2 > , Provide 3 nos of
20 mm
57
iii. At right end,
< reinforced.
121.2810001000
2
= = 2.41
3004102
SP 16 = 0.666%
Table 2 0.666
= 100 300 410 = 819.18 2
IS13920:199 50%
3 cl.6.2.3 = 0.5 819.18 = 409.59 2

= 25.90
< Hence, singly
25.9010001000 reinforced.
= = 0.51
2 3004102
SP 16 = 0.119%
Table 2 0.119
So, = 100 300 410 = 146.37 2 <
409.592 Top
Now, reinforcement
2 Bottom
, = 942.48 > ,
Bottom reinforcement reinforcement
Provide 3 nos of 20 mm dia. Provide 3 nos of
2
, = 942.48 > , 20 mm
6 Check for Shear

a)
Tensile reinforcement provided, =
At left end,
i. 942.48
= 300410 = 0.77% = . /
IS 456:2000
Permissible stress of concrete,
Table 19 = 0.57 /2
Design shear strength of concrete, = .
= = 0.57 300 410 = 70.11
ii. At mid span,

628.32
= 300410 = 0.51%
Permissible stress of concrete, = . /
IS 456:2000
Table 19 = 0.48 /2
Design shear strength of concrete,
= = 0.48 300 410 = 59.04 = .
At right end,
iii. 942.48
= 300410 = 0.77%
= . /
IS 456:2000 Permissible stress of concrete,
Table 19 = 0.57 /2
58
= = 0.57 300 410 = 70.11 = .
b) Design Shear Strength of Concrete

Shear Force due to plastic hinge
The additional shear due to formation of plastic
hinges at both ends of the beams.
, ,

, +,
IS , = + 1.4
13920:1993

cl.6.3.3 , +,
, = + + 1.4
, ,

, +,
IS , = + + 1.4
13920:1993
,
+,
cl.6.3.1 , = + 1.4
Where,

, =

. =

, =

, =

= 0.87 ( 0.416 )
0.87
= 0.362 = 0.2

= 0.87 2 (1 )

Now,
0.628
, = 0.87 500 300 4102 (1
100
0.628
500
100
) = 116.14
20
0.666
, = 0.87 500 300 4102 (1
100
0.666
500
100
) = 121.77
20
0.082
IS 456:2000 , = 0.87 500 300 4102 (1
100
Annex G-
0.082
1.1 100
500
) = 17.62
20
59
0.119
, = 0.87 500 300 4102 (1
100
0.119
500
100
) = 25.33
20
+ 175.86
+ = + = 1.2 ( ) = 1.2 ( )=
2 2
105.52
, ,
17.62+121.77
, = 105.52 1.4 = 77.4
6.94
17.62+121.77
, = 105.52 + 1.4 =
6.94
133.64
, ,
116.14+25.33
, = 105.52 + 1.4 =
6.94
IS
134.06
13920:1993 116.14+25.33
cl.6.3.3 , = 105.52 1.4 = 76.98
6.94
Calculated Shear force as per SAP analysis,
SF at left end, = -263.79 kN
SF at left end,
SF at mid span, = 46.41 kN = -263.79 kN
SF at right end, = 257.55 kN SF at mid span,
= 46.41 kN
The design shear force to be resisted shall be SF at right end,
maximum of shear force obtained from analysis = 257.55 kN
and shear force obtained from the formation of
plastic hinges at both ends of the beam plus
factored load on span.
7. Design of Shear Reinforcement

IS 456:2000 Providing 2-legged 8mm dia. vertical stirrups. Da of stirrups
cl.26.5.1.6 0.87
0.4 =
0.87500100.531
= 364.42 = 8mm
0.4300
364.42
82
Where, = 2 4 = 100.531 2 2 legged
IS 456:2000
cl.26.5.1.5 Maximum spacing, = 0.75 300 = 0.75 vertical
410 300 = stirrups
307.5 300,
So, Max. spacing = 300mm. Max. =
/
i. At left end,
= 263.79 kN
IS 456:2000 Required capacity of shear reinforcement,
cl.40.4. = = 263.79 70.11 = 193.68
Spacing required for stirrups,
IS 456:2000 0.87 0.87500100.531410
cl.40.4. a. = =
193.681000
92.58
i.e., 92.58
60
So, provide 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups @90mm =
c/c. /
IS Spacing of stirrups over a length of 2d at either
13920:1993 end of beam shall be lesser of d/4 and
cl.6.3.5. 8*diameter of smallest longitudinal bar.
d/4=410/4 =102.5 mm, and 8*20=160 mm
So, At support,
c/c. to length of 2*410=820mm from inner face /
of column.
ii. At mid span,

= 263.79 kN
cl.40.4 = = 46.41 59.04 = 12.63
So, < .
IS 456:2000 When is less than , minimum shear

cl.40.3 reinforecement should be provided in
accordance with IS 456:2000 Cl.26.5.1.6.

0.87 0.87500100.531
0.4 = = 364.42
0.4300
i.e., 364.42
But, max. = 300 /
So, provide 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups =

@300mm c/c. /
Spacing should not be greater than d/2.
IS d/2= 410/2 =205mm
13920:1993 So, provide 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups
cl.6.3.5
@200mm c/c.
iii. At right end,
= 263.79 kN
cl.40.4. = = 257.55 70.11 = 187.44
IS 456:2000 0.87 0.87500100.531410
cl.40.4. a = =
187.441000
95.65
i.e., 95.65
IS c/c. /
13920:1993 Spacing of stirrups over a length of 2d at either
cl.6.3.5. end of beam shall be lesser of d/4 and
8*diameter of smallest longitudinal bar. At support,
d/4=410/4 =102.5 mm, and 8*20=160 mm =
So, /
61
So, provide 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups @90mm
c/c. to length of 2*410=820mm from inner face
of column.

IS 456:2000
= 1.64
cl.26.2.1 &
cl.26.2.1.1 = 1.2 /2
200.87500
= 1.641.2 = 1132.82
Also,

= 1.3 1 +

1 = 0.87 (1 )

= 0.87 500 942.48 410 (1

942.48500
)
30041020
= 135.89
= 263.79
135.891000
1132.82 1.3 263.79 +
Or, 1132.82 669.69 ++
463.13
9. Lap Splice
The longitudinal bars shall be splice.
a) Not more than 50% of the bars shall be splices
at one section.
b) If the hooks are provided over the entire splice
length at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm.
Lap splice shall not be spliced within
Joint.
Distance (2
) from face of joint.
Quarter length of member where flexural
yielding may occur.
10. Check for Deflection Control Criteria

=1
=1
For ,
=
IS 456:2000 ,
cl.23.2.2.c 100

628.32
= 100 = 0.47%
300450

IS 456:2000 = 0.58 ,
Fig 4 ,
317.34
= 0.58 500 628.32
= 146.47
62
From fig 4 of IS 456:2000,
= 1.9
For ,
% of compression reinforcement

= , 100

= 314.16/ (300*450) *100 = 0.23%
IS 456:2000 From fig 5 of IS 456:2000
Fig 5 = 1.05

( ) ( )

7608
Or, ( 410 ) 20 1.9 1.05 1

Safe
Or, 18.56 39.9 (OK)
63
Design of Secondary Beam
Concrete Grade: M20 Steel Grade: Fe500 (TMT)
Reference Ste CALCULATIONS RESULT
p
1. Known Data
Overall depth of beam = 450 mm
Width of beam, B = 300 mm
Considering effective cover, d' = 40 mm D = 450 mm
Effective depth, d = 410 mm d = 410 mm
Span length, L = 6.5 m b = 300 mm
SAP 2000 Effective Span, l = 6.2 m
Loads Left End Mid Right End
Span
Mu 0.447kNm 8.509kN 3.2655kN
(+ve) m m
Mu 18.695kN 0.241kN 0.241kNm
(-ve) m m
Max. -18.695kN -4.286kN 15.986kN
shear
force
(Vumax
)
2. Check for Axial Stress

IS Axial force = 49.363 kN
13920:199
3 Factored Axial Stress = 0.366N/mm2
cl. 6.1.1 Axial Stress = 0.366N/mm2 < 0.1 fck
Hence, design as flexural member. Ok
3. Check for Member Size

IS13920:1993 Width of beam,
cl.6.1.3 B=300mm > 200mm
Depth of beam,
IS 13920:1993 D=450mm
cl.6.1.2 B/D = 300/450 = 0.67 > 0.3
IS Hence, OK
13920:199 Span Length, L=3.361 m Ok
3 cl.6.1.4 L/D = 3.361/.45 = 7.47 > 4 OK
4. Check for Limiting Longitudinal

Reinforcement
Min. Reinforcement,
IS
13920:1993 20
= 0.24 = 0.24
cl.6.2.1b 500
3
= 2.146 10 = 0.215%
0.215 410
= = 0.215 300 = .
100 100
IS = 264.45 2
13920:199
3 cl.6.2.2
64
. , = 0.025
= 0.025 300 410 =
= 30002
5. Design for Flexure

= 0.46 = 0.46 410 = 188.6
= 0.362 ( 0.416 ) =
= 0.362 20 188.6 300(410 . /
0.416 188.6) =135.82 kN/mm2
i. At left end,
< reinforced.
18.69510001000
2
= = 0.37
3004102
SP 16 = 0.087%
Table 2 But, = 0.215%
0.215
= 100 300 410 = 264.45 2
IS 13920:1993 50% but >
cl.6.2.3 So, = 264.45 2

= 0.447
<
0.44710001000 Hence, singly
2 = 2
= 0.008
300410 reinforced.
SP 16
Since, 2 is very small with value of being
Table 2
very less, adopt .
So, = 0.215%
0.215
= 100 300 410 = 264.45 2
50% but >
So, = 264.45 2
Now,
Top reinforcement
Provide 3 nos of 12 mm dia
, = 339.29 2 > ,
Bottom reinforcement
, = 339.29 2 > ,
ii. At mid span,

< reinforced.
8.50910001000
2 = = 0.168
3004102
SP 16
Table 2
very less, adopt .
65
So, = 0.215%
0.215
= 100 300 410 = 264.45 2
50% but >
So, = 264.45 2
Now,
Top reinforcement
, = 339.29 2 > ,
, = 339.292 > ,
iii. At right end,

< reinforced.
0.24110001000
2
= = 0.008
3004102
SP 16
Table 2
very less, adopt .
IS 13920:1993 So, = 0.215%
0.215
cl.6.2.3 = 100 300 410 = 264.45 2
50% but >
So, = 264.45 2

SP 16 < reinforced.
Table 2 3.26610001000
= = 0.06
2 3004102

IS 13920:1993 very less, adopt .
cl.6.2.3
So, = 0.215%
0.215
= 100 300 410 = 264.45 2
50% but >
So, = 264.45 2
Now,
Top reinforcement
, = 339.29 2 > ,
, = 339.292 > ,
66
6. Check for Shear
a)
Tensile reinforcement provided, =
At left end,
i. 339.29
= 300410 = 0.27%
IS 456:2000
Permissible stress of concrete, = . /
Table 19 = 0.39 /2
= = 0.39 300 410 = 47.97 = .
ii. At mid span,

339.29
= 300410 = 0.27% = . /
Permissible stress of concrete,
IS 456:2000
Table 19 = 0.39 /2
Design shear strength of concrete, = .
= = 0.39 300 410 = 47.97
At right end, = . /
iii. 339.29
= 300410 = 0.27%
IS 456:2000
Table 19 Permissible stress of concrete, = .
= 0.39 /2
= = 0.39 300 410 = 47.97
b) Design Shear Strength of Concrete SF at left end,

= -18.695kN
Calculated Shear force as per SAP analysis, SF at mid span,
SF at left end, = -18.695 kN = -4.286kN
SF at mid span, = -4.286 kN SF at right end,
SF at right end, = 15.986 kN = 15.986 kN
7. Design of Shear Reinforcement

IS 456:2000 Providing 2-legged 8mm dai. vertical stirrups. Dia of stirrups
cl.26.5.1.6 0.87 0.87500100.531 = 8mm
0.4 = =
0.4300
364.42 2 legged
364.42 vertical stirrups
IS 456:2000 82
cl.26.5.1.5 Where, = 2 4 = 100.531 2
Maximum spacing, = 0.75 300 = 0.75 Max.
410 300 =
307.5 300, = /
So, Max. spacing = 300mm.
i. At left end,
= 18.695 kN
cl.40.4 = = 18.695 49.20
IS 456:2000
= 30.50
cl.40.3
So, < .
67
When is less than , minimum shear
reinforcement should be provided in

0.87 0.87500100.531
0.4 = =
0.4300
364.42
i.e., 364.42
But, max. = 300 /
IS
13920:1993
So, provide 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups
cl.6.3.5. @300mm c/c.
Spacing should not be greater than d/2. = /
d/2= 410/2 =205mm
IS @200mm c/c.
13920:1993
cl.6.3.5. At support,
Spacing of stirrups over a length of 2d at either
=
end of beam shall be lesser of d/4 and
/
8*diameter of smallest longitudinal bar.
upto 820 mm
d/4=410/4 =102.5 mm, and 8*20=160 mm
from inner face
So,
of column
@100mm c/c. to length of 2*410=820mm
from inner face of column.
ii. At mid span,

= 4.286 kN
cl.40.4 = = 4.286 49.20 =
44.91
IS 456:2000 So, < .
cl.40.3
reinforecement should be provided in

0.87 0.87500100.531
0.4 = =
0.4300
364.42
i.e., 364.42
IS But, max. = 300 /
13920:1993 So, provide 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups =
cl.6.3.5
@300mm c/c. /
d/2= 410/2 =205mm
@200mm c/c.
68
iii. At right end,
= 15.986 kN
cl.40.4 = = 15.99 49.20 =
33.21
IS 456:2000
cl.40.3 So, < .

reinforcement should be provided in

0.87 0.87500100.531
0.4 = =
0.4300
364.42
i.e., 364.42
IS But, max. = 300 /
13920:1993 So, provide 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups
cl.6.3.5.
@300mm c/c. = /
d/2= 410/2 =205mm
IS So, provide 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups
13920:1993 @200mm c/c. At support,
cl.6.3.5. =
Spacing of stirrups over a length of 2d at either /
end of beam shall be lesser of d/4 and upto 820 mm
8*diameter of smallest longitudinal bar. from inner face
d/4=410/4 =102.5 mm, and 8*20=160 mm of column
So,
@100mm c/c. to length of 2*410=820mm
from inner face of column.

IS456:2000
= 1.64
Cl.26.2.1
cl.26.2.1.1 = 1.2 /2
120.87500
= = 679.68
1.641.2
Also,

= 1.3 1 +

1 = 0.87 (1 ) Provide

=
= 0.87 500 339.29 410 (1
339.29500
)
30041020
= 56.34
= 18.695
= 12 = 12 12 = 144
69
56.341000
700 1.3 18.695 + 144
Ok
Or, 700 4061.73
9. Lap Splice
The longitudinal bars shall be splice.
a) Not more than 50% of the bars shall be
splices at one section.
b) If the hooks are provided over the
entire splice length at a spacing not
exceeding 150 mm.
Lap splice shall not be spliced within
Joint.
Distance (2
) from face of joint.
Quarter length of member where
flexural yielding may occur.

=1
=1
IS456:2000 For ,
cl.23.2.2.c
=
,
100

339.29
= 100 = 0.25%
IS 456:2000 300450

Fig 4 = 0.58 ,
,
264.45
= 0.58 500 339.29
= 226.03
= 1.7
For ,
% of compression reinforcement

= , 100
IS 456:2000
Fig 5 = 339.29/(300*450)*100 = 0.25%
From fig 5 of IS 456:2000
= 1.09

( ) ( )

6200
Or, ( 410 ) 26 1.7 1.09 1

Or, 15.12 48.18 (OK) Safe
70
9.1.3 Design of column
Columns are vertical structural element used primarily to support the compressive loads.
The effective length of column exceeds three times of least lateral dimension. It is
reinforced with longitudinal and transverse steel. Reinforced concrete column are used to
transfer the load of the structure to its main longitudinal bars to resist compression or
bending; and transverse steel to resist bursting force.
The design of column section can be made either by working stress method or by the limit
state method. The working stress method of design of column is based on the behavior of
the structure at working load ensuring that the stress in concrete and steel do not exceed
their allowance values.
It is assumed to possess adequate safety against collapse. The limit state method of design
of column is based on the behavior of structure at collapse ensuring adequate margin of
safety. The serviceability limits of deflections and cracks are assumed to be satisfied as the
column being primarily a compression member has very small deflections and cracks.
Types of column designed
i. Square Column
ii. Rectangular Column
iii. Circular Column
71
Design of Square Column
Reference Step Calculations Output
Column ID: 37
1. Known Data
Overall Depth of Column, D = 650 mm D = 650 mm
Width of Column, B = 650 mm B = 650 mm
Height, L = 4000 mm L = 4000 mm
Clear Height, l = 4000 - 450 = 3550 mm
Assume following data:
Clear cover, d = 40 mm
Dia. of longitudinal reinforcement,
= 32 mm
So, effective cover Effective cover
d = 40 + 32/2 = 56 mm d = 56 mm

IS 13920:1993 Lowest factored Axial Load = 2851.314 Lowest among all
cl.7.1.1 KN load combination
2851.3141000
Factored Axial Stress = =
1600800
6.749 Mpa
Axial Stress = 6.749 > 0.1fck (3.5)
72
Hence, design as Column Member.
Hence, adopt provisions in code.
Check for Member Size

Width of Column, B = 650 mm
IS 13920:1993 > 200 mm

cl.7.1.2
Depth of Column, D = 650 mm
B/D = 1 > 0.4
IS 13920:1993
cl.7.1.3 Hence, OK
Effective length, le = 0.65*3550 =
2307.5 mm
IS 456:2000
Table 28 Check for Short and Slender Column:
IS 456:2000 le = 2307.5 mm
le/D = 2307.5/650 = 3.55 < 12, short
cl.25.1.2 column, OK
3. Limiting Longitudinal Reinforcement

Min. Reinforcement, Min. Asc,
IS 456:2000 = 0.8 % of BD Min Asc
cl.26.5.3.1
= 0.8*650*650/100 = 3380 mm2 = 3380 mm2
Max. Reinforcement, Max Asc,
= 4 % of BD Max Asc
= 4*650*650/100 = 16900 mm2 = 16900 mm2
But in extreme case, Max Asc,
= 6 % of BD Extreme case, Asc
= 6*1600*800/100 = 25350 mm2 = 25350 mm2
4. Design for Section

Design of Column for Max. Moment
Data from SAP Analysis,
Pu = 2851.314 KN
Mux = 52.423 KN-m
73
Muy = 155.263 KN-m
Mu = abs(Mux) + abs(Muy) = 207.686
KN-m (i.e. max. absolute sum among all
combination)
Min. eccentricity
IS 456:2000

cl.25.4 emin = + 20 mm
500 30
where; l = unsupported length of the

column
D = lateral dimension in plane of
bending
3550 650
So, emin = + = 28.767 mm >
500 30
20 mm
Moment due to minimum eccentricity
Min. moment = Pu * emin
= 2851.314*28.767/1000
= 82.024 KN-m
M = 82.024 KN-m (< Mux and > Muy)
So, Mu = 82.024 + 155.263
= 237.287 KN M = 82.024 KN-m
Design in Y-direction (i.e. severe case) Mu
Pu 2851.314 1000 = 237.287 KN-m

= = 0.27
fck BD 25650650
Muy 155.263106
= 256502 650 = 0.023
fck B2 D
d 56
= = 0.086
D 650
Assume reinforcement is uniformly

distributed on four sides,
Min. reinforcement = 0.8/25 = 0.032
p
= 0 < 0.032
fck
So, p = 0.8% (> 0.8% and < 4%, OK)
SP 16 Chart 47 0.8650650
Asc = = 3380 mm2
100
74
IS Providing 16-18 mm reinforcement
456:2000cl.26.5.
182
3.1 Asc provided = 16 ( )
4
= 4071.5 mm2
4071.5 100
Asc = 3380 mm2
p= = 0.964%
650650
p 0.964
= = 0.0386
fck 25
Asc provided
= 4071.5 mm2
5. Check for Biaxial Moment

p Pu
For, = 0.0386 and = 0.27
fck fck BD
SP 16 Chart 47
Mux1 Muy1
= = 0.1
fck B2 D fck BD2
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.1*25*6503

= 686.56 KN-m Mux1 = Muy1
Puz = 686.56 KN-m

IS 456:2000
cl.39.6 = 0.45*fck*BD + (0.75*fy 0.45*fck)
*Asc
= 0.45*25*650*650+(0.75*500-
0.45*25) * 4071.5
Puz = 6234.22 KN
Puz = 6234.22 KN
Pu 6234.22
= = 0.457
Puz 6020.44
From interpolation,
n = 1.457
To be safe, n = 1.457
Mux Muy
(Mux ) +( ) 1.0
1 Muy1
82.024 1.457 155.263 1.457

or, (686.56 ) + ( 686.56 ) 1.0
or, 0.159 1.0 (Hence, OK)

6. Design for shear
75
IS 456:2000 Percentage of steel provided = 0.964%
Table 19 Design shear strength of concrete,
c =0.629 N/mm2
For members subjected to axial
IS 456:2000 compression Pu, the design shear
strength of concrete, c, shall be
cl.40.2.2
multiplied by the following factor
3Pu
=1+ 1.5
Ag fck
32851.3141000
=1+ = 1.81 > 1.5
65065025
Multiplying factor, = 1.5

Actual c =1.5*0.629 = 0.9435 Mpa
Shear capacity of the section, = 1.5
0.9435650650
Vc = = 398.63 KN Act. c = 1.235 Mpa
1000
Shear force as per SAP Analysis

Vux = 122.873 KN
Vuy = 143.327 KN
Max. among all
Hence, the shear capacity of the column
load combination
section exceeds the induced shear force.
So, shear reinforcement is not required.
7. Design of lateral ties

Diameter of ties
IS 456:2000 t < 6 mm
cl.26.5.3.2. c.2 1 1
< * i.e. * 25 i.e. 6.25 mm
4 4
t = 8 mm
Hence, adopt ties of 8 mm
IS 3920:1993 Spacing of the ties

cl.7.3.3 Sv half the least lateral dim. of
compression member, i.e. 325 mm
SP34 Cl.7.2.6
76
Sv 16 times the smallest diameter of
the longitudinal reinforcing bar to be tie,
and i.e. 288
8 mm @ 200 mm
Sv 48 times the diameter of the
c/c in central part
transverse reinforcement i.e. 384
Thus, provide 8 mm lateral ties @ 200
c/c in central part.
Area of cross-section of bar forming

rectangular hoop to be used as confining
IS 13920:1993
cl.7.4.8 links
fck Ag
Ash = 0.18Sh (A 1)
fy k
Ak = 343396 mm2
Ak = (650-2*40+2*8) * (650-2*40+2*8)
= 343396 mm2
(650240
3
h = Max of {(650240) }
3
190
= Max of {190} = 190 mm
Where; 3 is no. of bars in each face of

column section
Area of 8mm bar = 50.26 mm2
Therefore,
25 650650
50.26 = 0.18*S*190* *( 343396 1)
500
or, S = 127.592 mm
Spacing of hoop should be least of
-14 of min. lateral dimension =

0.25*650 = 162.5mm
IS 13920:1993
cl.7.4.6 -100 mm
But need not be less than 75 mm
Provide 8 mm links @ 100 mm c/c for
a distance Lo which shall not be less than
-larger lateral dimension = 650 mm
77
IS 13920:1993 -1 / 6 of clear span = 35506 = 591.67
cl.7.4.1
mm
- 450 mm
Hence, provide 8 mm links @ 100 mm
c/c for a distance Lo = 650 mm on either
side from the joint.
Lo = 650 mm
8 mm links @
100 mm c/c
78
Design of Rectangular Column
Column ID:
1. Known Data
Overall Depth of Column, D = 1600 mm D = 1600 mm
Width of Column, B = 800 mm B = 800 mm
Height, L = 3000 mm L = 3000 mm
Clear Height, l = 3000 - 450 = 2550 mm
Clear cover, d = 40 mm Effective cover
Dia. of longitudinal reinforcement, d = 56 mm
= 32 mm
So, effective cover
d = 40 + 32/2 = 56 mm

IS 13920:1993
cl.7.1.1 Lowest factored Axial Load = 440.676 KN Lowest among
440.6761000 all load
Factored Axial Stress = combination
1600800
= 0.344 Mpa
79
Axial Stress = 0.344 < 0.1fck (3.5)
Hence, design as Column Member.
Check for Member Size

Width of Column, B = 800 mm > 200 mm
Depth of Column, D = 1600 mm
IS 13920:1993
B/D = 800/1600 = 0.5 > 0.4
cl.7.1.2
Hence, OK
IS 13920:1993
cl.7.1.3 Effective length, le = 0.65*2550 le = 1657.5 mm
IS 456:2000 = 1657.5 mm
Table 28 Check for Short and Slender Column:
le/D = 1657.5/800 = 2.07 < 12,
IS 456:2000 short column, ok
cl.25.1.2

IS 456:2000 Min. Reinforcement, Min. Asc,
cl.26.5.3.1 = 0.8 % of BD Min Asc
= 0.8*1600*800/100 = 10240 mm2 = 10240 mm2
= 4 % of BD Max Asc
= 4*1600*800/100 = 51200 mm2 = 51200 mm2
= 6 % of BD Extreme case,
= 6*1600*800/100 = 76800 mm2 Asc = 76800
mm2

Pu = -15414.767 KN
80
Mux = - 3097.04 KN-m
Muy = 106.75 KN-m
Mu = abs(Mux) + abs(Muy) = 3203.79 KN-
m (i.e. max. absolute sum among all
combination)
Min. eccentricity

IS 456:2000 emin = + 20 mm
500 30
cl.25.4 where; l = unsupported length of the column
bending
2550 1600
So, emin = + = 58.43 mm
500 30
> 20 mm
= 15414.767*58.43/1000
= 900.685 KN-m
M = 900.685 KN-m (< Mux and > Muy)
So, Mu = 3097.04 + 900.685 = 3997.73 KN M
Design in X-direction (i.e. severe case) = 900.685 KN-
Pu 15414.7671000 m
= = 0.344
fck BD 358001600
Mu
Mux 3097.04106
= = 0.086 = 3997.73 KN-
fck B2 D 358002 1600
m
d 56
= = 0.035
D 1600

distributed on four sides,
p
= 0.048 > 0.023
fck
So, p = 1.68% (> 0.8% and < 4%, OK)

1.681600800
Asc = =21504 mm2
100
81
Providing 32mm reinforcement
SP 16 215044 Asc = 21504
No. of rod required = = 26.7 28
322 mm2
Chart 47
322
IS 456:2000 Asc provided = 28 ( ) = 22518.94
4
2
mm Asc provided
cl.26.5.3.1
22518.94100
p= = 1.76% = 22518.94
1600800 2
mm
p 1.76
= = 0.05
fck 35

In X- direction;
p Pu
For, = 0.05 and = 0.344
fck fck BD
Mux1
SP 16 = 0.12
fck B2 D
Chart 47
Mux1 = 0.12*35*8002*1600 Mux1 = 4300.8
KN-m
= 4300.8 KN-m
In Y- direction;
p Pu
For, = 0.05 and = 0.344
fck fck BD
Muy1
= 0.12
fck BD2
SP 16 Muy1 = 0.12*35*800*16002
Muy1
Chart 47 = 8601.6 KN-m
= 8601.6 KN-m
Puz
= 0.45*fck*BD + (0.75*fy 0.45*fck) *Asc
IS 456:2000 = 0.45*35*1600*800+(0.75*500-0.45*35)
* 22518.94 Puz
cl.39.6
Puz = 28249.93 KN = 28249.93 KN
Pu 15414.767
= = 0.546
Puz 28249.93
From interpolation,
n = 1.577
n = 1.577
82
To be safe,
Mux Muy
(Mux ) +( ) 1.0
1 Muy1
3097.0394 1.577 900.685 1.577

or, ( ) +( )
4300.8 8601.6
or, 0.624 1.0 (Hence, OK)
6. Design for shear

Percentage of steel provided = 1.76%
IS 456:2000 c = 0.823
Table 19
For members subjected to axial compression
Pu, the design shear strength of concrete, c,
shall be multiplied by the following factor
3Pu
=1+ 1.5
Ag fck
IS 456:2000
315414.7671000
cl.40.2.2
=1+ = 2.03 > 1.5
160080035

Actual c =1.5*0.823 = 1.235 Mpa
= 1.5
Shear capacity of the section,
1.2351600800
Act.
Vc = = 1580.16 KN
1000 c = 1.235 Mpa
Vux = 1401.436 KN
Vuy = 237.571 KN
Hence, the shear capacity of the column Max. among all
section exceeds the induced shear force. So, load
shear reinforcement is not required. combination
83
Diameter of ties
IS 456:2000 < 6 mm
cl.26.5.3.2. c.2 1 1
< * i.e. * 32 i.e. 8 mm
4 4

t = 8 mm
Spacing of the ties
IS 13920:1993 Sv half the least lateral dim. of compression

member
cl.7.3.3
i.e. 400 mm
Sv 16 times the smallest diameter of the 8 mm @ 200
longitudinal reinforcing bar to be tie, and i.e. mm c/c in
288 central part
Sv 48 times the diameter of the transverse

reinforcement i.e. 384
IS 13920:1993
cl.7.4.8 Thus, provide 8 mm lateral ties @ 200 c/c
in central part.
Area of cross-section of bar forming

rectangular hoop to be used as confining
links
Ak
fck Ag
Ash = 0.18Sh (A 1) = 1130496 mm2
fy k
Ak = (800-2*40+2*8) * (1600-2*40+2*8)
= 1130496 mm2
(1600240
7
h = Max of { (800240) }
7
217.143
= Max of {102.857} = 217.143 mm
Where; 7 is no. of bars in each face of

column section
Area of 8mm bar = 50.26 mm2
84
Therefore,
35 1600800
50.26=0.18*S*217.143* *( 1130496
500
1)
or, S = 138.91 mm
IS 13920:1993
cl.7.4.6 -14 of min. lateral dimension =

0.25*800 = 200mm
-100 mm
Provide 8 mm links @ 100 mm c/c for a
IS 13920:1993 distance Lo which shall not be less than
cl.7.4.1 -larger lateral dimension = 1600 mm
-1 / 6 of clear span = 25506 = 425 mm
- 450 mm
Lo = 1650 mm
Hence, provide 8 mm links @ 100 mm c/c
for a distance Lo = 1650 mm on either side 8 mm links @
from the joint. 100 mm c/c
85
Design of Circular Column
Column ID: M2
1. Known Data
Diameter of Column, D = 750 mm D = 750 mm
Height, L = 3000 mm L = 3000 mm
Clear Height, l = 3000 - 450 = 2550 mm
Clear cover, d = 40 mm
Dia. of longitudinal reinforcement, = 32 Effective cover
mm
d = 56 mm
So, effective cover d = 40 + 32/2 = 56 mm

IS 13920:1993 Lowest factored Axial Load = 1697 KN Lowest among
cl.7.1.1 16971000 all load
Factored Axial Stress = 7502 combination
4
= 3.84 Mpa
Axial Stress = 3.84 > 0.1fck (2.5)
86
Hence, design as Column Member. (adopt
provision in code)
IS 13920:1993 Check for Member Size
cl.7.1.2 Depth of Column, D = 750 mm > 200 mm
IS 13920:1993 B/D = 1 > 0.4

cl.7.1.3 Hence, OK
le = 1657.5 mm
IS 456:2000 Effective length, le = 0.65*2550 = 1657.5
Table 28 mm
IS 456:2000 Check for Short and Slender Column:
cl.25.1.2 le/D = 1657.5/750 = 2.21 < 12

Short column, ok

IS 456:2000 Min. Reinforcement, Min. Asc,
cl.26.5.3.1 2
= 0.8 % of
4
Min Asc
= 0.8**7502/4 = 3534.292 mm2
=
3534.292mm2
2
= 4 % of 4
= 4*1600* *7502/4 = 17671.459 mm2 Max Asc

=17671.45mm2
2
= 6 % of 4 Extreme case,
= 6*1600* *750 /4 = 26507.188 mm
2 2 Asc
=26507.18mm2

87
Pu = -4913.594 KN (Value corresponding to
maximum absolute sum of Mx and My)
Mux = -231.991 KN-m
Muy = 151.1 KN-m
combination)
Min. eccentricity
IS 456:2000

emin = + 20 mm
cl.25.4 500 30
where; l = unsupported length of the column

bending
2550 750
So, emin = + = 30.1 mm > 20 mm
500 30

= 4913.594*30.1/1000
= 147.899 KN-m
M = 147.899
M = 147.899 KN-m (< Mux and Muy)
KN-m
So, Mu = 231.991 + 151.1 = 383.091 KN-m
Mu = 383.091
Design in X-direction (i.e. severe case)
KN-m
Pu 4913.5941000
= = 0.349
fck D2 257502
Mux 383.091106
= = 0.036
fck D3 257503
d 56
= = 0.075
D 750

distributed on four sides at a clear cover of
40 mm,
p
= 0.04 > 0.032
fck
So, p = 1% (> 0.8% and < 4%, OK)
88
SP 16 17502
Asc = = 4417.865 mm2
1004
Chart 60 Asc
IS 456:2000 =
Design of column for Max. P 4417.865mm2
cl.26.5.3.1
Pumax = -6159.289 KN (Value
corresponding to maximum absolute sum of
Mx and My)
Mux = -22.217 KN-m
Muy = -201.6288 KN-m
combination)
Min. eccentricity

emin = + 20 mm
500 30
where; l = unsupported length of the column

bending
2550 750
So, emin = + = 30.1 mm > 20 mm
500 30

= 6159.289*30.1/1000
= 185.395 KN-m
M = 185.395 KN-m (> Mux and < Muy)
So, Mu = 185.395 + 201.6288 = 387.024 KN
Design in Y-direction (i.e. severe case)
Pu 6159.2891000 M
= = 0.438
fck D2 257502
= 185.39KN-m
Mux 387.024106
= = 0.033 Mu =
fck D3 257503
d 56 387.024 KN-m
= = 0.075
D 750
89
distributed on four sides at a clear cover of
40 mm,
p
= 0.06 > 0.032
fck
So, p = 1.5% (> 0.8% and < 4%, OK) SAP p = 1.62%
1.57502
Asc = = 6626.797 mm2 Asc = 6626.797
1004
mm2
Providing 32mm reinforcement
6626.7974
SP 16 No. of rod required = = 8.24 9
322
Chart 60
322
Asc provided = 9 ( )
IS 456:2000 4
cl.26.5.3.1 = 7238.229 mm2

7238.229100
p= 7502
= 1.638%
Asc provided
4
p 1.638 =
= = 0.066 7238.229mm2
fck 25

p Pu
For, = 0.066 and = 0.438
fck fck D2
Mux1
SP 16 = 0.04
fck D3
Chart 60
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.04*25*7503 = 421.875 Mux1 = Muy1
KN-m = 421.87KN-m
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ag + (0.75*fy 0.45*fck) *Asc
Puz = 7765.86 KN Puz
Pu 6159.289
= = 0.793 = 7765.86 KN
IS 456:2000 Puz 7765.86
cl.39.6 From interpolation,

n = 1.988
To be safe,
Mux Muy
n = 1.988
(Mux ) +( ) 1.0
1 Muy1
90
185.395 1.988 201.6288 1.988
or, ( ) +( ) 1.0
421.875 421.875
or, 0.425 1.0 (Hence, OK)
6. Design for shear

Percentage of steel provided = 1.638%
IS 456:2000 c =0.746 N/mm2
Table 19 Min. reinforcement = 0.8/25 = 0.032
For members subjected to axial compression

Pu, the design shear strength of concrete, c,
IS 456:2000 shall be multiplied by the following factor
3Pu
cl.40.2.2 =1+ 1.5
Ag fck
316971000
=1+ = 1.461 < 1.5
441786.46725

= 1.461
Actual c =1.461*0.746 = 1.09 Mpa
Act. c
Shear capacity of the section,
= 1.09 Mpa
1.097502
Vc = = 481.547 KN
10004

Vux = 78.892 KN
Vuy = 92.96 KN Max. among
Hence, the shear capacity of the column all load
section exceeds the induced shear force. So, combination
shear reinforcement is not required.

Diameter of ties
IS 456:2000 t < 6 mm
cl.26.5.3.2. c.2 1 1
< * i.e. * 32 i.e. 8 mm
4 4

t = 8 mm
91
Spacing of the ties
IS 13920:1993 Sv half the least lateral dim. of compression
cl.7.3.3 member
i.e. 375 mm
Thus, provide 8 mm lateral ties @ 300 mm
c/c in central part.
8 mm @ 200
Area of cross-section of bar forming circular
mm c/c
hoop to be used as confining links
f Ag in central part
Ash = 0.09SDk fck (A 1)
y k
Dk = 750 2 *40 + 2 * 8 = 686 mm

IS 13920:1993 Dk 2
Ak = Dk = 686 mm
4
cl.7.4.7
= 369605.234 mm2 Ak =
369605.234
Area of 8mm bar = 50.26 mm2 mm2
Therefore,
25 441786.467
50.26 = 0.09*S*686* *(369605.234 1)
500
or, S = 83.376 mm
-14 of min. lateral dimension = 0.25*750
= 187.5 mm
-100 mm
IS 13920:1993
cl.7.4.6
Provide 8 mm links @ 80 mm c/c for a
distance Lo which shall not be less than
-larger lateral dimension = 750 mm
-1 / 6 of clear span = 25506 = 425 mm

IS 13920:1993
cl.7.4.1 - 450 mm. Hence, provide 8 mm links @
80 mm c/c for a distance Lo = 750 mm on Lo = 750 mm
either side from the joint.
8 mm links
@ 80 mm c/c
92
9.1.4 Design of staircase
Staircase is an inclined structural system for the movement from one level to another. Since
it is stepped, it is called staircase. A staircase behaves like an ordinary slab. It may span
either in the direction of the steps or in the direction of going. Structurally, staircase may
be classified largely into two categories, depending on the predominant direction in which
the slab component of the stair undergoes flexure stair slab spanning transversely and
stair slab spanning longitudinally.
The design of staircase requires proportioning of its different components and
determination of reinforcement and its detailing to satisfy both the serviceability and
strength requirements. The design of staircase is made for serviceability requirements of
deflection and cracks. The serviceability requirement of deflection is controlled by the
effective span to effective depth ratio. The design of reinforcement is made to satisfy the
strength requirements for moments and shears. The design for moment is made for
maximum moments either by the working stress method or by the limit state method. The
area of steel is expressed as diameter and spacing of bars. It is provided along the span of
staircase and necessary curtailment is made wherever it is not required as in the case of
edge supported slabs.
Generally, the shear reinforcement is not required in staircase as the shear strength of
concrete is much greater than the nominal shear stress. The shear strength of concrete in
staircase is determined as in the case of edge- supported slab. The detailing of
reinforcement in staircase shall be similar to that of the edge supported slab except at the
junction of landing and flight of staircase where it should ensure that the reinforcement bars
in tension tending to straighten out do not cause cracking in concrete.
Types of Staircase Designed
i. Type I (Dog-legged Staircase)
ii. Type II (Open Well Staircase)
iii. Type III (Half Turn Staircase)
93
Design of Staircase (Dog-legged Staircase)
Grade of Concrete = M20 Grade of Steel = Fe500 (TMT)
1. Known Data
Total height between floor = 4.0 m
Width of flight = 1.0 m
Width of landing = 1.0 m
Rise = 190.5 mm
Tread = 250 mm
2. Effective Span
Considering the longest span of the flight for
design,
300 250 =
= (2000 + 1000 )=
2 2
2725
3. Effective Depth
Using deflection control criteria,
IS 456:2000
( ) ( )

2725
( ) 20 1.2 1 1

() = 20

Assume,
= 1.2
=1
=1
113.75 d = 114 mm
Adopting d = 114 mm and effective cover =
26mm D = 140 mm
total depth D = 140 mm
4. Load Calculation
For Landing,
. = 25 0.14 = 3.5 /2
= 1.26 /2
= 3 /2
= 7.76/2
= 1.5 7.76 = 11.64 /
2
For Going,
1
25( + 2 + 2 )
2
. =
1
25( 0.19050.25+0.140.19052 +0.252 )
2
= 0.27
= 6.78 /2
Where,
R = Riser
94
T = Tread
= 3/2
= 1.26 /2
= 11.04/2
= 1.5 11.04 = 16.56 /
2
IS 456:2000
cl.33.2
0.852
= [5.82 + 16.56 1.875
2
1.875
( + 0.85)] /2.725
2
= 21.14 KN per m width
= 35.99 21.14 =
14.85
Let point of zero SF occurs at x distance from

B.
14.85 5.82 0.85 16.56( 0.85) = 0
or, x = 1.44 m from B
Maximum BM,
= 14.85 1.44 5.82 0.85
0.85 = .
(1.44 ) 16.56
2
(1.44 0.85)2

2
= 13.48 KN-m per unit width
For Limiting BM
= 0.46 = 52.9 = .
= 0.362 ( 0.416 )
= 0.362 20 52.9 1000(114
0.416 52.9)
= 35.62 kNm per unit width
Here, so, one-way slab can be
designed.
95
6. Area of Main Reinforcement
0.87
= = 0.06
0.362
0.87 ( 0.416 )
Or, 13.48 106 = 0.87 500 (115
0.06 0.416) ,
Or, 287.39 2 = .
0.12
=
100
0.12
= 100 1000 140 = 168 2 Dia. of bar
Adopting 10mm dia. reinforcement. = 10 mm
102
Spacing required = = 273.29
4 Spacing
Providing Spacing of 250 mm c/c provided = 200
102 mm c/c
, =
4 , =
314.162 .

=1
IS 456:2000 =1
cl.23.2.2.c For ,
=
,
100

IS 456:2000 314.16
= 100 = 0.23%
Fig 4 1000140

= 0.58 ,
,
287.39
= 0.58 500 290.89
= 286.51
= 1.45

( ) ( )

2725 Safe
Or, ( 114 ) 20 1.45 1 1

Or, 23.90 29 (OK)
8. Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution reinforcement = 0.12% of Diameter of bar
bD = 8mm
0.12 2
= 100 1000 140 = 168
82
Spacing
Spacing required = 4 = 299.20 provided = 250

Spacing provided = 250 mm mm
2
1000 8
, = = 201.06 2
250 4
96
9. Check for Shear Strength
Max. shear force, = 21.14
21.141000
Max. shear stress, = = 1000114 =
0.19 /2
To be safe in shear,
IS 456:2000
Table 20
Table 19 = 2.8 =>
= 0.28
And,
Safe


IS456:2000
= 1.64
cl.26.2.1
cl.26.2.1.1 = 1.2 /2
100.87500
= 1.641.2 = 566.41
Also,

= 1.3 1 +
290.89
1 = 13.48 287.39 = 13.64
= 21.14
= 8 = 8 10 = 80
13.641000
566.41 1.3 21.14 + 80
Ok
Or, 566.41 918.79
97
Design of Staircase (Open Well)
Referenc Ste Calculations Output
e p
1. Known Data
Width of opening = 1.35 m
Rise = 175 mm
Tread = 270 mm
2. Design of First and Last Flight

Flight with longest span has been
consider for the design.
2.1 Effective Span

= 2.096 =
2.2 Effective Depth


IS ( ) ( )

456:2000 2096
( ) 20 1.2 1 1

() = 20

Assume,
= 1.2
=1
=1
87.33
Adopting d = 89 mm and effective cover
= 26mm d = 89 mm
total depth D = 115 mm D = 115 mm
2.3 Load Calculation
For Landing,
. = 25 0.115 = 2.875 /2
= 1.26 /2
= 3 /2
= 6.623 /2
= 1.5 6.623 =
9.934 /2
For Going,
1
25( + 2 + 2 )
2
. =
98
=
1
25( 0.1750.27+0.1150.1752 +0.272 )
2
0.27
= 5.614 /2
Where,
R = Riser
T = Tread
= 3 /2
= 1.26 /2
= 9.874 /2
= 1.5 9.874 =
14.82 /2
2.4 Calculation of BM
0.7462
= [9.934 + 14.82 1.350
2
1.35
( + 0.746)]
2
/2.096
= 14.88 KN/m
= 27.42 14.88 = 12.54 /
Let point of zero SF occurs at x distance = .

from B.
12.54 9.934 0.746 14.82(
0.746) = 0
= .
Maximum BM, Singly Reinforced Slab
= 12.54 1.090 9.934
0.746
0.756
(1.090 )
2
14.82
(1.090 0.756)2

2
For Limiting BM
= 0.46 = 40.94
99
= 0.362 (
0.416 )
= 0.362 20 40.94
1000(89 0.416 40.94)
Here, so, singly
reinforced slab can be designed.
2.5 Area of Main Reinforcement

0.87
= = 0.06
0.362
0.87 ( 0.416 )
Or, 7.57 106 = 0.87 500 (89
0.06 0.416) ,
Or, 207.62 2 = .
0.12
=
100
0.12
= 100 1000 115 =
138 2 Diameter of bar = 10
Adopting 10mm dia reinforcement. mm
102
Spacing required = =
4 Spacing provided = 250
378.29 mm c/c
300 3 , .
Providing Spacing of 250 mm c/c

, =

102

4
= 314.16 2
2.6 Check for Deflection Control Criteria

=1
=1
IS For ,
456:2000
=
cl.23.2.2.c ,
100

296.38
= 100 = 0.26%
1000115

IS = 0.58 ,
456:2000 ,
207.60
Fig 4 = 0.58 500 296.38
= 203.13
= 1.8

( ) ( )

Safe
100
2096
Or, ( ) 20 1.8 1 1
89
Or, 23.55 36 (OK)
2.7 Distribution Reinforcement

Area of distribution reinforcement =
0.12% of bD Diameter of bar = 8 mm
0.12 2
= 100 1000 115 = 138
82
Spacing provided = 300
Spacing required = = mm
4
364.24
Spacing provided = 300 mm
1000 82
, =
300 4
= 167.55 2
2.8 Check for Shear Strength

14.881000
0.17 /2
IS
456:2000
Table 20 = 2.8 =>
Table 19
= 0.28
And,
Safe

2.9 Check for Development Length

IS
= 1.64
456:2000
cl.26.2.1 = 1.2 /2
cl.26.2.1.1
100.87500
= 1.641.2 = 566.41
Also,

= 1.3 1 +
296.38
1 = 21.33 = 30.45
207.60
= 14.88
= 8 = 8 10 = 80
30.451000
566.41 1.3 14.88 + 80
Or, 566.41 2740 (OK)
3. Design of Intermediate Flight

Here, Intermediate flight is designed as a
cantilever slab resting on stringer beam.
101
3.1 Effective Span
Effective span be the farthest distance
from the support.
= 746 =
3.2 Effective Depth


IS ( ) ( )

456:2000 746
( ) 7 1.2 1 1

() =7

Assume,
= 1.2
=1
=1
88.81 d = 89 mm
Adopting d = 89 mm D = 115 mm
Effective cover = 26mm

Design is done based on going
For Going,
1
25( + 2 + 2 )
2
. =
=
1
25( 0.1750.27+0.1150.1752 +0.272 )
2
0.27
= 5.62 /2
Where,
R = Riser
T = Tread
= 3 /2
= 1.26 /2
= 9.880 /2
= 1.5 9.880
= 14.82 /2
3.4 Calculation of BM
At farthest end, = .
2 14.820.7462
= 2 = = 4.12
2
per unit length
For Limiting BM
= 0.46 = 40.94 = .
= 0.362 (
0.416 ) Singly Reinforced Slab
= 0.362 20 40.94 1000(89
0.416 40.94)
102
Here, so, singly
reinforced slab can be designed.
3.5 Area of Main Reinforcement

0.87
= = 0.06
0.362
0.87 ( 0.416 )
Or, 4.12 106 = 0.87 500 (89
0.06 0.416) ,
Or, 109.80 2 = .
0.12
= 100
0.12
Diameter of bar = 8 mm
= 100 1000 115 =
138 2 Spacing provided = 250
Adopting 8 mm dia. reinforcement. mm c/c
82
4 , =
457.79 .
300 3

, =

82

4
= 201.06 2
3.6 Check for Deflection Control Criteria

=1
=1
IS For ,
456:2000
=
cl.23.2.2.c ,
100

189.68
= 100 = 0.16%
1000115

IS = 0.58 ,
456:2000 ,
109.80
Fig 4 = 0.58 500 189.68
= 167.87
=2

( ) ( )

746
Or, ( 89 ) 7211 Safe

Or, 8.38 14 (OK)
103
3.7 Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution reinforcement = Diameter of bar = 8 mm
0.12% of bD
0.12 Spacing provided = 300
= 100 1000 115 = 138 2
82 mm
4
364.24
Spacing provided = 300 mm
1000 82
, =
300 4
= 167.55 2
3.8 Check for Shear Strength

11.061000
0.125 /2
IS
456:2000
Table 20 = 2.8 =>
Table 19
= 0.28
And,
Safe

3.9 Check for Development Length

IS
= 1.64
456:2000
cl.26.2.1 = 1.2 /2
cl.26.2.1.1
80.87500
= 1.641.2 = 453.13
Also,

= 1.3 1 +
189.68
1 = 4.12 109.80 = 7.12
= 11.06
= 8 = 8 8 = 64
7.121000
453.13 1.3 11.06 + 80
Ok
Or, 453.13 900.89
104
Design of Staircase (Half Turn)
1. Known Data
Width of opening = 0.2 m
Rise = 150 mm
Tread = 270 mm
2. Effective Span
= (2700 + 1650) = 4350 =
3. Effective Depth

IS ( ) ( )

456:2000 4350
( ) 20 1.3 1 1

() = 20

Assume,
= 1.3
=1
=1
167.30 d = 174 mm
Adopting d = 174 mm and effective cover =
26mm D = 200 mm
4. Load Calculation
For Landing,
. = 25 0.20 = 5.00 /2
= 1.26 /2
= 3 /2
= 9.26/2
= 1.5 9.26 = 13.89 /2
For Going,
1
25( + 2 + 2 )
2
. =
1
25( 0.150.27+0.20.152 +0.272 )
2
= 0.27
= 7.59 /2
Where,
R = Riser
T = Tread
= 3/2
= 1.26 /2
105
= 11.85/2
= 1.5 11.85 = 17.78/2
1.652
= [13.89 + 17.78 2.7
2
2.7
( + 1.65)] /4.35
2
= 37.45 KN/m
= 70.92 37.45 = 33.47 /
Let point of zero SF occurs at x distance from B.

33.47 13.89 1.65 17.78( 1.65) = 0
Maximum BM,
= 33.47 2.24 13.89 1.65
1.65
(2.24 ) 17.78
2
(2.24 1.65)2

2
= 40.99 KNm per unit width = .
For Limiting BM
= 0.46 = 80.04
= 0.362 ( 0.416 )
= 0.362 20 80.04 1000(174
0.416 80.04) = .
= 81.54 KNm per unit width
Here, so, singly reinforced slab Singly
can be designed. Reinforced Slab
6. Area of Main Reinforcement

0.87
= = 0.06
0.362
0.87 ( 0.416 )
Or, 40.99 106 = 0.87 500 (174
0.06 0.416)
106
Or, 591.79 2 ,
= .
0.12
=
100
0.12 Diameter of bar
= 100 1000 200 = 240 2
= 10 mm
Adopting 10mm dia. reinforcement.
102
Spacing required = = 132.72 Spacing
4
provided = 130
mm c/c
102
, =
4 , =
= 604.15 2 .
=1
=1
IS For ,
456:2000
=
cl.23.2.2.c ,
100

604.15
= 100 = 0.30%
1000250

IS = 0.58 ,
456:2000 ,
591.79
Fig 4 = 0.58 500 604.15
= 235.78
= 1.5

( ) ( )

4350 Safe
Or, ( 200 ) 20 1.5 1 1

Or, 21.75 30 (OK)
8. Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution reinforcement = 0.12% of Diameter of bar
bD = 10mm
0.12 2
= 100 1000 200 = 240
102
Spacing
Spacing required = 4 = 327.25 provided = 300

Spacing provided = 300 mm mm
2
1000 10
, = = 261.80 2
300 4
9. Check for Shear Strength

37.451000
0.215 /2

107
IS
456:2000 = 2.8 =>
Table 20 = 0.28
Table 19 And,
Safe


IS
= 1.64
456:2000
cl.26.2.1 = 1.2 /2
cl.26.2.1.1
100.87500
= 1.641.2 = 566.41
Also,

= 1.3 1 +
604.15
1 = 41 591.79 = 41.86
= 37.45
= 8 = 8 10 = 80
41.861000
566.41 1.3 37.45 + 80
Or, 566.41 1533.08 (OK)
108
9.1.5 Design of lift wall
The lift wall has been designed as the reinforced wall, monolithic to the other structural
members which are subjected to the direct compression. They are designed as per the
procedure given in the IS 456: 2000, cl.32.2.
(Note: The distribution of the lateral load should be carried out as per the stiffness of the
structural element. However, for the simplicity in this case, it is assumed that the stiffness
of the structural elements is equal.)
109
Design of Lift Wall
1. Basement Floor:
a) Lift Wall
Length = 6.76 m
Characteristic Load = 25 * 6.76 * 0.3 * 4 = 202.8 KN
Design Load = 1.5 * 202.8 = 304.2 KN
b) slab and beam
self wt. = 1.5*25*(10.82*.125+3.14) = 168.469 KN
Live Load = 1.5 * 0.25 * 3 * 10.82 = 12.173KN
Dead Load = 1.5*1.26*10.82 = 20.45 KN
Total Design Load = 201.092 KN
2. Ground Floor to lower roof

a) Lift Wall
Length = 6.76 m
Characteristic Load = 25 * 6.76 * 0.3 * 3 =152.1 KN
Design Load = 1.5 * 152.1 =228.15 KN
b) slab and beam
self wt. = 1.5*25*(9.98*.125+3.43) + 25.569 = 213.761 KN
Live Load = 1.5 * 0.25 * 3 * 9.98 = 11.228KN
Dead Load = 1.5*1.26*9.98 = 18.862 KN
Total Design Load = 243.851 KN
3. Top Level:
a) Lift Wall
Length = 6.76 m
Characteristic Load = 25 * 6.76 * 0.3 * 4.2 = 212.94 KN
Design Load = 1.5 * 212.94 = 319.41 KN
b) Slab
self wt. = 1.5 * 25 * 13.24* 0.125 = 62.063 KN
Live Load =1.5 * 0.25 * 1.5 * 13.24 = 7.448 KN
Dead Load =1.5 * 1.26 * 13.24 = 25.024
Total Design load = 94.535KN
c) Design for 8 people
load per person = 100 kg
total load of 8 person = 800 kg
Machine load = 10 * 1.5 * 13.24 =198.86KN
Total Seismic Weight of the Lift = 5487.147 KN
110
Calculation of Base Shear
seismic zone factor (Z) 0.36
importance factor (I) 1.5
response reduction factor (R) 5
height of the building (h) 38.2
time period of the building along y (Ty =.09h/ (dy.5)) 2.389
time period of the building along x (Tx =.09h/ (dx.5)) 2.418
soil type (medium) II
basic seismic coefficient along x (Sa/g) x 0.562
basic seismic coefficient along y (Sa/g) y 0.569
design horizontal seismic
coefficient (Ahx = ZISa/(2Rg)) 0.031
design horizontal seismic
coefficient (Ahy = ZISa/(2Rg)) 0.031
seismic wt of the building for
DL + .25LL (W) 5487.147
base shear (Vx = Wahx) 166.590
base shear (Vy = Wahy) 168.639
111
Table 7 Calculation of forces and moments in elevator wall
Shera Shera
Wt of Height Moment Moment
Qx Qy force force
Floor Floor (W) from W*H2 W*H2/WH2 Distribution Distribution
(KN) (KN) X(KN) Y(KN)
KN Base (KNm), X (KNm), Y
Basement 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 166.590 168.639 4711.800 4769.758
Ground floor 467.267 4 7476.272 0.003 0.450 0.456 144.240 146.014 3858.020 3905.476
1st floor 472.001 7 23128.049 0.008 1.393 1.410 108.191 109.522 2632.362 2664.742
2nd floor 472.001 10 47200.100 0.017 2.844 2.878 80.865 81.860 1785.252 1807.212
3rd floor 472.001 13 79768.169 0.029 4.806 4.865 58.572 59.292 1161.044 1175.326
4th floor 472.001 16 120832.256 0.044 7.279 7.369 40.800 41.302 716.746 725.562
5th floor 472.001 19 170392.361 0.062 10.265 10.391 27.037 27.370 413.969 419.061
6th floor 472.001 22 228448.484 0.083 13.763 13.932 16.772 16.978 218.932 221.625
7th floor 472.001 25 295000.625 0.107 17.772 17.991 9.493 9.610 102.462 103.722
8th floor 472.001 28 370048.784 0.134 22.293 22.567 4.687 4.745 39.990 40.482
9th floor 472.001 31 453592.961 0.164 27.326 27.662 1.844 1.866 11.555 11.697
Lower Terrace 517.631 34 598381.436 0.216 36.049 36.492 0.450 0.456 1.802 1.824
Upper Terrace 254.240 38.2 370997.178 0.134 22.350 22.625 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5487.147 2765266.675
112
Design of Lift Wall
Y
1.12 m
2.07 m
X
2.02 m

1. Known Data
Length of Lift Wall = 2.02 m
Breadth of Lift Wall = 2.07 m
Floor Height, H = 4 m H=4m
Assume, Wall Thickness, t = 300 mm t = 300 mm
2. Check for Slenderness Ratio

IS 456:2000 Effective Height of the Wall;
cl.32.2.4 a Hwe = 0.75H = 0.75 * 4 = 3 m
IS 456:2000 H we 3
cl.32.2.3 Slenderness Ratio, 10 30
t 0.3
IS 456:2000 3. Minimum eccentricity

cl.32.2.2 emin = 0.05t = 0.05 * 300 = 15 mm emin = 15 mm
4. Additional eccentricity
IS 456:2000
H 2 we 3000 2
cl.32.2.5 ea = 12mm ea=12 mm
2500 t 2500 * 300
5. Ultimate load carrying capacity

Ultimate load carrying capacity per unit length
of the wall is,
IS 456:2000 Puw = 0.3(t-1.2e-2ea)fck
cl.32.2.5 = 0.3(300-1.2*15-2*12)*25 = 1935 N/mm Puw =1935 N/mm
6. Calculation for Main Vertical

Reinforcement
Assume, Clear cover = 40 mm
113
Using 28 mm bar, d = 54 mm
Effective cover, d = 54 mm
a) When lateral load is acting along X-

direction
Total capacity of wall (Puw-x) = 1935*2.02
= 3908.7 KN
Mu = 4711.799 KN-m
Vu = 166.59 KN
Pu = 5487.147/3 = 1829.049 KN < Puw-x
d' 54
0.027
D 2020
(D = length of wall)
Mu 4711.799 *10 6
0.154
f ck bD 2 25 * 300 * 2020 2
Pu 1829.049 *1000
0.121
f ck bD 25 * 300 * 2020
SP 16
p
Chart 35 0.06
f ck p = 1.5 %
p = 0.06 * 25 = 1.5 %
IS 456:2000
cl.32.5. a Min, Ast = 0.15 % of bD = 909 mm2
Ast = 0.015 * 300 * 2020 = 9090 mm2
Area of 28 mm = 615.752 mm2
9090
No. of Bars = = 14.76 15
615.752
Spacing of Bars,
2020 2 * 54
Sv = 136.57 mm
15 1
Check for Spacing

IS 456:2000 Spacing of vertical steel reinforcement should
cl.32.5. b be least of
- 3t = 3 * 300 = 900 mm
- 450 mm Provide 28 mm
To take account of the reversal effect, bars @ 125 mm c/c
Provide 28 mm bars @ 125 mm c/c on both on both faces of the
faces of the wall. wall.
b) When Lateral Load is acting along Y-

direction
Total capacity of wall (Puw-y) = 1935*2.07
= 4005.45 KN
114
4769.758
Mu = 2384.879KN - m
2
168.639
Vu = 84.319 KN
2
5487.147
Pu = 1829.049 KN < Puw-y
3
d' 54
0.026
D 2070
(D = length of wall)
Mu 2384.879 *10 6
0.0779
f ck bD 2 25 * 300 * 2070 2
Pu 1829.049 *1000
0.121
f ck bD 25 * 300 * 2070
p
0.02
SP 16 f ck
Chart 35 p = 0.02 * 25 = 0.5 %
p = 0.5 %
2
Min, Ast = 0.15 % of bD = 931.5 mm
IS 456:2000 Ast = 0.005 * 300 * 2070= 3105 mm2
cl.32.5. a Area of 16 mm = 201.06 mm2
3105
No. of Bars = = 15.44 16
254.47
Spacing of Bars,
2070 2 * 54
Sv = 130.8 mm
16 1
Check for Spacing

Spacing of vertical steel reinforcement should
be least of
IS 456:2000 - 3t = 3 * 300 = 900 mm Provide 16 mm
cl.32.5. b - 450 mm bars @ 125 mm c/c
To take account of the reversal effect, on both faces of the
Provide 16 mm bars @ 125 mm c/c on both wall.
faces of the wall.
7. Calculation of Horizontal Steel

Reinforcement
IS 456:2000 Area of horizontal steel reinforcement
cl.32.5. c = 0.2 % bH
= 0.002 * 300 * 4000
= 2400 mm2
Providing 16 mm bar
115
2400
No. of Bars = 11.93 12nos
201.06
4000
Spacing of Bars, Sv = 363.6 mm
12 1
IS 456:2000 Check for Spacing
cl.32.5. b Spacing of vertical steel reinforcement should
be least of
- 3t = 3 * 300 = 900 mm
- 450 mm Provide 16 mm
To take account of the reversal effect, bars @ 300 mm c/c
Provide 16 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c on both on both faces of the
faces of the wall. wall.
8. Check for Shear

a) When Lateral Load is acting along X-
IS 456:2000 direction
cl.32.4.2 Nominal Shear Stress,
V Vu 166.59 *10 3
v u 0.344 N / mm 2
IS 456:2000 td t * 0.8Lw 300 * 0.8 * 2020
cl.32.4.2.1 Allowable Shear Stress,
allowable 0.17 f ck 0.17 * 25 4.25 N / mm 2
> v
H w 4000
1.98 1 ( High Wall )
Lw 2020
IS 456:2000
cl.32.4.3. a cw should be lesser of
H
cw 3 w K1 f ck (3 1.98) * 0.2 * 25 1.02
IS 456:2000 Lw
cl.32.4.3. b N/mm2
Hw 1
IS 456:2000 Lw 1.98 1
cw K 2 f ck 0.045 25 0.684
cl.32.4.3. b H
w 1 1.98 1
Lw cw = 0.75 N/mm2
But not less than Hence, Safe.
0.15 f ck 0.15 25 0.75 N / mm2
.
. . cw =0.75 N/mm2 > v
116
b) When Lateral Load is acting along Y-
direction
IS 456:2000 Nominal Shear Stress,
cl.32.4.2 3
V Vu 84.319 *10
v u 0.17 N / mm 2
IS 456:2000 td t * 0.8Lw 300 * 0.8 * 2070
cl.32.4.2.1 Allowable Shear Stress,
allowable 0.17 f ck 0.17 * 25 4.25 N / mm 2
> v
H w 4000
1.93 1 ( High Wall )
Lw 2070
cw should be lesser of
IS 456:2000 H
cl.32.4.3. a cw 3 w K 1 f ck (3 1.93) * 0.2 * 25 1.07
Lw
N/mm2
IS 456:2000 H w 1
Lw 1.93 1
cl.32.4.3. b cw K 2 f ck 0.045 25 0.708
w 1
H 1.93 1
IS 456:2000 Lw cw = 0.75 N/mm2
cl.32.4.3. b But not less than Hence, Safe.
0.15 f ck 0.15 25 0.75 N / mm2
cw = 0.75 N/mm2 > v
117
9.1.6 Design of basement wall
Basement wall is constructed to retain the earth and to prevent moisture from seeping into
the building. Since the basement wall is supported by the mat foundation, the stability is
ensured and the design of the basement wall is limited to the safe design of vertical stem.
Basement walls are exterior walls of underground structures (tunnels and other earth
sheltered buildings), or retaining walls must resist lateral earth pressure as well as
additional pressure due to other type of loading. Basement walls carry lateral earth pressure
generally as vertical slabs supported by floor framing at the basement level and upper floor
level. The axial forces in the floor structures are, in turn, either resisted by shear walls or
balanced by the lateral earth pressure coming from the opposite side of the building.
Although basement walls act as vertical slabs supported by the horizontal floor framing,
keep in mind that during the early construction stage when the upper floor has not yet been
built the wall may have to be designed as a cantilever.
Design of vertical stem
The basement wall is designed as the cantilever wall with the fixity provided by the mat
foundation.
Soil
Pressure
Due to Surcharge
Basement Wall
(Rear Face) (Front Face)
Mat Footing
Fig: Basement Wall
118
Design of basement wall
1. Design Constants
Clear height between the floor (h)
= 4-0.45(beam depth) = 3.55 m
Unit weight of soil, = 17 KN/m3
Angle of internal friction of the soil,
= 30
Surcharge produced due to vehicular
movement is Ws = 10 KN/m2
Safe bearing capacity of soil,
qs = 165KN/m2
2. Moment calculation
1 sin 1 sin 30
Ka 0.333
1 sin 1 sin 30
Lateral load due to soil pressure,
Pa = Ka * * h2/2
= 0.333*17*3.552/2
= 35.671 KN/m Pa = 35.671
Lateral Load due to surcharge load, KN/m
Ps = Ka * Ws * h
= 0.333*10*3.55
= 11.822 KN/m
Characteristic Bending moment at the base of Ps = 11.822
wall. Since weight of wall gives insignificant KN/m
moment, so this can be neglected in the
design.
Mc = Pa * h/3 + Ps * h/2
= 35.671*3.55/3 + 11.822*3.55/2
= 63.195 KN-m
Design moment, M = 1.5Mc = 1.5*63.195 M = 94.793 KN-
= 94.793 KN-m m
3. Approximate design of section

Let, effective depth of wall = d
BM = 0.136 ck bd2
94.793*106 = 0.136*25*1000*d2
d = 166.974 mm
Let, overall clear cover is 50 mm
Overall depth of wall, D = 186.68+50
= 216.974 mm
D = 250 mm
Take D = 250 mm
d = 200 mm
So, d = 250 50 = 200 mm
119
4. Calculation of Main Steel Reinforcement
bdf ck
IS 456:2000 Ast = 1 1 4.6 M2
2 fy f ck bd
ANNEX G-
1.1 Ast=
1000 * 200 * 25 4.6 * 94.793 *10 6

1 1
2 * 500 25 *1000 * 200 2
Ast =1245.162
Ast = 1245.162 mm2 mm2
IS 456:2000 Min. Ast = 0.0012*bD

cl.32.5. a = 0.0012*1000*250
IS 456:2000 = 300 mm2 < Ast
cl.26.5.2.2 Max. Dia. of bar = D/8 = 250/8 = 31.25 mm2
Providing 16 mm bar, spacing of bar is
*16 2 *1000
S= = 161.47 mm
4 *1245.162
IS 456:2000 Maximum allowable space
cl.32.5. b Dia. of bar =
= 3d or 450 mm whichever is less
16mm
= 450 mm
S = 150 mm
Provide 16 mm bar @ 150 mm c/c
*16 2 *1000
So, Provided Ast =
4 *150
= 1340.41 mm2
Astprovided
pt = *100
bd
= 1340.41 100 / (1000 200) pt = 0.67 %
= 0.67 %
Provide nominal vertical reinforcement 16
mm @ 150 mm c/c at the front face.
5. Check for Shear

The critical section for shear strength is taken
at a distance of d from the face of support.
Thus, critical section is at d = 0.2 m from the
top of mat foundation i.e. at (3.55 - 0.2) =
3.35 m below the top edge of wall.
Shear force at critical section is,
Vu = 1.5*(Ka*Ws*Z + Ka**Z2/2)
=1.5*(0.333*10*3.35+ 0.333*17*3.352/2)
= 64.38 KN Vu = 64.38 KN
Vu
IS 456:2000 Nominal shear stress, u
cl.31.6.2.1 bd
= 64.38*1000 / (1000*200)
IS 456:2000 = 0.322 N/mm2 u = 0.322 N/mm2
120
Table 19 Permissible shear stress, c = 0.5 N/mm2 c = 0.5 N/mm2
c > u Hence, safe
6. Check for Deflection

leff = 3.55 m
Allowable deflection = leff/250 = 3550/250
= 14.2 mm
Actual Deflection;
p s l 4 eff p a l 4 eff
=
8EI 30 EI
=
3550 4 *12 11.822 35.671

1000 * 250 * 5000 25 8
3
30
= 13.01 mm Hence, safe
which; is less than allowable deflection.
7. Calculation of Horizontal Reinforcement

steel bar
IS 456:2000 Area of Hz. Reinforcement = 0.002Dh
cl.32.5.c = 0.002*250*3550
= 1775 mm2
As the temperature change occurs at front
face of basement wall, 2/3 of horizontal
reinforcement is provided at front face and
1/3 of horizontal reinforcement is provided in
inner face.
Front face Horizontal Reinforcement steel,
= 2/3*1775
= 1183.33 mm2
Providing 10 mm bar
No. of bar required = 1183.33 / (3.14*102/4)
= 15.06 16
Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides- )/(N-
1)
= (3550-100) / (16-1) = 230 mm
Inner face Horizontal Reinforcement steel,

= 1/3*1183.33 = 394.44 mm2
Providing, 10mm bar
No. of bar required, = 394.44 / (3.14*102/4)
= 5.02 6
Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides- )/(N-
IS 456:2000
1)
cl.32.5. d
= (3550-100) / (6-1) = 690 mm
121
Max. spacing=3d = 3*200 =600 mm or 450 Provide 10 mm
mm bar @ 300 mm
Spacing provided < 450 mm c/c
Hence, spacing provided for Horizontal Steel

is OK.
8. Curtailment of Reinforcement
No bars can be curtailed in less than Ld
IS 456:2000 distance from the bottom of stem,
cl.26.2.1
s 0.87 * 500 *16
Ld = =
1.6 * 4 * bd 1.6 * 4 * 1.2
= 906.25 mm
The curtailment of bars can be done in two
layers 1/3 and 2/3 heights of the stem above
the base.
Let us curtail bars at 1/3 distance i.e. 1183.33
mm from base
Lateral load due to soil pressure,
Pa = Ka**(h-h/3)2/2
= 0.333*17*2.372/2
= 15.899 KN/m
Lateral load due to surcharge load,
Ps = Ka*Ws*(h-h/3)
= 0.333x10x2.37
= 7.89 KN/m
Characteristic Bending moment at the base of
wall is,
Mc = Pa*h/3 + Ps*h/2 where; h = h-h/3
= 15.899*2.37/3 + 7.89*2.37/2
= 21.91 KN-m
Design Moment, M = 1.5Mc
= 1.5*21.91
= 32.865 KN-m
Since this moment is less than half of the
moment at base of stem, spacing of vertical
reinforcement are doubled from 1333 mm
Provide 12 mm
from the base of the wall.
bar @ 300 mm
Providing, 16 mm bar @ 300 mm c/c above
c/c
1333 mm from base.
122
9.1.7 Design of Foundation
If the load transmitted by the column in a structure are so heavy or the allowable soil
bearing pressure so small that individual footing would cover more than about one half of
the area. It may be better to provide a continuous footing under all the columns and walls.
Such a footing is called a raft or mat foundation. The raft is divided into series of
continuous strips centered on approximate column rows in the both directions. The shear
and bending moment diagram may be drawn using continuous beam analysis or coefficients
for each strip. The depth is selected to satisfy shear requirements. The steel requirement
will vary from strip.
The structural behavior of mat foundation is similar to an inverted roof slab acted by
upward soil pressure at the bottom and downward load from the column.
123
Foundation Type Selection
Check for isolated footing

Number of Column = 40
Case considered =1.5(DL+LL)
Design factored load = 8386.465 KN
Service load= 5590.977 KN
Safe soil bearing capacity =165KN/m2
Concrete grade M25
Steel grade Fe-500
Calculation of area covered by isolated footings:
Estimated area of isolated footing = (P + 10% of P)/qall = 47.31 m2
Let us consider a square footing. Then,
Size of footing = 6.87 m
Provide 7 m x 7 m, square footing.
Net pressure on soil = service load / area of footing
= 5590.997 / (7*7)
= 114.1 KN/m2 >SBC
Area occupied by 40 footing = 40*(7*7) = 1960 m2
Plinth area = 854.1547 m2
Since area occupied by isolated footing is greater than 50% of plinth area so, Mat
foundation is necessary.
124
Table 8 Calculation of center of gravity of plan area and locating centroid of resultant forces
Load(P) Area
Floor Column X Y P*X P*Y A*X A*Y
(KN) (m2)
A10 2542.61 0.42 0.00 23.36 0.00 59397.87 0.00 9.87
A9 6410.18 1.28 0.00 17.36 0.00 111287.17 0.00 22.22
A8 6580.34 1.28 0.00 11.36 0.00 74752.64 0.00 14.54
A7 355.91 0.42 0.00 5.96 0.00 2121.19 0.00 2.52
B10 6449.69 1.28 5.00 23.36 32248.47 150671.30 6.40 29.90
B9 4488.61 0.42 5.00 17.36 22443.05 77926.74 2.11 7.34
B8 3761.21 0.42 5.00 11.36 18806.03 42727.30 2.11 4.80
J1 757.86 0.42 6.90 5.96 5229.98 4516.84 2.92 2.52
B'8 4110.55 0.42 7.89 11.36 32428.16 46695.89 3.33 4.80
Basement
C10 6925.07 1.28 10.92 23.36 75649.41 161776.44 13.98 29.90

C9 5145.43 0.42 10.92 17.36 56208.66 89329.78 4.62 7.34
J2 5533.37 0.42 10.92 9.98 60446.49 55200.86 4.62 4.21
L1 1124.36 0.42 12.28 0.57 13809.33 643.13 5.19 0.24
J3 4234.03 0.42 15.52 14.57 65712.15 61702.52 6.56 6.16
L2 8094.03 0.42 16.30 4.60 131965.03 37200.15 6.89 1.94
D10 3865.50 0.42 17.00 23.36 65713.50 90301.95 7.18 9.87
D9 5821.59 0.42 17.00 17.36 98966.95 101068.54 7.18 7.34
K3 4162.47 0.42 18.52 11.60 77105.56 48267.98 7.83 4.90
E10 3694.50 0.42 20.90 23.36 77215.09 86307.26 8.83 9.87
L3 7377.43 0.42 20.90 9.91 154188.22 73125.06 8.83 4.19
M2 5905.66 0.44 20.90 0.00 123428.34 0.00 9.23 0.00
125
L4 7223.61 0.42 23.38 11.57 168859.13 83569.96 9.88 4.89
F10 3941.37 0.42 24.80 23.36 97745.98 92074.34 10.48 9.87
F9 5689.62 0.42 24.80 17.36 141102.50 98777.44 10.48 7.34
M3 8386.47 0.42 25.50 4.60 213821.31 38544.19 10.77 1.94
N3 1054.61 0.42 29.52 0.57 31131.09 603.24 12.47 0.24
G10 7373.56 1.28 30.88 23.36 227665.88 172253.62 39.52 29.90
G9 5342.48 0.42 30.88 17.36 164954.32 92750.74 13.05 7.34
M6 6001.64 0.42 30.88 9.98 185306.54 59872.33 13.05 4.21
G'8 4370.44 0.42 33.91 11.36 148206.09 49648.23 14.33 4.80
N6 491.74 0.42 34.90 5.96 17161.27 2930.78 14.74 2.52
Basement
H10 6630.01 1.28 36.80 23.36 243984.18 154883.55 47.10 29.90

H9 4664.67 0.42 36.80 17.36 171659.78 80983.30 15.55 7.34
H8 3903.75 0.42 36.80 11.36 143657.93 44346.58 15.55 4.80
H7 422.10 0.42 36.80 5.96 15533.39 2515.73 15.55 2.52
I10 2649.23 0.42 41.80 23.36 110737.98 61888.76 17.66 9.87
I9 6593.38 1.28 41.80 17.36 275603.08 114467.58 53.50 22.22
I8 6693.44 1.44 41.80 11.36 279785.96 76037.52 60.19 16.36
I7 657.78 0.42 41.80 5.96 27495.25 3920.37 17.66 2.52
L6 4244.08 0.42 26.28 14.57 111534.29 61848.90 11.10 6.16
LIFT A 6617.95 4.86 18.04 16.35 119354.73 108210.10 87.68 79.49
LIFT B 6466.69 4.86 23.77 16.35 153680.89 105736.85 115.53 79.49
Sum 196758.97 33.66 4160545.98 2880884.73 713.64 518.16
126
Calculation of Center of Gravity of plan area;
Geometrical center of mat foundation due to area
Along X direction;
Ai xi
x = = 21.20 m
A
Along Y direction;
i
Ai y
y = = 15.39 m
A
Center of Gravity due to load

Along X direction;
Pi xi
x = = 21.15 m
A
Along Y direction;
i
Pi y
y = = 14.64 m
A
Eccentricity
Along X direction;
ex = - 0.0548
Along Y direction;
ey = - 0.7514
Calculation of Moment of Inertia about both axes

Moment of Inertia is obtained from AutoCAD
Along X direction;
Ixx = 200000 m4
Along Y direction;
Iyy = 500000 m4
127
Calculation of Corner Stress
Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil = 165 KN/m2

Stress, =

Table 9 Soil Pressure at different points
P/A Mx/Ixx My/Iyy X Y factored unfactored

Column
(KN/m2) (KN/m3) (KN/m3) (m) (m) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
A10 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -21.2 7.968 224.922 149.948
A9 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -21.2 1.968 229.357 152.905
A8 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -21.2 -4.033 233.794 155.863
A7 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -21.2 -9.433 237.786 158.524
B10 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -16.2 7.968 224.814 149.876
B9 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -16.2 1.968 229.25 152.833
B8 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -16.2 -4.033 233.686 155.791
J1 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -14.299 -9.433 237.637 158.425
B'8 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -13.311 -4.033 233.624 155.749
C10 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -10.276 7.968 224.687 149.791
C9 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -10.276 1.968 229.122 152.748
J2 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -10.276 -5.417 234.581 156.387
L1 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -8.918 -14.821 241.504 161.003
J3 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -5.68 -0.82 231.084 154.056
L2 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -4.896 -10.797 238.442 158.961
D10 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -4.2 7.968 224.556 149.704
D9 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -4.2 1.968 228.991 152.661
K3 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -2.676 -3.797 233.22 155.48
E10 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -0.3 7.968 224.471 149.647
L3 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -0.3 -5.481 234.414 156.276
M2 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -0.3 -15.393 241.741 161.161
L4 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 2.176 -3.824 233.135 155.423
F10 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 3.6 7.968 224.387 149.591
F9 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 3.6 1.968 228.823 152.549
M3 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 4.296 -10.797 238.244 158.829
N3 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 8.319 -14.821 241.132 160.755
G10 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 9.676 7.968 224.256 149.504
G9 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 9.676 1.968 228.692 152.461
M6 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 9.676 -5.417 234.151 156.101
G'8 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 12.711 -4.033 233.063 155.375
N6 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 13.699 -9.433 237.033 158.022
H8 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 15.6 -4.033 233 155.333
128
H7 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 15.6 -9.433 236.992 157.995
I10 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 20.6 7.968 224.021 149.347
I9 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 20.6 1.968 228.456 152.304
I8 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 20.6 -4.033 232.893 155.262
I7 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 20.6 -9.433 236.884 157.923
L6 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 5.08 -0.82 230.852 153.901
LIFT A 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 -3.165 0.958 229.715 153.143
LIFT B 230.355 -0.739 -0.022 2.565 0.958 229.592 153.061
129
Design of mat foundation
Longest Strip 1. Known Data
Avg. upward soil pressure, q = 161.16 q = 161.16
KN/m2 KN/m2
Max. span length, L = 7.609m
2. Moment calculation
IS 456:2000 Maximum support moment, Ms = qL2/10 Ms = 932.95
Table 12 KNm
Ms = 932.95 KNm per m width
Mm = 777.46
Maximum span moment, Mm = qL2/12
KNm
Mm = 777.46 KNm per m width
SP 16 3. Depth from moment consideration

Table D
Depth of footing, d = 3.45
932.95106
= 3.451000
d = 520.02 mm
= 520.02 mm
4. Depth from two-way shear consideration

IS 456:2000 Permissible punching shear, v = ks*c
cl.31.6.3.1 =(.5+c)
*0.25
Where, ks 1; here ks = 1.301>1
So, v = 1.250
v = 1*0.25*25 N/mm2
= 1.250 N/mm2
For corner column I10

Perimeter, bo = 2(650+0.5d)
130
Pu = 2649.234 KN

Nominal shear stress, v = = 1.25

IS 456:2000
d = 944.33 mm
cl.31.6.2.1
For inside column G10

Perimeter, bo = (1600+d) + 2(800+0.5d)
Pu = 7373.555 KN


d = 1094.58 mm
For interior column M3

Perimeter, bo = 4(650+d)
Pu = 8386.465 KN


d = 1010.26 mm
5. Since the footing is critical in shear, so
increase depth
d = 1340 mm
d = 1340 mm
providing 60mm effective cover
D = 1400 mm
D = 1400mm

reinforcement
IS 456:2000
ANNEX G-1.1 Mux = 0.87*fy*Astx*(dx 0.416*xu) 1
0.87fy Ast
Where; xu = 0.362f
ck b
b 2
Ast = spacing 2
4
b 2
IS 456:2000 Spacing = A 3
st 4
cl.26.5.2.1
131
Tabular Calculation
At support At mid-
S.N. Description (Bottom span
bars) (top bars)
1. BM (KN-m) 932.95 777.46
Ast From equation
3. 1640.7 1361.43
required (mm2) 1
4. Ast min (mm2) 2160 2160 From equation 4
5. (mm) 20 20 Assuming
6. 145.44 145.44
Spacing
7. 125 125 Providing
provided (mm)
8. Ast provided (mm2) 2513.27 2513.27 From equation 2
9. Pt (%) 0.1876 0.1876
7. Check for one-way shear

0.6qL = 735.76KNm
0.4qL = 490.51KNm
x = 4.5651m
a/2+d = 0.46m
Vu = 467.41 KN
Total Pt = 0.375%
[Note: for permissible shear stress
calculation, the top and bottom
reinforcement can be summed up but not for
deflection calculation]
0.6ql
V
u
a/2+d
0.4ql
4.5651 3.043m
m mmmm Vu = 467.41 KN
IS 456:2000
Table 19
For pt = 0.375%
& cl.40.2 c = 0.425 N/mm2
132
c = 0.425 N/mm2
10.42510001340
k*c*b*d = = 569.5KN >
1000
Vu Hence, Safe
133
10 CONCLUSION
This project is the result of group effort of whole groups member and the valuable
guidance of our supervisor. The project work enables us to consolidate the knowledge of
analysis and design of structure during our B.E course.
Since the project site is located at earthquake prone zone, we have given more emphasis on
earthquake load rather than others. The seismic coefficient method is used to analysis the
building due to more practicable and easy. SAP 2000 V18 provided to be helpful tools in
the analysis of frame for various loading condition. In the project, the analysis, design and
detailing of all require element of building were done based on 3-D frame analysis by SAP
2000 V18.
Detail structural design of building is important aspect of construction procedure.
Practically an engineer employed must have knowledge on designs, construction
procedures, site study etc. Design and layout of the building services like pipeline, electrical
appliances, sanitary and sewage system were not covered in this project. The
environmental, social and economic condition of the locality was not taken into
consideration. The project work was only related with the practical application of the
studied courses in the field. Detail cost estimate of the project was not included in this
report.
Finally, we hope that efforts and coordination for the project work will prove much useful
in our career and project will be helpful in providing information on the earthquake resistant
design and its safe practice and we hope, this project will help us in similar jobs that we
might have in our hands in the future.
134
ANNEX
135
11 ANNEX I: TABLES
136
11.1.1 Wall Load
EXTERNAL WALL WITH AND WITHOUT OPENING
Wall ID Column Column Length Width Height Unit wt. Gross Load Beam Load Reference
Width L Width R (mm) (mm) (mm) (KN/m3) load (KN) Length (KN/m)
(KN) (mm)
E10-F10 1000 1000 2900 230 2450 19 31.049 21.734 3900 5.573
L2-M2 1000 800 5600 230 2450 19 59.956 41.969 6500 6.457
Ground Floor
J3-K3 1000 1000 3248 230 2450 19 34.775 24.342 4248 5.730
K3-L3 1000 1000 2361 230 2450 19 25.278 17.695 3361 5.265
L3-L4 1000 1000 2361 230 2450 19 25.278 17.695 3361 5.265
D10-E10 1000 1000 2900 230 2450 19 31.049 31.049 3900 7.961
D10-D9 1000 1000 5000 230 2450 19 53.533 53.533 6000 8.922
F10-F9 1000 1000 5000 230 2450 19 53.533 53.533 6000 8.922
Total 261.549
(KN) (mm)
1ST TO 9TH FLOOR

B10-C10 1000 1000 4924 230 2450 19 52.719 36.903 5924 6.229
G10-H10 1000 1000 4924 230 2450 19 52.719 36.903 5924 6.229
C10-D10 1000 1000 4732 230 2450 19 50.663 35.464 6076 5.837
F10-G10 1000 1000 4732 230 2450 19 50.663 35.464 6076 5.837
E10-F10 1000 1000 2900 230 2450 19 31.049 21.734 3900 5.573
A8-A9 1000 1000 5000 230 2450 19 53.533 37.473 6000 6.245
I8-I9 1000 1000 5000 230 2450 19 53.533 37.473 6000 6.245
137
A9-A10 1000 1000 3979 230 2450 19 42.601 29.821 6000 4.970
I9-I10 1000 1000 3979 230 2450 19 42.601 29.821 6000 4.970
A8-B8 1000 1000 4000 230 2450 19 42.826 29.978 5000 5.996
H8-I8 1000 1000 4000 230 2450 19 42.826 29.978 5000 5.996
B8-B'8 1000 1000 1889 230 2450 19 20.225 14.157 2889 4.900
G'8-H8 1000 1000 1889 230 2450 19 20.225 14.157 2889 4.900
J2-L2 1000 1000 6609 230 2450 19 70.759 49.531 7609 6.510
M3-M6 1000 1000 6609 230 2450 19 70.759 49.531 7609 6.510
Total 488.390
(KN) (mm)
D10-D9 1000 1000 5000 230 2450 19 53.533 37.473 6000 6.245
F10-F9 1000 1000 5000 115 2450 19 26.766 18.736 6000 3.123
K3-L4 1000 1000 3752 230 2450 19 40.171 28.120 4752 5.917
TOP FLOOR
D10-E10 1000 1000 2900 230 2450 19 31.049 31.049 3900 7.961
E10-F10 1000 1000 2900 230 2450 19 31.049 31.049 3900 7.961
J3-D9 1000 1000 2401 230 2450 19 25.706 25.706 3401 7.558
L6-F9 1000 1000 2401 230 2450 19 25.706 25.706 3401 7.558
J3-K3 1000 1000 3248 230 2450 19 34.775 34.775 4248 8.186
L4-L6 1000 1000 3248 230 2450 19 34.775 34.775 4248 8.186
Total 267.388
138
INTERNAL WALL WITH AND WITHOUT OPENING ON BEAM
Wall ID Column Column Length Width Height Unit wt. Gross load Load Beam Load Reference
Width L Width R (mm) (mm) (mm) (KN/m3) (KN) (KN) Length (KN/m)
(mm)
B10-B9 1000 1000 4077 115 2450 19 21.825 15.278 6000 2.546
H10-H9 1000 1000 4077 115 2450 19 21.825 15.278 6000 2.546
C10-C9 1000 1000 3700 115 2450 19 19.807 13.865 6000 2.311
G10-G9 1000 1000 3700 115 2450 19 19.807 13.865 6000 2.311
D10-D9 1000 1000 5000 230 2450 19 53.533 37.473 6000 6.245
1ST TO 9TH FLOOR

F10-F9 1000 1000 5000 230 2450 19 53.533 37.473 6000 6.245
L2-L3 1000 1000 3035 115 2450 19 16.247 11.373 6500 1.750
L3-M3 1000 1000 3077 115 2450 19 16.472 11.530 6500 1.774
F9-G9 1000 1000 5076 115 2450 19 27.173 19.021 6076 3.131
C9-G9 1000 1000 5076 115 2450 19 27.173 19.021 6076 3.131
A9-B9 1000 1000 4000 230 2450 19 42.826 29.978 5000 5.996
H9-I9 1000 1000 4000 230 2450 19 42.826 29.978 5000 5.996
J3-K3 1000 1000 3250 115 2450 19 17.398 12.179 4250 2.866
L4-L6 1000 1000 3250 115 2450 19 17.398 12.179 4250 2.866
K3-L4 1000 1000 3752 115 2450 19 20.085 14.060 4752 2.959
J2-J3 1000 1000 5500 115 2450 19 29.443 29.443 6500 4.530
L6-M6 1000 1000 5500 115 2450 19 29.443 29.443 6500 4.530
Total 351.436
139
INTERNAL WALL WITH AND WITHOUT OPENING ON SLAB
Length Without
Load Without
Load Without
With
With
With
Load
Wt.
Deducted Load
Thickness (mm)
Opening (mm)
Opening (mm)
Height (mm)
Remarks
Opening
Opening
Opening
Opening
(KN/m3)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
Slab ID
Length
Total
Load
Load
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
Area
Wall
Wall
Slab
Unit
13 3379.5 230 2875 19 42.459 0.000 0.000 49.458 0.858 0.000 0.858
Ground
Floor
15 6659 2859 230 2875 19 83.662 35.920 25.144 28.178 2.969 0.892 3.861
23 6895 230 2875 19 86.627 0.000 0.000 18.490 4.685 0.000 4.685
25 5301.5 230 2875 19 66.607 0.000 0.000 43.287 1.539 0.000 1.539
Total 315.275
Thickness (mm)
Length Without
Deducted Load
Opening (mm)
Opening (mm)
Load Without
Load Without
Length With
Height (mm)
Total Load
Load With
Load With
Remarks
Unit Wt.
Opening
Opening
Opening
Opening
(KN/m3)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
Slab ID
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
Area
Wall
Wall
Slab
1 4017 9140 115 2875 19 25.234 57.416 40.191 30.000 0.841 1.340 2.181
1ST FLOOR TO
2ND FLOOR
7 4017 9140 115 2875 19 25.234 57.416 40.191 30.000 0.841 1.340 2.181
2 2815 3775 115 2875 19 17.683 23.714 16.600 35.544 0.498 0.467 0.965
6 2815 3775 115 2875 19 17.683 23.714 16.600 35.544 0.498 0.467 0.965
3 4155 9908 115 2875 19 26.101 62.241 43.569 36.456 0.716 1.195 1.911
5 4155 9908 115 2875 19 26.101 62.241 43.569 36.456 0.716 1.195 1.911
140
4 3700 1500 115 2875 19 23.243 9.423 6.596 16.788 1.385 0.393 1.777
8 11841 2525 115 2875 19 74.384 15.862 11.103 30.000 2.479 0.370 2.850
10 7207 6635 115 2875 19 45.273 41.680 29.176 28.178 1.607 1.035 2.642
15 7207 6635 115 2875 19 45.273 41.680 29.176 28.178 1.607 1.035 2.642
9 1203 115 2875 19 7.557 0.000 0.000 26.443 0.286 0.000 0.286
16 1203 115 2875 19 7.557 0.000 0.000 26.443 0.286 0.000 0.286
17 8864 2400 115 2875 19 55.683 15.077 10.554 30.000 1.856 0.352 2.208
14 2047 115 2875 19 12.859 0.000 0.000 5.648 2.277 0.000 2.277
11 9256 7513 115 2875 19 58.145 47.196 33.037 49.458 1.176 0.668 1.844
13 10068 6771 115 2875 19 63.246 42.535 29.774 49.458 1.279 0.602 1.881
18 3595 3108 115 2875 19 22.583 19.524 13.667 9.438 2.393 1.448 3.841
19 3595 3108 115 2875 19 22.583 19.524 13.667 9.438 2.393 1.448 3.841
Total 1115.667
Length Without
Load Without
Load Without
With
With
With
Load
Wt.
Deducted Load
Thickness (mm)
Opening (mm)
Opening (mm)
Height (mm)
Remarks
Opening
Opening
Opening
Opening
(KN/m3)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
Slab ID
Length
Total
Load
Load
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
Area
Wall
Wall
Slab
Unit
1 4017 9140 115 2875 19 25.234 57.416 40.191 30.000 0.841 1.340 2.181
3RD FLOOR
TO 9TH
7 4017 9140 115 2875 19 25.234 57.416 40.191 30.000 0.841 1.340 2.181
FLOOR
2 2815 3775 115 2875 19 17.683 23.714 16.600 35.544 0.498 0.467 0.965
6 2815 3775 115 2875 19 17.683 23.714 16.600 35.544 0.498 0.467 0.965
3 4155 9908 115 2875 19 26.101 62.241 43.569 36.456 0.716 1.195 1.911
141
5 4155 9908 115 2875 19 26.101 62.241 43.569 36.456 0.716 1.195 1.911
4 3700 1500 115 2875 19 23.243 9.423 6.596 16.788 1.385 0.393 1.777
8 11841 2525 115 2875 19 74.384 15.862 11.103 30.000 2.479 0.370 2.850
10 7207 6635 115 2875 19 45.273 41.680 29.176 28.178 1.607 1.035 2.642
15 7207 6635 115 2875 19 45.273 41.680 29.176 28.178 1.607 1.035 2.642
9 1203 115 2875 19 7.557 0.000 0.000 26.443 0.286 0.000 0.286
16 1203 115 2875 19 7.557 0.000 0.000 26.443 0.286 0.000 0.286
17 8864 2400 115 2875 19 55.683 15.077 10.554 30.000 1.856 0.352 2.208
14 2047 115 2875 19 12.859 0.000 0.000 5.648 2.277 0.000 2.277
11 9256 7513 115 2875 19 58.145 47.196 33.037 49.458 1.176 0.668 1.844
13 10068 6771 115 2875 19 63.246 42.535 29.774 49.458 1.279 0.602 1.881
18 3595 3108 115 2875 19 22.583 19.524 13.667 9.438 2.393 1.448 3.841
19 3595 3108 115 2875 19 22.583 19.524 13.667 9.438 2.393 1.448 3.841
12 4900 115 2875 19 30.781 0.000 0.000 42.246 0.729 0.000 0.729
Total 1146.448
With
With
Load
Length Without
Without
Without
With
Wt.
Load
Thickness (mm)
Opening (mm)
Opening (mm)
Height (mm)
Deducted
Remarks
Opening
Opening
Opening
Opening
(KN/m3)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
Slab ID
Length
Total
Load
Load
Load
Load
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
Area
Wall
Wall
Slab
Unit
71 10635 115 4075 19 94.693 0.000 0.000 46.800 2.023 0.000 2.023 LOWER
TERRACE
Total 94.693
142
PARAPET WALL
Top Roof
Floor Wall ID Beam Length Depth Width Load Load
Length (m) (m) (m) (KN) (KN/m)
D10-E10 3.900 3.900 1 0.230 17.043 4.37

E10-F10 3.900 3.900 1 0.230 17.043 4.37
D10-D9 6.000 6.000 1 0.230 26.220 4.37
Upper Terrace
F10-F9 6.000 6.000 1 0.230 26.220 4.37

D9-J3 3.401 1.307 1 0.230 5.712 1.68
F9-L6 3.401 3.401 1 0.230 14.862 4.37
J3-K3 4.248 4.248 1 0.230 18.565 4.37
L4-L6 4.248 4.248 1 0.230 18.565 4.37
K3-L4 4.752 4.752 1 0.230 20.766 4.37
Total 164.996
LOWER ROOF
Floor Wall ID Beam Length Depth Width Load Load
Length (m) (m) (m) (KN) (KN/m)
A10-B10 5.000 5.000 1 0.230 21.850 4.37

H10-I10 5.000 5.000 1 0.230 21.850 4.37
B10-C10 5.924 5.924 1 0.230 25.888 4.37
G10-H10 5.924 5.924 1 0.230 25.888 4.37
C10-D10 6.076 6.076 1 0.230 26.552 4.37
A10-A9 6.000 6.000 1 0.230 26.220 4.37
I10-I9 6.000 6.000 1 0.230 26.220 4.37
Lower Terrace
A9-A8 6.001 6.001 1 0.230 26.224 4.37

I9-I8 6.001 6.001 1 0.230 26.224 4.37
A8-B8 5.000 5.000 1 0.230 21.850 4.37
H8-I8 5.000 5.000 1 0.230 21.850 4.37
B8-B'8 2.889 2.889 1 0.230 12.625 4.37
G'8-H8 2.889 2.889 1 0.230 12.625 4.37
B'8-J2 3.336 3.336 1 0.230 14.577 4.37
G'8-M6 3.336 3.336 1 0.230 14.577 4.37
M3-M6 7.609 7.609 1 0.230 33.249 4.37
J2-L2 7.609 7.609 1 0.230 33.249 4.37
L2-M2 6.500 6.500 1 0.230 28.404 4.37
M2-M3 6.500 6.500 1 0.230 28.404 4.37
Total 448.326
143
WALL LOAD ON CANTILEVER SLAB
FOR 1ST TO 2ND FLOOR
Floor Slab ID Slab Length Depth Width Load Load
Area (m) (m) (m) (KN) (KN/m2)
41 9.000 6.54 1 0.23 28.580 3.176

42 9.000 6.54 1 0.23 28.580 3.176
52 10.081 4.748 2.875 0.23 59.653 5.917
52 10.081 6.936 1 0.23 30.310 3.007
48 3.765 2.13 1 0.23 9.308 2.473
57 3.765 2.13 1 0.23 9.308 2.473
1st to 2nd floor
49 3.907 3.13 1 0.23 13.678 3.501

49 3.907 1.5 2.875 0.23 18.846 4.824
56 3.907 3.13 1 0.23 13.678 3.501
56 3.907 1.5 2.875 0.23 18.846 4.824
50 6.371 3.248 1 0.23 14.194 2.228
50 6.371 3 2.875 0.23 37.691 5.916
55 6.374 1.933 1 0.23 8.447 1.325
55 6.374 4.465 2.875 0.23 56.097 8.802
51 5.040 2.194 1 0.23 9.588 1.902
51 5.040 3.717 2.875 0.23 46.699 9.266
Total 403.503
FOR 3 TO 9.TH FLOOR

Floor Slab ID Slab Length Depth Width Load Load
Area (m) (m) (m) (KN) (KN/m2)
41 9.000 6.54 1 0.23 28.580 3.176

42 9.000 6.54 1 0.23 28.580 3.176
52 10.081 4.748 2.875 0.23 59.653 5.917
3rd Floor to Lower Terrace
52 10.081 6.936 1 0.23 30.310 3.007

53 10.071 9.281 2.875 0.23 116.604 11.578
53 10.071 6.615 1 0.23 28.908 2.870
48 3.765 2.13 1 0.23 9.308 2.473
57 3.765 2.13 1 0.23 9.308 2.473
49 3.907 3.13 1 0.23 13.678 3.501
49 3.907 1.5 2.875 0.23 18.846 4.824
56 3.907 3.13 1 0.23 13.678 3.501
56 3.907 1.5 2.875 0.23 18.846 4.824
50 6.371 3.248 1 0.23 14.194 2.228
50 6.371 3 2.875 0.23 37.691 5.916
144
55 6.374 1.933 1 0.23 8.447 1.325
55 6.374 4.465 2.875 0.23 56.097 8.802
51 5.040 2.194 1 0.23 9.588 1.902
51 5.040 3.717 2.875 0.23 46.699 9.266
54 5.037 1.745 1 0.23 7.626 1.514
54 5.037 4.245 2.875 0.23 53.333 10.587
Total 609.973
PANNEL 53 AND 54 ONLY FOR 1ST AND 2ND FLOOR (CANTILEVER SLAB)
(KN/m2)
Volume
Volume
Slab ID
Length
Width
Depth
Floor
Total
Load
Load
(KN)
Area
Slab
(m3)
(m)
(m)
1st 52 10.081 6.936 (m)

2.875 0.23 4.586 3.211 61.000 6.051
and
2nd 53 10.071 6.935 2.875 0.23 4.586 3.210 60.991 6.056
floor
Total 121.990
WALL ON BASEMENT
Wall ID Length Width Height Volume Net Unit wt. Load
(m) (m) (m) (m3) Volume (KN/m3) (KN)
(m3)
A8-B8 4 0.23 4 3.68 3.68 19 69.92
B8-B7 4.9 0.23 4 4.508 3.156 19 59.956
Total 129.876
145
11.1.2 Swimming Pool Weight
Remarks Material Area Slab ID Slab Length Water Volume Unit wt. Load Load Load
(m2) Area (m) Depth (m3) (KN/m3) (KN) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
(m2)
BABY POOL WATER 57.456 17 30.000 600 34.474 9.810 338.186 11.273 13.634
CONCRETE 4.723 30.000 600 2.834 25.000 70.844 2.361
PUBLIC POOL WATER 30.860 6 35.544 1200 37.032 9.810 363.284 10.221
WATER 26.970 7 30.000 1200 32.364 9.810 317.491 10.583 13.372
CONCRETE 0.250 6 35.544 17.920 4.480 25.000 112.000 3.151 13.896
CONCRETE 0.250 7 30.000 15.900 3.975 25.000 99.375 3.313
Total 1301.180
146
11.1.3 Slab Weight
Floor PANNEL Width Area Density Load Remarks
(m) (m2) (KN/m3) (KN)
1 0.125 30.000 25 93.750

2 0.125 35.540 25 111.063
3 0.125 36.456 25 113.925
4 0.125 23.400 25 73.125
5 0.125 36.456 25 113.925
6 0.125 35.544 25 111.075
7 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
8 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
9 0.125 26.443 25 82.636
10 0.125 28.178 25 88.055
11 0.125 49.458 25 154.556
12 0.125 42.246 25 132.020
Ground Floor
13 0.125 49.458 25 154.556

14 0.125 5.648 25 17.649
15 0.125 28.178 25 88.055
16 0.125 26.443 25 82.636
17 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
20 0.125 32.133 25 100.415
21 0.125 16.679 25 52.120
22 0.125 43.287 25 135.271
23 0.125 18.490 25 57.780
24 0.125 18.492 25 57.788
25 0.125 43.287 25 135.273
26 0.125 25.668 25 80.214
27 0.125 18.591 25 58.098
28 0.125 27.000 25 84.375
73 0.125 32.780 25 102.438
29 0.125 21.811 25 68.160
TOTAL 2630.206
147
(m) (m2) (KN/m3) (KN)
1 0.125 30.000 25 93.750

2 0.125 35.540 25 111.063
3 0.125 36.456 25 113.925
5 0.125 36.456 25 113.925
6 0.125 35.544 25 111.075
4 0.125 16.790 25 52.469
7 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
8 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
9 0.125 26.443 25 82.636
10 0.125 28.178 25 88.055
11 0.125 49.458 25 154.556
12 0.125 42.246 25 132.020
13 0.125 49.458 25 154.556
1st Floor TO 2nd Floor
14 0.125 5.648 25 17.649

15 0.125 28.178 25 88.055
16 0.125 26.443 25 82.636
17 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
s1 0.125 10.041 25 31.378 Staircase
s2 0.125 7.393 25 23.104 Staircase
18 0.125 9.438 25 29.493
19 0.125 9.438 25 29.493
30 0.125 16.788 25 52.462
31 0.125 3.765 25 11.764
32 0.125 3.907 25 12.208
33 0.125 6.371 25 19.910
Cantilever Slab
34 0.125 5.040 25 15.749

35 0.125 10.081 25 31.503
36 0.125 10.071 25 31.472
37 0.125 5.037 25 15.742
38 0.125 6.374 25 19.917
39 0.125 3.907 25 12.208
40 0.125 3.765 25 11.764
TOTAL 2025.785
148
(m) (m2) (KN/m3) (KN)
1 0.125 30.000 25 93.750

2 0.125 35.540 25 111.063
3 0.125 36.456 25 113.925
5 0.125 36.456 25 113.925
6 0.125 35.544 25 111.075
7 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
8 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
9 0.125 26.443 25 82.636
10 0.125 28.178 25 88.055
11 0.125 49.458 25 154.556
12 0.125 42.246 25 132.020
13 0.125 49.458 25 154.556
14 0.125 5.648 25 17.649
3rd Floor TO 9th Floor
s1 0.125 10.041 25 31.378 Staircase

s2 0.125 7.393 25 23.104 Staircase
15 0.125 28.178 25 88.055
16 0.125 26.443 25 82.636
17 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
18 0.125 9.438 25 29.493
19 0.125 9.438 25 29.493
30 0.125 16.788 25 52.462
31 0.125 3.765 25 11.764
32 0.125 3.907 25 12.208
33 0.125 6.371 25 19.910
34 0.125 5.040 25 15.749
Cantilever Slab
35 0.125 10.081 25 31.503

36 0.125 10.071 25 31.472
37 0.125 5.037 25 15.742
38 0.125 6.374 25 19.917
39 0.125 3.907 25 12.208
40 0.125 3.765 25 11.764
41 0.125 9.000 25 28.125
42 0.125 9.000 25 28.125
TOTAL 2029.566
149
(m) (m2) (KN/m3) (KN)
1 0.125 30.000 25 93.750

2 0.125 35.540 25 111.063
3 0.125 36.456 25 113.925
5 0.125 36.456 25 113.925
6 0.125 35.544 25 111.075
7 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
8 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
9 0.125 26.443 25 82.636
10 0.125 28.178 25 88.055
11 0.125 49.458 25 154.556
12 0.125 42.246 25 132.020
13 0.125 49.458 25 154.556
14 0.125 5.648 25 17.649
15 0.125 28.178 25 88.055
16 0.125 26.443 25 82.636
s1 0.125 10.041 25 31.378 Staircase
s2 0.125 7.393 25 23.104 Staircase
17 0.125 30.000 25 93.750
Lower Terrace
18 0.125 9.438 25 29.493

19 0.125 9.438 25 29.493
30 0.125 16.788 25 52.462
43 0.125 3.240 25 10.125
44 0.125 10.800 25 33.750
45 0.125 10.800 25 33.750
46 0.125 3.240 25 10.125
47 0.125 9.000 25 28.125
48 0.125 4.381 25 13.690
49 0.125 4.830 25 15.094
Cantilever Slab
50 0.125 7.648 25 23.899

51 0.125 6.050 25 18.905
52 0.125 10.081 25 31.503
53 0.125 10.071 25 31.472
54 0.125 6.040 25 18.874
55 0.125 7.642 25 23.880
56 0.125 4.828 25 15.086
57 0.125 4.381 25 13.690
58 0.125 9.000 25 28.125
59 0.125 3.240 25 10.125
60 0.125 10.800 25 33.750
61 0.125 10.800 25 33.750
150
62 0.125 3.240 25 10.125
63 0.125 9.000 25 28.125

(m) (m2) (KN/m3) (KN)
64 0.125 10.663 25 33.323

65 0.125 10.937 25 34.178
Cantilever Slab
Lower Terrace
66 0.125 7.020 25 21.938

67 0.125 7.020 25 21.938
68 0.125 10.937 25 34.178
69 0.125 10.663 25 33.323
70 0.125 9.000 25 28.125
71 0.125 46.800 25 146.250
TOTAL 2610.297

(m) (m2) (KN/m3) (KN)
Upper 74 0.125 25.318 25 79.118

Terrace 75 0.125 46.800 25 146.250
Total 225.368
151
11.1.4 Lift Wall Weight
Floor Lift Height Length Width Load Load
No. (mm) (mm) (mm) (KN/M3) (KN)
Basement 2 4000 6750 300 25 405
Ground floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
1st floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
2nd floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
3rd floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
4th floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
5th floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
6th floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
7th floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
8th floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
9th floor 2 3000 6750 300 25 303.75
10th floor 2 4200 6750 300 25 425.25
TOTAL 3867.8
152
11.1.5 Beam Weight
11.1.5.1 Primary Beam
BASEMENT BEAM
Floor Beam ID Length Depth Width Load Load Remarks
(mm) (mm) (mm) (KN) (KN/m)
A10-B10 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188

B10-C10 5924 425 300 18.883 3.188
C10-D10 6076 425 300 19.367 3.188
D10-E10 3900 425 300 12.431 3.188
E10-F10 3900 425 300 12.431 3.188
F10-G10 6076 425 300 19.367 3.188
G10-H10 5924 425 300 18.883 3.188
H10-I10 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
A9-B9 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
B9-C9 5924 425 300 18.883 3.188
C9-D9 6076 425 300 19.367 3.188
D9-F9 7800 425 300 24.863 3.188
F9-G9 6076 425 300 19.367 3.188
G9-H9 5924 425 300 18.883 3.188
H9-I9 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
A8-B8 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
B8-B'8 2889 425 300 9.209 3.188
Basement
G'8-H8 2889 425 300 9.209 3.188

H8-I8 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
A10-A9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
B10-B9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
C10-C9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
D10-D9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
E10-E9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
F10-F9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
G10-G9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
H10H9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
I10I9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
A9A8 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
B9B8 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
H9H8 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
I9I8 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
C9B'8 6724 425 300 21.433 3.188
C9J3 5376 425 300 17.136 3.188
D9J3 3401 425 300 10.841 3.188
F9L6 3401 425 300 10.841 3.188
153
G9L6 5376 425 300 17.136 3.188
G9G'8 6724 425 300 21.433 3.188
B'8J2 3335 425 300 10.630 3.188
G'8M6 3335 425 300 10.630 3.188
J2J3 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
K2K3 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
L2L3 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
M2M3 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
L6M6 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
L4M4 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
L2M2 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
J2L2 7610 425 300 24.257 3.188
J3K3 4250 425 300 13.547 3.188
K3L3 3360 425 300 10.710 3.188
M3M6 7613 425 300 24.266 3.188
L3L4 3360 425 300 10.710 3.188
L4L6 4248 425 300 13.541 3.188
K3L4 4752 425 300 15.147 3.188
L4M4 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
A8A7 5400 425 300 17.213 3.188
A7J1 6800 425 300 21.675 3.188
B8J1 5725 425 300 18.248 3.188
J1J2 5690 425 300 18.137 3.188
J1L1 7610 425 300 24.257 3.188
L1L2 5690 425 300 18.137 3.188
L1M2 8638 425 300 27.534 3.188
M2N3 8639 425 300 27.537 3.188
N3O5 9526 425 300 30.364 3.188
O5I7 6051 425 300 19.288 3.188
I7I8 5400 425 300 17.213 3.188
H7H8 5400 425 300 17.213 3.188
N3N6 7613 425 300 24.266 3.188
N6O5 6800 425 300 21.675 3.188
M3N3 5691 425 300 18.140 3.188
M6N6 5683 425 300 18.115 3.188
N6H7 1901 425 300 6.059 3.188
H7I7 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
k3-SWALL 3772 425 300 12.023 3.188
Total 1336.430
154
FLOOR LEVELBEAM
Floor Beam ID Length Depth Width Load Load Remarks
(mm) (mm) (mm) (KN) (KN/m)
A10-B10 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188

B10-C10 5924 425 300 18.883 3.188
C10-D10 6076 425 300 19.367 3.188
D10-E10 3900 425 300 12.431 3.188
E10-F10 3900 425 300 12.431 3.188
F10-G10 6076 425 300 19.367 3.188
G10-H10 5924 425 300 18.883 3.188
H10-I10 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
A9-B9 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
B9-C9 5924 425 300 18.883 3.188
C9-D9 6076 425 300 19.367 3.188
D9-F9 7800 425 300 24.863 3.188
F9-G9 6076 425 300 19.367 3.188
G9-H9 5924 425 300 18.883 3.188
H9-I9 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
A8-B8 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188
B8-B'8 2889 425 300 9.209 3.188
G'8-H8 2889 425 300 9.209 3.188
Floor Level
H8-I8 5000 425 300 15.938 3.188

A10-A9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
B10-B9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
C10-C9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
D10-D9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
E10-E9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
F10-F9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
G10-G9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
H10H9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
I10I9 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
A9A8 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
B9B8 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
H9H8 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
I9I8 6000 425 300 19.125 3.188
C9B'8 6724 425 300 21.433 3.188
C9J3 5376 425 300 17.136 3.188
D9J3 3401 425 300 10.841 3.188
F9L6 3401 425 300 10.841 3.188
G9L6 5376 425 300 17.136 3.188
G9G'8 6724 425 300 21.433 3.188
155
B'8J2 3335 425 300 10.630 3.188
G'8M6 3335 425 300 10.630 3.188
J2J3 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
K2K3 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
L2L3 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
M2M3 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
L6M6 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
L4M4 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
L2M2 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
J2L2 7610 425 300 24.257 3.188
J3K3 4250 425 300 13.547 3.188
K3L3 3360 425 300 10.710 3.188
M3M6 7613 425 300 24.266 3.188
L3L4 3360 425 300 10.710 3.188
L4L6 4248 425 300 13.541 3.188
K3L4 4752 425 300 15.147 3.188
L4M4 6500 425 300 20.719 3.188
K3-SWALL 3772 425 300 12.023 3.188 STAIRCASE
L4-SWALL 4176 425 300 13.311 3.188
Total 988.734
TOP FLOOR LEVEL BEAM

Floor Beam ID Length Depth Width Unit Wt. Load Remarks
(mm) (mm) (mm) (KN/m3) (KN)
K3-L4 4752 475 300 25 16.929

J3-K3 4248 475 300 25 15.134
J3-D9 3400 475 300 25 12.113
D9-D10 6000 475 300 25 21.375
D10-E10 3900 475 300 25 13.894
Upper Terrace
E10-F10 3900 475 300 25 13.894

F10-F9 6000 475 300 25 21.375
E10-E9 6000 475 300 25 21.375
D9-F9 7800 475 300 25 27.788
F9-L6 3400 475 300 25 12.113
K3-SWALL 3772 475 300 25 13.438
L4-L6 4248 475 300 25 15.134
L4-SWALL 3772 475 300 25 13.438
TOTAL 217.997
156
11.1.5.2 Secondary Beam
BASEMENT BEAM
Floor Slab ID Directio Lengt Dept Widt Load Load Ref.
n h h (m) h (m) (KN/m (KN)
(mm) )
1 X 5000 0.375 0.250 2.344 11.719
Y 6000 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.063
2 X 5924 0.375 0.250 2.344 13.884
Y 6000 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.063
3 X 6076 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.241
Y 6000 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.063
4 X 3900 0.375 0.250 2.344 9.141
5 X 6076 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.241
Y 6000 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.063
6 X 5924 0.375 0.250 2.344 13.884
Y 6000 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.063
7 X 5000 0.375 0.250 2.344 11.719
Y 6000 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.063
8 X 5000 0.375 0.250 2.344 11.719
Y 6000 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.063
9 X 4406 0.375 0.250 2.344 10.327
Basement
10 U 4348 0.375 0.250 2.344 10.191

11 U 7609 0.375 0.250 2.344 17.834
V 0 0.375 0.250 2.344 0.000
12 U 6500 0.375 0.250 2.344 15.234
V 6500 0.375 0.250 2.344 15.234
13 U 0 0.375 0.250 2.344 0.000
V 7609 0.375 0.250 2.344 17.834
15 V 4348 0.375 0.250 2.344 10.191
16 X 4406 0.375 0.250 2.344 10.327
17 X 5000 0.375 0.250 2.344 11.719
Y 6000 0.375 0.250 2.344 14.063
20 X 5951 0.375 0.250 2.344 13.948
Y 5400 0.375 0.250 2.344 12.656
22 U 7612 0.375 0.250 2.344 17.841
V 5683 0.375 0.250 2.344 13.320
25 V 7609 0.375 0.250 2.344 17.834
U 5688 0.375 0.250 2.344 13.331
S1 AND X 3660 0.375 0.250 2.344 8.578
S2 Y 3772 0.375 0.250 2.344 8.841
157
R 2406.3 0.375 0.250 2.344 5.640 Incline
d
28 X 5000 0.375 0.250 2.344 11.719
Y 5398 0.375 0.250 2.344 12.652
TOTAL 468.29
4
FLOOR LEVEL BEAM

Floo Slab ID Directio Lengt Dept Widt Load Load Ref.
r n h h (m) h (m) (KN/m (KN)
(mm) )
1 X 5000 0.375 0.25 2.344 11.719
Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
2 X 5924 0.375 0.25 2.344 13.884
Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
3 X 6076 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.241
Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
4 X 3900 0.375 0.25 2.344 9.141
Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
5 X 6076 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.241
Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
6 X 5924 0.375 0.25 2.344 13.884
Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
7 X 5000 0.375 0.25 2.344 11.719
Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
Floor Level
8 X 5000 0.375 0.25 2.344 11.719

Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
9 X 4406 0.375 0.25 2.344 10.327
10 U 4348 0.375 0.25 2.344 10.191
11 U 7609 0.375 0.25 2.344 17.834
V 0 0.375 0.25 2.344 0.000
12 U 6500 0.375 0.25 2.344 15.234
V 6500 0.375 0.25 2.344 15.234
13 U 0 0.375 0.25 2.344 0.000
V 7609 0.375 0.25 2.344 17.834
15 V 4348 0.375 0.25 2.344 10.191
16 X 4406 0.375 0.25 2.344 10.327
17 X 5000 0.375 0.25 2.344 11.719
Y 6000 0.375 0.25 2.344 14.063
S1 AND X 3660 0.375 0.25 2.344 8.578
S2
Y 3772 0.375 0.25 2.344 8.841
TOTAL 363.417
158
UPPER TERRACE BEAM
Floor Slab ID Directio Lengt Depth Width Load Load Ref.
n h (m) (m) (KN/m) (KN)
(mm)
4 X 7800 0.375 0.25 2.344 18.281
Terrace
S1 X 3660 0.375 0.25 2.344 8.578

Upper
AND
S2
TOTAL 26.859
159
11.1.5.3 Cantilever Beam
1ST FLOOR TO 2ND FLOOR
Floor Beam ID Length Depth Width Load Load
(mm) (mm) (mm) (KN/m) (KN)
B8 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383

B'8 1680.93 425 275 2.922 4.911
1st FLOOR TO 2nd FLOOR
J2 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383

K2 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383
L2 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M2LFT 2546 425 275 2.922 7.439
M2RHT 2543 425 275 2.922 7.430
M3 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M4 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383
M6 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383
G8 1680.93 425 275 2.922 4.911
H8 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383
TOTAL 61.508
3rd FLOOR TO 9th FLOOR

A8 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259

B8 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
B'8 1680.93 425 275 2.922 4.911
3rd FLOOR TO 9th FLOOR
J2 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383

K2 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383
L2 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M2LFT 2546 425 275 2.922 7.439
M2RHT 2543 425 275 2.922 7.430
M3 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M4 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383
M6 1500 425 275 2.922 4.383
G8 1680.93 425 275 2.922 4.911
H8 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
I8 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
TOTAL 73.780
160
10th FLOOR
A8X 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259

A8Y 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
B8 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
B'8 2017.11 425 275 2.922 5.894
J2 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
K2 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
L2 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M2LFT 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M2RHT 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M3 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M4 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
M6 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
Lower Terrace
G8 2017.11 425 275 2.922 5.894

H8 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
I8X 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
I8Y 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
I9 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
I10 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
H10 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
G10 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
F10 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
E10 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
D10 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
C10 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
B10 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
A10X 2546 425 275 2.922 7.439
A10Y 2543 425 275 2.922 7.430
A9 1800 425 275 2.922 5.259
TOTAL 152.882
161
11.1.6 Column
BASEMENT COLUMN
Floor Column ID Height Depth (mm) Width (mm) Unit Wt. Load (KN)
(mm) (KN/m3)
A10 4000 1000 1000 25 100

B10 4000 1000 1000 25 100
C10 4000 1000 1000 25 100
D10 4000 1000 1000 25 100
E10 4000 1000 1000 25 100
F10 4000 1000 1000 25 100
G10 4000 1000 1000 25 100
H10 4000 1000 1000 25 100
I10 4000 1000 1000 25 100
A9 4000 1000 1000 25 100
B9 4000 1000 1000 25 100
C9 4000 1000 1000 25 100
D9 4000 1000 1000 25 100
F9 4000 1000 1000 25 100
G9 4000 1000 1000 25 100
H9 4000 1000 1000 25 100
I9 4000 1000 1000 25 100
A8 4000 1000 1000 25 100
Basement
B8 4000 1000 1000 25 100

B'8 4000 1000 1000 25 100
H8 4000 1000 1000 25 100
I8 4000 1000 1000 25 100
G'8 4000 1000 1000 25 100
J3 4000 1000 1000 25 100
L6 4000 1000 1000 25 100
K3 4000 1000 1000 25 100
L4 4000 1000 1000 25 100
L3 4000 1000 1000 25 100
J2 4000 1000 1000 25 100
M6 4000 1000 1000 25 100
L2 4000 1000 1000 25 100
M3 4000 1000 1000 25 100
M2 4000 1000 1000 25 100
A7 4000 1000 1000 25 100
J1 4000 1000 1000 25 100
L1 4000 1000 1000 25 100
N3 4000 1000 1000 25 100
N6 4000 1000 1000 25 100
162
O5 4000 1000 1000 25 100
H7 4000 1000 1000 25 100
I7 4000 1000 1000 25 100
TOTAL 4100
FLOOR COLUMN
Floor Column Height Depth Width Unit Wt. Load
ID (mm) (mm) (mm) (KN/m3) (KN)
A10 3000 1000 1000 25 75

B10 3000 1000 1000 25 75
C10 3000 1000 1000 25 75
D10 3000 1000 1000 25 75
E10 3000 1000 1000 25 75
F10 3000 1000 1000 25 75
G10 3000 1000 1000 25 75
H10 3000 1000 1000 25 75
I10 3000 1000 1000 25 75
A9 3000 1000 1000 25 75
B9 3000 1000 1000 25 75
C9 3000 1000 1000 25 75
D9 3000 1000 1000 25 75
F9 3000 1000 1000 25 75
Floor Level
G9 3000 1000 1000 25 75

H9 3000 1000 1000 25 75
I9 3000 1000 1000 25 75
A8 3000 1000 1000 25 75
B8 3000 1000 1000 25 75
B'8 3000 1000 1000 25 75
H8 3000 1000 1000 25 75
I8 3000 1000 1000 25 75
G'8 3000 1000 1000 25 75
J3 3000 1000 1000 25 75
L6 3000 1000 1000 25 75
K3 3000 1000 1000 25 75
L4 3000 1000 1000 25 75
L3 3000 1000 1000 25 75
J2 3000 1000 1000 25 75
M6 3000 1000 1000 25 75
163
L2 3000 1000 1000 25 75
M3 3000 1000 1000 25 75
M2 3000 1000 1000 25 75
TOTAL 2475
TOP FLOOR COLUMN

Floor Column Height Depth Width Unit Wt. Load
ID (mm) (mm) (mm) (KN/m3) (KN)
D10 4200 1000 1000 25 105

E10 4200 1000 1000 25 105
F10 4200 1000 1000 25 105
Upper Terrace
D9 4200 1000 1000 25 105

F9 4200 1000 1000 25 105
J3 4200 1000 1000 25 105
K3 4200 1000 1000 25 105
L4 4200 1000 1000 25 105
L6 4200 1000 1000 25 105
TOTAL 945
164
11.1.7 Stair Case Weight
Stair Type Volume Weight Load Remarks
(m3) (KN/m3) (KN)
Type I 0 25 171.325 Stair at Corner Section
Type II 0 25 90.258 Stair at Mid-Section
Type III 1.557 25 38.925 Stair at Basement
Total 129.183
11.1.8 Retaining Wall

Shear Wall Length Width Height Unit wt. Self Wt.
ID (m) (m) (m) 3
(KN/m ) (KN)
A10-B10 5.000 0.25 4 25 125.000
B10-C10 5.924 0.25 4 25 148.100
C10-D10 6.076 0.25 4 25 151.900
D10-E10 3.900 0.25 4 25 97.500
E10-F10 3.900 0.25 4 25 97.500
F10-G10 6.076 0.25 4 25 151.900
G10-H10 5.924 0.25 4 25 148.100
H10-I10 5.000 0.25 4 25 125.000
A10-A9 6.000 0.25 4 25 150.000
A8-A9 6.001 0.25 4 25 150.025
I9-I8 6.001 0.25 4 25 150.025
A8-A7 5.400 0.25 4 25 135.000
I8-I7 5.400 0.25 4 25 135.000
A7-J1 6.901 0.25 4 25 172.525
J1-L1 7.615 0.25 4 25 190.375
L1-M2 8.637 0.25 4 25 215.925
M2-N3 8.638 0.25 4 25 215.950
N3-O5 9.528 0.25 4 25 238.200
Total 2798.025
165
11.2 Dynamic Calculation
11.2.1 Scale Factor Determination
OutputCase CaseType StepType FX (KN) FY(KN) FZ(KN) MX(KN-m) MY(KN-m) MZ(KN-m)
EQx Liner Static -15782.030 0 3.153E-09 0.000005931 -432240.400 252330.576
EQy Liner Static 0 -12069.842 -9.121E-10 330570.494 5.426E-07 -278064.726
respoNce X Liner Response Spectrum Max 3725.937 455.261 32.678 10295.931 94051.554 43838.308
respoNce Y Liner Response Spectrum Max 455.261 4054.759 100.946 101527.617 10432.519 86079.782
15782.030
Response spectrum factor for x-direction, 1 = = 4.235
3725.937
12069.842
Response spectrum factor for y-direction, 2 = = 2.977
4054.759
166
11.2.2 Model Participation Mass Ratios
Step Period UX UY UZ 39 0.08888 75% 78% 38%

Sec 40 0.08863 75% 78% 38%
1 0.55965 1% 59% 0% 41 0.08857 75% 78% 38%
2 0.50089 54% 60% 0% 42 0.08844 75% 78% 38%
3 0.36785 60% 60% 0% 43 0.08835 75% 78% 40%
4 0.35821 60% 60% 0% 44 0.08823 75% 78% 41%
5 0.35820 60% 60% 0% 45 0.08818 75% 78% 44%
6 0.35819 60% 60% 0% 46 0.08808 75% 78% 44%
7 0.35818 60% 60% 0% 47 0.08790 75% 78% 44%
8 0.35817 60% 60% 0% 48 0.08781 75% 78% 44%
9 0.35816 60% 60% 0% 49 0.08775 75% 78% 44%
10 0.35815 60% 60% 0% 50 0.08774 75% 78% 44%
11 0.35814 60% 60% 0% 51 0.08761 75% 78% 44%
12 0.35739 60% 60% 0% 52 0.08748 75% 78% 44%
13 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 53 0.08697 75% 78% 53%
14 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 54 0.08659 75% 78% 53%
15 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 55 0.08643 75% 78% 54%
16 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 56 0.08627 75% 78% 54%
17 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 57 0.08604 75% 78% 54%
18 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 58 0.08599 75% 78% 54%
19 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 59 0.08557 75% 78% 54%
20 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 60 0.08146 75% 78% 54%
21 0.19013 60% 60% 0% 61 0.07990 75% 78% 54%
22 0.15717 61% 76% 0% 62 0.07977 76% 82% 54%
23 0.14725 73% 78% 0% 63 0.07951 76% 82% 54%
24 0.11635 73% 78% 6% 64 0.07937 76% 82% 54%
25 0.11574 73% 78% 6% 65 0.07907 76% 82% 54%
26 0.11417 73% 78% 11% 66 0.07883 76% 82% 54%
27 0.11215 73% 78% 11% 67 0.07881 76% 82% 54%
28 0.11100 73% 78% 12% 68 0.07860 76% 82% 54%
29 0.11029 73% 78% 12% 69 0.07845 76% 82% 54%
30 0.10985 73% 78% 12% 70 0.07815 76% 82% 54%
31 0.10921 73% 78% 12% 71 0.07813 76% 82% 54%
32 0.10834 73% 78% 16% 72 0.07813 76% 82% 54%
33 0.10734 73% 78% 23% 73 0.07812 76% 82% 54%
34 0.10403 73% 78% 23% 74 0.07812 76% 82% 54%
35 0.10161 75% 78% 23% 75 0.07812 76% 82% 54%
36 0.09953 75% 78% 24% 76 0.07812 76% 82% 54%
37 0.09404 75% 78% 35% 77 0.07812 76% 82% 54%
38 0.08914 75% 78% 36% 78 0.07812 76% 82% 54%
167
79 0.07807 76% 82% 54% 121 0.07115 81% 86% 60%
80 0.07809 76% 82% 55% 122 0.06980 81% 86% 61%
81 0.07810 76% 82% 55% 123 0.06879 81% 86% 61%
82 0.07810 76% 82% 55% 124 0.06874 81% 86% 61%
83 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 125 0.06865 81% 86% 61%
84 0.07805 76% 82% 55% 126 0.06863 81% 86% 61%
85 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 127 0.06855 81% 86% 61%
86 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 128 0.06791 81% 86% 61%
87 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 129 0.06768 81% 86% 61%
88 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 130 0.06743 81% 86% 61%
89 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 131 0.06730 81% 86% 61%
90 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 132 0.06721 81% 86% 61%
91 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 133 0.06687 81% 86% 61%
92 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 134 0.06617 81% 86% 61%
93 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 135 0.06613 81% 86% 61%
94 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 136 0.06593 81% 86% 61%
95 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 137 0.06590 81% 86% 61%
96 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 138 0.06575 81% 86% 61%
97 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 139 0.06537 81% 86% 61%
98 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 140 0.06537 81% 86% 61%
99 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 141 0.06510 81% 86% 61%
100 0.07811 76% 82% 55% 142 0.06480 81% 86% 62%
101 0.07804 76% 82% 55% 143 0.06434 81% 86% 62%
102 0.07803 76% 82% 55% 144 0.06295 81% 86% 62%
103 0.07802 76% 82% 55% 145 0.06276 81% 86% 62%
104 0.07802 76% 82% 55% 146 0.06273 81% 86% 62%
105 0.07802 76% 82% 55% 147 0.06265 81% 86% 62%
106 0.07802 76% 82% 55% 148 0.06225 81% 86% 64%
107 0.07802 76% 82% 55% 149 0.06173 81% 86% 64%
108 0.07801 76% 82% 55% 150 0.06118 81% 86% 65%
109 0.07801 76% 82% 55% 151 0.06104 81% 86% 65%
110 0.07795 76% 82% 55% 152 0.06014 81% 86% 65%
111 0.07790 76% 82% 55% 153 0.05833 81% 86% 65%
112 0.07773 76% 83% 55% 154 0.05814 81% 86% 67%
113 0.07760 76% 83% 55% 155 0.05750 81% 86% 69%
114 0.07627 77% 84% 57% 156 0.05674 81% 86% 69%
115 0.07405 80% 85% 57% 157 0.05657 82% 86% 69%
116 0.07362 80% 85% 57% 158 0.05632 82% 87% 69%
117 0.07342 81% 86% 57% 159 0.05615 82% 87% 69%
118 0.07306 81% 86% 57% 160 0.05608 82% 87% 69%
119 0.07159 81% 86% 57% 161 0.05599 82% 87% 69%
120 0.07132 81% 86% 57% 162 0.05591 82% 87% 69%
168
163 0.05588 82% 87% 69% 205 0.05146 82% 89% 73%
164 0.05582 82% 87% 69% 206 0.05141 82% 89% 73%
165 0.05581 82% 87% 69% 207 0.05136 82% 89% 73%
166 0.05577 82% 87% 69% 208 0.05135 82% 89% 73%
167 0.05571 82% 87% 69% 209 0.05126 82% 89% 73%
168 0.05564 82% 87% 69% 210 0.05124 82% 89% 73%
169 0.05540 82% 87% 69% 211 0.05121 82% 89% 73%
170 0.05522 82% 87% 70% 212 0.05118 82% 89% 73%
171 0.05506 82% 87% 70% 213 0.05115 82% 89% 73%
172 0.05483 82% 87% 70% 214 0.05114 82% 89% 73%
173 0.05466 82% 88% 71% 215 0.05111 82% 89% 73%
174 0.05457 82% 88% 71% 216 0.05107 82% 89% 73%
175 0.05431 82% 88% 71% 217 0.05101 82% 89% 73%
176 0.05418 82% 89% 71% 218 0.05096 82% 89% 73%
177 0.05400 82% 89% 71% 219 0.05089 82% 89% 73%
178 0.05397 82% 89% 72% 220 0.05087 82% 89% 73%
179 0.05381 82% 89% 72% 221 0.05085 82% 89% 73%
180 0.05363 82% 89% 72% 222 0.05078 82% 89% 73%
181 0.05345 82% 89% 72% 223 0.05068 82% 89% 73%
182 0.05332 82% 89% 72% 224 0.05063 82% 89% 73%
183 0.05327 82% 89% 72% 225 0.05055 82% 89% 73%
184 0.05308 82% 89% 72% 226 0.05052 82% 89% 73%
185 0.05301 82% 89% 73% 227 0.05049 82% 89% 73%
186 0.05285 82% 89% 73% 228 0.05037 82% 89% 73%
187 0.05279 82% 89% 73% 229 0.05036 82% 89% 73%
188 0.05270 82% 89% 73% 230 0.05030 82% 89% 73%
189 0.05265 82% 89% 73% 231 0.05015 82% 89% 73%
190 0.05260 82% 89% 73% 232 0.05012 82% 89% 73%
191 0.05224 82% 89% 73% 233 0.05009 82% 89% 73%
192 0.05221 82% 89% 73% 234 0.05005 82% 89% 73%
193 0.05210 82% 89% 73% 235 0.04995 82% 89% 73%
194 0.05193 82% 89% 73% 236 0.04988 82% 89% 74%
195 0.05184 82% 89% 73% 237 0.04982 82% 89% 74%
196 0.05180 82% 89% 73% 238 0.04977 82% 89% 74%
197 0.05178 82% 89% 73% 239 0.04975 82% 89% 74%
198 0.05176 82% 89% 73% 240 0.04973 82% 89% 74%
199 0.05165 82% 89% 73% 241 0.04969 82% 89% 74%
200 0.05161 82% 89% 73% 242 0.04963 82% 89% 74%
201 0.05158 82% 89% 73% 243 0.04955 83% 89% 74%
202 0.05154 82% 89% 73% 244 0.04953 83% 89% 74%
203 0.05150 82% 89% 73% 245 0.04949 83% 89% 74%
204 0.05149 82% 89% 73% 246 0.04943 83% 89% 74%
169
247 0.04939 83% 89% 74% 289 0.04649 86% 89% 76%
248 0.04933 83% 89% 74% 290 0.04644 86% 89% 76%
249 0.04932 84% 89% 74% 291 0.04641 86% 89% 76%
250 0.04924 84% 89% 74% 292 0.04635 86% 89% 76%
251 0.04917 84% 89% 74% 293 0.04624 86% 89% 76%
252 0.04910 84% 89% 74% 294 0.04617 86% 89% 76%
253 0.04906 85% 89% 74% 295 0.04611 86% 89% 76%
254 0.04896 85% 89% 74% 296 0.04608 86% 90% 76%
255 0.04884 85% 89% 74% 297 0.04605 86% 90% 76%
256 0.04880 85% 89% 74% 298 0.04600 86% 90% 76%
257 0.04863 85% 89% 74% 299 0.04597 86% 90% 76%
258 0.04859 86% 89% 74% 300 0.04595 86% 90% 76%
259 0.04839 86% 89% 74% 301 0.04594 86% 90% 76%
260 0.04833 86% 89% 74% 302 0.04580 86% 90% 76%
261 0.04820 86% 89% 74% 303 0.04577 86% 90% 76%
262 0.04815 86% 89% 74% 304 0.04575 86% 90% 76%
263 0.04807 86% 89% 74% 305 0.04573 86% 90% 76%
264 0.04801 86% 89% 74% 306 0.04569 86% 90% 76%
265 0.04788 86% 89% 74% 307 0.04562 86% 90% 76%
266 0.04782 86% 89% 74% 308 0.04558 86% 90% 76%
267 0.04776 86% 89% 74% 309 0.04554 86% 90% 76%
268 0.04768 86% 89% 74% 310 0.04546 86% 90% 76%
269 0.04764 86% 89% 74% 311 0.04539 86% 90% 76%
270 0.04758 86% 89% 75% 312 0.04538 86% 90% 77%
271 0.04755 86% 89% 75% 313 0.04537 86% 90% 77%
272 0.04751 86% 89% 75% 314 0.04528 86% 90% 77%
273 0.04735 86% 89% 75% 315 0.04523 86% 90% 77%
274 0.04732 86% 89% 75% 316 0.04519 86% 90% 77%
275 0.04725 86% 89% 75% 317 0.04514 86% 90% 77%
276 0.04720 86% 89% 75% 318 0.04502 86% 90% 77%
277 0.04709 86% 89% 75% 319 0.04500 86% 90% 77%
278 0.04702 86% 89% 75% 320 0.04495 86% 90% 77%
279 0.04700 86% 89% 75% 321 0.04492 86% 90% 77%
280 0.04694 86% 89% 75% 322 0.04486 86% 90% 77%
281 0.04690 86% 89% 75% 323 0.04483 86% 90% 77%
282 0.04689 86% 89% 75% 324 0.04480 86% 90% 77%
283 0.04684 86% 89% 75% 325 0.04479 86% 90% 77%
284 0.04679 86% 89% 75% 326 0.04477 86% 90% 77%
285 0.04676 86% 89% 76% 327 0.04475 86% 90% 77%
286 0.04670 86% 89% 76% 328 0.04472 86% 90% 77%
287 0.04667 86% 89% 76% 329 0.04470 86% 90% 77%
288 0.04651 86% 89% 76% 330 0.04466 86% 90% 77%
170
331 0.04465 86% 90% 78% 373 0.04247 86% 92% 79%
332 0.04461 86% 90% 78% 374 0.04247 86% 92% 79%
333 0.04458 86% 90% 78% 375 0.04244 87% 92% 79%
334 0.04456 86% 90% 78% 376 0.04236 87% 92% 79%
335 0.04454 86% 90% 78% 377 0.04234 87% 92% 80%
336 0.04452 86% 90% 78% 378 0.04225 87% 92% 80%
337 0.04436 86% 90% 78% 379 0.04223 87% 92% 80%
338 0.04434 86% 90% 78% 380 0.04219 87% 92% 80%
339 0.04431 86% 90% 78% 381 0.04217 87% 92% 80%
340 0.04420 86% 90% 78% 382 0.04208 87% 92% 80%
341 0.04418 86% 90% 78% 383 0.04207 87% 93% 80%
342 0.04412 86% 91% 78% 384 0.04202 87% 93% 80%
343 0.04400 86% 92% 78% 385 0.04191 87% 93% 80%
344 0.04394 86% 92% 78% 386 0.04170 87% 93% 80%
345 0.04389 86% 92% 79% 387 0.04145 87% 93% 80%
346 0.04387 86% 92% 79% 388 0.04137 87% 93% 80%
347 0.04379 86% 92% 79% 389 0.04128 87% 93% 80%
348 0.04377 86% 92% 79% 390 0.04122 87% 93% 80%
349 0.04375 86% 92% 79% 391 0.04119 87% 93% 80%
350 0.04371 86% 92% 79% 392 0.04108 87% 93% 80%
351 0.04367 86% 92% 79% 393 0.04099 87% 93% 80%
352 0.04355 86% 92% 79% 394 0.04088 87% 93% 80%
353 0.04346 86% 92% 79% 395 0.04078 87% 93% 80%
354 0.04344 86% 92% 79% 396 0.04066 87% 93% 80%
355 0.04340 86% 92% 79% 397 0.04066 87% 93% 80%
356 0.04331 86% 92% 79% 398 0.04058 87% 93% 80%
357 0.04323 86% 92% 79% 399 0.04051 87% 93% 80%
358 0.04322 86% 92% 79% 400 0.04047 87% 93% 80%
359 0.04316 86% 92% 79% 401 0.04042 87% 93% 80%
360 0.04309 86% 92% 79% 402 0.04036 87% 93% 80%
361 0.04297 86% 92% 79% 403 0.04027 87% 93% 80%
362 0.04297 86% 92% 79% 404 0.04025 87% 93% 80%
363 0.04294 86% 92% 79% 405 0.04024 87% 93% 80%
364 0.04288 86% 92% 79% 406 0.04017 87% 93% 80%
365 0.04280 86% 92% 79% 407 0.04016 87% 93% 80%
366 0.04279 86% 92% 79% 408 0.04013 87% 93% 80%
367 0.04278 86% 92% 79% 409 0.04011 87% 93% 80%
368 0.04275 86% 92% 79% 410 0.04008 87% 93% 80%
369 0.04265 86% 92% 79% 411 0.04004 87% 93% 80%
370 0.04262 86% 92% 79% 412 0.04002 87% 93% 80%
371 0.04255 86% 92% 79% 413 0.03998 87% 93% 80%
372 0.04251 86% 92% 79% 414 0.03997 87% 93% 80%
171
415 0.03985 87% 93% 80% 457 0.03822 88% 93% 80%
416 0.03981 88% 93% 80% 458 0.03815 88% 93% 80%
417 0.03972 88% 93% 80% 459 0.03804 88% 93% 80%
418 0.03961 88% 93% 80% 460 0.03794 88% 93% 80%
419 0.03960 88% 93% 80% 461 0.03786 88% 93% 81%
420 0.03957 88% 93% 80% 462 0.03769 89% 93% 81%
421 0.03954 88% 93% 80% 463 0.03759 89% 93% 81%
422 0.03952 88% 93% 80% 464 0.03745 89% 93% 81%
423 0.03943 88% 93% 80% 465 0.03740 89% 93% 81%
424 0.03940 88% 93% 80% 466 0.03732 89% 93% 81%
425 0.03936 88% 93% 80% 467 0.03722 89% 93% 81%
426 0.03933 88% 93% 80% 468 0.03685 89% 93% 81%
427 0.03927 88% 93% 80% 469 0.03681 89% 93% 81%
428 0.03924 88% 93% 80% 470 0.03679 89% 93% 81%
429 0.03915 88% 93% 80% 471 0.03672 89% 93% 81%
430 0.03911 88% 93% 80% 472 0.03669 89% 93% 81%
431 0.03908 88% 93% 80% 473 0.03657 89% 93% 81%
432 0.03904 88% 93% 80% 474 0.03656 89% 93% 82%
433 0.03899 88% 93% 80% 475 0.03648 89% 93% 82%
434 0.03891 88% 93% 80% 476 0.03640 89% 93% 82%
435 0.03886 88% 93% 80% 477 0.03638 89% 93% 82%
436 0.03881 88% 93% 80% 478 0.03623 89% 93% 82%
437 0.03877 88% 93% 80% 479 0.03618 89% 93% 82%
438 0.03876 88% 93% 80% 480 0.03584 89% 93% 82%
439 0.03873 88% 93% 80% 481 0.03548 89% 93% 82%
440 0.03864 88% 93% 80% 482 0.03535 89% 93% 82%
441 0.03860 88% 93% 80% 483 0.03516 89% 93% 82%
442 0.03857 88% 93% 80% 484 0.03486 89% 93% 82%
443 0.03855 88% 93% 80% 485 0.03472 89% 93% 83%
444 0.03854 88% 93% 80% 486 0.03470 89% 93% 83%
445 0.03844 88% 93% 80% 487 0.03428 89% 95% 83%
446 0.03842 88% 93% 80% 488 0.03395 89% 95% 83%
447 0.03841 88% 93% 80% 489 0.03368 89% 95% 83%
448 0.03837 88% 93% 80% 490 0.03364 89% 95% 83%
449 0.03835 88% 93% 80% 491 0.03351 89% 95% 83%
450 0.03833 88% 93% 80% 492 0.03346 89% 95% 83%
451 0.03832 88% 93% 80% 493 0.03327 89% 95% 83%
452 0.03832 88% 93% 80% 494 0.03315 90% 95% 83%
453 0.03831 88% 93% 80% 495 0.03306 90% 95% 83%
454 0.03829 88% 93% 80% 496 0.03296 90% 95% 83%
455 0.03828 88% 93% 80% 497 0.03287 90% 95% 83%
456 0.03823 88% 93% 80% 498 0.03280 91% 95% 83%
172
499 0.03275 91% 95% 83%
500 0.03271 91% 95% 83%
173
12 ANNEX II: FIGURES
174
Figure: 3D Model
175
Figure: Axial Force Diagram for Load Combination 1.5(DL+EQx) at grid 9-9
176
Figure: Shear Force Diagram for Load Combination 1.5(DL+EQy) at grid 9-9
177
Figure: Bending Moment Diagram for Load Combination 1.5(DL+EQy) at grid 9-9
178
13 ANNEX III: DRAWINGS
179
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Jain, A. K. - Reinforced Concrete-Limit State Design

2. Sinha, S. N. - Reinforced Concrete Design
3. Varghese, P.C. - Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete
4. Pillai, S. Unnikrishna and Menon, Devdas - Reinforced Concrete Design
5. Agarwal, Pankaj and Shrikhande, Manish Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures
REFERENCE CODES:
1. IS 456: 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

2. IS 875: 1987 Code of Practice for Design Load for Building and
Structures (Part I Dead Loads; Part II Imposed
Loads)
3. IS 1893(Part I):2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
4. IS 13920: 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Subjected to Seismic Forces Code of Practice
5. SP 16 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456:1978
6. SP 34 Hand book on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
180

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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: PROJECT MEMBERS:

August 10, 2017

Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering(IOE) offers a four-year course on Bachelor

D.L Dead Load

The outputs of SAP 2000 are corresponding to force in KN and Length in m.

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................... iv

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................... 6

3.1 Limit state method ............................................................................................... 11

4.1 Design data .......................................................................................................... 16

5.1 Seismic load ........................................................................................................ 22

7 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 29

8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 31

9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ......................................................................................... 32

9.1 Design of structural elements .............................................................................. 32

11 ANNEX I: TABLES................................................................................................ 136

11.1 Load Calculation ............................................................................................... 137

13 ANNEX III: DRAWINGS ...................................................................................... 179

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 180

Table 1 Limiting Value of Neutral Axis ............................................................................ 12

Learn the concept of lateral and vertical loadings on the building.

1.3 Scope of the project

Building Type Multi-storey Apartment Building

Figure 1 Flowchart of Methodology

2.1.1 History of Earthquake in Nepal and its effects:

2.1.3 Elements of building:

2.1.4 Understanding and Design philosophy

2.1.4.2 Design philosophies

1.Working stress method:

2.1.5 Load and forces

According to clause 19.1 of IS 456 2000

Figure 2 Loading pattern in beam

2.1.8 Methods and tools for analysis

3.1 Limit state method

Assumptions for limit state for flexural member

Assumptions for Limit state of collapse for compression members

Limit state of serviceability

3.1.1 Structural system

3.1.2 Analysis of building

Figure 3 Separate Buildings for Different Functions

3.3.3 Construction quality

4.1 Design data

4.1.1 Construction Material

4.2.1 Preliminary Design of Slab

From Deflection Control Criterion,

Primary Beam (M2M3)

Hence, Provide Depth of primary beam (D) = 550 mm

Hence, Provide Depth of Secondary beam (D) = 500 mm

Unit Weight (IS 875 Part 1)

Load Calculation of Column

5.1 Seismic load

5.2 Equivalent static force analysis

= Average response acceleration coefficient that depends on fundamental natural period

Table 3 Values of Sa/g

Figure 4 Design Response spectra curve as per IS 1893-2002

Base shear Vbx = W*Ahx 15782.03

Table 5 Storey Deflection along X-axis

Table 6 Storey Deflection along Y-axis

11) Compute modal participation factors Pk of mode k using the following

Salient features of SAP 2000 which is used for the analysis.