11 Newtonian Fluids

Continuum Mechanics
Chapter 11
Newtonian Fluids
C. Agelet de Saracibar
ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politcnica de Catalua (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Barcelona, Spain
Newtonian Fluids > Contents
Contents
Chapter 11 Newtonian Fluids
1. Constitutive equation
2. Governing equations
3. Boundary conditions
4. Curvilinear coordinates
5. Assignments
October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 2

Newtonian Fluids > Constitutive Equation
Constitutive Equation
Constitutive Equation for Isotropic Newtonian Fluids
The constitutive equation for an isotropic Newtonian fluid may
be written as,
= p1 + ( p, )( tr d ) 1 + 2 ( p, ) d
where ( p, ) , ( p, ) 0 are two scalar-valued functions
denoted as dynamic viscosities.

Constitutive Equation for Isotropic Newtonian Fluids
The volumetric part of the constitutive equation for an isotropic
Newtonian fluid may be written as,
tr = p tr 1 + ( p, )( tr d ) tr 1 + 2 ( p, ) tr d
= 3 p + ( 3 ( p, ) + 2 ( p, ) ) tr d
= 3 p
2
p = p ( p, ) + ( p, ) tr d
3
= p K ( p, ) tr d
where K ( p, ) 0 is a non-negative scalar-valued function
denoted as dynamic bulk viscosity.
Thermodynamic Pressure vs Mean Pressure
The thermodynamic pressure and the mean pressure are related
through the expression,
K ( p, ) d
p = p + K ( p, ) tr d = p + K ( p, ) div v = p
dt
The thermodynamic pressure will be equal to the mean pressure
under any of the following conditions:
Zero bulk viscosity (Stokes condition): K ( p, ) = 0
Incompressible fluid: div v = = 0
Uniform velocity field: v = cte
Fluid at rest: v = 0

Newtonian Fluids > Governing Equations
Governing Equations
Governing Equations
Conservation of mass. Mass continuity equation
+ div v = 0
Balance of linear momentum. Cauchy first motion equation
div + b = v
Balance of angular momentum. Symmetry of Cauchy stress
=T
Balance of energy
e = : d + r div q
Clausius-Planck and heat conduction inequalities
Dint := r + div q 0, Dcon := q grad 0

Governing Equations
Constitutive Equations
Thermo-mechanical constitutive equation for the stresses
= p1 + ( p, )( tr d ) 1 + 2 ( p, ) d
Thermo-mechanical constitutive equation for the entropy
= ( d, p, )
Thermal constitutive equation. Fourier law
q = q ( v, ) = k ( v, ) grad
Caloric state equation
e = e ( , )
Kinetic state equation
= ( p, )
Governing Equations
Mechanical Problem
Conservation of mass. Mass continuity
+ div v = 0
Balance of linear momentum. Cauchys first motion
div + b = v
Balance of angular momentum. Symmetry of Cauchy stress
=T
Mechanical constitutive equation (temperature independent)
= p1 + ( tr d ) 1 + 2 d
Kinetic state equation for a barotropic fluid
= ( p)
Governing Equations
Mechanical Problem
+ div v = 0
div + b = v
= p1 + ( tr d ) 1 + 2 d
= ( p)

Governing Equations
Incompressible Mechanical Problem
div v = 0
div + 0 b = 0 v
= p1 + 2 d

Governing Equations
Navier-Stokes Equation
The Navier-Stokes equation is obtained substituting the consti-
tutive and geometric equations into the first Cauchys motion
equation, and assuming the viscosities are constants, yields,
div + b = div ( p1 + ( tr d ) 1 + 2 d ) + b
= grad p + ( + ) grad ( div v ) + div ( grad v ) + b
v
= v = + ( grad v ) v
t
grad p + ( + ) grad ( div v ) + div ( grad v ) + b = v

Governing Equations
Mechanical Problem
+ div v = 0
Balance of linear momentum. Navier-Stokes equation
grad p + ( + ) grad ( div v ) + div ( grad v ) + b = v

= ( p)

Governing Equations
Incompressible Mechanical Problem
div v = 0
Balance of linear momentum. Navier-Stokes equation
grad p + div ( grad v ) + 0 b = 0 v

Governing Equations
Thermal Problem
Balance of energy
e = : d + r div q

= ( d, p, )
q = q ( v, ) = k ( v, ) grad
e = e ( , )
Governing Equations
Stress Power
The stress power per unit of spatial volume for a Newtonian fluid
may be written as,
: d = p1 : d + ( tr d ) 1 : d + 2 d : d
2
= p tr d + ( tr d ) + 2 d : d
1
2 2
: d = p tr d + ( tr d ) + 2 ( tr d ) + dev d : dev d
3
2 2
= p tr d + + ( tr d ) + 2 dev d : dev d
3
2
= p tr d + K ( tr d ) + 2 dev d : dev d
Governing Equations
Thermal Problem
Balance of energy
2
e = p tr d + K ( tr d ) + 2 dev d : dev d + r div q


= ( d, p, )
q = q ( v, ) = k ( v, ) grad
e = e ( , )
Governing Equations
Thermal Problem
Balance of energy
e = p tr d + K ( tr d ) + 2 dev d : dev d + r + div ( k ( v, ) grad )
2

Dint := r div ( k ( v, ) grad ) 0,

Dcon := grad k ( v, ) grad 0
= ( d, p, )
e = e ( , )
Governing Equations
Incompressible Thermal Problem
Balance of energy
0 e = 2 dev d : dev d + 0 r + div k ( v, ) grad ( )
Dint := 0 0 r div ( k ( v, ) grad ) 0,

Dcon := grad k ( v, ) grad 0
= ( d, p, )
e = e ( )

Newtonian Fluids > Boundary Conditions
Boundary Conditions
Prescribed Velocity Boundary Conditions
Impenetrability condition
The impenetrability boundary condition may be written as,
( ( ) ( )) ( )
v x, t v * x, t n x, t = 0 x (1)
v , t
where v * ( x,t ) is velocity of the boundary.

If the boundary does not moves, then the impenetrability
condition takes the form,
v ( x, t ) n ( x, t ) = 0 x (1)
v , t
The impenetrability condition is used for ideal fluids, while for

viscous fluids a more restrictive boundary condition, denoted as
adherence condition, is used.
Boundary Conditions
Adherence condition
The adherence boundary condition may be written as,
v ( x, t ) v * ( x, t ) = 0 x (1)
v , t
where v * ( x,t ) is velocity of the boundary.

If the boundary does not moves, then the adherence condition
takes the form,
v ( x, t ) = 0 x (1)
v , t
The adherence condition is used for viscous fluids, such as

Newtonian fluids, while for ideal fluids the less restrictive
impenetrability condition, is used.
Boundary Conditions
Prescribed velocity
The prescribed velocity boundary condition may be written as,
v ( x, t ) = v * ( x, t ) x (2)
v , t
where v * ( x,t ) is the prescribed velocity.

Boundary Conditions
Prescribed Pressure Boundary Conditions
Prescribed pressure
The prescribed pressure boundary condition may be written as,
p ( x, t ) = p * ( x, t ) x (1)
p , t
where p * ( x, t ) is the prescribed thermodynamic pressure.

Boundary Conditions
Prescribed Pressure Boundary Conditions
Free surface
At the free surface the pressure is prescribed to the environmen-
tal pressure, yielding,
p ( x, t ) = patm ( x, t ) x (2)
p , t
Usually free surfaces are modeled as material surfaces.

Boundary Conditions
Prescribed Traction Boundary Conditions
Prescribed traction
The prescribed traction boundary condition may be written as,
t ( x, t ) = ( x, t ) n ( x, t ) = t * ( x, t ) x (1) , t

Boundary Conditions
Prescribed Traction Boundary Conditions
Equilibrium at the interface
At the interface between two immiscible fluid the equilibrium
boundary condition may be written as,
No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.

Newtonian Fluids > Curvilinear Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates

Spherical Coordinates

Mass Continuity Equation

Mass Continuity Equation
Mass Continuity Equation in Cartesian Coordinates

+ ( vx ) + ( v y ) + ( vz ) = 0
t x y z
Mass Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

1 1
+ ( r)
rv + ( )
v + ( vz ) = 0
t r r r z
Mass Continuity Equation in Spherical Coordinates

1 1 1
+ 2 ( r vr ) +
2
( v sin ) + ( v ) = 0
t r r r sin r sin

Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation

Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation in
Cartesian Coordinates
p 2 vx 2 vx 2 vx vx vx vx vx
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + bx = + vx + vy + vz
x x y z t x y z
p 2vy 2vy 2vy v y v y v y v y
+ 2 + 2 + 2

+ by = + vx + vy + vz
y x y z t x y z

p 2 vz 2 vz 2 v z vz vz vz vz
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + bz = + vx + vy + vz
z x y z t x y z


p 1 1 vr 2 v vr
2 2

+ ( rvr ) + 2 2 2 + 2 + br =
r r r r r r z
vr vr v vr v2 vr
= + vr + + vz
t r r r z
1 p 1 1 v 2 vr v
2 2
+ ( rv ) + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + b =
r r r r r r z
v v v v vr v v
= + vr + + + vz
t r r r z
p 1 vz 1 2 vz 2 vz vz vz v vz vz
+ r +
2 2
+ 2
+ bz = + vr + + v z
z r r r r z t r r z

p 1 1 vr 1 2 vr 2 2 v
+ 2 ( r 2 vr ) + 2 sin +
2 2 2
(
v sin ) 2

r r r r r sin r sin r 2 sin r sin
vr vr v vr v vr v2 + v2
+ br = + vr + +
t r r r sin r

1 p 1 2 v 1 1 1 2 v 2 vr 2cot v
+ 2 r + 2 ( v sin ) + 2 2 2
+ 2 2
r r r r r sin r sin r r sin
v v v v v v vr v v2 cot
+ b = + vr + + +
t r r r sin r r

1 p 1 2 v 1 1 1 2 v 2 vr 2cot v
r sin
+ 2 r

+
2

( v sin )
+
2 2
2
+ 2

+ 2

r r r r sin r sin r sin r sin
v v v v v v vr v v v cot
+ b = + vr + + + +
t r r r sin r r

Newtonian Fluids > Assignments
Example 11.1
Example 11.1
Let us consider the stationary flow of an incompressible Newto-
nian fluid with dynamic viscosity > 0, flowing between two
parallel horizontal plates as it is shown in the figure. Body forces
are considered to be negligible. Obtain the velocity field assu-
ming that the velocity and pressure fields are such that,
vx = v ( y ) , v y = 0, vz = 0
[p ] = [ a 0 0] , a = cte > 0
y
h/2
v(y)
x
h/2

Example 11.1
Example 11.1
The mass continuity equation for an incompressible fluid can be
written as,
+ div v = 0, = 0 div v = 0
The Navier-Stokes equation for an incompressible Newtonian

fluid under stationary conditions and negligible body forces can
be written as,
v
p + ( + ) grad ( div v ) + v + b =
2
+ ( grad v ) v
t
p + 2 v = ( grad v ) v
Example 11.1
The convective derivative of the velocity is zero,
( grad v ) v = 0
yielding,
2v ( y )
p + 2 v = 0 a + 2
=0
y
Integrating yields,
a 2
v ( y) = y + C1 y + C2
2
The sticking boundary conditions read,

2 2
h ah h h ah h
v = + C1 + C2 = 0, v = C1 + C2 = 0
2 8 2 2 8 2
Example 11.1
Solving the system of equations, the integration constants are
given by,
ah 2
C1 = 0, C2 =
8
and the velocity field (Poiseuilles flow) takes the value,
a h2 2
v( y) = y
2 4
v(y)

Solution Steps
Solution Steps for Incompressible Newtonian Fluids
Step 1. Select appropriate system of coordinates
Step 2. Introduce suitable hypothesis on the velocity and
pressure fields
Step 3. Solve mass continuity equation for an incompressible
fluid
Step 4. Solve the Navier-Stokes equation for an incompressi-
ble Newtonian fluid to get the velocity and pressure fields.
Then compute deformation rate and stress tensors using
geometric and constitutive equations, respectively.
Step 5. Apply boundary conditions to determine the integra-
tion constants

Assignment 11.1
Assignment 11.1 [Classwork]
An horizontal plate of infinite length and thickness 2a is placed
between two incompressible Newtonian fluids flowing in steady-
state regime between two horizontal plates, as it is shown in the
figure.
F2
B v
h
a x
v/2
a F1
h
A

Assignment 11.1
The distance between the plates is h. The upper plate and the
mid plate have prescribed velocities v* and v*/2, respectively.
The pressure at the points A and B shown on the figure, are pA
and pB, respectively. It is assumed that the flow and its properties
do not depend on x.
1) Compute the velocity, pressure and stress fields in each fluid
2) Compute the forces per unit of surface F1 and F2 acting on
the mid plate and the upper plate, respectively, needed to
keep the described motion

Assignment 11.1
Step 1. We will solve the problem using cartesian coordinates.
Step 2. We introduce suitable hypothesis on the pressure and

velocity fields for any of the two fluids. Let us consider pressure
and velocity fields of the form,
T
p = p ( y ) , v = vx ( y ) 0 0
Step 3. The mass continuity equation for an incompressible fluid,

taking into accoun the hypothesis on the velocity field, yields,
vx
div v = 0 =0
x
Assignment 11.1
Step 4. The Navier Stokes for an incompressible Newtonian fluid
under stationary flow, taking into acount the hypothesis introdu-
ced on the pressure and velocity fields, yields,
2 vx ( y )
2
=0
y
p ( y )
g = 0
y
Integrating yields,
p ( y ) = gy + k1 , vx ( y ) = k2 y + k3

Assignment 11.1
The pressure and velocity fields for fluid 1 (below the mid plate)
take the form,
p ( ) ( y ) = 1 gy + k1( ) , vx( ) ( y ) = k2( ) y + k3( )
1 1 1 1 1
The pressure and velocity fields for fluid 2 (on the top of the mid
plate) take the form,
p ( 2) ( y ) = 2 gy + k1( 2) , vx( 2) ( y ) = k2( 2) y + k3( 2)

Assignment 11.1
Stresses for fluid 1 (below the mid plate) take the form,
x(1) ( y ) = y(1) ( y ) = z(1) ( y ) = p (1) ( y ) = 1 gy k1(1)
x ( y)
(1)
v
xy ( y ) = 1
(1)
= 1k2(1)
y
Stresses for fluid 2 (on the top of the mid plate) take the form,
x(2) ( y ) = y(2) ( y ) = z(2) ( y ) = p (2) ( y ) = 2 gy k1(2)
x ( y)
(2)
v
xy ( y ) = 2
(2)
= 2 k2(2)
y

Assignment 11.1
Step 5. The following boundary conditions are imposed to
determine the integration constants for fluids 1 and 2,
vx(1) ( h a ) = k2(1) ( h + a ) + k3(1) = 0
vx(1) ( a ) = k2(1) a + k3(1) = v 2
vx(2) ( a ) = k2(2) a + k3(2) = v 2
vx(2) ( h + a ) = k2(2) ( h + a ) + k3(2) = v
p (1) ( h a ) = 1 g ( h + a ) + k1(1) = p A
p (2) ( h + a ) = 2 g ( h + a ) + k1(2) = pB

Assignment 11.1
The integration constants for fluids 1 and 2 are given by,
v v a
k = p A 1 g ( h + a ) , k = , k3 = 1 +
(1)
1
(1)
2
(1)
2h 2 h
v v a
k1 = pB + 2 g ( h + a ) , k2 = , k3 = 1
(2) (2) (2)
2h 2 h

Assignment 11.1
The pressure and velocity fields for fluid 1 (below the mid plate)
take the form,
p (1) ( y ) = p A 1 g ( y + h + a )
v y+a
v ( y ) = 1 +
(1)
x
2 h
The pressure and velocity fields for fluid 2 (on the top of the mid
plate) take the form,
p (2) ( y ) = pB + 2 g ( h + a y )
v ya
v ( y ) = 1 +
(2)
x
2 h
Assignment 11.1
The stress field for fluid 1 (below the mid plate) takes the form,
x(1) ( y ) = y(1) ( y ) = z(1) ( y ) = p (1) ( y ) = pA + 1 g ( y + h + a )
x ( y)
(1)
v v
xy ( y ) = 1
(1)
= 1
y 2h
The stress field for fluid 2 (on the top of the mid plate) takes the
form,
x(2) ( y ) = y(2) ( y ) = z(2) ( y ) = p (2) ( y ) = pB 2 g ( h + a y )
x ( y)
(2)
v v
xy ( y ) = 2
(2)
= 2
y 2h

Assignment 11.1
Step 6. Equilibrium of horizontal forces (per unit of surface)
Equilibrium of horizontal forces (per unit of surface) at the upper
plate yields,
F2
xy(2)
2 * = xy(2) ( h + a )
v
F2 = 2 * = (2)
xy ( h + a ) = 2
2h

Assignment 11.1
Equilibrium of horizontal forces (per unit of surface) at the mid
plate yields,
2 * = xy(2) ( a )
xy(2)
F1
xy(1)
1* = xy(1) ( a )
v
F1 = 2 * 1* = (2)
xy ( a ) (1)
xy ( a ) = ( 2 1 )
2h
Assignment 11.2
Consider the stationary flow of an incompressible Newtonian
fluid with dynamic viscosity , under an horizontal plate of
length L as shown in the figure. Inertial forces, environmental
pressure and body forces in the plate are neglected. The pres-
sure at the point (x=l, y=a) is zero. The volume flux per unit of
width is Q.
y l
d V H
p=0
a Q
a x
Assignment 11.2
The plate remains fixed and horizontal due to the application of
forces per unit of width H and V, at a distance d of the left edge
of the plate. The flow is parallel to the plane x-y.
1) Compute the velocity and pressure fields
2) Compute the horizontal force H and vertical force V (per unit
of width), as well as the distance d, needed to keep the plate
horizontal and fixed
y l
d V H
p=0
a Q
a x
Assignment 11.2
Step 1. We will solve the problem in 2D using Cartesian
coordinates as shown in the figure.
Step 2. We introduce suitable hypotheses on the pressure and

T
p = p ( x, y ) , v = vx ( x, y ) 0 0
taking into accoun the hypothesis on the velocity field, yields,
vx
div v = 0 = 0 vx = vx ( y )
x
Assignment 11.2
Step 4. The Navier Stokes equations for an incompressible
Newtonian fluid under stationary flow, taking into acount the
hypotheses introduced on the pressure and velocity fields,
yields,
p ( x, y ) 2 vx ( y )
+ 2
=0
x y
p ( x, y )
g = 0
y
From the second equation we get,
p = gy + ( x )

Assignment 11.2
Then, from the first equation we get,
( x ) 2 vx ( y )
= 2
= C1 = cte
x y
Integrating yields,
( x )
= C1 ( x ) = C1 x + C2
x
2 vx ( y ) C1 2
2
= C1 vx ( y ) = y + C3 y + C4
y 2
p = gy + ( x ) = gy + C1 x + C2

Assignment 11.2
determine the integration constants,
1
vx ( a ) = C1a 2 + C3a + C4 = 0
2
1
vx ( a ) = C1a 2 C3a + C4 = 0
2
p ( l , a ) = ga + C1l + C2 = 0
a 1a
Q = vx ( y ) dy = 2
C1 y + C3 y + C4 dy
a 2
a


Assignment 11.2
The integration constants are given by,
3 3 3
C1 = 3 Q, C2 = ga + 3 Ql , C3 = 0, C4 = Q
2a 2a 4a
The velocity and pressure fields take the form,

3Q 2
vx ( y ) = 3 ( a y 2 )
4a
3
p ( x, y ) = g ( a y ) 3 Q ( x l )
2a

Assignment 11.2
Step 6. The Cauchy stress tensor is given by,
= p1 + ( tr d ) 1 + 2d = p1 + 2d
0 d xy 0
d 1 vx ( y ) 3Q
[ ] xy
d = 0 0 , d xy = = 3 y
2 y 4a
0 0 0
x xy 0
3Q
[ ] = xy y 0 , x = y = z = p ( x, y ) , xy = 3 y
2a
0 0 z

Assignment 11.2
Step 7. Using the action-reaction principle, the equilibrium of
vertical forces and moments on the upper plate yields,
l
d V H
p
3
p ( 0, a ) = 3 Ql
2a p ( x, a )
V 12 p ( 0, a ) l = 0 1 3 2 1
V = p ( 0, a ) l = 3 Ql , d = l
Vd 2 p ( 0, a ) l 3 l = 0
1 1
2 4a 3

Assignment 11.2
Step 7. Using the action-reaction principle, the equilibrium of
horizontal forces on the upper plate yields,
l
d V H xy
* = xy ( a )
H + xy ( a ) l = 0
3
H = xy ( a ) l = 2 Ql
2a
Assignment 11.3
Assignment 11.3 [Homework]
Consider stationary flows of the two immiscid incompressible
Newtonian fluids with dynamic viscosities 1 , 2, as shown in the
figure. Body forces in the fluids and environmental pressure are
neglected. The plate has density * and thickness t . On the top
of the plate a tangential force f * per unit of surface is applied.
y f*
t
v* A' B' h
x
1
2
B
A


Assignment 11.3
1) Compute the velocity, pressure and stress fields in each one
of the fluids
2) Compute the volume flux Q accross the circular section BB
3) Compute the velocity v* of the plate
y f*
t
v* A' B' h
x
1
2
B
A


Assignment 11.3
Step 1. We will solve the problem in 2D using local x,y cartesian
coordinates as shown on the figure.
Step 2. We introduce suitable hypotheses on the pressure and

T
p = p ( x, y ) , v = vx ( x, y ) 0 0
taking into account the hypothesis on the velocity field, yields,
vx
div v = 0 = 0 vx = vx ( y )
x
Assignment 11.3
Step 4. The Navier Stokes for an incompressible Newtonian fluid
under stationary flow, taking into account that body forces are
negligible and the hypotheses introduced for the pressure and
velocity fields, yields,
p ( x, y ) 2 vx ( y )
+ 2
=0
x y
p ( x, y )
=0
y
From the second equation we get,
p = p ( x)

Assignment 11.3
Then, from the first equation we get,
p ( x ) 2 vx ( y )
= 2
= k = cte
x y
Integrating yields,
p ( x )
= k p ( x ) = kx + k1
x
2 vx ( y ) k 2
2
= k vx ( y ) = y + k2 y + k3
y 2

Assignment 11.3
The pressure and velocity fields for fluid 1 take the form,
p (1) ( x ) = k (1) x + k1(1)
(1)
k
vx(1) ( y ) = y 2 + k2(1) y + k3(1)
21
The pressure and velocity fields for fluid 2 take the form,
p (2) ( x ) = k (2) x + k1(2)
(2)
k
vx(2) ( y ) = y 2 + k2(2) y + k3(2)
22

Assignment 11.3
Stresses for fluid 1 take the form,
x(1) ( x ) = y(1) ( x ) = z(1) ( x ) = p (1) ( x ) = k (1) x k1(1)
x ( y)
(1)
v
xy ( y ) = 1
(1)
= k (1) y + 1k2(1)
y
Stresses for fluid 2 take the form,
x(2) ( x ) = y(2) ( x ) = z(2) ( x ) = p (2) ( x ) = k (2) x k1(2)
x ( y)
(2)
v
xy ( y ) = 2
(2)
2
= k (2)
y + k
2 2
(2)

Assignment 11.3
determine the integration constants for fluids 1 and 2,
(1)
k
vx(1) ( h ) = h 2 + k2(1) h + k3(1) = v *
21
(2)
k
vx(2) ( h ) = h 2 k2(2) h + k3(2) = 0
22
vx(1) ( 0 ) = vx(2) ( 0 ) k3(1) = k3(2)
p (1) ( x ) = k (1) x + k1(1) = * gt cos x
p (1) ( x ) = p (2) ( x ) en y = 0, x k (1) x + k1(1) = k (2) x + k1(2)
xy(1) ( 0 ) = xy(2) ( 0 ) 1k2(1) = 2 k2(2)
Assignment 11.3
The velocity, pressure and stress fields are given by,
y 1
v* 1 v* y
v ( y) =
(1)
x + , vx ( y ) =
(2)
+ 1
1 + 1 2 h 2 2 1 + 1 2 h
p (1) = p (2) = * gt cos x
(1) (2) 1 v*
xy = xy = x
h 1 + 1 2

Assignment 11.3
Step 6. Equilibrium of tangential forces (per unit of length)
Equilibrium of tangential forces (per unit of length) on the plate
yields, xy
f*
* = xy
w*
f * w *sin * = 0
1 v*
f * = * gt sin + * = * gt sin +
h 1 + 1 2
h
v* = (1 + 1 2 )( f * * gt sin )
1
Assignment 11.3
Step 7. Volume flux accross the circular surface BB.
As the fluid is incompressible, the volume flux across the circular
section BB is the same than the one accross any other section,
i.e. across the plane section AA which can be more easily
computed
h h h 0
Q = v ndS = vx ( y ) dy = v (1)
x ( y ) dy + h vx(2) ( y ) dy
h h 0
1 1
Q = v*h +
2 1 + 2

11 Newtonian Fluids

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11 Newtonian Fluids

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Continuum Mechanics

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grad p + ( + ) grad ( div v ) + div ( grad v ) + b = v

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where v * ( x,t ) is velocity of the boundary.

The impenetrability condition is used for ideal fluids, while for

where v * ( x,t ) is velocity of the boundary.

The adherence condition is used for viscous fluids, such as

where v * ( x,t ) is the prescribed velocity.

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where p * ( x, t ) is the prescribed thermodynamic pressure.

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Usually free surfaces are modeled as material surfaces.

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Mass Continuity Equation

Mass Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

Mass Continuity Equation in Spherical Coordinates

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Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation

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Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation

Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation

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The Navier-Stokes equation for an incompressible Newtonian

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Step 2. We introduce suitable hypothesis on the pressure and

Step 3. The mass continuity equation for an incompressible fluid,

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Step 2. We introduce suitable hypotheses on the pressure and

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The velocity and pressure fields take the form,

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Step 2. We introduce suitable hypotheses on the pressure and

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