9 Fluid Mechanics

Continuum Mechanics
Chapter 9
Fluid Mechanics
C. Agelet de Saracibar
ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politcnica de Catalua (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Barcelona, Spain
Fluid Mechanics > Contents
Contents
Chapter 9 Fluid Mechanics
1. Introduction
2. Constitutive equations
3. Governing equations
September 19, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 2

Fluid Mechanics > Introduction
Introduction
Hydrostatic Pressure
There exist experimental evidence that the stress state of a fluid
at rest is hydrostatic and it is characterized by a spherical stress
tensor given by,
= p0 1
where p0 > 0 is a positive scalar-valued quantity denoted as
hydrostatic pressure.
The traction vector for a fluid at rest, at a given spatial point, is

the same on any arbitrary plane with unit normal n, and is given
by a compression state along the unit normal,
t = n = p0 1n = p0n
Introduction
Mean Pressure
The mean pressure, denoted as p, is a scalar-valued quantity
defined as minus the mean stress,
1
p := m = tr
3
For a fluid at rest, the mean pressure is equal to the hydrostatic

pressure,
1 1
p := m = tr = tr ( p0 1) = p0
3 3

Introduction
Thermodynamic Pressure
The thermodynamic pressure, denoted as p, is a scalar-valued
quantity, that satisfies the following kinetic state equation,
F ( , p, ) = 0
For a fluid at rest, the hydrostatic pressure satisfies the kinetic

state equation and, therefore, it is equal to the thermodynamic
pressure yielding,
p = p = p0
For a fluid in motion the three pressures would be different,
p p, p p0 , p p0
Introduction
Barotropic Fluid
A fluid is said to be barotropic if the kinetic state equation does
not depends on the temperature.
The kinetic state equation for a barotropic fluid may be written
as,
F ( , p) = 0 = ( p)
A particular case of barotropic fluid is the incompressible fluid.

The kinetic state equation for an incompressible fluid may be
written as,
F ( ) = 0 = 0

Fluid Mechanics > Constitutive Equations
Constitutive Equations
Constitutive Equation for Stokes Fluids
The constitutive equation for a Stokes fluid may be written as,
= p1 + f ( d, p, ) , ab = p ab + f ab ( d, p, )
Ideal fluid:
f ( d, p, ) = 0
Newtonian fluid:
f ( d, p, ) = K 0 ( p, ) I1 ( d ) 1 + K1 ( p, ) d

Constitutive Equation for Stokes Fluids
Quasi-Newtonian fluid:
f ( d, p, ) = K 0 ( I1 ( d ) , I 2 ( d ) , I 3 ( d ) , p, ) 1
+ K1 ( I1 ( d ) , I 2 ( d ) , I 3 ( d ) , p, ) d
Reiner-Rivlin fluid:
f ( d, p, ) = K 0 ( I1 ( d ) , I 2 ( d ) , I 3 ( d ) , p, ) 1
+ K1 ( I1 ( d ) , I 2 ( d ) , I 3 ( d ) , p, ) d
+ K 2 ( I1 ( d ) , I 2 ( d ) , I 3 ( d ) , p, ) dd

Constitutive Equation for Isotropic Newtonian Fluids
The constitutive equation for an isotropic Newtonian fluid may
be written as,
= p1 + ( p, )( tr d ) 1 + 2 ( p, ) d
where ( p, ) , ( p, ) 0 are two scalar-valued functions
denoted as dynamic viscosities.

Dynamic Viscosities for Isotropic Newtonian Fluids
The dynamic viscosity ( p ) 0 for an isotropic Newtonian fluid
may be written as,
p
( p ) = 0 exp 0
B
where 0 0 is a thermodynamic pressure-independent viscosity
coefficient and B is a constant, usually bigger enough such that
the dynamic viscosity coefficient = ( p ) 0 can be
considered as thermodynamic pressure-independent.

The dynamic viscosity ( ) 0 for an isotropic Newtonian fluid
may be written as,
Q
( ) = 0 exp 0
R
where 0 0 is a thermodynamic pressure-independent viscosity
coefficient, Q is an activation energy and R is the universal
constant of ideal gases.

The dynamic viscosity ( ) 0 for an isotropic Newtonian fluid
may be written as,
Q
( ) = 0 exp = 0 exp ( ( 0 ) ) 0
R
where the following parameters have been introduced as,
Q Q
0 = 0 exp 0, = 2
R0 R0

Dynamic Viscosities for Quasi-Newtonian Fluids
Power law model. The dynamic viscosity ( ) 0 for a Quasi-
Newtonian fluid may be written as,
n 1
( I 2 ( d ) ) = K0 ( 4I 2 ( d ) ) 2
where K0 is the consistency parameter and n is the rate sensiti-

vity coefficient.

Dynamic Viscosities for Quasi-Newtonian Fluids
Carreau model. The dynamic viscosity ( ) 0 for a Quasi-
Newto-nian fluid may be written as,
n 1
( I 2 ( d ) ) = 0 (1 + 4 2 I 2 ( d ) ) 2 , 0 < n <1
where 0 is the constant dynamic viscosity parameter, is a

model parameter and n is the rate sensitivity coefficient.

Fluid Mechanics > Governing Equations
Governing Equations
Governing Equations
Conservation of mass. Mass continuity
+ div v = 0
Balance of linear momentum. Cauchys first motion
div + b = v
Balance of angular momentum. Symmetry of Cauchy stress
=T
Balance of energy
e = : d + r div q
Clausius-Planck and heat conduction inequalities
Dint := r + div q 0, Dcon := q grad 0

Governing Equations
Thermo-mechanical constitutive equation for the stresses
= p1 + f ( d, p, )
Thermo-mechanical constitutive equation for the entropy
= ( d, p, )
Thermal constitutive equation. Fouriers law
q = q ( v, ) = k ( v, ) grad
Caloric state equation
e = e ( , )
Kinetic state equation
= ( p, )
Governing Equations
Mechanical Problem
+ div v = 0
div + b = v
Balance of angular momentum. Symmetry of Cauchy stress
=T
Mechanical constitutive equation (thermal independent)
= p1 + f ( d, p )
Kinetic state equation for a barotropic fluid
= ( p)
Governing Equations
Mechanical Problem
+ div v = 0
div + b = v
Mechanical constitutive equation
= p1 + f ( d, p )
= ( p)

Governing Equations
Mechanical Problem
+ div v = 0
grad p + div f ( d, p ) + b = v
= ( p)

Governing Equations
Incompressible Mechanical Problem
div v = 0
div + 0 b = 0 v
Mechanical constitutive equation
= p1 + f ( d, p )

Governing Equations
Incompressible Mechanical Problem
div v = 0
grad p + div f ( d, p ) + 0 b = 0 v

Governing Equations
Thermal Problem
Balance of energy
e = : d + r div q
Dint := r + div q 0, Dcon := q grad 0

= ( d, p, )
Thermal constitutive equation. Fouriers law
q = q ( v, ) = k ( v, ) grad
e = e ( , )
Governing Equations
Thermal Problem
Balance of energy
e = : d + r + div k ( v, ) grad ( )
Dint := r div ( k ( v, ) grad ) 0,

Dcon := grad k ( v, ) grad 0
= ( d, p, )
e = e ( , )

Governing Equations
Incompressible Thermal Problem
Balance of energy
0 e = : d + 0 r + div k ( v, ) grad ( )
Dint := 0 0 r div ( k ( v, ) grad ) 0,

Dcon := grad k ( v, ) grad 0
= ( d, p, )
e = e ( )

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Continuum Mechanics

September 19, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 2

The traction vector for a fluid at rest, at a given spatial point, is

For a fluid at rest, the mean pressure is equal to the hydrostatic

September 19, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 4

For a fluid at rest, the hydrostatic pressure satisfies the kinetic

A particular case of barotropic fluid is the incompressible fluid.

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where K0 is the consistency parameter and n is the rate sensiti-

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where 0 is the constant dynamic viscosity parameter, is a

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