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AbstractA lumped circuit model is derived of a winding in ably should have physically meaningful values such as descrip-
a multiwinding transformer. The model is intended to be used tions of geometry, winding data and material parameters. The
in transformer models for circuit simulation using electrical-net- circuit topology of the model also should preferably be physi-
work simulators. A hybrid (partly electrical, partly magnetic)
modeling approach is adopted in which magnetic components are cally meaningful.
described using the capacitance-permeance analogy instead of the In this paper the above-mentioned requirements have been
widespread resistance-reluctance analogy. The network correctly met by adopting the following techniques. Difficulties with cal-
models energy storage and power dissipation due to dc series wire culations of power dissipation and thermal noise, which show
resistance and to eddy current losses, independent of the way of up when using the widespread resistance-reluctance analogy,
excitation of the winding (electrical and/or magnetic). All compo-
nent values are frequency independent and are parameterized by are avoided by using the capacitance-permeance analogy, in-
geometrical parameters, winding data and material parameters. troduced by Buntenbach [1]. The ac hysteresis of the perme-
The mathematical continued-fraction approximation technique is ability of the magnetic material can be modeled conveniently
applied to derive approximating circuits to model eddy current by adopting a relaxation description [2]. Modeling of magnetic
losses. A fourth-order circuit shows acceptably small errors up to remanence is not addressed in this paper. The modeling of par-
a frequency of about a factor of 1500 above the frequency at which
eddy-current losses become apparent. The model is applied in a asitic electrical capacitances is best done in a way described by
six-layer two-winding transformer model. Calculations both in the Duerdoth [3].
frequency domain and in the time domain show good agreement Several authors have addressed the modeling of energy
with measurements. storage and/or the eddy current losses in the winding area
Index TermsEddy currents, modeling, proximity effect, simu- [4][10]. In all cases it was assumed either that the net current
lation, skin effect, stray inductance, transformer. through the winding is zero or that the external magnetic field
is zero. The stored energy thus is correctly modeled for some
excitations, but incorrectly for other excitations. As in general
I. INTRODUCTION
it is unknown in advance whether a winding in a multiwinding
a generic circuit with four degrees of freedom, which is able flux , expressed in volt-seconds-per-turn. Their product
to model the winding. In Section V, the winding layout is in- is expressed in joules and thus describes magnetic
troduced and converted into a sheet layer winding design to energy storage and not power dissipation. Hopkinsons law
reduce the three-dimensional (3-D) problem to a one-dimen- (Ohms law for magnetic circuits) states in which
sional (1-D) problem for calculation purposes. In Section VI, is the reluctance, expressed in . In magnetic circuits
the resultant winding voltage is presented as a function of a resistance symbol is used to model a reluctance. Upon
exciting current through the winding and of magnetic field and performing a noise analysis, most circuit simulators insert
flux around the winding. In Section VII, an equivalent circuit is a parallel noise current source with a spectral density of
derived. It will be shown that finite-order circuits are unable to . However, contrary to electrical resistances,
correctly model the behavior for all frequencies. Application of reluctances do not imply power dissipation and thermal noise,
the mathematical continued-fraction approximation technique but imply (magnetic) energy storage. The resistance-reluctance
in Section VIII allows for the derivation of an approximating analogy thus is only partly valid and therefore not attractive for
circuit in Section IX. In Section X, the derived approximating circuit simulators.
circuit is experimentally verified. Conclusions are drawn in Sec- In the late sixties the capacitance-permeance analogy was
tion XI. introduced by Buntenbach [1]. His approach received attention
in a book by Karnopp and Rosenberg [12]. Since 1990, the ap-
II. CAPACITANCE-PERMEANCE ANALOGY proach received renewed attention [2], [13][15]. Buntenbach
introduced an alternative magnetic domain, in which the effort
In this section the capacitance-permeance analogy is revis-
variable again is the magnetomotive force ,
ited. This analogy is based on the fact that any physical domain
expressed in ampere-turns, but the flow variable is flux rate1
can be described with an effort variable and a flow variable [12].
, , expressed in volts-per-turn,
In the electrical domain these variables are the electrical
analogous to electrical current . Consequently
voltage and the electrical current , respectively. The
the magnetic flux , expressed in volt-sec-
Fourier transforms of and are and ,
onds-per-turn, is analogous to electrical charge .
respectively, here denoted as and .
The product is expressed in watts and describes power
Electrical power is expressed in watts. Via
dissipation. Magnetic energy is stored in terms of flux on a
Ohms law the electrical resistance is introduced,
permeance , expressed in henries-per-square-turn
accounting for power dissipation and thermal noise
(5)
(1)
in which is the permeability, is the magnetic field line
in which is the electrical conductivity, is the electrical field path length and is the cross-sectional area. In magnetic cir-
line path length, and is the cross-sectional area. The thermal cuits a capacitance symbol is used to model the permeance.
noise can be represented by a parallel noise current source with In linear networks, analogous to electrical impedance
a spectral noise current density , a magnetic impedance can be defined as
(2) (6)
(4)
(7)
In the magnetic domain often the resistance-reluctance
analogy is applied. The describing variables are the magneto-
motive force , expressed in ampere-turns, and the magnetic 1In [2] the symbol for flux rate was given as ' (t) $ 8 (j!).
BLANKEN: LUMPED WINDING MODEL 447
Fig. 1. A gyrator (a) forms the link between the electrical and the magnetic
domain. A circuit simulator realization is shown in (b).
These relations can be implemented using a Tellegen gyrator, as Fig. 6. Hybrid equivalent circuit (excluding electrical capacitances).
shown in Fig. 1(a). A circuit simulator realization is shown in
Fig. 1(b).2
allowed to further simplify the flux path topology, as shown in
III. PROBLEM DEFINITION Fig. 5.
Fig. 6 shows the hybrid model excluding electrical capac-
The transformer of Fig. 2 contains four concentric windings itances between the windings. The energy storage and power
wound on a coil former (not shown) around a gapped center core dissipation in the core are modeled by two magnetic core imped-
leg. The flux path topology is symmetrical with respect to the ances and . Due to the low electrical conductivity
center core leg. The assumed possible flux paths are indicated in of ferrite materials the eddy current losses in the core are much
Fig. 3. Besides the main flux path through the core and the air gap smaller than the hysteresis losses. The ac hysteresis of the per-
it contains stray flux paths through the windings and through the meability of the core material can be modeled conveniently by
interwinding section gaps. Fig. 3 is also valid for other arrange- adopting a relaxation description [2]. By using nonlinear perme-
ments, such as E-type, P-type, RM-type, X-type cores, etc. ance values magnetic saturation of the core also can be modeled.
The magnetic impedances of the various core parts usually are Magnetic impedance primarily models energy storage in
small compared to the other magnetic impedances, and the mag- the gap, so contains permeances. In [15] and [16] more elaborate
netic impedance of the air gap usually is small compared to the equations are presented to estimate the fringing permeance and
various magnetic stray impedances. Fig. 4 shows a slight simpli- the values of permeances and magnetic resistances of the core.
fication, better suited for circuit simulation. In most cases it is The possible stray flux lines in Fig. 5 partly pass through the
2Usually the Tellegen gyrator is applied with both ports in the electrical do- windings and partly through the interwinding section gaps be-
main. Its terminal behavior i = gv and i =0 gv is controlled by the tween the windings. In Fig. 6, the three magnetic impedances
gyrator parameter transconductance g . For use as a link between the electrical , and model energy storage in the three
domain and the magnetic domain the gyrator parameter g should be chosen
equal to 1=N . However, for simplicity of symbols drawn in this paper, the gy- interwinding section gaps between the four windings. The four
rator parameter is denoted N . electromagnetic threeports in fact are the subject of this paper.
448 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 16, NO. 3, MAY 2001
(10)
A matrix can be defined, describing the terminal behavior of the
generic threeport, shown in Fig. 7(a)
(13)
(11) In conclusion it can be stated that the threeport of Fig. 8 is a
sufficient circuit to model a geometrically symmetrical winding.
BLANKEN: LUMPED WINDING MODEL 449
V. WINDING DESIGN
In this section the winding design is introduced. For calcula-
tion purposes it is allowed to neglect the curvature of the con-
ductors [4], [11].
Consider the geometrically symmetrical winding design as
shown at the top of Fig. 9. Table I lists the principal winding
parameters. The winding is wound with round winding wire of
conductor diameter and overall wire diameter over a
winding breadth . The average length of a turn is , as shown
in Fig. 10. The (integral) number of layers of a winding is
and the (integral) number of turns per layer is , such that the
total number of turns of the winding is . The spacing of
layers within a winding is and the spacing between windings
or winding sections is . The conductivity of the applied con-
ductor material is .
The current density , the magnetic field strength and the
magnetic flux are functions of and . To manage the com-
Fig. 9. Geometry of the winding (top), sheet winding geometry (middle) and
plexity of calculations, the two-dimensional problem is further equivalent circuit excluding electrical capacitance (bottom).
reduced to a 1-D problem: the round wire winding is trans-
formed into a sheet layer winding, as shown in the middle part of
Fig. 9, such that in calculations (perpendicular to the paper),
(from top to bottom of the paper) and are functions of
only [4], [11]. Table II lists the secondary parameters.
The winding pitch in a layer is
(14)
TABLE I in which , and are the overall wire diameter, the con-
PRINCIPAL WINDING PARAMETERS ductor diameter and the conductor height, respectively, of the
adjacent winding.
The bottom part of Fig. 9 shows the equivalent circuit. It is
derived from Fig. 8 by inserting an electrical resistance to
model the dc wire resistance of the winding. Magnetic impedance
in Fig. 8 is replaced by magnetic impedance , defined
by . Furthermore the electrical
impedance , which models the electrical capacitance, is
intentionally removed, such that the circuit models the magnetic
behavior of the winding only. Three excitations are assumed
present:3 a current source at the electrical port, a source of
magnetomotive force at magnetic port 1 (the
left side of the winding), and a source of flux rate
at magnetic port 2 (the right side of the winding).
TABLE II
VI. WINDING VOLTAGE
DERIVED WINDING PARAMETERS In Appendix C the winding voltage is calculated as a func-
tion of , and
(22)
(16)
By taking the limit of (21) for the dc voltage drop
The interlayer gap height is is found across the dc series wire resistance
(17) (23)
Contrary to Dowells approach the sheet layer conductor height Voltage can be written as
is dependent on the winding pitch , reflecting that the ef-
fective interlayer gap height increases for increasing winding
pitch [4], [17].
The layer pitch is
(18)
The sheet winding height is
(19)
Finally the interwinding section gap height is
(24)
3Other combinations of exciting sources may be chosen. However, due to the
( )
intentional absence of Z j! not all combinations are allowed. For example,
the assumed presence of two sources of magnetomotive force 9 9
and
(20) = (9
excludes free choice of the electrical current, because I 09 ) =N .
BLANKEN: LUMPED WINDING MODEL 451
(25)
(33)
in which
(28)
in which the sheet layer permeance is
(29)
(34)
and the interlayer gap permeance is
Fig. 12. The nth order approximating circuit. Fig. 13. Infinite-order circuit consisting of C R sections.
The magnetic impedances , and The calculation is eased by stepping over to another th order
represent the storage of magnetic energy and approximating circuit, and applying the mathematical continued
the eddy current losses in the sheet layers. The low-frequency fraction approximation technique, as will be shown in the next
value of corresponds to a permeance value of sections.
. The low-frequency value of the parallel circuit of
and corresponds to a permeance B. Continued-Fraction Expansion of
value of . Note that the network topology and the A continued-fraction expansion of is [18], [19]
permeance values , shows perfect correspondence
with electrical networks for capacitive modeling, developed by
Duerdoth [3].
The magnitudes of the high-frequency asymptotes of these
three impedances are proportional to . It thus is impos- (38)
sible to find finite-order circuits with frequency-independent
component values that correctly model the impedances for all
frequencies.
(35)
(36)
(39)
in which the th order function is defined as The impedance of the infinite-order circuit of Fig. 13 is
(37)
p
Fig. 14. p
Infinite-order circuit with impedance Z (j! ) = 1=(j!C
(tanh j!= j! )). Fig. 17. Impedance of this p
p third-order circuit approximates impedance
Z (j! ) = 1=j!C (tanh j!= j! ) sufficiently well for frequencies
f < 500(1=2 ).
Fig. 15.
Dual p 14: an infinite-order circuit with impedance Z (j! )
p of Fig. =
j!L(tanh j!= j! ).
C. th Order Approximating Circuits Fig. 18. Magnitudes and phases of functions P (j!; ) and G (j! ; ) as a
An th order approximating circuit is achieved by simply lim- function of normalized frequency ! .
iting the number of sections to . Fig. 16 shows both the symbol
and the circuit. They are characterized by the three parameters
, and .
The circuit of Fig. 16 consists of series capacitances and shunt
resistances. Its low-frequency behavior is governed by the ca-
pacitance closest to the terminals, and its high-frequency be- Fig. 19. Impedance of this third-order circuit is identical to that of Fig. 17.
havior is governed by all resistances in parallel. Although this
cannot be considered a physical network, it has the advantages
of elegant component values and easy extension to higher or- is almost perfect for and has acceptably small errors
ders. However, the circuits of Figs. 16 and 12 can be converted ( 13%, 30 ) for .
into each other and then have identical impedances for all fre- As an example of the above-mentioned conversion the circuit
quencies [19]. of Fig. 19 is given, of which the impedance is equal to that of
Fig. 17. Although the circuit of Fig. 19 may be called more
D. Third-Order Approximating Circuits physical it lacks the elegance of having attractive component
values. Besides, it cannot easily be extended to other orders,
The impedance of the third-order approximating circuit of
because all component values change upon extension.
Fig. 17 is
E. Fourth-Order and Higher-Order Approximating Circuits
For circuits of other orders the functions can be
calculated as well.
Figs. 20 and 21 show the magnitude and phase, respectively,
of the ratio for
.
The fourth-order approximating circuit of Fig. 22 shows an
(42) almost-perfect fit for . It has a magnitude error less
than 14% for . Its phase error is less than 5 for
in which function , approximating function , and less than 30 for .
is found to be The tenth-order circuit shows an almost-perfect fit for
. It has a magnitude error less than 14% for .
Its phase error is less than 5 for and less than 30
for .
(43) The validity of the tenth-order approximation extends over a
Fig. 18 shows magnitudes and phases of functions frequency range exceeding by far the frequency range required
and as a function of normalized frequency . The fit by all practical cases known to the author. In most cases the
454 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 16, NO. 3, MAY 2001
Fig. 21. Phase of the ratio Z (j! )=Z (j! ) = P (j! ; )=G (j! ; ) Fig. 22 shows the circuit of magnetic impedance
for n = 1 1 1 1 10 as a function of normalized frequency ! . for , and .
For , and it shows the circuit of
fourth-order approximation circuit of Fig. 22 performs suffi- magnetic impedance and for ,
ciently well. and it shows the circuit of magnetic impedance
.
IX. DERIVATION OF AN APPROXIMATING CIRCUIT Fig. 23 shows the approximating circuit, derived from the
In Appendix D it is shown that function is well equivalent circuit of Fig. 11.
approximated by . In Section VIII-E it was shown that
is well approximated by for frequencies X. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
up to a value determined by the order of the approximation. In this section an example is given of the application of the
Thus the magnetic impedances above-derived approximating circuit in a transformer model.
Measurements, both in the frequency domain and in the time
domain, are compared to calculations.
The transformer at hand is a six-layer, two-winding switched-
mode transformer. A Philips E13/7/4 core is applied with an ef-
fective cross-sectional area of mm and an effec-
tive length of mm. The center core leg has an air gap
of length mm. The effective cross-sectional area
(44) of the air gap, including fringing fields, is some
mm . The applied 3C80 ferrite has a low-frequency relative per-
meability of . The rotational magnetization losses
are good approximations for impedances , in the ferrite (ac hysteresis losses) are modeled using a relax-
and , respectively [see (32) and ation modeling approach with a susceptibility of and
(34)]. The order of the functions and ps [2]. The 220-turns primary winding is wound around
can be chosen depending on the frequency range of interest, as the mm coil former with AWG-37 winding wire (
shown in Section VIII-E. m nominal conductor diameter) in four layers of each 55
BLANKEN: LUMPED WINDING MODEL 455
Fig. 24. Measured and calculated magnitudes of the primary winding Fig. 26. Measured and calculated magnitudes of the secondary winding
impedance. impedance.
XI. CONCLUSIONS
(49)
and , and ,
so, like the magnetic threeport, the generic threeport of Fig. 7(a)
has four degrees of freedom.
Fig. 30. Both threeports are electrically driven. In situation (a) magnetic
APPENDIX C
impedances Z and Z are connected to magnetic ports 1 and 2, The problem of calculating current density , magnetic field
respectively. In situation (b) they have changed places.
strength and magnetic flux is a 1-D problem with variable
. In section , and will be calculated within
APPENDIX B
one of the sheets, say sheet number , with . Section
The total magnetic impedance of a magnetic struc- focuses on and in the interlayer gap between sheet
ture can be considered to consist of two parts and , layer and sheet layer . In section the resultant winding
connected to magnetic ports 1 and 2, respectively, as shown in voltage is calculated.
Fig. 30(a). Upon excitement by an electrical current an elec-
trical voltage will be generated across the terminals of the A. Calculation of , and in Sheet Layer
winding. If the winding has a geometrically symmetrical design, The winding conducts a net current of value
and the magnetic structure is mirrored, the electrical impedance
is unaltered. The mathematical consequences of this physical (50)
phenomenon will be derived below. In Fig. 30(b) the mirrored
situation is depicted: is connected to magnetic port 2 and The magnetic flux at place ( ) in sheet layer
is connected to magnetic port 1. Now can be calculated using
(51)
(52)
(47) (54)
Substitution of (46) and (47) into (8) and (9) yields The first and the second derivative of are
(48)
so the magnetic threeport only has four degrees of freedom. (55)
458 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 16, NO. 3, MAY 2001
The voltage across the total of turns of the sheet layer Solutions of (63) may be written as
cannot be a function of , so . It consists of an (65)
ohmic voltage and an induced voltage: .
The ohmic voltage is in which and are yet unknown constants.
Differentiation of (65) with respect to yields
(56)
(66)
The voltage is induced by a number of fluxes and integration of (65) yields
flux built up in layer between position and
position (67)
flux built up in layers Substitution of (55) into (61) gives
flux built up in interlayer gaps
between layer and layer
all flux built up to the right of the winding.
The induced voltage in sheet layer ( ) (68)
is
After substitution of (66) and (67) into (68) and using (64), con-
stant is found to be
(69)
(70)
(57)
from which
In sheet layer the induced voltage is
(71)
(58)
The current density in sheet layer thus is
The resulting voltage in sheet layer ( ) is
(72)
(60)
(61) Substituting (73) into (51) yields an equation for the magnetic
flux in sheet layer
Differentiation with respect to yields
(62)
(63)
in which
(74)
(64)
BLANKEN: LUMPED WINDING MODEL 459
(75)
(77)
By inspection
(80)
H. J. Bergveld for helpful discussions, Dr. T. Claasen, Dr. [12] D. C. Karnopp and R. C. Rosenberg, System Dynamics: A Unified Ap-
E. Stikvoort, and Dr. G. Janssen for application of the con- proach. New York: Wiley, 1975.
[13] D. C. Hamill, Lumped equivalent circuits of magnetic components: The
tinued-fraction approximation technique, J. R. De Boer and D. gyrator-capacitor approach, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 8, pp.
Huisman for supplying several switched-mode transformers 97103, Apr. 1993.
and relevant technical literature, and J. Van Vlerken, Dr. F. Van [14] D. C. Hamill, Gyrator-capacitor modeling: A better way of under-
standing magnetic components, in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron
Horck, and U. Mandler for careful proofreading of this paper. Conf. APEC 94, Orlando, FL, Feb. 1994, pp. 326332.
[15] J. J. L. M. van Vlerken and P. G. Blanken, Lumped modeling of rotary
transformers, heads and electronics for helical-scan recording, IEEE
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