NAME OF INSTITUTION.

UNISA

NAME OF MODULE.. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

MODULE CODECEP102E

NAME OF COMPANYST LAWRENCE TRADING

COMPANY

ADRESS2 ROCKYRIDGE RD

GEDULTSRIVIER

PORT ELIZABETH

AUTHOURS NAME.TAKUNDA

STUDENT NUMBER....46706224

DUE DATE 20 OCTOBER 2016

PRACTICAL TITLE
Determination of pump characteristics specifically total
head, shaft power, hydraulic power and efficiency of the
pump for a single centrifugal pump and different pump
speeds

1|Page
 DECLARATION

I declare that this this work in this report is my own work and it has not been
submitted to any other institution. I acknowledge that we have been working as a
group in conducting this practical.

2|Page
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

l acknowledge the help of my mentor Mr Andrew Bormann for giving me the opportunity
to carry out this experiment and l also give great thanks to Mr shingirirai Chapwanyana
our production supervisor for helping me through the processing/Production
department, sincerely thank him for his contribution in working with the process
instruments in the factory floor. Finally l would also acknowledge the help of my
workmate Mrs Lergh Preston from the laboratory department for helping me with some
of the relevant information and instruments which were required for this project to be a
success. She also helped me with taking of the readings for the experiment.

Production supervisor.signature...

Laboratory technician..signature..

3|Page
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of the experiment was to determine the pump characteristic specifically
total head, shaft power, hydraulic power and efficiency of the pump for a single
centrifugal pump and different pump speeds. In conducting this experiment a smaller
processing rig was used which was used when the company was started back in 1999
and this rig takes about 1 hour to process about 900 litres of milk, since this processing
unit is smaller and has smaller flow rates it was much fit for our experiment made. This
unit comprises of a centrifugal pump separator and the homogenizer, By pass lines
were used to by-pass the homogenizer and the separator as this process instrument
have suction and discharge so in a way they act as pumps which would have biased or
given errors to our experiment so that why we did not include them in this experiment. In
this unit water is poured into the balance tank by opening a water supply valve into the
balance tank at the and the return valve into the balance tank must be closed same as
the dumping valve. When the balance tank was about half full all the valve except the
dumping valve were put at open mode. The main switch was switched on And the pump
was switched on as well. Along the discharge line of the centrifugal pump there is a
rotameter which is used to measure the flowrate of the fluid flowing. And bypass line
was used to for the water not to go to the bulk tanks. This was how the set up was
made

4|Page
 Table of contents

Table of Contents
Introduction.6
Literature Review.......7
Experimental Procedure... 27
Results 28
Discussion...33
Conclusion34

Recommendation36

References.38

Appendix.39

5|Page
 Introduction
Pump characteristic curves for a single centrifugal pump was determined at two
different pump speeds. This is very importance since centrifugal pump is the most
commonly used for transferring fluids from one point to another. Pumping circuit with
circuit with two pumps and fully instrumented so as to provide measurements of pump
operating conditions. Instruments were provided to measure suction and discharge
pressure, flow rate and the electrical power on each of the two pumps. Pumps may be
classified in two general types, dynamic and positive displacement. Positive
displacement pumps are those in which energy is imparted to the liquid in a fixed
displacement volume, such as a casing or a cylinder, by the rotary motion of gears,
screws, or vanes, or by reciprocating pistons or plungers. Centrifugal pumps are
dynamic pumps. Energy is imparted to the liquid by means of a disk with curved vanes
rotating on a shaft called the impeller. The impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid by
means of its shape and high rotational velocity. This energy is transformed to pressure
energy when the fluid reaches the pump casing. The pressure head difference between
the inlet and the outlet, or Total Head produced by the pump, is proportional to the
impeller speed and diameter. Therefore, to obtain a higher head, the rotational speed or
the impeller diameter can be increased. In the dairy industry centrifugal pumps are the
most common pumps that are used. The mainly helps the transportation of milk from the
raw milk tank through the required processes that are required for the milk to go under
till the milk reaches the product tanks. It is very important for this instrument to be
understood especially it effect on process variables since a clear understanding of this
instrument is a big break through to the industry. So experiment done is quit a benefit to
the industry

6|Page
 Literature Review

Demands on the quality of products, and the profitability of manufacturing processes,

have grown steadily heavier over the years. Formerly, it was often possible to allow
liquids to flow through a plant by gravity. Nowadays, they are forced through long
pipelines with many valves, through heat exchangers, filters and other equipment which
often have high pressure drops. The flow rates are frequently high. Pumps are therefore
used in numerous parts of a plant, and the need to have the right pump in the right
place has become increasingly important. Many problems may arise; they can be
summarized under the following headings:

Pump installation

Suction and delivery lines

Type and size of pump required should be selected with regard to:
flow rate
product to be pumped
viscosity
density
temperature
pressure in the system
material in the pump

Typical dairy pumps are the centrifugal, liquid-ring and positive displacement pumps.
The three types have different applications. The centrifugal pump is the type most
widely used in dairies. The centrifugal pump, shown in Figures 1 and 2, is mainly used
for low-viscosity products, but it cannot handle heavily-aerated liquids. The liquid-ring
pump is used when the air content is high. The positive displacement pump is used for
gentle treatment and high viscosities.

7|Page
Fig. 1

The most common type of sanitary pump in the dairy is the centrifugal pump.

Fig. 2

Main parts of a centrifugal pump.

1. Delivery line

8|Page
 2. Shaft seal

3. Suction line

4. Impeller

5. Pump casing

6. Back plate

7. Motor shaft

8. Motor

9. Stainless steel shroud and sound insulation

Before we discuss the pumps themselves, it is important to understand the facts and
problems connected with pumping. The pump should be installed as close as possible
to the tank or other source from which the liquid is to be pumped, and with as few bends
and valves as possible in the suction line. This should have a large diameter in order to
reduce the risk of cavitation. Any throttling valve must be fitted in the delivery line,
possibly together with a check valve. The throttling valve is used to adjust the flow rate
of the pump. The check valve protects the pump from water hammer and prevents liquid
from flowing back when the pump has stopped. Normally, the check valve is situated
between the pump and the throttling valve. Cavitation can be detected by a crackling
sound in the pump. It occurs when the pressure drops locally below the vapour pressure
and small vapour bubbles form in the liquid. The pressure increases as the liquid
continues further into the impeller, and the vapour condenses very rapidly. The vapour
bubbles collapse at a very high velocity and at a local pressure, which can be as high as
100 000 bar. This is repeated with a high frequency and can cause pitting damage to
the surrounding material, particularly if it is brittle. Cavitation occurs when the pressure
in the suction line is too low relative to the vapour pressure of the pumped liquid. The
tendency to cavitate increases when viscous or volatile liquids are pumped. Cavitation
in pumps results in reduced head and efficiency. As cavitation increases, the pump

9|Page
gradually stops pumping.Cavitation should be avoided. However, should the pumping
conditions be very difficult, and the pump cavitates slightly but is otherwise operating
well, it is still possible to use the pump. This is because dairy pumps have impellers of
acid-proof steel, which is very resistant to wear caused by cavitation. Some damage to
the impeller may occur when the pump has been in operation for a long time.
The possibility of cavitation occurring in a pump can be predicted by calculation.

The general rule of thumb to avoid cavitation is to

Low pressure drop in the suction line (large pipe diameter, short suction pipe,
few valves, few bends, etc.)

High inlet pressure to the pump, for example a high liquid level above the pump

Low liquid temperature

Pump chart

10 | P a g e
Fig.3

Pump chart for a centrifugal pump.

Pump charts are invaluable for selecting a pump for a given application. Three curves
are needed to select the correct pump.

Flow rate and head, QH curve

Required motor power, kW

NPSH (net positive suction head)

11 | P a g e
When selecting a pump, it should be remembered that the head, H, in the flow chart is
the head of the pump when the liquid flows into the pump without suction lift or inlet
pressure. To obtain the actual pressure after the pump, it is necessary to consider the
conditions on the suction side of the pump. If there is a vacuum in the suction line, the
pump must do part of its work before the liquid reaches it. The pressure at the outlet is
then lower than that given in the chart. On the other hand, if the suction line is flooded to
give positive pressure at the pump inlet, the outlet pressure will be higher than that
shown in the chart.

As previously mentioned, in planning a pump installation, it is important that the suction

line is laid out so that the pump does not cavitate. An NPSH curve is included in the flow
charts (Figure.3). The NPSH of a pump is the necessary excess pressure above the
vapour pressure of the liquid required to avoid cavitation. This is called NPSH req. Before
this can be used, the available NPSH of the suction line in prevailing operation
conditions must be calculated. This figure, NPSH av, should be equal to or higher than
the required NPSH, which is the value in the chart.

The following formula is used to calculate NPSH av in the system:

pa = pressure in bar abs at the liquid surface
pv = vapour pressure in bar abs
dr = relative density
hs = static suction lift in metres liquid column
hfs = pressure drop in suction line, metres liquid column

Formula .1

12 | P a g e
Note that hs is negative for suction lift and positive for inlet pressure.

The shaft seal is often the most sensitive component in a pump, as it must seal between
a rotating part, impeller or shaft, and a stationary part, the pump casing. Normally a
mechanical seal is used. A rotating seal ring has a lapped sealing surface which rotates
against a lapped stationary seal ring. A liquid film is formed between the sealing
surfaces. The film lubricates the seal and prevents direct contact between the two seal
rings. This means minimum wear and long life for the seal. If the pump runs dry, the
lubricating liquid film in the seal is destroyed and wear on the sealing rings is increased.

The mechanical seal is usually balanced. This means that it is insensitive to the
pressure in the pump. The sanitary mechanical seal needs no adjustment and causes
no wear on the shaft. It is available in single or flushed versions.Single mechanical
seals, Figure .4, are standard in most sanitary pumps for the dairy industry.In a
mechanical seal the stationary seal ring is fastened to the back plate of the pump
casing. The rotating ring can be fitted inside or outside the pump and is sealed with an
O-ring. The rotating ring can move along the shaft and is pressed against the stationary
ring by a spring.

Fig .4

13 | P a g e
Single mechanical shaft seal.

1. Shaft

2. Stationary ring

3. Rotating ring

4. Back plate

5. Impeller

The flushed seal, Figure 5, consists of two seals. Water or steam is circulated through
the space between the two seals to cool or clean the seals or to create a barrier
between the product and the atmosphere.The flushed shaft seal is recommended for
the following applications:

With barrier steam for pumping sterilized products when reinfection mustbe
avoided.

Water flushing for pumping sticky solutions or products which crystallize,for

example sugar solutions.

Water cooling of the seal when matter may be deposited on the shaft atthe seal
and burn on because of the higher temperature at the sealingsurfaces. An
example is the booster pump in pasteurizers.

Water barrier to exclude air from the product when pumping at a very low inlet
pressure, e.g. from a vacuum vessel.

The barrier steam pressure must not exceed the atmospheric pressure at 100 C, as the
steam may then become dry. This would result in the seal running dry and the sealing
surfaces being damaged. The steam and water supply is regulated at the inlet to the
seal, and there must be no obstructions in the outlet pipe. The barrier is always supplied
through the lower connection.
14 | P a g e
 Fig .5

Flushed mechanical shaft seal.

1. Shaft

2. Stationary ring

3. Rotating ring

4. Back plate

5. Impeller

The double mechanical seal, Figure 6, is similar to the flushed seal. However, the lip
seal is replaced by a stationary/rotating seal arrangement similar to the single seal and
the primary sealing parts of the flushed and double mechanical seals hence the name
double mechanical. The double mechanical seal can be used instead of a flushed seal
and is recommended for the following applications:

As a steam barrier for pumping sterilized products to avoid

possible contamination

For cleaning of abrasive products that may damage a lip seal arrangement

15 | P a g e
 To handle aggressive flushing fluids, such as those used in
certain pharmaceutical or chemical processes, as these may damage a lip
seal arrangement

As a high-pressure flushing barrier (up to 5 bar) if a lip seal arrangement is not

suitable

Fig .6

Double mechanical shaft seal with flushing media.

1. Shaft

2. Stationary ring

3. Rotating ring

4. Back plate

5. Impeller

Most pumps have external shaft seals, as the design is simple and they are the
optimum solution from a hygienic point of view. The external seal is suitable for most

16 | P a g e
applications.For the external seal, the processed product is located inside the seal and
product pressure forces the product out between the seal faces. This means that the
external seal has a limitation regarding maximal product pressure, typically 10 bar.
Therefore, high inlet pressure and multi-stage centrifugal pumps need an internal shaft
seal.For the internal seal, the processed product is outside, surrounding the seal. This
principle, together with heavy-duty designed seal parts, means that the internal seal can
handle inlet pressures of up to 40 bar, see Figure7.The internal seal is available as a
single seal or a flushed seal. Handling and suitability of the flushed seal is the same as
for the external flushed seal.

Zoom
Fig. 7

Internal shaft seal.

1. Shaft

2. Stationary ring

3. Rotating ring

4. Back plate

17 | P a g e
 5. Impeller

A commonly used combination of materials is carbon for the rotating seal ring and
stainless steel for the stationary ring. A better combination is silicon carbide against
carbon. For abrasive liquids, seals with very hard faces are recommended. Silicon
carbide against silicon carbide is commonly used for such applications.

The liquid entering the pump is directed to the centre (eye) of the impeller and is set in
circular motion by the impeller vanes, as in Figure 8. As a result of the centrifugal force
and the impeller motion, the liquid leaves the impeller at a higher pressure and velocity
than at the impeller eye. The velocity is partly converted into pressure in the pump
casing before the liquid leaves the pump through the outlet connection.
The impeller vanes form channels in the pump. The vanes are normally curved
backward, but may be straight in small pumps.

Fig.8

Flow principle in a centrifugal pump.

Different types of centrifugal pump are available, depending on the application requirements.

These types are:

18 | P a g e
 Standard centrifugal pump

High inlet pressure centrifugal pump

Multi-stage centrifugal pump

Self-priming centrifugal pump

Standard centrifugal pump

This is the cheapest and most commonly used centrifugal pump, as it is suitable for
most non-viscous applications. The standard pump has some limitations regarding high
inlet and system pressures, as well as aerated applications. In these cases other
centrifugal pump types should be used.

High inlet pressure centrifugal pump

This pump is specially designed for applications with high inlet pressure requirements,
such as filtration systems. The special-purpose parts in this pump are a specialized
motor, heavy-walled pump casing, thick back plate and a hygienic internal mechanical
shaft seal to withstand the high inlet pressure, Figure 9.

19 | P a g e
Fig. 9

Centrifugal pump adapted for high inlet pressure.

Multi-stage centrifugal pump

This pump is specially designed for high outlet pressure requirements at relatively low
capacities. Pumps of this type are typically used as booster pumps. The pump consists
of several stages and it works in a similar way to several pumps coupled in series .
Its special-purpose pump design includes several impellers and intermediate casings,
thick backplate and a hygienic internal mechanical shaft seal, Figure 10.
The motor is either standard or special purpose, depending on the level of inlet
pressure.

20 | P a g e
Fig. 10

Multi-stage centrifugal pump for high outlet pressure.

Self-priming centrifugal pump

This self-priming pump is specially designed for aerated applications, such as CIP
return systems. The pump is a standard centrifugal pump that is equipped with a tank,
two non-return valves and a tee. If it is only pumping fluids, the pump works as a normal
centrifugal pump. However, if air/gases enter the pump, the special tank/non-return
valve design will create a vacuum and separate and expel the air/gases through the
pump discharge until only fluids remain. The pump will then resume work as a normal
centrifugal pump.

21 | P a g e
Fig.11

Self-priming pump equipped with tank and valves.

Centrifugal pump applications

The centrifugal pump is the most commonly used pump in the dairy industry and should
be selected if it is suitable for the application in question. The reason for this is that a
centrifugal pump is usually cheaper to purchase, operate and maintain, and is also the
most adaptable pump for different operating conditions.
The centrifugal pump can be used for pumping of all liquids of relatively low viscosity
which do not require particularly gentle treatment. It can also be used for liquids
containing relatively large particles, provided of course that the particle size does not
exceed the dimensions of the impeller channel.
A disadvantage of the centrifugal pump is that it cannot pump aerated liquids; it loses
prime and stops pumping. It must then be stopped and primed filled with liquid and
started again before it can continue pumping. Consequently, the centrifugal pump is not
self-priming and the suction line and pump casing must be filled with liquid before it can
operate. The installation should therefore be carefully planned.

22 | P a g e
Flow control

It is seldom possible to select a standard pump that fits the required capacity exactly.
Some sort of adaptation must therefore be made by:

throttling highly flexible but uneconomical

reducing the impeller diameter less flexible but more economical

speed control flexible and economical

The three alternatives are illustrated in Figure12.

Fig. 12

Methods of flow control in a centrifugal pump.

Throttling

The most simple flow control is to fit a throttling valve in the pump outlet line. It is then
possible to adjust the pump exactly to the required pressure and flow rate. This is the
correct method if the pump is used for varying pressures and flow rates. The
disadvantage is that throttling is uneconomical when pressure and flow are constant.

23 | P a g e
Throttling can be carried out with orifice plates in the pipe, with manual or automatic
control valves or with a mechanical flow controller, which is often fitted in milk treatment
lines.

Reducing impeller diameter

A lower pump curve than the maximum curve is obtained by reducing the original
impeller diameter D to D1 13). The new diameter D1 can be roughly determined by
drawing a straight line from O on the chart through the required operating point A to the
standard curve B, for impeller diameter D. Read pressure H and the required new
pressure H1. The new impeller diameter D1 is obtained from the formula:

Formula 2

The most economical pump installation is obtained if the impeller diameter is reduced to
diameter D1. Most pump charts have curves for different impeller diameters.

24 | P a g e
Fig. 13

Flow reduction when the impeller diameter is reduced from D to D1.

Speed control

Changing the speed will change the centrifugal force created by the impeller. Pressure
and capacity will then also change up for higher speed and down for lower.Speed
control is the most efficient way of regulating a pump. The speed of the impeller is
always exactly right for the performance of the pump, and therefore also the power
consumption and the treatment of the liquid.A frequency converter can be used,
together with standard three-phase motors. They are available for manual or automatic
control of flow and pressure. Most centrifugal pumps are designed for 50 Hz, which
means 3 000 rpm (revolutions per minute) for a two-pole motor. The power supplies in
some countries operate at 60 Hz, which means that the speed increases by 20 % to 3
600 rpm. Pump curves for 60 Hz are available from pump manufacturers.

25 | P a g e
Head and pressure

Density

The head in metres liquid column is independent of the density of the liquid being
pumped. However, the density is of great importance to the discharge pressure and for
the power consumption. If the pump and the viscosity of the liquid are the same in the
different cases, the liquid column will be lifted to the same height (10 metres in the
example), regardless of the density. The pump head in metres liquid column is the
same. However, as the density the mass of the liquid varies, the pressure gauge
readings will also vary (Figure 14).The pump pressure in metres water column is
consequently obtained if the pressure in metres liquid column is multiplied by the
relative density. The pump must do more work with the heavier liquid than with the
lighter. The power required changes proportionally to the density. If, in example A, the
figure requires 1 kW, then example B will require 1.2 kW and example C only 0.8 kW.

Fig. 14

Comparison of liquid and water columns for products with different densities.

26 | P a g e
Viscosity

Liquids of higher viscosity create higher resistance to flow than liquids of lower viscosity.
When liquids of higher viscosity are pumped, the flow rate and head are reduced and
power demand increases because of increased flow resistance in the impeller and
pump casing. Centrifugal pumps can handle liquids of relatively high viscosities, but are
not recommended for viscosities much above 500 cP, because the power demand rises
sharply above that level.

27 | P a g e
 Experimental procedure

Sufficient level of fluid in the balance tank was checked, Out let tank return line
was submerged to prevent air bubbles caused by splashing.

The pump suction and discharge regulating valves were checked if they are
open.

The valve position for the single pump was checked to see if it was properly
configured.

The electrical power was switched to the whole unit.

The pump was switched on.

The pump was switched for low speed operation.

Flow was checked to see if it was discharging into the tank.

Excessive leaks were checked.

Excessive vibrations were checked.

With the discharge valve fully opened, Pump data for maximum flow operating
point was measured which are the rota-meter reading, suction and discharge
pressures, and power reading

The discharge valve was adjusted to reduce the flow to a new operating point for
5 increasingly flow-rates.

Flow rate was adjusted by changing the throttle valve position each time the flow-
rate was changed

Before each rota-meter reading was taken it was made sure that the the flow rate
was stable by giving it a little bit of time to stabilise on the rota-meter readings

Each time when the flow rate was stable reading of readings of flow rate, Suction
Pressure, discharge pressure, Voltage and power were recorded.

When the experiment was finished all valves were set at open mode
28 | P a g e
 The pump was switched of and the rest of the valves were set on close mode
except the draining valve

The main switch to the units was switched off.

RESULTS

29 | P a g e
 Flow Suction Discharge Total Voltage Shaft Current Hydraulic Pump
Pressure Pressure head Power Power efficiency
V A
3
kPa kPa m KW KW %
m /h r

7 -15 20 0.51 4.03 3.497 2.25 0,00973 109

6 -10 30 2.039 4.03 3.497 2.25 0,033 31.9
5 -5 45 4,077 4.03 3.497 2.25 0,0556 19.1
4 -1 50 4,998 4.03 3.93 2.5 0,0545 21.7
2 0 60 16,445 4.03 3.93 2.5 0.0896 13.2

Suction head

Total head = difference between the suction and the discharge side

h=hd h s

At V=7 m 3 /s

116.325 103
hs =
1000 9.81

= 11.858 m

121.325 103
hd =
1000 9.81

=12.367m

h=2.0391.529

=0.509m

The rest of the head values were calculated in the same way as above and calculations were done using
absolute pressure.

Shaft power= electrical power-measured motor looses at 1450 (400W)

At V=7 m 3 /s

30 | P a g e
Shaft power=3.897-0.4=3.497kW

So as shown above each value of electrical value recorded during the experiment 400W is subtracted in
order to find the shaft power.

ELECTRICAL POWER SHAFT POWER

KW KW
3.897 3.497
3.897 3.497
3.897 3.497
4.330 3.93
4.330 3.93

Actual pressure = pressure volumetric flow rate

FLOW RATE HEAD ACTUAL POWER

m
3
m KW
7 0.51 3.57
6 2.039 12,234
5 4.077 20.385
4 4.998 19.992
2 16.445 32.89

Efficiency= theoretical power/actual power

=3.897/3.57

=1.09

For 7 m 3

Theoretical pressure =A 3

=2.25 3

=3.897KW

And at A= 2.5 Theoretical pressure=A 3

=2.5 3

31 | P a g e
 =4.330kW

FLOW RATE HEAD Theoretical POWER

m
3
m KW
7 0.51 3.897
6 2.039 3.897
5 4.077 3.897
4 4.998 4.330
2 16.445 4.330

Hydraulic Pump power

Ph(kw )=qgh/(3.6 106 )

Where

Ph(kw )=Hydraulic power(KW )

3
m /s
q=flowrate

=density of the fluid (kg /m3 )

9.81 m/s2
g=gravity

h=differential head ( m)

At V= 7m/s

Ph(kw )=qgh/(3.6 106 )

Ph(kw )=7 1000 9.81 0.51/(3.6 106 )

Ph(kw )=0.00973

The rest of the values are found using the same way shown above

32 | P a g e
 Discussions

Flow Suction Discharge Total Voltage Shaft Current Hydraulic Pump

Pressure Pressure head Power Power efficiency
V A
3
kPa kPa m KW KW %
m /h r

7 -15 20 0.51 4.03 3.497 2.25 0,00973 109

6 -10 30 2.039 4.03 3.497 2.25 0,033 31.9
5 -5 45 4,077 4.03 3.497 2.25 0,0556 19.1
4 -1 50 4,998 4.03 3.93 2.5 0,0545 21.7
2 0 60 16,445 4.03 3.93 2.5 0.0896 13.2

33 | P a g e
 From the results you will notice that head decreases as the flow quantity
increases and maximum head is approached as the flow approaches zero.

Increase in pump speed results in an increase in flow-rate which will results in a

decrease in head from our results.

Yes they are consistent with the theory because from our results we noticed the
decrease in the flow-rate which is accompanied by an increase in the total head.

Shaft power slightly increased as the flow-rate began to decrease.

As head increases the efficiency of the pump decreases.

From the experiment, the characteristics of this pump which is the efficiency, brake
Horsepower and the head can be defined by using a different speed of pump. Thus, the
objective of this experiment is achieved in order to define any centrifugal pump
characteristics. It also can be concluded that the main objectives of this experiment
have been achieved successfully. We can also determine all the parameters required.
However, it is to be noted that, some of the value of readings obtained may be
inaccurate due to certain errors that occurred during the experiment i.e. parallax error
and human error. Yet it still leads and produced the expected results accordingly and as
required.

34 | P a g e
 Conclusion

From the pump performance curve, we can see that the maximum volume flow rate
through a pump occurs when its net head is zero, H=0; this flow rate is called the
pumps free delivery. The free delivery condition is achieved when there is no flow
restriction at the pump inlet or outlet or when there is no load on the pump. At this
operating point, Q is large, but H is zero and the pumps efficiency is zero because the
pump is doing no useful work. At the other extreme, the shutoff head is the net head
that occurs when the volume flow rate is zero, Q=0, and is achieved when the outlet
port of the pump is blocked off. Under this condition, H is large but Q is zero; the pumps
efficiency is again zero because the pump is doing no useful work. Between these two
extremes, from shutoff to free delivery, the pumps net head may increase from its
shutoff value somewhat as the flow rate increases, but H must eventually decrease to
zero as the volume flow rate increases to its free delivery value. The pumps efficiency
will reaches its maximum value somewhere between the shutoff condition and the free

35 | P a g e
delivery condition; this operating point of maximum efficiency is appropriately called the
best efficiency point (BEP).The efficiency of the pump tends to fall because of the
increasing frictional losses in the long blade passages of these narrow impellers. Since
impeller blade have finite thickness, an impellers with too many blades leads to passage
losses due to excessive flow and large skin friction drag. Also, the efficiencies depend
upon the design of the machine, shape of the blade and, hence, the capacity handled.

RECOMMENDATION

There are major and minor losses in the piping system for example friction in the pipe
Surfaces, elevation of the piping system, vibration of the centrifugal pump, valves,
cavitation Occur at the impeller blade, etc. For a fluid entering a circular pipe at a
uniform velocity. Because of the no-slip condition, the fluid particle in the layer in contact
with the surface of the pipe comes to complete. This layer also causes the fluid particle
in adjacent layers to slow down gradually as a result of friction. For friction, elevation
and vibration losses, we cannot avoid these losses but we can minimize it, but we can
prevent the cavitation by minimize the performance parameter which is called as the
required net positive suction head (NPSH required) to give us a better result and
Increase the efficiency.
For a minor losses, the fluid in typical piping system passes through various fitting
valves, bends, elbows, tees, inlet, exit, enlargement, and contractions in addition to the
pipes. These components interrupt the smooth flow of the fluid and cause additional

36 | P a g e
losses because of the flow separation and mixing they induce. In a typical system with
long pipes, these losses are minor compared to the total head loss in the pipes (the
major losses) and are called minor losses. Although this is generally true, in some cases
the minor losses may be greater than the major losses. This is the case, for example in
system with several turns and valves in a short distance. The head loss introduced by a
completely open valve, for example, may be negligible. But a partially closed valve may
cause the largest head loss in the system, as evidenced by the drop in the flow rate.
Flow through valves and a fitting is very complex, and a theoretical analysis is generally
not plausible. Therefore, minor losses are determined experimentally, usually by the
manufactures of the components.
There is also an error that cause from the reading that we taken while undergo the
experiment and to minimize this error, we can do some action to overcome this
problems. The actions that we must consider during the experiment are:
1. The apparatus must be check carefully to make sure it is in a good condition before
carrying the experiment because it may effects the results of the experiment.
2. The reading at the pump suction and delivery pressure gauges must be read with
more
Carefully to avoid any error.
3. The reading should be taken several times and the average value should be taken to
know the average reading that more accurate.
4. The eyes must sharp and perpendicular to the scale of the water level.

37 | P a g e
 References

Radial und Axialpumpen (by A.J. Stephanoff)

Fundamentals and Applications of Centrifugal pumps (by Alfred Benaroya)

Die Bohrsplung (by GerdUlrich Lotzwick)

Reinhtte Pumpen Centrifugal pumps, technical design (by Stephan Nckel)

Lawrence Pumps Run Times, sept.04, jan.05 & oct.05 issue (by Dale B.
Andrews)

World Pumps, sept.07 issue (by Joseph R. Askew)

Pump Users Handbook (by Heinz P. Bloch, Allan R. Budris

38 | P a g e
 APENDIXES

h .total head

hd ..discharge head

hs suction head

vvoltage

Acurrent

Ph(kw ) .. Hydraulic power (KW )

3
q .. m /s
flowrate

density of the fluid (kg/m 3)

39 | P a g e
 2
g . 9.81 m/s
gravity

h differential head (m)

40 | P a g e