History 167: World War I

PART 1: 1865-1913
WORLD WAR I FEDERAL RESERVE BANK
- FUNCTION: to keep the reserve money of all
Woodrow Wilson: national banks
1856-1924 - ADVANTAGE: to mobilize the total reserves in
Staunton, Virginia sustaining any one bank in crisis
Democrat 2. Legislative Agenda: Modification of Antitrust Laws
1912 Election Clayton Antitrust Act
Woodrow Wilson (Democrat, Virginia) - ENACTED: October 14, 1914
William H. Taft (Republican, Ohio) - PROVISION: added further substance to the U.S.
Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive, New York) antitrust law by seeking to prevent anti-competitive
Eugene Debs (Socialist, Indiana) practices
ELECTORAL VOTE: - declared Standard Oil a monopoly
Wilson --- 435 Federal Trade Commission
Roosevelt --- 88 - ESTABLISHED: in 1914 by the Federal Trade
Taft --- 8 Commission Act
Debs --- 0 - FUNCTION: to promote consumer protection" and
the elimination and prevention of "anti-competitive"
Woodrow Wilson business practices, such as coercive monopoly
SIGNIFICANCE: first President from the South since Federal Farm Loan Act
Andrew Johnson - established twelve regional Farm Loan Banks to serve
Woodrow Wilson Election members of Farm Loan Associations
- PASSING OF AN ERA: newly elected President - SIGNIFICANCE: allowed farmers to borrow up to
Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) with outgoing President 50% of the value of their land and 20% of the value of
William Howard Taft (Republican) their improvements; enabled small farmers to be more
competitive with larger businesses by making the
U.S. Presidents banks provide them with loans at a competitive rate to
small businessmen
REPUBLICAN DOMINATION:
3. Legislative Agenda: Tariff Revision
1. 1897-1901 William McKinley
2. 1901-1909 Theodore Roosevelt Revenue Act of 1913
3. 1909-1913 William Howard Taft - SPONSOR: Oscar Underwood (Alabama)
- PROVISION: lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to
25%
Legislative Agenda
- SIGNIFICANCE: also known as the Underwood Act
Woodrow Wilson
or Underwood-Simmons Act
SIGNIFICANCE: elected in 1912 on a wave of
progressive domestic reform
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
1. Legislative Agenda: Banking and Currency Reform
1. 16th Amendment
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT
ENACTED: February 3, 1913
- ENACTED: December 23, 1913
PROVISION: The Congress shall have power to lay
- PROVISION: created the Federal Reserve System, the
and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source
central banking system of the United States; granted
derived, without apportionment among the several
the Federal Reserve System the authority to issue legal
States, and without regard to any census or
tender
enumeration
Federal Reserve System: divided the United States
a. National Womens Party
into Federal Reserve Districts based in key cities
- FOUNDED:1916
1. 1st District: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
- fought for womens rights to vote on the same terms
2. 2nd District: Federal Reserve Bank of New York
as men
3. 3rd District: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
4. 4th District: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland - FOCUS: passage of a constitutional amendment
5. 5th District: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond ensuring womens suffrage
6. 6th District: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta b. League of Women Voters
7. 7th District: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago - FOUNDED: 1920
8. 8th District: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - aimed to help newly-enfranchised women exercise
9. 9th District: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis their responsibilities as voters
10. 10th District: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City 2. 18th Amendment
11. 11th District: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas ENACTED: January 17, 1920
12. 12th District: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco PROVISIONS: After one year from the ratification of
this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
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 History 167: World War I

intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof first transcontinental call between Alexander Graham
into, or the exportation thereof from the United States Bell (in New York ) and Thomas Watson (in San
and all the territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof Francisco)
for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Dodge introduces first all-steel auto body (for
3. Prohibition delivery trucks and cars)
SIGNIFICANCE: nationwide constitutional ban on 1917
the production, sale, importation and transportation of founding of Union Carbide
alcohol - maker of batteries (Eveready) and utilitarian wraps
ROOTS/ORIGINS: Temperance Movement >> (Glad)
AIM: to curb the consumption of alcohol in the United
States FASHION
Dries: Supporters of Prohibition Women 1900-1909
Wets: Oppositors of Prohibition tailored jackets
ENFORCEMENT: long skirts
a. search for stockpiles of alcohol high-heeled ankle boots
b. confiscation of alcohol Day Outfit:
c. closure of bars selling alcohol - high-necked white or beige cotton blouse
d. destruction of alcohol - dark, tight-fitting A-line skirt reaching from the ankle
IMPACT: to just below the bust
a. encouraged illegal manufacturing of alcohol Tea Gown: usually worn by 5pm
b. encouraged illegal manufacturing of alcohol Evening Dresses
c. encouraged illegal sale of alcohol - flamboyant and provocative
- Al Capone SIGNIFICANCE: head of a crime ring in - made of luxurious sensual fabric with low cut bodices
Chicago that supplied illegal alcohol allowing an overt display of jewelry and bosom
d. opening of speakeasy Hair Style
- Speakeasy: bars that sell illegal alcohol - arranged in pompadour style
e. hiding illegal alcohol for sale - worn with large hats (meant to outshine the hair)
Day Dresses: tight fitting and flattering
FOREIGN POLICY 1912 Fashion
Punitive Expedition against Mexico
sent the United States Army to Mexico WORLD WAR I: AMERICA GOES TO WAR
PURPOSE: to conduct a military operation 1916 UNITED STATES:
American supply trains at U.S.-Mexican border election for president
U.S. Army troops in Mexico 1916 U.S. Presidential Election MAIN ISSUE: World
American military weapons used against Mexico War I (on its second year already, having started in
SIGNIFICANCE: retaliation for Francisco Pancho 1914)
Villa's illegal incursion into the United States and 1914
attack on the village of Columbus, New Mexico AMERICAS POSITION: neutrality (World War I
during the Mexican Revolution was a European war)
Francisco Pancho Villa Neutrality: MOST AMERICANS are grateful that the
- conducted the raid because of the U.S. government's United States was not involved in Europes entangling
official recognition of the Carranza regime alliances that brought up the war
- attacked a detachment of the 13th Cavalry Regiment Neutrality Endangered: ZIMMERMANN
- seized 100 horses and mules TELEGRAM
- set part of the town on fire - telegram sent by Arthur Zimmermann, German
- RESULT: killing of 18 Americans Foreign Minister, to Mexico
- SIGNIFICANCE: promised Mexico the return of
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY Arizona, Texas and new Mexico if Mexico declared
1914 war on the United States
Cadillac develops the V-8 engine - UNRESTRICTED GERMAN SUBMARINE
SIGNIFICANCE: Cadillac sets the standard for the WARFARE: created a war zone around Britain;
American automotive industry threatened to sink all ships within the war zone
George Washington Carver develops soil- Lusitania
replenishment program - May 7, 1915: torpedoed by a German U-boat
U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decides airplane patent - ocean liner owned by the Cunard Line: steamship
suit in favor of Wright Brothers service between New York and Liverpool; used large
1915 steamships to ferry passengers

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 History 167: World War I
- sank in eighteen minutes, eleven miles (19 km) off the
coast of Ireland
- 1,198 of the 1,959 people aboard were killed
Woodrow Wilson
PLATFORM: supported preparedness but avoided
war
Charles Evans Hughes
PLATFORM: avoiding the war
1916 Election
ELECTORAL VOTE:
Wilson --- 277
Hughes --- 254
Woodrow Wilson
February 3, 1917: appears in Congress, announces the
break in official relations with Germany
affirmed the right of Americans to travel as passengers
on merchant ships and called for the Germans to
abandon submarine warfare against commercial
vessels, whatever flag they sailed under
called the sinking of the Lusitania as a cruel and
deadly attack on innocent civilians
warned that the U.S. would regard any subsequent
sinking as "deliberately unfriendly"
February 3, 1917
SIGNIFICANCE: U.S. declares war against Germany
WORLD WAR I: RAISING AN ARMY
Selective Service Act
DATE: May 18,1917
authorized the federal government to raise a national
army for Americas entry in World War I
PROVISION: required all men between the ages of 21
and 30 to register for military service
Enlistment Poster RESULT: drafting of 2.8 million
Americans
SIGNIFICANCE: authorized the federal government
to raise a national army numbering in the hundreds of
thousands with which to fight a modern war)
WORLD WAR I: FINANCING THE WAR
Floating of Bond Issues
called Liberty Loans
Bond Issues
- represented loans made by the government from the
people
- DENOMINATIONS: $50, $100
- incentives to buy bonds
1915
U.S. bankers led by John Pierpont Morgan float $500
million loan to Britain and France to help in the war
effort
WORLD WAR I: RESTRICTING CIVIL LIBERTIES
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OBJECTIVE: to make public opinion support the war
with virtual unanimity
violated freedom of speech and of the press
Espionage Act
PASSED: June 15, 1917
PROVISION: levied stiff penalties on persons making
false statements that might obstruct the prosecution of
the war, incite disloyalty or hinder recruiting
Trading-with-the-Enemy Act
PASSED: October 6, 1917
PROVISION: authorized the Post Office Department
to set up a virtual censorship on foreign language
newspapers
Sedition Act
PASSED: May 16, 1918
PROVISION: provided stiff penalties for persons
uttering disloyal, scurrilous or abusive language about
the Constitution, the government of the United States,
the armed forces and the flag, or language calculated
to be such or to interfere with war production
WORLD WAR I: FIGHTING IN EUROPE
American Expeditionary Force
American fighting force that fought in World War I
COMMANDER:John Pershing
October, 21, 1917: arrived in France
deployed in north eastern France
deployed in the St. Mihiel region
Fourteen Points
speech delivered by Woodrow Wilson to a joint
session of Congress on January 8, 1918
intended to assure the country that the Great War was
being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace
in Europe
1. Fourteen Points (1)
- Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after
which there shall be no private international
understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall
proceed always frankly and in the public view.
2. Fourteen Points (2)
- Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside
territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as
the seas may be closed in whole or in part by
international action for the enforcement of
international covenants.
3. Fourteen Points (3)
- The removal, so far as possible, of all economic
barriers and the establishment of equality of trade
conditions among all the nations consenting to the
peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
4. Fourteen Points (4)
- Adequate guarantees given and taken that national
armaments will be reduced to the lowest point
consistent with domestic safety.
5. Fourteen Points (5)
- A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial
adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict
 History 167: World War I

observance of the principle that in determining all such 12. Fourteen Points (12)
questions of sovereignty the interests of the - The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire
populations concerned must have equal weight with should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other
the equitable claims of the government whose title is nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should
to be determined. be assured an undoubted security of life and an
6. Fourteen Points (6) absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous
- The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a development, and the Dardanelles should be
settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and
secure the best and freest cooperation of the other commerce of all nations under international
nations of the world in obtaining for her an guarantees.
unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the 13. Fourteen Points (13)
independent determination of her own political - An independent Polish state should be erected which
development and national policy and assure her of a should include the territories inhabited by indisputably
sincere welcome into the society of free nations under Polish population which should be assured a free and
institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a secure access to the sea, and whose political and
welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may economic independence and territorial integrity should
need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded be guaranteed by international covenant.
Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will 14. Fourteen Points (14)
be the acid test of their good will, of their - A general association of nations must be formed under
comprehension of her needs as distinguished from specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual
their own interests, and of their intelligent and guarantees of political independence and territorial
unselfish sympathy. integrity to great and small states alike.
7. Fourteen Points (7)
- Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be WORLD WAR I: END OF THE WAR
evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit Armistice
the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all DATE: November 11, 1918
other free nations. No other single act will serve as this PLACE:in a railway carriage in Compigne Forest
will serve to restore confidence among the nations in TERMS:
the laws which they have themselves set and 1. termination of military hostilities within
determined for the government of their relations with six hours after signature
one another. Without this healing act the whole 2. immediate removal of all German troops
structure and validity of international law is forever from France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Alsace-
impaired.
Lorraine:
8. Fourteen Points (8)
3. subsequent removal of all German troops
- All French territory should be freed and the invaded
portions restored, and the wrong done to France by from territory on the west side of the Rhine
Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, plus 30 km radius bridgeheads of the right side of
which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly the Rhine at the cities of Mainz, Koblenz, and
fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may Cologne with ensuing occupation by Allied and US troops
once more be made secure in the interest of all. 4. removal of all German troops at the
9. Fourteen Points (9) eastern front to German territory as it was on
- A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be August 1, 1914
effected along clearly recognizable lines of 5. renunciation of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
nationality. with Russia and of the Treaty of Bucharest with
10. Fourteen Points (10) Romania
- The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among 6. internment of the German fleet
the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, 7. surrender of materiel: 5,000 cannons,
should be accorded the freest opportunity to 25,000 machine guns, 3,000 minenwerfers,
autonomous development. 1,700 airplanes, 5,000 locomotive engines, and 150,000
11. Fourteen Points (11) railcars
- Romania, Serbia and Montenegro should be TOOK EFFECT: 11 a.m. (Paris time) on November
evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia 11, 1918 (the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the
accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the eleventh month)
relations of the several Balkan states to one another
determined by friendly counsel along historically
WORLD WAR I: DICTATING THE PEACE
established lines of allegiance and nationality; and
international guarantees of the political and economic Paris Peace Conference
independence and territorial integrity of the several meeting of Allied Powers (victors) following the end
Balkan states should be entered into. of World War I
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 History 167: World War I

AIM: to set the peace terms for the Central Powers F. Novel
(losers) Edgar Rice Burroughs: 1875-1950; Chicago, Illinois
START: January 18, 1919 Tarzan of the Apes
END: January 21, 1920 - life story of John Clayton, born in the western coastal
BRITAIN: David Lloyd George jungles of equatorial Africa
FRANCE: Georges Clemenceau - John Clayton, born in the western coastal jungles of
AMERICA: Woodrow Wilson equatorial Africa to a marooned couple from England,
SIGNIFICANCE: United States becomes a European John and Alice (Rutherford) Clayton, Lord and Lady
power Greystoke
ENTERTAINMENT
AIM:
1. to keep the nations spirits up
2. to banish glumness
3. to cheer the soldiers
A. Theater
Broadway Street
- area in Midtown Manhattan where most Broadway
theaters are located
- extends from 40th Street to 54th Street, and from west
of Sixth Avenue to east of Eighth Avenue
Ziegfeld Follies:
- elaborate theatrical productions held in Broadway
Street in New York City
- featured attractive women in expensive costumes
performing various show stoppers
- inspired by the Folies Bergere of Paris, France
Folies Berger: featured elaborate costumes for
women, frequently revealing, practically leaving them
naked
B. Variety Show
Vaudeville:
- featured musicians, dancers, magicians, jugglers,
acrobats animal shows, etc.
- W.C. Fields 1880-194; Darby, Pennsylvania
- catered to popular taste
C. Comedy
Will Rogers: 1879-193; Oologah, Oklahoma
Eddie Cantor: 1892-196; New York City
D. Movies
The Birth of a Nation: set during and after the
American Civil War
E. Poetry
Alfred Joyce Kilmer: 1886-1918; New Brunswick,
New Jersey
Trees
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.
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