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Where are you in your development as a researcher?

UNCONSCIOUS UNCONSCIOUS
INCOMPETENCE COMPETENCE
When you don't know When you know how
that to do something
you don't know through unconscious
habit

CONSCIOUS CONSCIOUS COMPETENCE

INCOMPETENCE When you know how to do
When you know that something through conscious
you don't know involvement

1

Agenda
How to do Data Analysis?
Programme outcomes
Plan and conduct applicable
levels of investigation, research
and/or experiments by applying
appropriate theories and
methodologies, and perform data
analysis and interpretation.
3/22/2017
Apply relevant research
methods to research problem.
Development of an
appropriate design for
research.
Design data collection
instruments, collecting data
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Data Analysis Goal

Producing summaries, coding

Finding ways to display your data (graphs, frequency counts)
Draw conclusions and test their validity
Always iterative and ongoing

Data analysis follow four stages Quinlan (2011)

Stage 1: Engage in a descriptive analysis of

the collected data.

Stage 2: Interpret the data.

Stage 3: Use the results of stages 1 and 2

to draw conclusions from the data.

Stage 4: The theorisation stage. In this

stage the results from the first three stages
are applied to existing knowledge to produce
new theory.

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So which method?

Research is a systematic
investigation that aims to
generate knowledge.
The knowledge is driven
by your study objectives.
Are you seeking to make
standardised and
systematic comparisons,
or to study a phenomenon
or situation in detail?
The different intentions
dictates different
approaches and methods.
Which are typically
categorised as either
quantitative or qualitative.

M. Crowe and L. Sheppard, "Mind mapping research methods," Quality&Quantity,vol. 46, pp. 14931504, 2011

Basic activities of qualitative data analysis (Sekaran Bougie)

1. Design Planning the details of data collection & population.

2. Data reduction Reduce the data through coding and categorisation.

3. Data display Taking the reduced data and display them into an organised condensed manner.
(Charts, matrices, diagrams, graphs, frequently mentioned phrases and or drawings. This help
to discover patterns and relationships in data)

4. Drawing conclusions Answering your research questions.

5. Reliability and validity in qualitative research

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Sample analysis process for qualitative data

6 Methods of data collection and analysis The Open University

Descriptive analysis - Types of descriptive statistics (Argyrous, 2011)

Type Function Examples

Graphs Provide a visual Pie, bar, histogram, polygon (univariate)

presentation of data Clustered pie, clustered/stacked bar
(bivariate, nominal/ordinal scales)
Scatter plot (bivariate, interval/ratio
scales)
Tables Provide a frequency Frequency table (univariate)
distribution of data Crosstabulations
(bivariate/multivariate)
Numerical Mathematical operations Measures of central tendency
used to quantify particular (univariate)
measures features of distributions Measures of dispersion (univariate)
Measures of association and
correlation, regression
(bivariate/multivariate)

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Basic activities of statistics (Siegel)

1. Design Planning the details of data 1. Design if done incorrectly data collected
collection & population. not adequate to answer RQ.

2. Exploratory looking at your data from all 2. Exploratory verify expected relationships
different views, describing it and summarising exist in data & maybe find unexpected
it structures

3. Modelling how does data relate?

Correlations, regression or multiple
regression. Describing the relationships.

4. Estimation estimating an unknown quality.

Confidence intervals etc.

5. Hypothesis testing produces a definite

decision about which of the possibilities is
correct or incorrect based on the data

Who is attending the workshops?

Students registered in 2016 is the attendees of workshops

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Descriptive analysis using graphs

Gender distribution
200 182
Currently 182 students registered for 180
minor-dissertation. 160 140
140
From the graph it is noted that 23% is 120

# of students
female & 77% is male 100
80
60 42
40
20
0
Female Male Total
minordissertation students

Notes:
- Consistent format for all graphs
- Always add Axis labels
- Ensure numbers add up (i.e.. Total 182) or if
percentage distribution always add up to
100%
- Display in order (smallest to largest or visa
versa)

When did they register?

Date of first registration

70 66

60 53
50
Never just add a graph or table.
# of students

40
Integrate it into the text. 29
30
Highlight one or two important things 17
20
to the reader 10
10 4
2 1
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year

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Making conclusions

Attendance 13 Feb 2017

50% of the students registered in
100% 0 0 0 1
2016 attended the workshop? 1 3

Is this correct ? 80%

1 33

# of students
What about students that have not 60%
1 4 17 52
registered? 40%
9 26

What about the other two 20%

1 33
workshops?
0%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
What can I conclude about the initial Year registered
question:
No Yes
Students registered in 2016 is the
attendees of workshops?
Value of workshops
Time saved no repetition from
supervisor side
Quality improved?

Future research
Is students attending more
successful.

Modelling

Fuzzy logic
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method
Monte Carlo
Any acceptable mathematical modelling

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Tools / Software

SPSS
Atlas Ti
ULink software available for download