CALCULATING TECHNIQUES AUTOMATIC BUSINESS MACHINES LIMITED I5, CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W.7.Not for Sale - Free DistributionINDEX Calculation with the Curta Abbreviated Notation Handling the Curta GENERAL TECHNIQUES. Successive Multiplication Transfer Multiplication Successive Division Complementary Division Accumulation of Quotients COMMERCIAL. Sterling Curta Tables Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Wages Percentages Amortisation of Debts by Annuities ENGINEERS. Gear Ratios Sides of a Triangle Heat Insulation MATHEMATICAL. Square Roots Curta Table No.101. Cube Roots Curta Table No,102. Fractional Powers of Numbers Quadratic Equations Cubic Equations Summation of Squares Accumulation of Products Evaluation of a Polynomial or of a Power Series Evaluation of Series, Construction of an n Differences Intergolation Curta Tables 103 and 104. Cotton Cloth Calculations Curta Table No. 20. order Polynomial from nth Preface. 2 4 Al a2 3 Ad ASCALCULATION WITH THE CURTA PREPACE This marvel is primarily intended to supplement the Kanufecturera! ivtle handbook ‘Instructions for the use of the Curta Calculating Mechine' which should first be read by the Curta user. It is hoped, however, that it will prove useful to calculating machine users generally. ‘The operation of the wachine itself, whether Model I or Model II, 4 80 simple that meny users tay not at First appreciate the large veriety of calculations whieh ean be solved with the Gurta. Basically, the Gurta only performs repeated addition, but there are fer operations of nowrical analysis and virtually no commercial calevlations which cannot be reduced to « process of repeated addition. It is the purpose of this manual to show the most suitable method or ‘programe’ by which common comercial ard scientific calculations can best be adapted for solution by the Curta. Purther instruction sheets Will be mede availeble from time to time and it is hoped that readers will send us a note of any methods, not so fur indicated, which they have found useful for speeial purposes. In this way, a really comprehensive ‘Library’ can be built up. Every six months we will efreularise users with a copy of the lotest Index so that they may apply for any new instruction sheets likely to be of interest to then. Anyone Whe has attempted te put instrustions for calculating procedure en paper will appreciate the difficulty of explaining a technique clearly, yet concisely. Caleulations which take only a few seconds to perform are liable to take as many minutes te deseribe, and Examples are more useful thac detailed descriptions. For these reasens we have evolved an abbreviated notation for describing the process of solution which ¥e hope will be readily underatocd. We strongly recommend that the exemples should be worked out on a Curta when the instructions are first read. Generally, a Model I will be sufficient unless otherwise indicated. ‘The various uses of the Curta will be indexed by a letter showing the general type of calowlation and a seriel number indicating the particular calculation described.-@- ABBREVIATED NOTATION ‘The Gurta has 3 Registers, or groups of dials, which will be indicated by their initials:= Setting Register: SR Counter Register: oR Product Register: PR A carriage position will be indicated thus: Carriage to position 3: 3 ‘The carriage position indicated is normally that for the 1st step of the calculation. The position of the Reversing Lever, that is the Lever which reverses the gearing of CR, will be indicated by an R immediately after the Carriage Position when the reversing lever is dom, i.e. in the Reverse Position (to count negative turns). If the lever is up, the R will be omitted, ‘The position of decimal markers wil] be indicated as follews:- Decimal place: * Decimal places where markers are alse set for other purposes: Marker used for other purpose: 5 Where two markers are required, e.g. to indicate a split SR: ” In order to indicate the position of a setting or result on the corresponding register and to avoid printing unnecessary zeros, an abligque stroke / will be printed either to the left or right of a number indicating that the disls on the left or right will reed 0. To indicate that all the dials to the left of a number will read 9, a mine followed by an oblique stroke / will be pleced on the left of the nunber, thus 9/,ibe Exmumplesi A setting of 1.534/ indicates that 1.534 has been set on the four left hand dials of SR, 9/7,644:27 on PR of Model I indicates that the figures 999997,641:27 eppear in the PR dials. One decimal marker has been set to indicate the ‘thousands’ and two decimal markers to indicate the decimal place. In showing the steps of a caloulation, SR will always be placed on the left, CR in the centre and PR on the right. An asterisk will be placed on the right of the result. Thus, if 4.534 is to be miltiplied by 37.2 and the reault show positively in the extreme left hand side of PR in Model I, the abbreviated description will bers 6 /1-53400 37.2/ 57. 0648/* ‘This means that we start with the carriage in position 6, the reversing lever up, set 1,534 in SR dials 6 to 3, miltiply by 37.2 from the left and obtain the result 57.0648 in the left hand dials of PR, It is sometimes desirable to set a complement into the machine or to convert a Humber, read from PR or GR, into ite complement. This can very easily-be done mentally by deducting each digit from 9, except the right hend digit, which should be deducted from 10, Bane (2) 5390704 Set complement as : 9/%,609276 9/4.00912 (4s) Read complement as 599088 It will be found with o little practice that complements can be set or read almost as easily as the numbers themselves. There ere several techniques in which the OR dials are not used and where it is not necessary to set the Reversing Lever down. In the exomples, however, the figures appearing in the OR diels and the position of the Reversing Lever are generally given and the CR dials are cleared in order to show the turng of the handle which are made at each step. Of course full advantage should be taken of short cuts 20 that the number of turns actually made will be many less than the reading on the CR dials.HANDLING THE CURTA There are a few points in handling the Curta which we do not think have been made sufficiently clear in the Makers’ Handbook. Ws 6. When holding the machine in the left hand, the third ond little fingers should be clear of the setting levers to avoid moving these levers by mistake during operation. The carriage should not be gripped tightly by the thurb and fore= finger. When the carriage has been lifted by thucb and fore- finger, pressure of the forefinger should be instinctively released and the carriage rotated by the thumb only so that it must drop into the next position. During e calculation the carriage should only be stepped one place at a time, even if no turns are to be made in a position. In this way, the carriage can be moved without looking at the machine and there will be no danger of moving two steps instead of one. The crank handle should be held lightly between the thumb and fore- finger of right hand. ‘This will avoid the denger of passing over the zero position by mistake. Left handed operators will generally find it more convenient to hold the Gurta in their right hand, since they will wish to hold their pencil in the left hand whilst operating the machine. Normally, the clearing ring should be left in the right hand position, i.e, between the first diol of PR and tha last dial of OR. It is possible to clear a portion of PR or CR if desired and this can be very useful for certain calowlations. If the left hand aide of PR is to be cleared after each calculation, it will of course be necessary to leave the clearing ring in the left hand position. The use of short cut methods of multiplication and division cannot be too strongly stressed. The operator showld get accustoned to short cutting when multiplying from the left or right ana when using such special techniques as successive and transfer qulti~ plication deseribed in Seetion A. Time saved in rotating the handle is not the only advantage of short cutting in multiplication. It also minimises mistakes in counting turns of the handle ag the number of turns in eny one position of the carriage (other than the left hand position) need seldea be more than five. When not in use, the Curta should be replaced in its rubber-aeeled metal case, beth ta avoid accidental damage and the collection of dust and dirt on the setting levers, resulting in stiffness of these levers. If the levers should become at all stiff, the Gurta showld be returned to Automatic Business Machines Ltd., 15 Cromwell Road, London SW.SUCCESSIVE MULTIPLICATION Al We give this name to multiplication of several factors, e.g. @xXdDxXCX sere, Tt 45, Of course, possible to re-set each partial Product but this wastes time and re-setting or writing dom partial products way lead to errors. Having obtained the first partial product on PR, set the next factor on SR WITH THE RIGHT HAND OPERATIVE DIGIT (@igit other than zero) reduced by 1, Step the carriegé so that this digit is below the left hand digit in PR and rotate the handle through the number of turns corresponding to that digit of PR. Step the carriage ene turn to the left and turn the handle through the next digit and so on, What we are really doing is to add ab(c - 1) to ab, getting abc, Example (i) 123 x 4345 x 567 a JB AB Haa35* oS 1566 As2435 124060.615" Answer: 24,060,645 Example (ii) 24,060,645 x 192.1, where the first figure is a product already produced on PR. Ir we have wore than the OR capacity set on PR, we turh the carriage to its extreme left hand position, 6 with Model I Curta, and set the new factor with the last digit reduced by 1 immediately under the left hand digit of PR, thus, C6 #192, 060 240606 4622044. 2645* Answer: = 4,622,041, 2645 Note that we cet .0 under the left hand digit of PR. Note also that we have not been able to step the carriage so as to multiply by the two right hand digits, 4 and 5, and the result will therefore not be exsct. In fact, it will have an error up to 5 in the sixth place of the answer. ‘If we want an exact answer we must ¢ither re-set the last factor on the right of SR and multiply by the remaining digits, having stepped the carriage to the left hand of these sete, or we must re-set the last partial product and multiply by the last factor in the normal manner. Thus, with the former methed, we have * oz £1920 #45 4622049. 9045 Answer: 4,622,049. 90L5Aq An objection may be made to this method of successive multiplication on the grounds that we cannot check the multiplier, unless we write down the partial product and clear OR, A method of overcaming this is to reduce, not the right hand operative digit, but the next zero on the right, by one. ‘Thus, taking the same calculation as before, viz 123 x .3h5 x 567 a f.3S 4185 P42 W35* Clear OR 5 1566.9 /12438 £24060. 6450" Notice that ag we rotate the handle through the number of terms corresponding to the digit of FR iumedlately stove '.9', this digit de reduced to sero and therefore there is no danger that we tum through the wrong number of turns. Notice also that if we wish to use the decimal markers we must move the marker in FR one place to the left in the second stage 2s there 4s then one decimal place in SR. There are oceasions when it is required to multiply a negative quantity on FR (appearing as a complement) by a positive quantity, producing the product as a complement on PR; or by a negative quantity, producing a positive amount on PR; or to multiply a positive quantity on PR by a negative quantity, producing a negative amount on PR, A variation of the Successive Multiplication technique is used and is applicable to such problens as evaluation of Polynomials (see M18) where some of the terms are negative. Example (i) 123 x 47, whére the cotplement, 9/677 18 set on PR. Set /46 on SR, Carriage to Ch so that right hand figure '6' on SR comes below the right hand '9' on PR, Make one negative turn. Carriage to 03 and proceed as for normal successive multiplication, thus: — oy. £06 877 9f 219% The emount showing on PRis the complement of 123 x 47, i.e. of 5781. Byample (4%) ~123 « -47, where 9/877 is set on FR. Set /48 on SR and proceed as before but making one positive turn in position Ch and negative turns thereafter, thus:- ch oR AB 877 /5784*Example (i411). 123 x -47, where /123 is set on PR. Set /48 on SR, carriage to.03 and proceed as in normal successive multiplication but making subtractive, instead of additive, turns. o3 OR AB A123 4219 We can thus formilate the following rules. (4) When miltiplying by a negative quantity, add '1' to last operative figure set on SR, ingtead of subtracting 'i', and rotate the handle in subtractive position through the number of turns corresponding to the digits on PR. (2) If a complement is set on PR, step the carriage so that the right hand figure on SR cones below the right hand 9/ on FR, turning the handle in the opposite direction to that used for the other digits of PR.Az TRANSFER MULTIPLICATION We give this name to a aethod of multiplying a figure produced in CR by a figure set on SR, without re-setting the CR figure. Thia method can be very useful in series of multiplications and divisions, such as axbxe axe This calculation is made in stages - first a x b = f on PR, then t/a gon GR, then gxe sh on PR, finally r/e = 1 on CR. Example: 6 15 123/ 742435000" Cleer CR co OR /23k 181348" fe Clear PR a oR Js? coooco, 402823482" ce OR /A56 22548 /198 Note that in the 3rd stage, when we have to multiply a figure cu OR, 1613546 ty 567, we merely set /567 on SR and using positive turns, réduce each digit of CR, in turn, to zero, This is very quickly done, with virtually ne risk of mistake, by positive tums. Since the Reversing Lever is dom, the respective figures in OR will be reduced by the number of tums made. At the same time the figure set in SR is multiplied by the number of tums made, We can, theoretically, carry on like this indefinitely, alternately multiplying and dividing. After the first stage the Reversing Lever can be left dow, Generally it is not worth while setting decimal markers, unless a nusiber ef very similar calculations have to be made, and the decimal markers can be left in position for al] stages. If the number of factors in the numerator exeeed these in the denominator by more than one, we can use successive multiplication, per method 42, at one or more stages, Tf the factors are identical in number, we can start with a division, If the racters in the @enoninator exceed those in the numerator, ne must either multiply some of these together or re-set the quotient at soue stage, or use the method of successive division described in 3.SUCCESSIVE DIViISTOW AS Suppose we have a figure in PK at soe otage of celoulation, and we want to divide it by sone divisor and obtain the quotient in PR, perhaps because we want to divide the quotient by another figure. We use a method which we have calJed ‘Successive Division", because of the analogy to successive multiplication. The method is sometimes called 'Conplementery Division’, Example: Divide 567 (already produced en PR as, say, 56700000) by 4560 Set the complement of 456 on SR, preceded by a figure 9, thus cé (95th, 1722 A342 (0048) Anower: — /. 124342 Note that although extra figures may be produced in PR, the quotient can only te sbtained accurately te the same number of figures a5 the capacity of CR. Note too that the quotient is eso produced in CR and thiz oan he used as a check thet the calculation has been performed accurately. Successive division can be very useful but takes a little practice. The operator should carry the two left hand figures of the divisor in his mind during the operation, Since the ouotient remains in the PR, it can be divided by a further divisor, either by subtractive division or by suscessive division,COMPLEMENTARY DIVISION Ab In a division calculation, instead of setting the dividend on PR and proceeding by Subtractive Division, there may, in some cases, be an advantage in setting the complement of the dividend on PR and Yuilding up PR to sero with the divisor set in SR. This is particularly the case with such calculations as axb, carried c ‘out in one operation, when we wish to obtain the maximum capacity ‘of which the rachine is capable. Example: 423 x yest the enswer required to 6 pleces 25u567 of decimals, Using a Model I, 6 RR /kS67E9 P100000 9/4321 100000 Clear OR 06 O423023U5E7? 494737 239526509973879 Answer = 259527 We use the right hand side cf SR, 234567 to build up the right hand side of PR to as near zero as possible. Meamrhile, the eft hand side of SR, 0123, ig multiplied automatically by the quotient of 456789/254567 and the product shown in the left hand side of PR, Note: The positioning of the Reversing Lever and the clearing of R are actually unnecessary since the CR dial ig not used, but they are specified here to shor that the handle has been given one negative turn in the 6th position of the carriage for the 1st operation and the quotient is shown on CR in the 2nd operation. Note also that if we had made the calculation ty setting 01250234567 in SK and building up to 46789 in PR, ve should heve had the wrong answer, 239572, because the left hand portion of the multiplicand, 456789, would have overlapped the correct answer.a5 ole ACCUMULATION OF QUOTLENTS Quotients can be Accumilated on OR ny build-up division, the reversing lever being pushed up for positive teras and dow for negative terms. To set the decimal marker in PR, add the maximum number of decimalg in the denominators to the number of decimal places required in the answer, plus 1. Decimal markers should always be set when accumulating quotients. Bxample (1) 32:45 , 69.8 _ 101.34 1.39 * 7.465 3.7 The answer is required to three places of decimals. Decimal markers are set before positions 3, 7 and 4 in SR, PR and CR. C6 /1.390 /23.3453" = /32.44996T0 Clonr FR 86 11.465 /32.6956" — /63. 1999895 coe c6 R 12.700 (/24.0341* — /101.3395500 Anewer 24.034 When the mumerators are the sum or differences of other nmunbers the accumation ean still be carried out in the above way, but using subtractive division, provided care is taken to correct OR as in the example below: In caleulating the position for the decimal marker in PR, we must add to the maximm number of decimal places in denominaters or mumeratora, the number of decimal places required in the answer, plus 1. Example (2) 13.475 - 5.75 , If.24+ 3.92 _ 18.715 6.85 7-86 95 ‘The anewer is required to three decimal places. Decimal markers are sgt before positions 3, T and 4 of §R, PR and GR.oh oR fl3.475 99/ /3.4750000% RR /5.750 0 (/1.7250000" Cc} OR O/6,290 (1. 2282" f0.0002510 Clear PR cs Rk 17.240 (/.2281 /1742400000 R /3.920 9/.2281 #21.1600000 Now clear SR and make two negative turns to correct GR. C5 e F (2.2281 /21.1600000 cs oR /7.860 13.9202 /00.0000940 Clear PR ‘The last quotient oan be obtained ty tuilding-up division, wut we keep reversing lever down because it has te be subtracted. cS R [9-500 [2.9502 #18.7150000 Answer 1.950STERLING e1 (a) Decimaiizing Steriing calewlations are normally carried out by converting shillings and pence into decimals of £1, or pence into decimals of one shilling. The latter is used mainly for stall amounts. Curta Tebles 1 and 2 show the deciral equivalents of pence and fractions of pence expressed an decimals of £1 and one shilling respectively. QCurta Table 5 shows shillings end pence as decimals of £1; shillings can, hovever, easily be expressed as decimals of £1 by dividing by 2, Thus 17/- = .85 of £1 Beomple (i Find the cost of 455 erticles @ 3/634. each, From Table 2, 64 is equivalent to .54167 of 1/- We therefore get 3.54167 on SR and aultiply by 455 in the normal manner. a /3- 5UA67 M85 71,644, 45985" Mentally divide 1,611 shillings by 20 obtaining £80, 11/- .. Locking up the nearest figure to .45985 on Table 2 we obtain 4583 or 5$d., so that the answer jz:- £80, 11. 5k. ‘The pence may alternatively be found by mentelly multiplying the decimal by 1? or by memorising the first two decimal places, if much of this work is being done, Example Find the cost of 215 shares @ £1, 3. 7id. each. Set. the pounds on SR followd by the shillings divided ty 2 with, vay, 5 decimal places, thus 1.15600 From Table 1, 73d. is equivalent to .03125 of £1, We therefore add this to the previous setting, 20 that 1,18125 is set on SR, ct {1418125 (/215 1253. 8875" The angwer is thus £255.96875 or £253. 19. 4a. The shillings can be found by reducing the first two decinel figures to 4 pultiple of 5, in this cece 95, and multi- plying by 2. The remainder, .01875, can be looked up in Table i, Riving bod, of We can regard the 2nd and 3rd pleces of decimals, dn this case 18, ay farthings, mentally dividing by & to obtain 4gd. If the pence figure thus found comes to 62. or ever we deduct a farthing, Thus, for .037, which lice tetwecn @% and 94, we obtain S34. lese J4., equals 98.ol Example (441. Find the cost of 5,150 erticles at £3. 17. 7d. From Table 5, we obtain .8791667 for 17/7a. ct 3.8791 667 {5,150 19,977. 208505" Answer = £19,977. 1h. 2d. To decide the number of decimal places to be set on SR, it is s@visable to add the number of digits in the ruttiplier to 5, if decimals of £1 are to be set, or 2 af decinals of 1/- are set. This Will eneble the answer to be given to the nearest farthing, Thus, in the above example, we hed 4 figures in the multiplier 90 that we cet 7 decimal places of £1. (b) Pence Transfer ‘The disadvantages of decimalising sterling ere that e table is required, unless a skilled operater is exployed who cen nenorise the decimal equivalents, and, if the multiplier is large, a considerable number of decimal places have to be cet. dn alternative wethed, whick is especially useful when the sum, only, of a number of sterling products is required, is to set ‘the shillings and pence, separated by several eres. After multiplication, the PR showa the enswer in shillings and pence. The surplus pence (in excess of 11d.) ean be converted into shillings by an adaptation of the method of Successive Division given in A 3. le (i, Check the following Invoice in total. 425 dozen @ 3/7d. per dozen 226 Fa Ads 65 articles @ 13/11d. each U5. ke Wd 75 Ths. @ £1. 3. 5d. per Ib. 8% 46. Bt £155. Boa ot 13000007 f125 £375, 000875" Clear CR ct 43,00C011 (65 (1220, 001550" Clear cR ot 23 000005 (5 £2945 001985" Glear OR Now follore the transfer of the surplus pence os 7999988 {163 (73408 ,00cc09* Answer = 3108 shiliings and nineperce = £155, 8, 9d.c4 As the operation is one of checking only, it is not really necessary te Clear CR, The number of zeros to be left between shillings ond pence depends on the quantity of items and number of entries on the invoice. Here we could have reduced the nurber of seros by 2, If, at some stage of the calculation, the pence threaten to flow over to the shillings in the PR, we ean always make a pence transfer and then continue with the other items on the invoice. Tn making the pence transfor, we set 68 under the right hand pence figures and 9s up to the shillings figure. We can deal with fractions of pence by decimalising thea, as this is easy. Example 38@ 2/7. 5 0 GE 150 15/242. 1, 3 Wh @ 5/1130. A215. 08, fbb. 16. OAL ct F207 TS £38 176, 0294.50" a 45,0002,50 188 £2026, 0669,50° ot /5,0011.25 (332 / 271, 289,50 * 3 719988.00 522 12936 ,0008, 50 * Answer = £146. 16. 95d. This method of checking invoices is very speedy and can be carried out by operators with little training. It gives a more independent check than checking each item. The same method may be used with edventage in checking stock sheets, in bills of quantity and even in adding figures in aterling, in which case the figures of pounds can alao be separated from the shillings on Curta Model IT,ctoowTd Tempoop 4 63 LoggrtG* = pig pue C¢ceole- = PEE =n, vids @ 4q poowpdos (9, 38eT 9u9 47TH ‘permber ere ge soould Tempoop Auvm gw aeg poqwoder oq of or ,9, PUY |f, TSINERS Teups ou, “Spon 9b 6L6" 0g 6" He ot a Sée" oslg" got *Ge" £3" OF 6 0S ze" 962" 8 old" ose" 6 8 9 632" eS “ht 916 220 0g 10 gob 6% 00s Ley ££9 S6E 99b Te 00S Ze ££ ole 99% 622 00S égh . £8 SU 99% tL 00S z90 <€8 ozo fa weamByy TRURy Puy “STO OSL Bg <0 lz Oty See OSL Se £90 ZOE 9h 092 OSL ete 90 Lib 9b SE OSL £60 £90 260 9k 040 ub OF 6‘sTeuroep Jo seostd 9 07 F/Gg/g" = EAT g suc}e g ~roqduexg 99g" vee ObE* gb ase | zges | Lobe z eae sae" 860° ty 6ce* the? 6807 or ofee soz" 980" 6 seer | g6L" Wo" 8 zeer | debt | Z90° Z €or" edb £80* 2 Ge" 69h" aro $ see" ogh sfo* q gle" Sh 920" £ zgee | anes | Liot 2 gSc* cee 900" F 00 ose" | S2s> | ooae o. sear somd za 2 9 ¢ q £ z b 0 EOLS ae € z b O samnand "ILO | 20 STVNIOR SY SCNNOd GNY SHNOES ‘suaIayId “CON Savi WS‘seauTd TeMTOOp § OF CEFQL” = SqT OZ sab Zz IMO ¢ cwoougd pempoop £ 0} Elisha” = aL 6 sab ¢ yao =~ ropdmerg *y dn popomox oq PIMOUs weTro}Su we WET poxtea temits ‘paxbea ow seowtd Tempoop § ATto JI "Go" Pee “imo youo dog “SFO of Soe Sole we | ore | s099e Lo 998 SL9E on veer rege 6L | olde | 4925 th | teen | zene OS | ateor ) alent 98 | set | 426ce be eS eres as HESS #f08E <6 809t se5ee 6 ttt Lee ” abit | s691E 00 Ske Sere o* o* € zg ‘NOL | a0 SIVATOGC SY SMMOd any sumtaynd “Y *ON SIE ROWAGES C2 The Gurta can be used with adventage in the Wages Office, either as the sole mens of calculation, or to supplement existing oeleulating machines at peak perioas, For this purpose it has the advantages of low capital cost and simplicity of operation ensbling it to be used by comparatively untrained staff, Zxample Assuming a standard working week of 44 hours, ealeulate the wage earned in the following cases. Employee Standard Wage Equivalent Nunber Wage of Hours Worked Earned. A. Smith 6.15, 0, urs te Be Oe H. Jones " 49 Te 10s 5s H, Brom = 583 9, Be Te R. Robinson 7. 2. be 304 6 OB S. Green . 59 9. Le It is best to use a Curta II. The standard hours are set on the right of SR and not altered. The standard wage is set on the left of SR and only altered when the standard wage group alters. We build up the standard hours to the equivalent number of hours worked, on the wight of PR and the wage carned is shown on the left of FR. We only clear the OR and PR dials when the standard wage changes, 05 /6.75000004 /10795 7. 2866250, , 47.4980" 63 /A1136 ~—/745168000,,48. 9981," oh 743352 9, 0426000, ,58. 7488" Clear CR & PR C5 /741250000K, = /B466 /6.0320250, 37. 2504" Ch {13409 /945539125, ,58, 9996" ‘The answers, as given on the left of PR, are written dom on the wages sheot, as above, usually rounded off to the nearest permy above the figure calculated.EFERCENTAGE e535 Percentages are used in a great variety of nays in Commerce and Industry. A few of these are dealt with in "Instructions for Use of the Curta". ‘The object of these notes is to sumharise the various types of percentage calculations and to show the quickest way of obtaining the ansvers on the Curta, a axe ay aonb = AiG (2) Add altob = btaxb 700 (3) Rebate or Discount of aonb = b-axb 700 (a) a expressed as fhago of b = SRO (5) a, band c expressed as Zages of their sm, a+b+o ax 400 oy, aebw cr See (6) Selling price to give a percentage profit of a % on sale for a cost priced = —P— 1-706 (7 Increase or Decrease expressed as a percentage of the pr P ag larger or smaller figure. If b is greater than a increase or decrease ona = _(b - a) x 100 increase or decrersc onb = {bh - a) x 100 b (8) Successive Percentage corrections, d + afi + bf - off ete. A percentage ig normally required to a certain standard nunber of decimal places, so it ig sdvigable to set the decimal markers, once and for all, before the set of caloulations is commenced, This will reduce the work to the minimum,cs = ee a) efond = 2 We merely set b) multiply by a and mark off 2 ad@itional decimal places on PR. Bomple (4) + Caleulate a dividend of 43% on £1,119. 10. 6, stock ct PAst15-525 fhe /50.198625" Answer = £50. 3. 113d. Note that there are 2 more decimal places in PR than in SR + CR, Unless the percentage ja more than 100, it is normally never necessary to set more than } decimal places in SR for sterling amounts. (2) Add Stob = b+eaxb 100 In such casee, as in the extension of invoices, it is often desired to know both the percentage eddition and the total, If we only have one such calculation to make we cen set b and multiply first by 7gp end then by 1, without clearing PR If we heve & number of such calculations to perform with the same percentage, 2 a we can set 75 on the right of SR, 1 + 75 on the left and matiply by b, obtaining the percentage on the right of PR and the total on the left. Example (ii) Add 1726 to an invoice for £13. 1h. 7s <1 113.729 AS 1/24 02575" Ch, L705 (16.131 575* Answer = Net amount of invoice £43, 44. Te aaa 1A 2, 8, Ob, 16. 2, TEos Example (3ii) Add 123% to a mmber of invoices, Using a Curta Il. First invoice for £18, he 9. a 444250000,125 /18,237 20,516625:2. 279625" Answer = Net amount of invoice £18. kb. 9 Add 1238 2. Se Te £20, 19, de This method is obviously impractical if the emount of the invoice is large or there ere too many significant figures in the percentage. ‘The setting will be left for the next calowlation. () Rebate or Discount of afonb = b-axt 700 Precisely the same considerations apply as for (2) Bxomple (i Deduct a @iscount of 25% from £136. 15. be cs F136. 766 12.5 /3.419150" oy 19705 /433_ 346850" Answer = Gross amount of invoice E136. 15. he Less 23% discount 3. 8. eb. £133. 6. 14. (u) ‘al expressed as a fege of b = a x 100 ‘This is simply a division sum and is best carried out by build up division, Exemple (v) A mixture containing 1.137 litres includes 39 centilitres Of alcohol. What is the percentage of aleshel to 3 places of decimals, Set 3 places of decimals in OR (for the answer). There are 3 decimal places in SR, 20 there will be 3 +3 + 2 (for Sage) = 8 in PR, Set 1.137 and build up to .39 in PR. cs S157 F3he301" 439000237 Anower = 34.501865 (5) a, band o expressed es percentages of at+b+o We get decimal markers on SR, OR and PR, adding 2 for PR es ve require the anewers as percentages. We seta +b + con SR end build up in turn toa, b and ¢ in PR, without clearing any of the dials. Berle (vi) The coat of a batch of articles is given as follows: Direct Wages £159, the Materials 57. 16. 6. Overheads 112, 10, 0. £310. % 6 Compute the percentage of each on the total cost, to 2 places of decimals. cy /310.025 f48.06* 1139.6972650, /18.65* /57.B196625 36.25% /142.5080725 dnawer = Direct Wages U5 .08% Materials 18.65% Overheads 36.29% 106,008 The carriage position is simply chosen by eye to eneble the dividend to be built up correctly, In this case 4 happens to be the best position to start the build up in each case, None of the dials are cleared during the operation. The total of the percentages should, of coures, equal 100% with .01f either vay. If there is © large number of constituent parts, e.g. more than 5, it is worth while computing the reciprocal of the sume and multiplying each part by this reciprocal in turn,G5 ‘Thus, in thig example we might compute 100/310. 025 by Build vp @ivision to 100, obtaining .52255. Set this figure on SR and multiply in turn by the three constituent parts, 139.7, 57.825 end 112.56 (6) Selling price to give a percentage profit a on a cost priceb = _b 100, Example (vi: A mumber of articles costing 22/9, 25/6, 31/3, ete. have to be written up to their selling prices to the nearest penny to give a profit of 223% on the selling price. If there are a large number of articles, we compute wee ie, $2 ee TD Set the quotient on SR and multiply by each cost price in turn, It is better to work in decimals as if we require 2 places of decimals in the enswer to give the nearest penny, and as there ere at most 2 @igits in the shillings, it is sufficient to have 4 decimal places in the quotient. We therefore set the carriage in position 5 for evaluating re oS FITS AA, 2903" £.9999825 Clear OR & PR o /1,2903 + (22.75 (£29..35U325° do. ca 725.50 /32.902650* do 03 (3A25 /40,321875* Answer = 29/k, 32/11, AG/hy ets @ Inerease or Decrease expressed as a percentage of the larger figure, b, or the smaller figure, a. fi inorease or decrease on a = B=#* 100. (2 _ 1) 109 Bas x10 _ (A409 Ancresse or decrease on b +cs We kave merely to divide b by a or a by b, either by subtractive division of by build up @ivision. We oan make use of the Reversing Lever, either to subtract one from the guetient in the first case, or to give the complement of | on CF in the second esse. Example (viii The turnover of a business increases from 867,450 to £786,584. Find the Sage increese to tre places of decimals. We require b —¢ x 100. ing subtractive divicion we set a 786584 and make one positive turn with Reversing Lever down. 3 OR /786584 39 o786584/ ‘Te not clear didls 05 R /567450 £38.62" ‘9/848400 Answer = 38.62% The above operation can alse be appreciated in thie way. After 567450 has been set and one subtractive turn has been made, we ‘ere left with 0 on CR and b- aon PR. We proceed to divide this by a so that ne obtain == on oR, le (ix) The turnover of a business decreases from £705,584 to £672,410, Find the fege decrease to two places of decimals. We require & - 5 x 100, Using build up division, we set . 78658, and build up to a with reversing lever down, 65 7786584, 9/ th 52" (6723720032 Angwer = 14.52% ‘The rule is therefore: Set the Higher of the two figures, with the reversing lever dom, and place carriage in position to give required decimal places in answer. If the change is an increase, make one positive turn, set the lover figure and reduce PR to zero. If the change is a decrease, build up to the lover figure.