Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Concrete Answers Series for Architects, Engineers and Developers | Click here for more answers
Home Applications Benefits Construction Design Engineering Properties FAQs Inspection & Maintenance Materials Performance Resources
Custom Search
Materials and Mix Design
Search
As in traditional concreting, portland cements (ASTM C 150, C 1157) and blended cements (ASTM C 595,
Parking Lot Projects C 1157) may be used in pervious concrete. In addition, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs)
such as fly ash, pozzolans (ASTM C 618), and ground-granulated blast furnace slag (ASTM C 989) may be
Industry Links
used. Testing materials beforehand through trial batching is strongly recommended so that properties that
Publications can be important to performance (setting time, rate of strength development, porosity, and permeability,
Link to us among others) can be determined.
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, pozzolans, and slag can be added
to the cement. These influence concrete performance, setting time, rate of strength development,
porosity, permeability, etc.
Thanks to our Website
Sponsors
The key to high-performance concrete is the use of SCMs. Silica fume, fly ash, and blast furnace slag
all increase durability by decreasing permeability and cracking
Silica fume is a byproduct of silicone production. It consists of superfine spherical particles which
significantly increase the strength and durability of concrete. Used frequently for high-rise buildings, it
produces concrete that exceeds 20,000 psi compressive strength. Silica fume can replace cement in
quantities of 5-12%.
Fly ash is the waste byproduct of burning coal in electrical power plants; it used to be landfilled, but
now a significant amount is used in cement. This material can be used to replace 5-65% of the Portland
cement
Blast furnace slag is the waste byproduct of steel manufacturing. It imparts added strength and
durability to concrete, and can replace 20-70% of the cement in the mix.
http://www.perviouspavement.org/materials.html 1/4
9/1/2017 :: Pervious Pavement :: Pervious Concrete for Green, Sustainable Porous and Permeable Stormwater Drainage ::
Aggregate
Water
Water-to-cement ratios between 0.27 and 0.36 are used routinely with proper inclusion of chemical
admixtures, and those as high as 0.40 have been used successfully. The relation between strength and
water-to-cement ratio is not clear for pervious concrete, because unlike conventional concrete, the total
paste content is less than the voids content between the aggregates. Therefore, making the paste
stronger may not always lead to increased overall strength. Water content should be tightly controlled.
The correct water content has been described as giving the mixture a sheen, without flowing off of the
aggregate. A handful of pervious concrete formed into a ball will not crumble or lose its void structure as
the paste flows into the spaces between the aggregates (see Figure 5). Water quality is discussed in ACI
301. As a general rule, water that is drinkable is suitable for use in concrete. Recycled water from
concrete production operations may be used as well, if it meets provisions of ASTM C 94 or AASHTO M
157. If there is a question as to the suitability of a water source, trial batching with job materials is
recommended.
Admixtures
Chemical admixtures are used in pervious concrete to obtain special properties, as in conventional
concrete. Because of the rapid setting time associated with pervious concrete, retarders or hydration-
stabilizing admixtures are commonly used. Use of chemical admixtures should closely follow
manufacturers recommendations. Air-entraining admixtures can reduce freeze-thaw damage in pervious
concrete, and are used where freeze-thaw is a concern. ASTM C 494 governs chemical admixtures, and
ASTM C 260 governs air-entraining admixtures. Proprietary admixture products that facilitate placement
and protection of pervious pavements are also used.
http://www.perviouspavement.org/materials.html 2/4
9/1/2017 :: Pervious Pavement :: Pervious Concrete for Green, Sustainable Porous and Permeable Stormwater Drainage ::
* These proportions are given for information only. Successful mixture design will depend on properties of
the particular materials used and must be tested in trial batches to establish proper proportions and
determine expected behavior. Concrete producers may have mixture proportions for pervious concrete
optimized for performance with local materials. In such instances, those proportions are preferable.
** Chemical admixtures, particularly retarders and hydration stabilizers, are also used commonly, at
dosages recommended by the manufacturer. Use of supplementary cementitious materials, such as fly
ash and slag, is common as well.
*** Higher ratios have been used, but significant reductions in strength and durability may result.
1. Determine the dry-rodded unit weight of the aggregate and calculate the void content.
2. Estimate the approximate percentage and volume of paste needed. The paste volume (PV) is then
estimated as follows:
http://www.perviouspavement.org/materials.html 3/4
9/1/2017 :: Pervious Pavement :: Pervious Concrete for Green, Sustainable Porous and Permeable Stormwater Drainage ::
greater consolidation effort a compaction index value of 1 to 2% may be more reasonable. For
lighter level of consolidation a value of 7 to 8% can be used. NRMCA used a value of 5% to get
similar values between measured fresh pervious concrete void content (ASTM C1688) and design
void content. Using a smaller value for CI (%) will reduce the paste volume.
3. Calculate the paste volume, Vp in ft3 per cubic yard of pervious concrete:
4. Select the w/c ratio for the paste. Recommended values are in the range of 0.25 to 0.36.
5. Calculate the absolute volume of cement
Vw, ft3 = Vp Vc
8. Convert the volumes to weights of ingredients per cubic yard and for trial batches:
Cement (lb/yd3) = Vc RDc 62.4
Water (lb/yd3) = Vw 62.4
SSD Coarse Aggregate (lb/yd3) = Vagg RDagg 62.4
Trial batches are prepared to evaluate mix characteristics of the pervious concrete mixture. Make
appropriate adjustments are made to account for aggregate moisture content. If paste is high, pick a
lower value or change CI (%). Avoid excessive cementitious content should be avoided. The consistency
of the paste can be evaluated separately to ensure that it is not too dry or causes paste run down by
being too wet. The density of the mixture should be measured in accordance with ASTM C1688 from which
the void content is calculated to ensure that values are in line with the design void content. Then evaluate
mixture for consistency, specification requirements and placement method used by the pervious concrete
contractor.
NRMCA has developed a pervious concrete mixture proportioning guideline and spreadsheet software that
will develop trial batch mixture proportions using volumetric considerations and make the necessary
calculations for production batches when mixture proportions are finalized after trial batch evaluations.
The guideline and spreadsheet software can be purchased here: NRMCA Pervious Concrete Mixture
Proportioning Software
Concrete Answers Series for Architects, Engineers and Developers | Click here for more answers
Home Applications Benefits Construction Design Engineering Properties FAQs Inspection & Maintenance Materials Performance Resources
:: National Ready Mixed Concrete Association All Rights Reserved 2011 :: About NRMCA :: Privacty Statement ::
http://www.perviouspavement.org/materials.html 4/4