LOOK INSIDE

CROSS-SECTIONS
TRAINS
See inside 10
fascinating
Superheater
header

locomotives
Smokestack
Headlight

Headlight
platform

OH BR
J
TF148
J66
1995
LOOK INSIDE
n
CROSS-SECTIONS
TRAINS
:<
LOOK INSIDE
CROSS-SECTIONS
TRAINS WRITTEN BY
MICHAEL JOHNSTONE

ALLSTON BRANCH LIBRARY

 CONTENTS
A DK PUBLISHING BOOK
\v\\ Avdk.com

Art Editor Dorian Spencer Davies ROCKET

Designer Sharon Grant. Sara Hill

Senior Art Editor C. David Gillingwater AL BR

J
6-7
Project Editor Constance Novis
TF148
Senior Editor John C Miles J66
U.S. Editor Camela Decaire 1995

Production Louise Barratt

First American edition. 1995

468 10 9753
Published in the United States

95 Madison Avenue.
by DK Publishing. Inc..
New York. New York 10016
CRAMPTON
Copyright 1995 Dorling Kindersley Limited. London
8-9

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American

Copyright Conventions. No pan of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system.
or transmitted in any form or by any means.
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner. Published
in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. AMERICAN 4-4-0
Library of Congress Cataloging - in - Publication Data
10-11
Johnstone. Michael.
Trains by Michael Johnstone: illustrated by Richard Chasemore
...[et al.) 1st American ed.

p. cm. - (Look inside cross-sections)

Includes index.
ISBN 0--894-0319-6
1. Railroads
Railroads
Juvenile literature.
Trains.]
[1.

I. Chasemore. Richard, ill.

II. Title. III. Series.

625. 1 --dc20
TFH8J66 1995
95- 15135
STIRLING "SINGLE'
CIP
AC 12-13

Reproduced by Dot Gradations, Essex

bound by Proost, Belgium
Printed and
Tank engine ELECTRO-DIESEL
14-15 24-25

HEAVY FREIGHT
16-17 / 18-19 LE SHUTTLE
26-27

PACIFIC Timeline
20-21 28-29

RACK LOCO
22-23 GLOSSARY
30-31

INDEX
32
 .

rather than horses for
steam was the answer
Rocket
Thousands of years ago. the ancient greeks made groo\ts
in stone paths to guide wagon wheels. In the sixteenth century people
first laid wooden tracks when they realized that carts ran more easily
along than on rough ground. By the eighteenth century. England
rails
had network of horse-drawn railroads. But by the nineteenth century.
a
inventors were exploring the possibility of using steam locomotives
pulling power. Businessmen wanted a cheaper alternative to horses, and

Funnel for
The competition water barrel
Hot stuff
In 1829. a group of businessmen decided The Rocket and other steam engines had a firebox
to build a railroad between Manchester and in which coal was burned to boil water and produce
Liverpool. They couldn't make up their minds steam. In the Rocket, hot gases from the fire passed

whether to use horse-drawn carriages or along tubes through the water in the boiler. Steam
cars pulled by a steam locomotive. rose into a dome and then went along the
They announced a competition ain pipes to the cylinders.
for anyone who could
produce a reliable
engine. Robert
Stephenson built and
entered the Rocket,
which won the trial

hands down.

Water barrel

Tender
buffer
beam

The winner
In October 1829. crowds On the rails
gathered to watch the locomotives The firstiron rails were short
that had been entered in the Mancl and sat on stone supports.
and Liverpool competition. The Rocket In 1820. longer rails were
proved that steam locomotives were developed. Stephenson adapted
practical. It covered 70 miles (112 km) at the^e and designed grips called
an a eed of IS mph (2-4 km h). chairs to hold the rails in place.
 TECHNICAL DATA Letting off
Length of engine: Max SPEED: steam
14 FT 2 IN (4.4 M) (RAINHILL TRIALS) Valves on each
29 MPH (46.7 KM/H) cylinder controlled
the amount of steam
Cylinder diameter
going in and out. Steam
8 IN (20 CM)
on top of the pistons
drove them down, and
steam below pushed
Smokestack
them up again. This
up-and-down movement
drove connecting rods
and cranks to make the
WHEELBASE: Weight: driving wheels turn, and
7 FT 2 IN (2.2 M) 4.25 TONS (4,318 KG) the locomotive go forward
or backward.

Lock-up
Engineer safety valve Dome Exhaust
steam and
Smokestack
smoke
stay
Piston

*
Crosshead
Cylinder and guides Exhaust
Guide steam pipe
i^fc bar from
cylinder to
C)
. smokestack-
Boiler Nameplate

-
Front boiler
stay

Connecting Crank-
Laminated
Water inlet rod spring
Spoke
Death on the line Wooden
On the opening day of the Liverpool wheel
and Manchester Railway in September 1830.
the Member of Parliament for Liverpool,
Metal tire
William Huskisson, stepped into the path
of the Rocket. He later died, making
him the first railroad accident fatalitv. Rail
 Crampton
Cramptox locomotives are named after the man who
designed them, Thomas Crampton (1816-88). In 1842, Crampton
went to Belgium and began work on the locomotives that bear his
name - engines with great driving wheels set behind the firebox.
Seven years later, the Crampton No. 122. built by the French company
J. F. Caile. made the first express journey between Paris and Calais in five
hours. When England"s
Queen Victoria made a visit to France in 1855. it was a Crampton that was chosen to pull the royal
train. In all, 320 engines were built to this design, most for use in France and Germany. n

Safety Ooh la la!

i ah e Crampton locomotives
Stoker. became so popular
in France that the
expression prendre la
Crampton " became slang
Handrail for a night out.

Wheel
cover

A matter of
some gravity
Something with a high
center of gravity is more
shake than
likely to
something with a low
center of gravity. By
placing large driving wheels
behind the firebox.
Crampton could mount
the boiler lower than
was usual and lower
the center of gravity to
make his locomotives
run smoothly.

Steps to
footplate ^

Tender water,
co)inection

Wonderful wheels
This Crampton locomotive has a 2-2-2-0
wheel arrangement. This means that it has
two pairs of rigid leading wheels, two big
driving wheels, and no trailing wheels. This way of
describing steam locomotives is called W'hyte notation
 TECHNICAL DATA
FRONT CARRYING WHEELS: OVERALL
4 FT 5 IN (1.35 M) WHEELBASE:
16 FT 3 IN (5M)

I-'lue
The long boiler
In 1841, Robert Stephenson introduced
a design for a long-boilered locomotive
that made better use of fire tubes as heating
were not popular
surfaces. Long-boilered trains
inFrance because they shook violently when Head-
running at speed on French tracks - until light
Crampton introduced his locomotives.
Safety-
valve
Steam to
Blast pipe
cylinder

Smoke
box door

Buffer

Smoke
box door
lever

Revolutionary
In 1848 therewas a revolution in France.
Railroads were sabotaged, stations were
demolished, and bridges burned. Railroad
workers demanded that foreign workers
leave the country, but French manufacturers
continued to make foreign-designed
locomotives, and Cramptons were used
for more than 40 years to pull the light
Flanged express trains that linked towns and cities
Rail wheel all over northern and eastern France.

9
 American 4-4-0
The railroad was vital IX OPENING UP THE VAST NORTH
American continent, and one train more than any other became the
workhorse of early American railroad development - the 4-4-0.
By 1870, about 85% of all locomotives in the
US were 4-4-0s. Most had a distinctive balloon
smokestack, designed to catch sparks from
the wood fuel they burned. 4-4-0s were built
in other countries, but they were so identified
with the US that wherever
they were built, they were
usually called
"Americans.**

Light years ahead

There were few
fenced-off tracks on
US even when
railroads,
they ran through large-
sized towns. Locomotive
manufacturers were quick
to fix a massive headlight
to the front of each
locomotive to warn
people that a train
was coming.

Pilot
(cowcatcher),

Cylinder

Around the bend

American engines had to
be able to take the sharp
turns that were found on
many American lines. US
engineers developed a bogie
truck that could swivel from
tnuk wheel spring side to side to enable the engines
to accommodate twisting tracks.

10
 .

TECHNICAL DATA
Ring those bells
Cylinders:
Bells were first fitted to American
15 IN X 24 in
locomotives in 1835 after the
(381 MM X 619 MM)
Massachusetts State Legislature passed
a law requiring all engines running
through the state to carry warning bells.

Safety,
valve

Covered
engineer's cab

Stoker

Log/or
firebox

Footplate

Tender
coupling

Engineer comfort
From
the 1840s onward,
most American 4-4-0s were fitted
with a cab to shelter the engineer
and stoker. In England, when designers put cabs
on locomotives, some workers asked for them to be
removed because they thought they were effeminate.

The General
One of the most famous 4-4-0s was the General
In 1862. during the US War, northern soldiers
Civil
captured the engine and steamed it north for 87.5
miles (140 km). Unfortunately for them, it ran out of
fuel and was retaken by Confederate troops who were
chasing it in another 4-4-0, the Texas. By that time
the General was so hot. all its brass parts had melted.
 Stirling "single ??

This locomotive was designed by Patrick Stirling,

the chief designer of England's Great Northern Railway.
It first shunted out of the company's Doncaster factory

in 1870. Between then and 1893, when the last Stirling went into service, 47 were built,
the most famous of them being Number 1. Its elegant lines, gleaming paintwork,
and polished brass trim combined to make it one of the most beautiful engines ever.
The most noticeable characteristic of these locomotives was the huge 8-ft (2.4-m)
driving wheels, which allowed the engines
to reach very high speeds. ^r ^w ^Smokestack Safety valve ^

Handrail

Smoke

Smoke box
door

Smoke box
door handle

Vacuum brake
connection

Buffer

Bogie
truck
frame

On the rails
Steel rails were first
laid at Derby Station in
L857, and by the time the
Stirling came into service,
they were in general use
Iron rails could not have

withstood the weight of Front carrying Laminated

die heavy Stirling *-2-_N wheel spri)ii>

12
 TECHNICAL DATA
Overall length (engine): Width:
28 FT 1 1 IN (8.8 M) 7 FT 5 IN (2.26 M)
^
m
<^=fm Q gEU& E
^ C
Xi-i'-riX VgUL-y

Cylinder diameter: Driving wheel diameter:

18 IN (457 MM) 8 FT 1 IN (2.4 M)

Clerestory
Changes in appearance
The appearance of the Stirling
changed slightly as more were Luggage
built over the years. The rack
splash guards on the first models
were attractively slotted: later
Stirlings had them closed in.

~!~
tT~\

Coupling
hook Passenger
compartment
Flange

Brake
shoe
A matter of some convenience
Brake Until 1882,when passengers boarded
gear rod had to stay in the same
a train, they
compartment until the train stopped -
Slowing down there was no way to move from one
When the Stirling's driver pulled the compartment to another. In that year,
brake lever, a vacuum was created cars with a side aisle came into service.
in the brake pipe. This pushed the At each end of the aisle was a restroom
\ Laminated
brake shoes onto the wheels and - one for ladies only, the other strictly
spring
brought the train to a halt. for gentlemen.

13
 ,

Tank engine
AS RAILROADS DEVELOPED, SOME LOCOMOTIVE
manufacturers recognized a need for an engine specially
T designed for short journeys and for pulling light trains.
coal
These were the first tank engines, locomotives that carried their Dome Whistle,
supply and water tanks on board the engine casing

Tank engines were more popular in England Headlight casing Boiler,

and the British Empire than in other parts

Boiler head
of the world. The splendid tank engine
Smokestack
shown here pulledjtrains
in India.

J-
Water on
the side 'Headlight Light-

Most tank engines glass face bulb

carried their water
in tanks set either Smoke box
in the sides of the 1
engine or across Smoke box
on top. Because door handle.
these latter ones
looked a bit

like saddle bags, Smoke box

they were called door
saddle tanks.

Front coupling
spring
Oil lamp
Front coupling and
uncoupling
mechanism o

Pilot
(cow-
catcher) *J l
\

Piston.

Giant tanks
Large tank engines first

appeared in 1907 when

England's Great Central Railway
Front carrying Piston rod
introduced a three-cylinder 0-8-4.
It was used for shunting freight
cars. wheelflange
 Rear section
of engine
frame

Drawbar

Tanks underground
When London's Underground railroad opened
were hauled by 4-4-0 tank
in 1863, trains

Driving axle engines. To cut down on steam in the tunnels,

the engines were fitted with condensers,
Main crank pin which turned exhaust steam back into water.

15
 Heavy freight i

:..:

The united states is a big country where big

engines have to haul heavy freight and passenger trains over
long distances. To do this, the Union Pacific Railroad introduced
the remarkable 4-12-2 class in 1926. 4-12-2s had 12 driving
wheels Pennsylvania, an 0-12-0 built in 1863:
like the earlier

and although 4-12-2s have long since run out of steam, they stand in the record books as the
largest three-cylinder non-articulated engines ever built. The first of the class. Engine 9000. has
been lovingly preserved by the southern California chapter of the Railway and Locomotive
Historical Society for Preservation.
Smokestack

Air brake
compressor

Smoke box
door

Great gear
Valve gears are required
to coordinate the
movement of the
valves that allow steam
into the cylinders with
that of the pistons. The
4-12-2 was fitted with
the British-developed
Holcroft Gresley
combination gear
to drive the valves of
the middle cylinder.

Cowcatcher (pilot) /

Four-wheel leading, 30-in (76-cm)

bogie truck carrying wheel

16
7
 On trial
Birth of a giant - the 9000 - was
The first 4-12-2
After a series of test runs, Union decided that
Pacific it Steam dome tested on a length of track that
wanted a non-articulated engine that married pulling
ran over a steep gradient.
power and speed. More tests led to a three-cylinder
When its performance was
engine with four leading carrying wheels and two
compared with that of an
trailing carrying wheels - the 4-12-2.
articulated 2-8-8-0, the
non-articulated engine
was found to run
Sandbox
faster on less fuel.

The biggest
The 4-12-2 was not the largest steam
engine ever built. That record goes to
another Union Pacific metal monster,
the articulated Big Boy. An articulated
locomotive has two independent sets
of driving wheels separated by a pivot.

17
 ,

Pressure Regulator handle

The brick arch Pushing the coal in
gauge
Like most steam locomotives, The introduction of very
the 4-12-2 was fined with an large locomotives put hea\y
areh made of fireproof bricks demands on the stokers
at the front of the firebox. who shoveled the coal.
It acted as a baffle to make By 1913. many large
the coals burn maximum
at tenders had steam
heat and cut down the quantity coal pushers.
of smoke produced.

Firebox

Trailing bogie
truck
Going around the bend
The engineers who designed Trailing bogie
the 4-12-2 fitted a device to the truck axle
front and rear driving wheels
that allowed them to move
laterally(from side to side).
This, along with the two bogie
trucks fitted with the earning
wheels, enabled the engine
to go around bends that were 45-in ( 114-ctn)
harp as 16 degrees - and Bogie truck Trailing bogie trailing carrying
for a non-articulated engine, frame truck wheel
that was a very tiyht curve

18
 Cross-section of 12-wheeled tender
Coal push Coal push steam Water tank
valve chest supply pipe

Coal push
cylinder

Coal push
piston rod
housing

A choice of tender
The 4-12-2 could be fitted with
one of two types of tenders.
The one fitted to the prototype
9000 (above) had two sets of six
wheels on separate bogie trucks:
later 4-12-2 tenders ran on
two four-wheeled bogie trucks.
The larger one held 18,000 gal
(68,250 1) of water and 21 tons
(21.5 tonnes) of coal.

Access ladder

Water tank

Rail vs road
4-12-2s were used successfully
to pull heavy trains along
Union Pacific tracks, but
their long, rigid wheelbase
limited their working speed.
So, when faced with growing
competition from road
transportation, Union Pacific
replaced them with faster,
heavier engines.

Tender wheel

Driving wheels:
TECHNICAL DATA Total weight:
5FT7 IN (1.7 M) 202 TONS (224,532 KG)

Z Top working
SPEED:
60 MPH
CYLINDERS: (96 KM/H)

27 X 32 IN

(686 X 813 MM) WHEELBASE:

27 X 31 IN 52 FT 33 IN

(686 X 787 MM) (15.94M)

19
 .Pacific \'e)Uilator

Pacific class engines

take their name from
the first 4-6-2 locomotive, built in America for the
Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1902. Pacifies were
introduced as a class in Britain in 1922 when
Nigel Gresley's Al Pacifies went into service
Northern Railway (later the
for the Great
London and North-Eastern Railway) in 1922.
The third Al was one of the most famous
engines ever - the Flying Scotsman.

Sir Nigel Gresley

Herbert Nigel Gresley
was born in Edinburgh
1905
in 1876. In
he was appointed
Carriage and Wagon
Superintendent of
the Great Northern
Railway. The Al. A3,
and A4 Pacifies were
famous engines he
designed.

Stoker

Company livery

Coal bunker

Water scoop
inlet pipe

The Flying
Scotsman
In 1862. theGreat
Northern Railway
introduced a daily
express to run the
393 miles (633 km)
from London to Scotland.
Within two years its

reputation for speed was Superheating

well established. A relief Superheating increases the temperature and volume
locomotive crew on of steam by applying extra heat. This makes an engine
board could run the much more efficient. The technique was pioneered
Pacifies nonstop. by a German scientist. Wilhelm Schmidt. His fire-tube
superheater was fitted to Belgian Railway engines in
1901. and bv 1910 was fitted to most large locomotives.

20
 Cylinder valve

Piston

Working under pressure

Al Pacifies had a boiler pressure of 180 lb/sq in. Shortly after
they went to work, Gresley began experimenting with higher
boiler pressures,and after a series of trials, a pressure of
220 lb/sq was set as the standard for Pacific engines. The
in
new series was designated A3 Pacific. In due course, as their
boilers wore out, most Al Pacifies were converted to A3s.

21
 Rack loco
Early trains could cope with only the slightest
slopes, but in 1830 it was suggested that a locomotive could
climb steep hills if it was fitted with a pair of wheels that would
grip a rail laid in the middle of a standard ^^^^ ^^^^ ^&^ whistle pull

railroad. The most common method

of running a train up a hill
became the rack railroad
The rack is the central
rail, and it engages a

pinion, a toothed wheel

fitted to the underside
of the engine.

Abt rack railroads

In 1882. Swiss railroad
engineer Roman Abt
patented his famous rack rail

system. It eventually came

to be used by more than ~0o
of all rack railroads. He used
parallel toothed rails with
the teeth of one rail opposite
the gaps in the other, and
a pair of pinions with teeth
staggered to match.

Pushing from behind

Some mountain railroads
have conventional track for
part of the run and use rack Engineer's
and pinion for only the cab
steepest gradients. In this
case the locomotive works
from the front of the train.
But on railroads equipped
with rack from end to end.
the locomotive, with its Brake
brake system, is always handwheel
placed at the downhill
end of the train.

Cogged wheels Coupling

Pinion wheels have teeth all book
around their edges. As the
wheels turn, the teeth slot into
the gaps in the rack, literally Rear
climbing up it tooth by tooth. buffer
effectively pulling the engine
up the slope and preventing
it from slipping backward. Ciuv)itio)ial rail
Fire tubes Angled bottom
If the seats in the passenger
Car roof. compartments were set
Smokestack parallel to the floor,
the passengers in
seats facing downhill
would be thrown into
the laps of those
facing them as the train
chugged uphill. To
Boiler prevent this, the seats
are set at angles, and
the floors of the cars on
most mountain railroads
are angled to allow for
the slope.

Angled
seat

Wooden
paneling

Running
board

Give us a brake
Braking is especially important on
mountain railroad locomotives. As
well as being equipped with standard
locomotive brakes, rack locomotives
have an extra brake on the axle that
drives the pinion wheel. This is applied
by moving a handwheel on the footplate.

Vertical boilers
The designers of the first mountain railroad locomotives were
faced with the problem that on steep gradients, the fire tubes
at the front of the boiler would be tilted so much that the water
wouldn't cover them This could cause a boiler to fail and
possibly even explode. The problem was eventually solved
by building locomotives witn angled boilers.

TECHNICAL DATA
Length of car: LENGTH OF ENGINE:
13 FT 6 IN (9.6 M) 17 FT IN (5.3 M)
>

^j^ii u^swp: yZ=S --U-bftftr* -IL Jk

~^[|y'

Driving
QQP3DD
axle ^SBiaP *iigg^
\\u j'
i

Width: ENGINE WHEELBASE:

11 FT 9 IN (2.4M) 9 FT 2 IN (2.8 M)

23
 Electro-diesel
Electricity was first used to power a train l\ 1842
The first diesel locomotive engines ran 70 years later. Both
are more efficient than steam. The class 73 electro-diesel
shown here first ran for British Railways in 1962.
Diesels and electrics
Diesel locomotives use diesel engines to turn the wheels.
Electric trains run on electricity picked up from an
overhead wire or third rail. Diesel-electric trains use
diesel engines to generate electricity. This powers
the motors that turn the wheels. This class 73 uses
external electricity where available, but generates
its own where there is no third rail.

Route
indicatot

Windshield
uipers

Yellow at
both ends
Class 73s are painted
yellow at both ends to
make them more conspicious
to people working on the track

Electric traction Bogie truck- Axle box I

control frame damper

Hand brake
Cab wheel Quick change
Cab telephone Where electricity is supplied by live

telephone speaker Keeping in touch third rail, it flows to a transformer

radio set Intercom sets are standard equipment where it is converted to the required
on class 73s. They allow the engineer voltage for use in the locomotive.
Cab telephone and other onboard crew members to The current then flows to traction

radio handset talk to each other throughout a journey motors that turn the wheels.

24
 Weight: TECHNICAL DATA Overall length:
Main generator 69.8 TONS (70,916.8 KG) 53FT 10 IN (16.4M)
case Turbocharger

Max
SPEED:
90 MPH
(145KM/H)

, Engineer's
control
/l^B panel

S-1|B_ Power
^j^R controller
^====s

- Cab
telephone
stand

Main wheel spring

(two per wheel)

Traction motor
field winding
Steam vs diesel-electric
and electro-diesel
Diesel-electric trains The power pack
are ready for use at the turn of a switch. Class 73s work on 675 volts

Steam engines take some time to get of electricity. On non-electric

started, and their fires must be continually sections the voltage is

stoked. Electro-diesels require less servicing and generated on the locomotive

have better acceleration. They also run more by a 600-hp diesel engine.
smoothly at high speed, which causes less wear.

25
 Le shuttle
IN 1994 THE CHANNEL TUNNEL OPENED BETWEEN FOLKESTONE,
in the south of England, and
northern France. From the start, British and
Calais, in Overhead
French engineers realized that a new engine was contact wire

needed to pull the trains that carry

automobiles through the tunnel. The Metallized
locomotive that came off the drawing board carbon strip

has to make the journey between France and

England 20 times a day, so it is appropriately
Pantograph
called Le Shuttle.
springs

The controls Power

The driver has four main controls. Le Shuttle collects power
The selector detennines direction, from an overhead wire.
either backward or forward. The The current is carried first to a
power controller is pushed forward small transformer, then to the
to accelerate the train. The main main transformer. The current Signaling
brake controller and direct-air eventually reaches the traction equipment
brake controllers motors that turn the wheels. cubicle
stop the train.

Windshield

Engi) seer's
cab

Engi) leer's
control
panel

Headlight

Heavy
duty
buffer

Coming to Leading bogie

truck
a halt The cabs
Le shuttle is Each Shuttle locomotive has two cabs, a large one
equipped with combined
a at the front extending across the entire width of the
electric (regenerative) and engine, and a smaller, auxiliary cab at the back,
mechanical braking system mainly used for switching operations at low speed.

26
Working together
Channel Tunnel car trains are 2,500 ft Pantograph
(750 m) long and make their journey upper arm
with a shuttle engine at each end. Auxiliary Auxiliary cab
The engines have to work cab ,
control desk
on gradients and be able Pantograph
to cope with changes in lower arm
temperature that range
from bitterly cold to hot. If a fault
develops in the one of the bogie
trucks, each engine must still be
able to work effectively. If an
engine breaks down, the other one
must be able to finish the journey. Air reservoir

Transformer

K^

1 ^>

LW
^^* *cs Rear
bogie
truck

Primary
suspension
springs
Battery

Monocoque charger
body structure

Bogie trucks
Le Shuttle has three bogie trucks with
independently driven axles. Primary suspension
< is via pairs of springs. The springs are attached

to a casting on the bottom of each axle box.

TECHNICAL DATA
P
Width:
9 ft 6 IN (2.9 M)

Power: Speed:
7,500 HP 90 MFh
(5.6 MW) (145KM/H)

Length: 72 ft i in (22 m)

Secondary
suspension
springs
Traction
motor blower
Traction motor

27
Timeline 1803 Trevithick's
locomotive England
Tender carries
1825 Locomotion
England

In 1825, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO coal/water

travelmore than a few miles by train.
Within a few decades, railroad track
had been laid all over the world.
Today's advanced trains thunder
along the tracks at speeds undreamed

of by railroad pioneers.

1851 Crampton 2-2-2-0 France 1860 "American" 4-4-0 US

Huge driving
wheel .

1938 Mallard 4-6-2 England Streamlined

1934 Ml 0000 diesel unit US - one Steam speed record holder - 126 mph (202 km/h) shape
of the first diesel trains

1955 General Electric diesel locomotive US 1970 Electric express locomotive France

28
 1829 Rocket England 1841 Lord of the Isles England

1893 Number 999 4-4-0 US 1930 Chapelon 4-6-2 France

\ vlLi \Mj l_1!j

1941 "Big Boy" 4-8-8-4 US -Largest steam locomotive ever built

Huge, articulated
chassis

Rounded,
Pantograph picks up electricity from 1990 Bullet train Japan aerodynamic nose
overhead wires
helps train reach
high speeds

29
Glossary
Air brakes Coal pusher Crosshead Exhaust
A system that uses A steam-operated device A device that keeps the The unwanted fumes that
compressed air to push in the tender for pushing piston rods in line as they come from the boiler.
the brake shoes onto the coal forward to a point move in and
wheels. where it can be shoveled out of the Firebox
directly into the firebox. cylinder. The metal box situated
Axle behind the boiler of a
A round metal bar that Cog wheel steam locomotive in which
joins a pair of wheels A toothed wheel or pinion the fire burns.
together. that connects with the rack
laid between the rails of a Fire stoker
Ballast rack-and-pinion The person who keeps the
Small pebbles that make mountain railroad.
Crosshead
fire fueled in a steam
up the base of a railroad locomotive.
track. Collector shoe Cylinder
The metal block that The metal tube into Flange
Blast pipe collects electric current which steam or gas is The extended rim of a
The pipe in a steam from the live rail in third- pushed to make the wheel that keeps it on
locomotive that takes rail electrified tracks. pistons go backward the rail.

exhaust steam up the and forward. Flange Wheel

smokestack. Connecting rod hub
A metal rod that links the Dead-man's handle
Boiler piston to the driving A device for cutting off
The metal drum in a steam wheels of a locomotive. power and applying
locomotive where water is brakes in the event of the
turned into steam. Coupling engineer becoming ill
A device for connecting during a trip.
Bogie truck cars to an engine and each
The wheeled carriage other. Diesel engine
fitted beneath the end of An engine, fueled by
a locomotive or car.
B je
Cowcatcher diesel oil. used in some

JQgL tn<ck A metal grid fitted to the trains either to power the
front of a locomotive to engine directly or to drive Footplate
nudge animals off the the electric motors that The part of a steam
track (technically called power the engine. locomotive on which the
the pilot). engineer and stoker stand.
Dome
Cab Coupling rods The part on top of the Frame
The engineer's The metal rod that links boiler barrel of a steam The foundation or chassis
compartment - where the one wheel of a pair to the locomotive where dry on which a steam
controls are located. other, so that they turn in steam is collected and locomotive is built.

unison. where the steam regulator

Car valve is set. Freight
A vehicle in which The goods or cargo carried
passengers travel. Driving wheels on a train.
Passenger cars, or The main wheel of a
coaches, earn- people. locomotive turned by Gauge
Freight cars carry all the movement of the The distance between the
Coupling rod
kinds of things from connecting rod. two rails of a railroad
place to place. Crankshaft track.
A metal arm that transfers Electro-diesel engine
Carrying wheel the movement of a piston An engine that can run on Gradient
A locomotive's guiding. to the wheels, making both electrified and non- The slope of a railroad
load-bearing wheel. them turn. electrified tracks. track.

30
 Guard Piston rod Shoe brake and volume of steam in
The official in charge of The rod that connects the A device that stops a a steam locomotive after
an English train. piston to the crosshead. turning wheel by pressing it has left the boiler barrel
a block of wood or metal by applying extra heat.
Hand brake Rack and pinion to the rim.
Shoe brake
The means of applying The toothed track (rack) Suspension
brake blocks to the and toothed wheel The springed system
;wheels without power (pinion) that pull trains between the wheels
assistance. up and down steep and frame that absorbs
mountains and other shock caused by running
Locomotive slopes. over uneven tracks.
Pinion
engine that makes
iAn Shunting
(its own power to enable Pushing cars and coaches Tank engine
>it to move. Locomotives into the correct order to An engine that carried
used to be powered form a train. its own water and fuel
(by steam, but since on its chassis rather than
.the 1930s, electricity Signals in a separate tender. Tank
and diesel power have A means of engines were usually used
taken over because controlling the for short runs with
Ithey are cheaper movement of trains by lightweight trains.
and more efficient. warning or advising the
engineer if there are trains Tender
Live rail on the track ahead, or of A car, attached to a steam
L^n electrical conductor for the intention to divert a locomotive, that carries the
! transmitting electricity to a Rail train to another track. locomotive's water and
'locomotive on third-rail The strip of steel on which fuel, either wood or coal.
'electrified tracks. a train's wheels run. Smokestack
The metal tube from which Tie
Pantograph Rail bed steam and smoke is The wooden or concrete
A wire frame on top of The layer of material emitted. strip to which rails are
!an electric train that spread over the formation attached.
picks up electricity on which the ties and
from cables suspended track are laid. Also Wheel code
i above the track. called ballast bed. (Whyte
notation)
Piston Rolling stock The classification of
A metal plug powered Cars, coaches, and other steam engines by number
by steam that slides railroad vehicles. of wheels.
forward and backward
inside a cylinder. Safety valve Smoke 4-6-2

The apparatus inside box

Valve the dome of a steam The compartment in a
locomotive from which steam locomotive where
^\%
-'l steam is released if steam and smoke collect
\3 boiler
pressure inside the
becomes too
before being sent up the
smokestack.
high.
Spark arrester
Sandbox A device in the smokestack
A box which sand is
in to prevent sparksfrom
stored to be fed by pipes being thrown into the air.
Cylinder 4-4-0
onto the rail ahead of the
driving wheels to stop Superheating
Piston
them from slipping. Increasing the temperature

31
INDEX
A engines
diesel. 24. 28
Missouri Pacific
Railroad. 20
third (live) rail,

traction motors, 24, 26

24, 25

diesel-electric, 24, mountain railroads, 22-23 track. 8. 10, 19, 22. 28

Abt rack railroad. 11
25 transformer, 24, 26
Abt,Roman. 11
American 4-4-0.
articulated locomotives,
10-11. 28 electric, 24, 26-27,

28
N Trevithick's locomotive, 28
types of locomotive
0-8-4, 14
16 electro-diesel. Number 999. 29
24-25 0-12-0. 16

B steam, 6-21, 25
O 2-2-2-0, 8-9.
2-8-8-0, 17
4-2-2. 12-13
28

bells, warning, 11 overhead wire. 26, 29

4-4-0. 10-11. 28. 29
bogie trucks, 10. 18. 19.

20. 27
4-6-2, 20-21. 28
firebox, 6, 8, 18. 30
"Big Boy." 16. 29 4-12-2, 16-19
fire tubes, 23
6. 9.
boiler. 6. 8. 9. 23 Flying Scotsman. 20-21
Pacific class Al. 20-21
boiler pressure. 21
brakes. 13. 11. 23. 26
Pacific class A3, 20-21 U
brick arch. 18 G Pacific class A4. 20
pantograph. 29
Union Pacific Railroad, 16,
Bristol and Exeter Railway 17. 19
General. 11 Pennsylvania. 16
IS Union Pacific engine
Great Central. Railway. 14 passenger compartments.
British Railways class 73 no. 9000. 16-17
Great Northern Railway, 13. 23
electro-diesel.
12. 20 pistons. 7, 31
24-2^
Bullet train. 29
Gresley. Sir Nigel, 20 V
R
C H rack and pinion. 22, 23
valve gear. 17
valves. 31
steam, 7, 31
headlights, 10 rack loco. 22-23
Caile. J.F.. 8
chairs. 6
Channel Tunnel. 26
Chapelon 4-6-2. 29
heavy freight locomotive.
16-19
Huskisson. William, 7
radio handset, 24
rails. 6. 12.

Rocket, 6-7.
11. 25
29
W
warning bells. 11
coal, 6. 18. 19
wheel code. 8, 31
coal push. 18. 30 I wheels
connecting rod, 7
carrying, 17, 18, 30
cab. 11. 30 intercom, 24 saddle tanks. 14
driving, 7, 8, 12. 15.
Crampton 2-2-2-0. 8-9. Schmidt. Wilhelm. 20
16. 18. 28, 30
28 selector. 26
Crampton, Thomas. 8
L side aisle. 13
pinion. 22. 31

cranks. 7 splash guards. 13

Le Shuttle. 26-27
cylinder valves, 7, 17, 31 Liverpool and Manchester
steam dome, 6
cylinders. 6, 7 Stephenson. Robert. 6. 9
Railway, 7
6,
Stirling. Patrick, 12 Acknowledgments
Locomotion, 28 Dorling Kindersley would like to

D locomotives see engines

London and North-Eastern
Stirling "Single" no.l.
^
12-13
thank the following people
helped in the preparation of this
who

superheating. 20 book:
DeWitt Clinton. 29 Railway, 20
suspension, 26 Index by Lynn Bresler
Lord of the Isles, 29
Artworks by:

electric trains. 24, 26-27,

M tank engines. 14-15
Alan Austin
Gary Biggin
Richard Chasemore
28 M-10000 diesel. 28 tenders. 18. 19. 31 Hans Jenssen
Engine 9000, 16 Mallard. 28 Texas, 11 Chris Lyon

32
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