PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY LECTURE 1

2ND SHIFT NOTES

September 21, 2015

Articulations (Joints)
What are they?
Place where two bones come together
Two classifications (structural & functional)
o Structural (nature & kind of material its made of)
Fibrous
Made up of fibrous dense regular connective tissue
1. Sutures
Seams between bones of the skull
2. Syndesmoses
Bones are farther apart than in a
suture
Joined by ligaments
3. Gomphoses
Consisting of pegs that fit into sockets
Held in place by fine bundles of
regular collagenous connective tissue
Cartilaginous
Made up of hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or
fibrocartilage (symphysis)
1. Synchondrosis
E.g. epiphyseal plate
2. Symphysis
E.g. intervertebral disks, pubic
symphysis
Synovial
Contain synovial fluid
Serve as lubricant
Prevents friction
Allow considerable movement between articulating
bones
o Functional (degree of motion)
Synarthrosis
Non-movable joint
E.g. skull
Amphiarthrosis
Slighty movable joint
E.g. between vertebrae
Diarthrosis
Freely movable joints

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2ND SHIFT NOTES

Classes of Joints
Plane
For gliding movement
Saddle
Has a concave & a convex side
Fits into another saddle bone
Hinge
Like saddle except elongated in shape
Not that circular/concave
Pivot
Fits into a ring
Ball-and-Socket
Exhibits greater number of movement (multiaxial)
Ellipsoid
Like ball-and-socket except elongated & limited movement
due to shape
Not that circular/concave

Types of Movement
o Flexion (decreasing angle/bending) and Extension (increasing
angle/straightening)
o Adduction (toward midpoint) and Abduction (away from midpoint)
o Pronation (palms downward) and Supination (palms upward)
o Inversion (plantar medial) and Eversion (plantar lateral)
o Protraction (mandible anterior) and Retraction (mandible posterior)

September 23, 2015

Muscles
What are they?
Primary tissue/organ of movement/mobility
Fleshy structure

Functions
1. Movement
2. Maintenance
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat
5. Communication
6. Heart beat
7. Contraction of organs & vessels
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Types of Muscle
1. Skeletal
Attached to bones
Cylindrical in shape
Parallel rows
Non-branching
Multi-nucleated
Striated fibers
Voluntary muscles
2. Cardiac
Cylindrical in shape
Branching fibers
Found in the lining walls of the heart & blood vessels
Mono-nucleated or bi-nucleated
Striated fibers
Involuntary muscles
3. Smooth
Fusiform shaped (elongated spindle shaped fibers)
Non-striated
Involuntary muscles

Skeletal Muscle
It is the model for muscles because it has the widest distribution

Abilities
Contractility
Ability to shorten
Excitability
Ability to respond to stimulus
Extensibility
Ability to stretch
Elasticity
Ability to recoil

Characteristics
Makes up 40% of body weight
Named skeletal muscle because they are attached to
bones/skeleton
Many nuclei per cell (near periphery)
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 PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY LECTURE 4
2ND SHIFT NOTES

Striated (thick & thin microfilaments)

Longest muscles

Connective Tissue Components

Epimysium
Covering entire muscle
Superficial fascia
Perimysium
Around each muscle fasciculus (bundles of 10, 100, or more
muscle fibers)

Levels of Organization
1. Microfilaments
Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament (actin, troporin, tropomyosin)
2. Sarcomere
3. Microfibril
Thread-like proteins that make up muscle fibers
4. Muscle fiber
Many nuclei
Skeletal muscle cells
5. Fasciculus
6. Whole muscle

* Sarcolemma
Cell membrane of skeletal muscle
* T-tubules (transverse)
Wrap around sarcomeres at A band
Associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum
* Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Type of SER
Plays major role in muscle contraction

Muscle Proteins
1. Contractile
Actin (thin, resemble 2 strands of pearls, each contain a myosin-
binding site)
o G actin (lobular, bilog-bilog)
o Filament actin
Myosin (thick, resemble golf clubs, motor protein)
2. Regulatory
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2ND SHIFT NOTES

Troponin (attachment on actin for 2+ )

o TnT
o TnC
o TnI
o Inhibitory subunit
Tropomyosin (filament on grooves of actin)
3. Structural (contribute to the alignment, stability, elasticity, and
extensibility of microfibrils)
Nebulin
Long nonelastic protein
Wrapped around the entire length of each thin filament
Helps anchor the thin filaments to the Z discs
Regulates the length of thin filaments during development
Myomesin
Form the M line which bind to titin
Connect adjacent thick filaments to one another
actinin
Bind to actin molecules of the thin filament and to titin
Titin
Titan = gigantic
3rd most plentiful protein
Each help stabilize the position of the thick filament by
connecting a Z disc to the M line of the sarcomere

JAN SABILI 2E-MT