cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.
indd Page AP-1 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494 Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile
Chapter 1
1.4 (a) Hypothesis. (b) Law. (c) Theory. 1.12 (a) Physical change.
(b) Chemical change. (c) Physical change. (d) Chemical change.
(e) Physical change. 1.14 (a) Cs. (b) Ge. (c) Ga. (d) Sr. (e) U.
(f) Se. (g) Ne. (h) Cd. 1.16 (a) Homogeneous mixture. (b) Element.
(c) Compound. (d) Homogeneous mixture. (e) Heterogeneous
mixture. (f) Heterogeneous mixture. (g) Element. 1.22 71.2 g.
1.24 (a) 418C. (b) 11.38F. (c) 1.1 3 1048F. (d) 2338C.
1.26 (a) 21968C. (b) 22698C. (c) 3288C. 1.30 (a) 0.0152.
(b) 0.0000000778. 1.32 (a) 1.8 3 1022. (b) 1.14 3 1010. (c) 25 3
104. (d) 1.3 3 103. 1.34 (a) One. (b) Three. (c) Three. (d) Four.
(e) Two or three. (f) One. (g) One or two. 1.36 (a) 1.28. (b) 3.18 3
1023 mg. (c) 8.14 3 107 dm. (d) 3.8 m/s. 1.38 Taylor Xs
measurements are the most precise. Taylor Ys measurements are
the least accurate and least precise. Taylor Zs measurements are
the most accurate. 1.40 (a) 1.10 3 108 mg. (b) 6.83 3 1025 m3.
(c) 7.2 3 103 L. (d) 6.24 3 1028 lb. 1.42 3.1557 3 107 s.
1.44 (a) 118 in/s. (b) 1.80 3 102 m/min. (c) 10.8 km/h.
1.46 178 mph. 1.48 3.7 3 1023 g Pb. 1.50 (a) 1.5 3 102 lb.
(b) 4.4 3 1017 s. (c) 2.3 m. (d) 8.86 3 104 L. 1.52 6.25 3
1024 g/cm3. 1.54 (a) Chemical. (b) Chemical. (c) Physical.
(d) Physical. (e) Chemical. 1.56 2.6 g/cm3. 1.58 9.20 cm.
1.60 767 mph. 1.62 Liquid must be less dense than ice;
temperature below 08C. 1.64 2.3 3 103 cm3. 1.66 6.4. 1.68 738S.
1.70 (a) 8.6 3 103 L air/day. (b) 0.018 L CO/day. 1.72 26,700,000
basketballs. 1.74 7.0 3 1020 L. 1.76 88 lb; 40 kg. 1.78 O: 4.0 3 104 g;
C: 1.1 3 104 g; H: 6.2 3 103 g; N: 2 3 103 g; Ca: 9.9 3 102 g;
P: 7.4 3 102 g. 1.80 4.6 3 1028C; 8.6 3 1028F. 1.82 $2.4 3 1012.
1.84 5.4 3 1022 Fe atoms. 1.86 29 times. 1.88 1.450 3 1022 mm.
1.90 1.3 3 103 mL. 1.92 (a) 11.063 mL. (b) 0.78900 g/mL.
(c) 7.140 g/mL. 1.94 0.88 s. 1.96 (a) 327 L CO. (b) 5.0 3 1028 g/L.
(c) 1.20 3 103mg/mL. 1.98 0.853 cm. 1.100 4.97 3 104 g.
1.102 2.413 g/mL. 1.104 The glass bottle would crack.
Chapter 2
2.8 0.12 mi. 2.14 145. 2.16 N(7,8,7); S(16,17,16); Cu(29,34,29);
Sr(38,46,38); Ba(56,74,56); W(74,112,74); Hg(80,122,80).
2.18 (a) 186 201
74 W. (b) 80 Hg. 2.24 (a) Metallic character increases
down a group. (b) Metallic character decreases from left to right.
2.26 F and Cl; Na and K; P and N. 2.32 (a) Diatomic molecule and
compound. (b) Polyatomic molecule and compound. (c) Polyatomic
molecule and element. 2.34 (a) H2 and F2. (b) HCl and CO. (c) S8
and P4. (d) H2O and C12H22O11 (sucrose). 2.36 (protons, electrons):
K1(19,18); Mg21(12,10); Fe31(26,23); Br2(35,36); Mn21(25,23);
C42(6,10); Cu21(29,27). 2.44 (a) CuBr. (b) Mn2O3. (c) Hg2I2.
(d) Mg3(PO4)2. 2.46 (a) AlBr3. (b) NaSO2. (c) N2O5. (d) K2Cr2O7.
2.48 C2H6O. 2.50 Ionic: NaBr, BaF2, CsCl. Molecular: CH4, CCl4,
ICl, NF3. 2.58 (a) Potassium hypochlorite. (b) Silver carbonate.
(c) Iron(II) chloride. (d) Potassium permanganate. (e) Cesium
chlorate. (f) Hypoiodous acid. (g) Iron(II) oxide. (h) Iron(III)
oxide. (i) Titanium(IV) chloride. (j) Sodium hydride. (k) Lithium
nitride. (l) Sodium oxide. (m) Sodium peroxide. (n) Iron(III)
chloride hexahydrate. 2.60 (a) CuCN. (b) Sr(ClO2)2. (c) HBrO4.
(d) HI(aq). (e) Na2(NH4)PO4. (f) PbCO3. (g) SnF2. (h) P4S10.
(i) HgO. (j) Hg2I2. (k) SeF6. 2.62 (a) dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5).
(b) boron trifluoride (BF3). (c) dialuminum hexabromide (Al2Br6).
2.64 (a) 52 22 107 127 239
25Mn. (b) 10Ne. (c) 47 Ag. (d) 53 I. (e) 94 Pu.
2.66 (c) Changing the electrical charge of an atom usually has a
major effect on its chemical properties. 2.68 I2. 2.70 NaCl is an
ionic compound. It does not form molecules. 2.72 Element:
(b), (c), (e), (f), (g), (j), (k). Molecules but not compounds: (b), (f),
(g), (k). Compounds but not molecules: (i), (l). Compounds and
molecules: (a), (d), (h). 2.74 (a) Ne: 10 p, 10 n. (b) Cu: 29 p, 34 n.
(c) Ag: 47 p, 60 n. (d) W: 74 p, 108 n. (e) Po: 84 p, 119 n. (f) Pu:
94 p, 140 n. 2.76 (a) Cu. (b) P. (c) Kr. (d) Cs. (e) Al. (f) Sb. (g) Cl.
(h) Sr. 2.78 (a) The magnitude of a particle scattering depends on
the number of protons present. (b) Density of nucleus: 3.25 3
1014 g/cm3; density of space occupied by electrons: 3.72 3
1024 g/cm3. The result supports Rutherfords model. 2.80 The
empirical and molecular formulas of acetaminophen are both
C8H9NO2. 2.82 (a) Tin(IV) chloride. (b) Copper(I) oxide. (c)
Cobalt(II) nitrate. (d) Sodium dichromate. 2.84 (a) Ionic
compounds formed between metallic and nonmetallic elements.
(b) Transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. 2.86 23Na.
2.88 Hg and Br2. 2.90 H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn.
2.92 Unreactive. He, Ne, and Ar are chemically inert. 2.94 Ra is a
radioactive decay product of U-238. 2.96 77Se22. 2.98 (a) NaH,
sodium hydride. (b) B2O3, diboron trioxide. (c) Na2S, sodium
sulfide. (d) AlF3, aluminum fluoride. (e) OF2, oxygen difluoride.
(f) SrCl2, strontium chloride. 2.100 NF3 (nitrogen trifluoride), PBr5
(phosphorus pentabromide), SCl2 (sulfur dichloride). 2.102 1st row:
Mg21, HCO2 21 2
3 , Mg(HCO3)2. 2nd row: Sr , Cl , strontium chloride.
3rd row: Fe(NO2)3, iron(III) nitrite. 4th row: Mn21, ClO2 3,
Mn(ClO3)2. 5th row: Sn41, Br2, tin(IV) bromide. 6th row:
Co3(PO4)2, cobalt(II) phosphate. 7th row: Hg2I2, mercury(I) iodide.
8th row: Cu1, CO22 1 32
3 , copper(I) carbonate. 9th row: Li , N , Li3N.
10th row: Al2S3, aluminum sulfide. 2.104 1.91 3 1028 g. Mass is
too small to be detected. 2.106 (a) Volume of a sphere is given by
V 5 (4/3)pr3. Volume is also proportional to the number of
neutrons and protons present, or the mass number A. Therefore,
r3 ~ A or r ~ A1/3. (b) 5.1 3 10244 m3. (c) The nucleus occupies only
3.5 3 10213% of the atoms volume. The result supports
Rutherfords model. 2.108 (a) Yes. (b) Ethane: CH3 and C2H6.
Acetylene: CH and C2H2. 2.110 Manganese (Mn). 2.112 From left
to right: chloric acid, nitrous acid, hydrocyanic acid, and sulfuric
acid. 2.114 XY2. X is likely in Group 4B or Group 4A and Y is
likely in Group 6A. Examples: titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2), tin(IV)
oxide (SnO2), and lead(IV) oxide (PbO2).
Chapter 3
3.6 7.5% and 92.5%. 3.8 5.1 3 1024 amu. 3.12 5.8 3 103 light-yr.
3.14 9.96 3 10215 mol Co. 3.16 3.01 3 103 g Au. 3.18 (a) 1.244 3
10222 g/As atom. (b) 9.746 3 10223 g/Ni atom. 3.20 6.0 3 1020 Cu
atoms. 3.22 Pb. 3.24 (a) 73.89 g. (b) 76.15 g. (c) 119.37 g.
(d) 176.12 g. (e) 101.11 g. (f) 100.95 g. 3.26 6.69 3 1021 C2H6
molecules. 3.28 C: 1.10 3 1026 atoms; S: 5.50 3 1025 atoms;
AP-1
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-2 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494
AP-2 Answers to Even-Numbered Problems
H: 3.30 3 1026 atoms; O: 5.50 3 1025 atoms. 3.30 8.56 3 1022
molecules. 3.34 7. 3.40 C: 10.06%; H: 0.8442%; Cl: 89.07%.
3.42 NH3. 3.44 C2H3NO5. 3.46 39.3 g S. 3.48 5.97 g F. 3.50 (a)
CH2O. (b) KCN. 3.52 C6H6. 3.54 C5H8O4NNa. 3.60 (a) 2N2O5
2N2O4 1 O2. (b) 2KNO3 2KNO2 1 O2. (c) NH4NO3
N2O 1 2H2O. (d) NH4NO2 N2 1 2H2O. (e) 2NaHCO3
Na2CO3 1 H2O 1 CO2. (f) P4O10 1 6H2O 4H3PO4.
(g) 2HCl 1 CaCO3 CaCl2 1 H2O 1 CO2. (h) 2Al 1
3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 1 3H2. (i) CO2 1 2KOH K2CO3 1
H2O. (j) CH4 1 2O2 CO2 1 2H2O. (k) Be2C 1 4H2O
2Be(OH)2 1 CH4. (l) 3Cu 1 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 1 2NO 1
4H2O. (m) S 1 6HNO3 H2SO4 1 6NO2 1 2H2O. (n) 2NH3 1
3CuO 3Cu 1 N2 1 3H2O. 3.64 (d). 3.66 1.01 mol. 3.68 20 mol.
3.70 (a) 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 1 CO2 1 H2O. (b) 78.3 g.
3.72 255.9 g; 0.324 L. 3.74 0.294 mol. 3.76 (a) NH4NO3
N2O 1 2H2O. (b) 20 g. 3.78 18.0 g. 3.82 1 mole H2 left and
6 moles NH3 produced. 3.84 (a) 2NH3 1 H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4.
(b) 5.23 g NH3; 21.0 g H2SO4. 3.86 HCl; 23.4 g. 3.90 (a) 7.05 g.
(b) 92.9%. 3.92 3.48 3 103 g. 3.94 8.55 g; 76.6%. 3.96 85Rb:
72.1%; 87Rb: 27.9%. 3.98 (b). 3.100 (a) C5H12 1 8O2 5CO2 1
6H2O. (b) NaHCO3 1 HCl CO2 1 NaCl 1 H2O. (c) 6Li 1
N2 2Li3N. (d) PCl3 1 3H2O H3PO3 1 3HCl. (e) 3CuO 1
2NH3 3Cu 1 N2 1 3H2O. 3.102 Cl2O7. 3.104 18.7 g.
3.106 (a) 0.212 mol. (b) 0.424 mol. 3.108 18. 3.110 2.4 3
1023 atoms. 3.112 65.4 amu; Zn. 3.114 89.5%. 3.116 CH2O;
C6H12O6. 3.118 51.9 g/mol; Cr. 3.120 1.6 3 104 g/mol. 3.122 NaBr:
24.03%; Na2SO4: 75.97%. 3.124 C3H8 1 5O2 3CO2 1 4H2O.
3.126 Ca: 38.76%; P: 19.97%; O: 41.27%. 3.128 Yes. 3.130 2.01 3
1021 molecules. 3.132 16.00 amu. 3.134 (e). 3.136 PtCl2; PtCl4.
3.138 (a) 12 g; 28 mL. (b) 15 g. 3.140 (a) X: MnO2; Y: Mn3O4.
(b) 3MnO2 Mn3O4 1 O2. 3.142 6.1 3 105 tons.
3.144 C3H2ClF5O. C: 19.53%; H: 1.093%; Cl: 19.21%; F: 51.49%;
O: 8.672%. 3.146 Mg3N2 (magnesium nitride). 3.148 PbC8H20.
3.150 (a) 4.3 3 1022 atoms. (b) 1.6 3 102 pm. 3.152 28.97 g/mol.
3.154 (a) Fe2O3 1 6HCl 2FeCl3 1 3H2O. (b) 396 g FeCl3.
3.156 (a) C3H8 1 3H2O 3CO 1 7H2. (b) 9.09 3 102 kg.
3.158 (a) There is only one reactant so the use of limiting reagent
is unnecessary. (b) The term limiting reagent usually applies
only to one reactant. 3.160 (a) $0.47/kg. (b) 0.631 kg K2O.
3.162 BaBr2. 3.164 NaCl: 32.17%; Na2SO4: 20.09%; NaNO3: 47.75%.
Chapter 4
4.8 (c). 4.10 (a) Strong electrolyte. (b) Nonelectrolyte. (c) Weak
electrolyte. (d) Strong electrolyte. 4.12 (b) and (c). 4.14 HCl does
not ionize in benzene. 4.18 (b). 4.20 (a) Insoluble. (b) Soluble.
(c) Soluble. (d) Insoluble. (e) Soluble. 4.22 (a) Ionic: 2Na1 1 S22 1
Zn21 1 2Cl2 ZnS 1 2Na1 1 2Cl2. Net ionic: Zn21 1
S22 ZnS. (b) Ionic: 6K1 1 2PO432 1 3Sr21 1 6NO2 3
Sr3(PO4)2 1 6KNO3. Net ionic: 3Sr21 1 2PO432 Sr3(PO4)2.
(c) Ionic: Mg21 1 2NO2 1 2
3 1 2Na 1 2OH Mg(OH)2 1
2Na1 1 2NO2 3 . Net ionic: Mg
21
1 2OH2 Mg(OH)2.
4.24 (a) Add chloride ions. (b) Add hydroxide ions. (c) Add
carbonate ions. (d) Add sulfate ions. 4.32 (a) Brnsted base.
(b) Brnsted base. (c) Brnsted acid. (d) Brnsted base and
Brnsted acid. 4.34 (a) Ionic: CH3COOH 1 K1 1 OH2 K1 1
CH3COO2 1 H2O; Net ionic: CH3COOH 1 OH2
CH3COO2 1 H2O. (b) Ionic: H2CO3 1 2Na1 1 2OH2
2Na1 1 CO322 1 2H2O; Net ionic: H2CO3 1 2OH2 CO322 1
2H2O. (c) Ionic: 2H1 1 2NO2 3 1 Ba
21
1 2OH2 Ba21 1
2NO2 3 1 2H 2O; Net ionic: H1
1 OH 2
H2O. 4.44 (a) Fe
Fe31 1 3e2; O2 1 4e2 2O22. Oxidizing agent: O2; reducing
agent: Fe. (b) 2Br2 Br2 1 2e2; Cl2 1 2e2 2Cl2.
Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile
Oxidizing agent: Cl2; reducing agent: Br2. (c) Si Si41 1 4e2;
F2 1 2e2 2F2. Oxidizing agent: F2; reducing agent: Si.
(d) H2 2H1 1 2e2; Cl2 1 2e2 2Cl2. Oxidizing agent:
Cl2; reducing agent: H2. 4.46 (a) 15. (b) 11. (c) 13. (d) 15.
(e) 15. (f) 15. 4.48 All are zero. 4.50 (a) 23. (b) 21/2. (c) 21.
(d) 14. (e) 13. (f) 22. (g) 13. (h) 16. 4.52 Li and Ca. 4.54 (a) No
reaction. (b) No reaction. (c) Mg 1 CuSO4 MgSO4 1 Cu.
(d) Cl2 1 2KBr Br2 1 2KCl. 4.56 (a) Combination.
(b) Decomposition. (c) Displacement. (d) Disproportionation.
4.58 O12 . 4.62 Dissolve 15.0 g NaNO3 in enough water to make up
250 mL. 4.64 10.8 g. 4.66 (a) 1.37 M. (b) 0.426 M. (c) 0.716 M.
4.68 (a) 6.50 g. (b) 2.45 g. (c) 2.65 g. (d) 7.36 g. (e) 3.95 g.
4.70 11.83 g. 4.74 0.0433 M. 4.76 126 mL. 4.78 1.09 M.
4.82 35.73%. 4.84 0.00975 M. 4.90 0.217 M. 4.92 (a) 6.00 mL.
(b) 8.00 mL. 4.96 9.44 3 1023 g. 4.98 0.06020 M. 4.100 6.15 mL.
4.102 0.232 mg. 4.104 (i) Only oxygen supports combustion.
(ii) Only CO2 reacts with Ca(OH)2(aq) to form CaCO3 (white
precipitate). 4.106 1.26 M. 4.108 (a) 15.6 g Al(OH)3. (b) [Al31] 5
0.250 M, [NO2 1
3 ] 5 2.25 M, [K ] 1.50 M. 4.110 0.171 M.
4.112 0.115 M. 4.114 Ag: 1.25 g; Zn: 2.12 g. 4.116 0.0721 M
NaOH. 4.118 24.0 g/mol; Mg. 4.120 2. 4.122 1.72 M. 4.124 Only
Fe(II) is oxidized by KMnO4 solution and can therefore change the
purple color to colorless. 4.126 Ions are removed as the BaSO4
precipitate. 4.128 FeCl2 ? 4H2O. 4.130 (i) Conductivity test.
(ii) Only NaCl reacts with AgNO3 to form AgCl precipitate.
4.132 The Cl2 ion cannot accept any electrons. 4.134 Reaction is
too violent. 4.136 Use sodium bicarbonate: HCO2 3 1H
1
H2O 1 CO2. NaOH is a caustic substance and unsafe to use in this
manner. 4.138 (a) Conductivity. Reaction with AgNO3 to form
AgCl. (b) Soluble in water. Nonelectrolyte. (c) Possesses
properties of acids. (d) Soluble. Reacts with acids to give CO2.
(e) Soluble, strong electrolyte. Reacts with acids to give CO2.
(f) Weak electrolyte and weak acid. (g) Soluble in water. Reacts
with NaOH to produce Mg(OH)2 precipitate. (h) Strong electrolyte
and strong base. (i) Characteristic odor. Weak electrolyte and
weak base. (j) Insoluble. Reacts with acids. (k) Insoluble. Reacts
with acids to produce CO2. 4.140 NaCl: 44.11%; KCl: 55.89%.
4.142 (a) AgOH(s) 1 HNO3(aq) AgNO3(aq) 1 H2O(l).
4.144 1.33 g. 4.146 56.18%. 4.148 (a) 1.40 M. (b) 4.96 g.
4.150 (a) NH1 2
4 1 OH NH3 1 H2O. (b) 97.99%.
4.152 Zero. 4.154 0.224%. Yes. 4.156 (a) Zn 1 H2SO4
ZnSO4 1 H2. (b) 2KClO3 2KCl 1 3O2. (c) Na2CO3 1
2HCl 2NaCl 1 CO2 1 H2O. (d) NH4NO2 N2 1 2H2O.
4.158 Yes. 4.160 (a) 8.316 3 1027 M. (b) 3.286 3 1025 g.
4.162 [Fe21] 5 0.0920 M, [Fe31] 5 0.0680 M.
4.164 (a) Precipitation: Mg21 1 2OH2 Mg(OH)2; acid-base:
Mg(OH)2 1 2HCl MgCl2 1 2H2O; redox: MgCl2 Mg 1
Cl2. (b) NaOH is more expensive than CaO. (c) Dolomite provides
additional Mg. 4.166 D , A , C , B. D 5 Au, A 5 Cu, C 5 Zn,
B 5 Mg. 4.168 (a) Cu21 1 SO422 1 Ba21 1 2OH2
Cu(OH)2 1 BaSO4. (b) 14.6 g Cu(OH)2, 35.0 g BaSO4.
[Cu21] 5 [SO22 4 ] 5 0.0417 M.
Chapter 5
5.14 0.797 atm; 80.8 kPa. 5.18 (1) b. (2) a. (3) c. (4) a. 5.20 53 atm.
5.22 (a) 0.69 L. (b) 61 atm. 5.24 1.3 3 102 K. 5.26 ClF3. 5.32 6.2
atm. 5.34 745 K. 5.36 1.9 atm. 5.38 0.82 L. 5.40 45.1 L. 5.42 6.1 3
1023 atm. 5.44 35.1 g/mol. 5.46 N2: 2.1 3 1022; O2: 5.7 3 1021;
Ar: 3 3 1020. 5.48 2.98 g/L. 5.50 SF4. 5.52 F2: 59.7%; Cl2: 40.3%.
5.54 370 L. 5.56 88.9%. 5.58 M 1 3HCl (3/2)H2 1 MCl3;
M2O3, M2(SO4)3. 5.60 2.84 3 1022 mol CO2; 94.7%.
The impurities must not react with HCl to produce CO2.
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-3 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494
5.62 1.71 3 103 L. 5.64 86.0%. 5.68 (a) 0.89 atm. (b) 1.4 L.
5.70 349 mmHg. 5.72 19.8 g. 5.74 H2: 650 mmHg; N2: 217
mmHg. 5.76 (a) Box on right. (b) Box on left. 5.82 N2: 472 m/s;
O2: 441 m/s; O3: 360 m/s. 5.84 2.8 m/s; 2.7 m/s. Squaring favors
the larger values. 5.86 1.0043. 5.88 4. 5.94 No. 5.96 Ne.
5.98 C6H6. 5.100 445 mL. 5.102 (a) 9.53 atm. (b) Ni(CO)4
decomposes to give CO, which increases the pressure.
5.104 1.30 3 1022 molecules; CO2, O2, N2, H2O. 5.106 5.25 3
1018 kg. 5.108 0.0701 M. 5.110 He: 0.16 atm; Ne: 2.0 atm.
5.112 HCl dissolves in the water, creating a partial vacuum.
5.114 7. 5.116 (a) 61.2 m/s. (b) 4.58 3 1024 s. (c) 328 m/s;
366 m/s. The velocity 328 m/s is that of a particular atom and urms is
an average value. 5.118 2.09 3 104 g; 1.58 3 104 L. 5.120 Higher
partial pressure of C2H4 inside the paper bag. 5.122 To equalize
the pressure as the amount of ink decreases. 5.124 (a) NH4NO3
N2O 1 2H2O. (b) 0.0821 L ? atm/K ? mol. 5.126 C6H6. 5.128 The
low atmospheric pressure caused the harmful gases (CO, CO2,
CH4) to flow out of the mine, and the man suffocated. 5.130 Br2
(159.8 g/mol; red); SO3 (80.07 g/mol; yellow); N2 (28.02 g/mol;
green); CH4 (16.04 g/mol; blue). 5.132 (a) 5 3 10222 atm. (b) 5 3
1020 L/g H. 5.134 91%. 5.136 1.7 3 1012 molecules. 5.138 4.66 L.
5.140 7.0 3 1023 m/s; 3.5 3 10230 J. 5.142 2.3 3 103 L.
5.144 1.8 3 102 mL. 5.146 (a) 1.09 3 1044 molecules. (b) 1.18 3
1022 molecules/breath. (c) 2.60 3 1030 molecules. (d) 2.39 3 10214;
3 3 108 molecules. (e) Complete mixing of air; no molecules
escaped to the outer atmosphere; no molecules used up during
metabolism, nitrogen fixation, etc. 5.148 3.7 nm; 0.31 nm.
5.150 0.54 atm. 5.152 H2: 0.5857; D2: 0.4143. 5.154 53.4%.
5.156 CO: 54.4%; CO2: 45.6%. 5.158 CH4: 0.789; C2H6: 0.211.
5.160 (a) 8(4pr3/3). (b) (16/3)NApr3. The excluded volume is 4
times the volumes of the atoms. 5.162 CH4. 5.164 NO. 5.166 (b).
5.168 (i) (b) 8.0 atm. (c) 5.3 atm. (ii) PT 5 5.3 atm. PA 5 2.65 atm.
PB 5 2.65 atm. 5.170 CH4: 2.3 atm. C2H6: 0.84 atm. C3H8: 1.4 atm.
Chapter 6
6.16 (a) 0. (b) 29.5 J. (c) 218 J. 6.18 48 J. 6.20 23.1 3 103 J.
6.26 1.57 3 104 kJ. 6.28 2553.8 kJ/mol. 6.32 0.237 J/g ? 8C.
6.34 3.31 kJ. 6.36 98.6 g. 6.38 22.398C. 6.46 O2.
6.48 (a) DHf8[Br2(l)] 5 0; DHf8[Br2(g)] . 0. (b) DHf8[I2(s)] 5 0;
DHf8[I2(g)] . 0. 6.50 Measure DH8 for the formation of
Ag2O from Ag and O2 and of CaCl2 from Ca and Cl2.
6.52 (a) 2167.2 kJ/mol. (b) 256.2 kJ/mol. 6.54 (a) 21411 kJ/mol.
(b) 21124 kJ/mol. 6.56 218.2 kJ/mol. 6.58 71.58 kJ/g. 6.60 2.70 3
102 kJ. 6.62 284.6 kJ/mol. 6.64 2847.6 kJ/mol. 6.72 11 kJ.
6.74 22.90 3 102 kJ/mol. 6.76 (a) 2336.5 kJ/mol. (b) NH3.
6.78 26.5 kJ/mol. 6.80 43.6 kJ. 6.82 0. 6.84 2350.7 kJ/mol.
6.86 2558.2 kJ/mol. 6.88 0.492 J/g ? 8C. 6.90 The first (exothermic)
reaction can be used to promote the second (endothermic)
reaction. 6.92 1.09 3 104 L. 6.94 4.10 L. 6.96 5.60 kJ/mol.
6.98 (a). 6.100 (a) 0. (b) 29.1 J. (c) 2.4 L; 248 J. 6.102 (a) A more
fully packed freezer has a greater mass and hence a larger heat
capacity. (b) Tea or coffee has a greater amount of water, which
has a higher specific heat than noodles. 6.104 1.84 3 103 kJ.
6.106 3.0 3 109. 6.108 5.35 kJ/8C. 6.110 25.2 3 106 kJ.
6.112 (a) 3.4 3 105 g. (b) 22.0 3 108 J. 6.114 286.7 kJ/mol.
6.116 (a) 1.4 3 102 kJ. (b) 3.9 3 102 kJ. 6.118 (a) 265.2 kJ/mol.
(b) 29.0 kJ/mol. 6.120 2110.5 kJ/mol. It will form both CO and
CO2. 6.122 (a) 0.50 J. (b) 32 m/s. (c) 0.128C. 6.124 2277.0 kJ/mol.
6.126 104 g. 6.128 296 kJ. 6.130 9.9 3 108 J; 3048C.
6.132 (a) CaC2 1 2H2O C2H2 1 Ca(OH)2. (b) 1.51 3 103 kJ.
6.134 DU 5 25153 kJ/mol; DH 5 25158 kJ/mol.
6.136 2564.2 kJ/mol. 6.138 96.21%. 6.140 (a) CH. (b) 49 kJ/mol.
Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems AP-3
6.142 (a) Heating water at room temperature to its boiling point.
(b) Heating water at its boiling point. (c) A chemical reaction
taking place in a bomb calorimeter (an isolated system) where
there is no heat exchange with the surroundings. 6.144 2101.3 J.
Yes, because in a cyclic process, the change in a state function
must be zero. 6.146 (a) Exothermic. (b) No clear conclusion. It is a
balance between the energy needed to break the ionic bond and the
energy released during hydration. (c) No clear conclusion. It is a
balance between the energy needed to break the AB bond and the
energy released when the AOC bond is formed. (d) Endothermic.
Chapter 7
7.8 (a) 6.58 3 1014/s. (b) 1.22 3 108 nm. 7.10 2.5 min.
7.12 4.95 3 1014/s. 7.16 (a) 4.0 3 102 nm. (b) 5.0 3 10219 J.
7.18 1.2 3 102 nm (UV). 7.20 (a) 3.70 3 102 nm. (b) UV.
(c) 5.38 3 10219 J. 7.22 8.16 3 10219 J. 7.26 Use a prism.
7.28 Compare the emission spectra with those on Earth of known
elements. 7.30 3.027 3 10219 J. 7.32 6.17 3 1014/s. 486 nm.
7.34 5. 7.40 1.37 3 1026 nm. 7.42 1.7 3 10223 nm. 7.56 / 5 2:
m/ 5 22, 21, 0, 1, 2. / 5 1: m/ 5 21, 0, 1. / 5 0: m/ 5 0.
7.58 (a) n 5 3, / 5 0, m/ 5 0. (b) n 5 4, / 5 1, m/ 5 21, 0, 1.
(c) n 5 3, / 5 2, m/ 5 22, 21, 0, 1, 2. In all cases, ms 5 11/2 or
21/2. 7.60 Differ in orientation only. 7.62 6s, 6p, 6d, 6f, 6g, and
6h. 7.64 2n2. 7.66 (a) 3. (b) 6. (c) 0. 7.68 There is no shielding in
an H atom. 7.70 (a) 2s , 2p. (b) 3p , 3d. (c) 3s , 4s. (d) 4d , 5f.
7.76 Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1. B: 1s22s22p1. F: 1s22s22p5. 7.78 B(1),
Ne(0), P(3), Sc(1), Mn(5), Se(2), Kr(0), Fe(4), Cd(0), I(1), Pb(2).
7.88 [Kr]5s24d5. 7.90 Ge: [Ar]4s23d104p2. Fe: [Ar]4s23d 6. Zn: [Ar]
4s23d10. Ni: [Ar]4s23d 8. W: [Xe]6s24f 145d 4. Tl: [Xe]6s24f 145d106p1.
7.92 S1. 7.94 6.68 3 1016 photons. 7.96 (a) Incorrect. (b) Correct.
(c) Incorrect. 7.98 (a) 4e: An e in a 2s and an e in each 2p orbital.
(b) 6e: 2e each in a 4p, a 4d, and a 4f orbital. (c) 10e: 2e in each of
the five 3d orbitals. (d) 1e: An e in a 2s orbital. (e) 2e: 2e in a 4f
orbital. 7.100 Wave properties. 7.102 (a) 1.05 3 10225 nm.
(b) 8.86 nm. 7.104 (a) n 5 2. The possible / values are from 0 to
(n 2 1) integer values. (b) Possible / values are 0, 1, 2, or 3.
Possible m/ values range from 2/ to 1/ integer values.
7.106 (a) 1.20 3 1018 photons. (b) 3.76 3 108 W. 7.108 419 nm.
Yes. 7.110 Ne. 7.112 He1: 164 nm, 121 nm, 109 nm, 103 nm
(all in the UV region). H: 657 nm, 487 nm, 434 nm, 411 nm
(all in the visible region). 7.114 1.2 3 102 photons. 7.116 2.5 3 1017
photons. 7.118 Yellow light will generate more electrons; blue
light will generate electrons with greater kinetic energy.
7.120 (a) He. (b) N. (c) Na. (d) As. (e) Cl. See Table 7.3 for
ground-state electron configurations. 7.122 They might have
discovered the wave properties of electrons. 7.124 7.39 3 1022
nm. 7.126 (a) False. (b) False. (c) True. (d) False. (e) True.
7.128 2.0 3 1025 m/s. 7.130 (a) and (f) violate Pauli exclusion
principle; (b), (d), and (e) violate Hunds rule. 7.132 2.8 3 106 K.
7.134 2.76 3 10211 m. 7.136 17.4 pm. 7.138 0.929 pm; 3.23 3
1020/s. 7.140 ni 5 5 to nf 5 3. 7.142 (a) B: 4 2; C: 5 2.
(b) A: 41.1 nm; B: 30.4 nm. (c) 2.18 3 10218 J. (d) At high values
of n, the energy levels are very closely spaced, leading to a
continuum of lines. 7.144 n 5 1: 1.96 3 10217 J; n 5 5: 7.85 3
10219 J. 10.6 nm. 7.146 9.5 3 103 m/s. 7.148 3.87 3 105 m/s.
7.150 Photosynthesis and vision. 7.152 1.06 nm.
Chapter 8
8.20 (a) 1s22s22p63s23p5. (b) Representative. (c) Paramagnetic.
8.22 (a) and (d); (b) and (e); (c) and (f). 8.24 (a) Group 1A.
(b) Group 5A. (c) Group 8A. (d) Group 8B. 8.26 Fe. 8.28 (a) [Ne].
(b) [Ne]. (c) [Ar]. (d) [Ar]. (e) [Ar]. (f) [Ar]3d6. (g) [Ar]3d9.
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-4 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494 Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile

AP-4 Answers to Even-Numbered Problems

(h) [Ar]3d10. 8.30 (a) Cr31. (b) Sc31. (c) Rh31. (d) Ir31. 8.32 Be21 9.20 (a) BF3, covalent. Boron triflouride. (b) KBr, ionic. Potassium
and He; F2 and N32; Fe21 and Co31; S22 and Ar. 8.38 Na . bromide. 9.26 2195 kJ/mol. 9.36 COH , BrOH , FOH ,
Mg . Al . P . Cl. 8.40 F. 8.42 The effective nuclear charge that LiOCl , NaOCl , KOF. 9.38 ClOCl , BrOCl , SiOC ,
the outermost electrons feel increases across the period. CsOF. 9.40 (a) Covalent. (b) Polar covalent. (c) Ionic. (d) Polar
8.44 Mg21 , Na1 , F2 , O22 , N32. 8.46 Te22. 8.48 H2 is covalent.
larger. 8.52 K , Ca , P , F , Ne. 8.54 The single 3p electron in O
Q O Q O
9.44 (a) SFOOOFS Q O
Q O O O
(b) SFONPNOFS Q
Al is well shielded by the 1s, 2s, and 3s electrons. 8.56 1s22s22p6:
2080 kJ/mol. 8.58 8.40 3 106 kJ/mol. 8.62 Greatest: Cl; least: He. H H
8.64 The ns1 configuration enables them to accept another A A
electron. 8.68 Fr should be the most reactive toward water and O
(c) HOSiOSiOH (d) SOOH
Q
A A
oxygen, forming FrOH and Fr2O, Fr2O2, and FrO2. 8.70 The H H
Group 1B elements have higher ionization energies due to the
incomplete shielding of the inner d electrons. 8.72 (a) Li2O 1 H SOS H H
A B A A
H2O 2LiOH. (b) CaO 1 H2O Ca(OH)2. (c) SO3 1 (e) HOCOCOOS O 
(f ) HOCON
H2O H2SO4. 8.74 BaO. 8.76 (a) Bromine. (b) Nitrogen. Q OH
A A A
(c) Rubidium. (d) Magnesium. 8.78 P32, S22, Cl2, K1, Ca21, Sc31, SClS H H
Ti41, V51, Cr61, Mn71. 8.80 M is K; X is Br. 8.82 N and O1; Ne O
and N32; Ar and S22; Zn and As31; Cs1 and Xe. 8.84 (a) and (d). 
O 
Q O
  
9.46 (a) SOOOSQ (b) SCqCS (c)SNqOS
8.86 Yellow-green gas: F2; yellow gas: Cl2; red liquid: Br2; dark
solid: I2. 8.88 (a) DH 5 1532 kJ/mol. (b) DH 5 12405 kJ/mol. 9.48 (a) The double bond between C and H; the single bond
8.90 Fluorine. 8.92 H2. 8.94 Li2O (basic); BeO (amphoteric); between C and the end O; the lone pair on C atom.
B2O3 (acidic); CO2 (acidic); N2O5 (acidic). 8.96 It forms both the (b) H SOS
H1 and H2 ions; H1 is a single proton. 8.98 0.65. 8.100 79.9%. A B
8.102 418 kJ/mol. Use maximum wavelength. 8.104 7.28 3 103 HOCOCOOOH O
Q
A
kJ/mol. 8.106 X: Sn or Pb; Y: P; Z: alkali metal. 8.108 495.9
H
kJ/mol. 8.110 343 nm (UV). 8.112 604.3 kJ/mol. 8.114 K2TiO4.
8.116 2K2MnF6 1 4SbF5 4KSbF6 1 2MnF3 1 F2. O  O 
SOS SOS SOS
8.118 N2O (11), NO (12), N2O3 (13), NO2 and N2O4 (14), A B A
N2O5 (15). 8.120 The larger the effective nuclear charge, the more 9.52 O
OPClOOS
Q O
Q
 O
Q O
mn SOOClOOS
Q
 O
mn SOOClPO
Q O
tightly held are the electrons. The atomic radius will be small and M 
M 
M Q 
the ionization energy will be large. 8.122 m.p.: 6.38C; b.p.: 74.98C.
H H
8.124 An alkaline earth metal. 8.126 (a) It was discovered that the A  A 
O
9.54 HOCPNPN 
periodic table was based on atomic number, not atomic mass. Q mn HOCONqNS
M
(b) Ar: 39.95 amu; K: 39.10 amu. 8.128 Z 5 119; 

[Rn]7s25f146d107p68s1. 8.130 Group 3A. 8.132 (a) SiH4, GeH4, 

9.56 O O
OPCPN
Q
  O O
Q mn SOOCqNSmnSOqCONS
Q Q
2
SnH4, PbH4. (b) RbH more ionic. (c) Ra 1 2H2O Ra(OH)2 1
H2. (d) Be. 8.134 Mg21 is the smallest cation and has the largest 2
charge density and is closest to the negative ion. Ba21 is just the O
Q O
9.62 ClPBePCl
Q Not plausible.
opposite. Thus, Mg21 binds the tightest and Ba21 the least.
8.136 See chapter. 8.138 Carbon (diamond). 8.140 419 nm. Cl
A
8.142 The first ionization energy of He is less than twice the 9.64 ClOSbOCl The octet rule is not obeyed.
ionization of H because the radius of He is greater than that of H D G
and the shielding in He makes Zeff less than 2. In He1, there is no Cl Cl
shielding and the greater nuclear attraction makes the second Cl
ionization of He greater than twice the ionization energy of H. A

8.144 Zeff: Li (1.26); Na (1.84); K (2.26). Zeff/n: Li (0.630); Na 9.66 ClOAlOCl Coordinate covalent bond.
A
(0.613); K (0.565). Zeff increases as n increases. Thus, Zeff/n
Cl
remains fairly constant. 8.146 Go to the recommended website.
Click on Biology tab above the periodic table and then click on 9.70 303.0 kJ/mol. 9.72 (a) 22759 kJ/mol. (b) 22855 kJ/mol.
each of the listed elements. A brief summary of the biological role 9.74 Ionic: RbCl, KO2; covalent: PF5, BrF3, CI4. 9.76 Ionic: NaF,
of each element is provided. MgF2, AlF3; covalent: SiF4, PF5, SF6, ClF3. 9.78 KF: ionic, high
melting point, soluble in water, its melt and solution conduct
Chapter 9 electricity. C6H6: covalent and discrete molecule, low melting
9.16 (a) RbI, rubidium iodide. (b) Cs2SO4, cesium sulfate. point, insoluble in water, does not conduct electricity.
(c) Sr3N2, strontium nitride. (d) Al2S3, aluminum sulfide.     2 2 
9.80 O
Q O
NPNPN O
Q mn SNqNONS
Q mn O
SNONqNS
Q
O
9.18 (a) TSrTTSeT O
Q 88n Sr SSeS
Q
2 2

9.82 (a) AlCl2 32

4 . (b) AlF6 . (c) AlCl3. 9.84 CF2: violates the octet
(b) TCaT 2HT 88n Ca2 2HS rule; LiO2: lattice energy too low; CsCl2: second ionization energy
too high to produce Cs21; PI5: I atom too bulky to fit around P.
O
(c) 3LiTTNT  O 3
R 88n 3Li SNS
Q 9.86 (a) False. (b) True. (c) False. (d) False. 9.88 267 kJ/mol.
T 9.90 N2. 9.92 NH1
O
(d) 2TAlT 3TST 3 O
Q 88n 2Al 3SSS
Q
2 4 and CH4; CO and N2; B3N3H6 and C6H6.
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-5 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494 Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile

Answers to Even-Numbered Problems AP-5

Q  Q Q 
O
9.94 HONS  HOOS 88n HONOH  SOOH 10.34 B: sp2 to sp3; N: remains at sp3. 10.36 From left to right.
Q (a) sp3. (b) sp3, sp2, sp2. (c) sp3, sp, sp, sp3. (d) sp3, sp2. (e) sp3, sp2.
A A A
H H H 10.38 sp. 10.40 sp3d. 10.42 9 pi bonds and 9 sigma bonds.
10.44 IF42. 10.50 Electron spins must be paired in H2.
9.96 F32 violates the octet rule.
10.52 Li22 5 Li1 1
2 , Li2. 10.54 B2 . 10.56 MO theory predicts O2 is
 
O O
9.98 CH3ONPCPO O paramagnetic. 10.58 O2 , O2 , O2 , O1
22 2
2 . 10.60 B2 contains a pi
Q mn CH3ONqCOOS
Q
bond; C2 contains 2 pi bonds. 10.62 (1) Atoms far apart. No
9.100 (c) No bond between C and O. (d) Large formal charges. interaction. (2) The 2p orbitals begin to overlap. Attractive forces
operating. (3) The system at its most stable state. The potential
Cl Cl F F H
A A A A A energy reaches a minimum. (4) As the distance decreases further,
9.102 (a) FOCOCl (b) FOCOF (c) HOCOF (d) FOCOCOF nuclear-nuclear and electron-electron repulsion increase.
A A A A A (5) Further decrease in distance leads to instability of F2 molecule.
Cl Cl Cl F F 10.66 The circle shows electron delocalization.
9.104 (a) 29.2 kJ/mol. (b) 29.2 kJ/mol. 9.106 (a) 2:CqO:1 O O
SFS SFS
(b) :NqO:1 (c) 2:CqN: (d) :NqN: 9.108 True. A A
9.110 (a) 114 kJ/mol. (b) Extra electron increases repulsion 10.68 (a) O
OPNOOS
Q
O  mn SOONPO
Q
O O 2
Q  Q (b) sp . (c) N forms

between F atoms. 9.112 Lone pair on C and negative formal
charge on C. sigma bonds with F and O atoms. There is a pi molecular orbital
a O mn O

a delocalized over N and O atoms. 10.70 sp2. 10.72 Linear. Dipole
9.114 (a) SNPO Q NPO
Q Q (b) No. moment measurement. 10.74 The large size of Si results in poor
9.116 H H H H H sideways overlap of p orbitals to form pi bonds. 10.76 (a) C8H10N4O2.
A A A A A (b) C atoms in the ring and O are sp2. C atom in CH3 group is sp3.
SNONOBOH SNONOBOH O Double-bonded N is sp2; single-bonded N is sp3. (c) Geometry
A A A A A A about the sp2 C and N atoms is trigonal planar. Geometry about
H H H H H H sp3 C and N atom is tetrahedral. 10.78 XeF1 3 : T-shaped;
9.118 The OCOO structure leaves a lone pair and a negative XeF51: square pyramidal; SbF62: octahedral. 10.80 (a) 1808.
charge on C. (b) 1208. (c) 109.58. (d) About 109.58. (e) 1808. (f) About 1208.
Cl Cl Cl (g) About 109.58. (h) 109.58. 10.82 sp3d. 10.84 ICl2 2 and CdBr2.
G D q D 10.86 (a) sp2. (b) Molecule on the right. 10.88 The pi bond in
9.120 Al Al The arrows indicate coordinate covalent
D r D G bonds. cis-dichloroethylene prevents rotation. 10.90 O3, CO, CO2, NO2,
Cl Cl Cl N2O, CH4, CFCl3. 10.92 C: all single-bonded C atoms are sp3, the
9.122 347 kJ/mol. double-bonded C atoms are sp2; N: single-bonded N atoms are sp3,
9.124 From bond enthalpies: 2140 kJ/mol; from standard N atoms that form one double bond are sp2, N atom that forms two
enthalpies of formation: 2184 kJ/mol. double bonds is sp. 10.94 Si has 3d orbitals so water can add to
Si (valence shell expansion). 10.96 C: sp2; N: N atom that forms a
H H H H H H
A A A A A A double bond is sp2, the others are sp3. 10.98 (a) Use a conventional
9.126 (a) CPC (b) OCOCOCOCO (c) 21.2 3 106 kJ. oven. (b) No. Polar molecules would absorb microwaves. (c) Water
A A A A A A molecules absorb part of microwaves. 10.100 (a) and (b) are polar.
H Cl H Cl H Cl 10.102 The small size of F results in a shorter bond and greater
9.128 O: 3.16; F: 4.37; Cl: 3.48. 9.130 (1) The MgO solid lone pair repulsion. 10.104 43.6%. 10.106 Second and third
containing Mg1 and O2 ions would be paramagnetic. (2) The vibrations. CO, NO2, N2O. 10.108 (a) The two 908 rotations will
lattice energy would be like NaCl (too low). 9.132 71.5 nm. break and make the pi bond and convert cis-dichloroethylene to
9.134 2629 kJ/mol. 9.136 268 nm. 9.138 (a) From bond trans-dichloroethylene. (b) The pi bond is weaker because of the
enthalpies: 21937 kJ/mol; from standard enthalpies of formation: lesser extent of sideways orbital overlap. (c) 444 nm. 10.110 (a) H2.
21413.9 kJ/mol. (b) 162 L. (c) 11.0 atm. 9.140 The repulsion The electron is removed from the more stable bonding molecular
between lone pairs on adjacent atoms weakens the bond. There are orbital. (b) N2. Same as (a). (c) O. The atomic orbital in O is more
two lone pairs on each O atom in H2O2. The repulsion is the stable than the antibonding molecular orbital in O2. (d) The atomic
greatest; it has the smallest bond enthalpy (about 142 kJ/mol). orbital in F is more stable than the antibonding molecular orbital
There is one lone pair on each N atom in N2H4; it has the in F2. 10.112 (a) [Ne2](s3s)2(s 2 2 2 2
3s) (p3py ) (p3pz ) (s3px ) . (b) 3.
intermediate bond enthalpy (about 193 kJ/mol). There are no lone (c) Diamagnetic. 10.114 For all the electrons to be paired in O2
pairs on the C atoms in C2H6; it has the greatest bond enthalpy (see Table 10.5), energy is needed to flip the spin of one of the
(about 347 kJ/mol). 9.142 244 kJ/mol. electrons in the antibonding molecular orbitals. This arrangement
is less stable according to Hunds rule. 10.116 ClF3: T-shaped;
Chapter 10 sp3d. AsF5: Trigonal bipyramidal; sp3d; ClF1 3
2 : bent; sp ; AsF6 :
2

10.8 (a) Trigonal planar. (b) Linear. (c) Tetrahedral.
10.10 (a) Tetrahedral. (b) T-shaped. (c) Bent. (d) Trigonal planar.
(e) Tetrahedral. 10.12 (a) Tetrahedral. (b) Bent. (c) Trigonal
planar. (d) Linear. (e) Square planar. (f) Tetrahedral. (g) Trigonal
bipyramidal. (h) Trigonal pyramidal. (i) Tetrahedral. 10.14 SiCl4,
CI4, CdCl422. 10.20 Electronegativity decreases from F to I.
10.22 Larger. 10.24 (b) 5 (d) , (c) , (a). 10.32 sp3 for both.
Octahedral; sp3d2. 10.118 (a) Planar and no dipole moment.
(b) 20 sigma bonds and 6 pi bonds. 10.120 (a) The negative formal
charge is placed on the less electronegative carbon, so there is less
charge separation and a smaller dipole moment. (b) Both the
Lewis structure and the molecular orbital treatment predicts
a triple bond. (c) C. 10.122 OPCPCPCPO. The molecule is
linear and nonpolar. 10.124 NO22 , NO2 , NO 5 NO21 , NO1.
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-6 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494
AP-6 Answers to Even-Numbered Problems
Chapter 11
11.8 Methane. 11.10 (a) Dispersion forces. (b) Dispersion and
dipole-dipole forces. (c) Same as (b). (d) Dispersion and ion-ion
forces. (e) Same as (a). 11.12 (e). 11.14 Only 1-butanol can form
hydrogen bonds. 11.16 (a) Xe. (b) CS2. (c) Cl2. (d) LiF. (e) NH3.
11.18 (a) Hydrogen bond and dispersion forces. (b) Dispersion
forces. (c) Dispersion forces. (d) Covalent bond. 11.20 The
compound on the left can form an intramolecular hydrogen bond,
reducing intermolecular hydrogen bonding. 11.32 Between ethanol
and glycerol. 11.38 scc: 1; bcc: 2; fcc: 4. 11.40 6.20 3 1023
Ba atoms/mol. 11.42 458 pm. 11.44 XY3. 11.48 0.220 nm.
11.52 Molecular solid. 11.54 Molecular solids: Se8, HBr, CO2,
P4O6, SiH4. Covalent solids: Si, C. 11.56 Each C atom in diamond
is covalently bonded to four other C atoms. Graphite has
delocalized electrons in two dimensions. 11.76 2.67 3 103 kJ.
11.78 47.03 kJ/mol. 11.80 Freezing, sublimation. 11.82 When
steam condenses at 1008C, it releases heat equal to heat of
vaporization. 11.84 331 mmHg. 11.86 The small amount of liquid
nitrogen will evaporate quickly, extracting little heat from the
skin. Boiling water will release much more heat to the skin as it
cools. Water has a high specific heat. 11.90 Initially ice melts
because of the increase in pressure. As the wire sinks into the ice,
the water above it refreezes. In this way, the wire moves through
the ice without cutting it in half. 11.92 (a) Ice melts. (b) Water
vapor condenses to ice. (c) Water boils. 11.94 (d). 11.96 Covalent
crystal. 11.98 Orthorhombic. 11.100 760 mmHg. 11.102 It is the
critical point. 11.104 Crystalline SiO2. 11.106 (c) and (d).
11.108 (a), (b), (d). 11.110 8.3 3 1023 atm. 11.112 (a) K2S. Ionic.
(b) Br2. Dispersion. 11.114 SO2. It is a polar molecule.
11.116 62.4 kJ/mol. 11.118 3048C. 11.120 Small ions have
more concentrated charges and are more effective in ion-dipole
interaction, resulting in a greater extent of hydration. The distance
of separation between cation and anion is also shorter.
11.122 (a) 30.7 kJ/mol. (b) 192.5 kJ/mol. 11.124 (a) Decreases.
(b) No change. (c) No change. 11.126 (a) 1 Cs1 ion and 1 Cl2 ion.
(b) 4 Zn21 ions and 4 S22 ions. (c) 4 Ca21 ions and 8 F2 ions.
11.128 CaCO3(s) CaO(s) 1 CO2(g). Three phases. 11.130 SiO2
is a covalent crystal. CO2 exists as discrete molecules. 11.132 66.8%.
11.134 scc: 52.4%; bcc: 68.0%; fcc: 74.0%. 11.136 1.69 g/cm3.
11.138 (a) Two (diamond/graphite/liquid and graphite/liquid/
vapor). (b) Diamond. (c) Apply high pressure at high temperature.
11.140 Molecules in the cane are held together by intermolecular
forces. 11.142 When the tungsten filament is heated to a high
temperature (ca. 30008C), it sublimes and condenses on the inside
walls. The inert pressurized Ar gas retards sublimation. 11.144 When
methane burns in air, it forms CO2 and water vapor. The latter
condenses on the outside of the cold beaker. 11.146 6.019 3 1023
Fe atoms/mol. 11.148 Na (186 pm and 0.965 g/cm3).
11.150 (d). 11.152 0.833 g/L. Hydrogen bonding in the gas phase.
Chapter 12
12.10 Cyclohexane cannot form hydrogen bonds. 12.12 The
longer chains become more nonpolar. 12.16 (a) 25.9 g. (b) 1.72 3
103 g. 12.18 (a) 2.68 m. (b) 7.82 m. 12.20 0.010 m. 12.22 5.0 3
102 m; 18.3 M. 12.24 (a) 2.41 m. (b) 2.13 M. (c) 0.0587 L.
12.28 45.9 g. 12.36 CO2 pressure is greater at the bottom of the
mine. 12.38 0.28 L. 12.50 1.3 3 103 g. 12.52 Ethanol: 30.0 mmHg;
1-propanol: 26.3 mmHg. 12.54 128 g. 12.56 0.59 m. 12.58 120 g/mol.
C4H8O4. 12.60 28.68C. 12.62 4.3 3 102 g/mol. C24H20P4.
12.64 1.75 3 104 g/mol. 12.66 343 g/mol. 12.70 Boiling point,
vapor pressure, osmotic pressure. 12.72 0.50 m glucose . 0.50 m
Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile
acetic acid . 0.50 m HCl. 12.74 0.9420 m. 12.76 7.6 atm.
12.78 1.6 atm. 12.82 (c). 12.84 3.5 atm. 12.86 (a) 104 mmHg.
(b) 116 mmHg. 12.88 2.95 3 103 g/mol. 12.90 12.5 g. 12.92 No.
12.94 No. AlCl3 dissociates into Al31 and 3 Cl2 ions. 12.96 O2:
4.7 3 1026; N2: 9.7 3 106. The mole fraction of O2 compared to
the mole fraction of N2 in water is greater compared to that in
air. 12.98 The molar mass in B (248 g/mol) is twice as large as
that in A (124 g/mol). A dimerization process. 12.100 (a) Last
alcohol. (b) Methanol. (c) Last alcohol. 12.102 I2-water: weak
dipole2induced dipole; I32-water: favorable ion-dipole interaction.
12.104 (a) Same NaCl solution on both sides. (b) Only water
would move from left to right. (c) Normal osmosis. 12.106 12.3 M.
12.108 14.2%. 12.110 (a) and (d). 12.112 (a) Decreases with
increasing lattice energy. (b) Increases with increasing polarity of
solvent. (c) Increases with increasing enthalpy of hydration.
12.114 1.80 g/mL. 5.0 3 102 m. 12.116 0.815. 12.118 NH3 can
form hydrogen bonds with water. 12.120 3%. 12.122 1.2 3 102
g/mol. It forms a dimer in benzene. 12.124 (a) 1.1 m. (b) The protein
prevents the formation of ice crystals. 12.126 It is due to the
precipitated minerals that refract light and create an opaque
appearance. 12.128 1.9 m. 12.130 (a) XA 5 0.524, XB 5 0.476.
(b) A: 50 mmHg; B: 20 mmHg. (c) XA 5 0.71, XB 5 0.29. PA 5 67
mmHg. PB 5 12 mmHg. 12.132 2.7 3 1023. 12.134 From n 5 kP
and PV 5 nRT, show that V 5 kRT. 12.136 20.7378C. 12.138 The
polar groups 1CPO2 can bind the K1 ions. The exterior is
nonpolar (due to the OCH3 groups), which enables the molecule
to pass through the cell membranes containing nonpolar lipids.
12.140 The string is wetted and laid on top of the ice cube. Salt is
shaken onto the top of the ice cube and the moistened string. The
presence of salt lowers the freezing point of the ice, resulting in
the melting of the ice on the surface. Melting is an endothermic
process. The water in the moist string freezes, and the string
becomes attached to the ice cube. The ice cube can now be lifted
out of the glass.
Chapter 13
13.6 (a) rate 5 2(1/2)D[H2]/Dt 5 2D[O2]/Dt 5 (1/2)D[H2O]/Dt.
(b) rate 5 2(1/4)D[NH3]/Dt 5 2(1/5)D[O2]/Dt 5 (1/4)D[NO]/Dt 5
(1/6)D[H2O]/Dt. 13.8 (a) 0.049 M/s. (b) 0.025 M/s. 13.14 2.4 3
1024 M/s. 13.16 (a) Third order. (b) 0.38 M/s. 13.18 (a) 0.046 s21.
(b) 0.13/M ? s. 13.20 First order. 1.08 3 1023 s21. 13.26 (a) 0.0198
s21. (b) 151 s. 13.28 3.6 s. 13.30 (a) The relative rates for (i), (ii),
and (iii) are 4:3:6. (b) The relative rates would be unaffected, but
each of the absolute rates would decrease by 50%. (c) The relative
half-lives are 1:1:1. 13.38 135 kJ/mol. 13.40 103 kJ/mol.
13.42 644 K. 13.44 9.25 3 103 s21. 13.46 51.0 kJ/mol.
13.56 (a) rate 5 k[X2][Y]. (b) Reaction is zero order in Z.
(c) X2 1 Y XY 1 X (slow). X 1 Z XZ (fast).
13.58 Mechanism I. 13.66 rate 5 (k1k2/k21)[E][S].
13.68 This is a first-order reaction. The rate constant is 0.046 min21.
13.70 Temperature, energy of activation, concentration of
reactants, catalyst. 13.72 22.6 cm2; 44.9 cm2. The large surface
area of grain dust can result in a violent explosion. 13.74 (a) Third
order. (b) 0.38/M2 ? s. (c) H2 1 2NO N2 1 H2O 1 O (slow);
O 1 H2 H2O (fast). 13.76 Water is present in excess so its
concentration does not change appreciably. 13.78 10.7/M ? s.
13.80 2.63 atm. 13.82 M22 s21. 13.84 56.4 min. 13.86 rate 5
k[A][B]2. 13.88 (b), (d), (e). 13.90 9.8 3 1024. 13.92 (a) Increase.
(b) Decrease. (c) Decrease. (d) Increase. 13.94 0.0896 min21.
13.96 1.12 3 103 min. 13.98 (a) I2 absorbs visible light to form I
atoms. (b) UV light is needed to dissociate H2. 13.100 (a) rate 5
k[X][Y]2. (b) 1.9 3 1022/M2 ? s. 13.102 Second order.
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-7 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494
2.4 3 107/M ? s. 13.104 Because the engine is relatively cold so
the exhaust gases will not fully react with the catalytic converter.
13.106 H2(g) 1 ICl(g) HCl(g) 1 HI(g) (slow). HI(g) 1
ICl(g) HCl(g) 1 I2(g) (fast). 13.108 5.7 3 105 yr.
13.110 (a) Mn21; Mn31; first step. (b) Without the catalyst,
reaction would be termolecular. (c) Homogeneous.
13.112 0.45 atm. 13.114 (a) k1[A] 2 k2[B]. (b) [B] 5 (k1/k2)[A].
13.116 (a) 2.47 3 1022 yr21. (b) 9.8 3 1024. (c) 186 yr.
13.118 (a) 3. (b) 2. (c) C D. (d) Exothermic. 13.120 1.8 3
103 K. 13.122 (a) 2.5 3 1025 M/s. (b) Same as (a). (c) 8.3 3 1026
M. 13.126 (a) 1.13 3 1023 M/min. (b) 6.83 3 1024 M/min; 8.8 3
1023 M. 13.128 Second order. 0.42/M ? min. 13.130 60% increase.
The result shows the profound effect of an exponential
dependence. 13.132 2.6 3 1024 M/s. 13.134 404 kJ/mol.
13.136 (a) rate 5 k[NO]2[O2]. (b) rate 5 kobs[NO]2.
(c) 1.3 3 103 min.
Chapter 14
14.14 (a) A 1 C AC. (b) A 1 D AD. 14.16 1.08 3
107. 14.18 3.5 3 1027. 14.20 (a) 0.082. (b) 0.29. 14.22 0.105;
2.05 3 1023. 14.24 7.09 3 1023. 14.26 3.3. 14.28 0.0353.
14.30 4.0 3 1026. 14.32 5.6 3 1023. 14.36 0.64/M2 ? s.
14.40 [NH3] will increase and [N2] and [H2] will decrease.
14.42 NO: 0.50 atm; NO2: 0.020 atm. 14.44 [I] 5 8.58 3 1024 M;
[I2] 5 0.0194 M. 14.46 (a) 0.52. (b) [CO2] 5 0.48 M, [H2] 5
0.020 M, [CO] 5 0.075 M, [H2O] 5 0.065 M. 14.48 [H2] 5
[CO2] 5 0.05 M, [H2O] 5 [CO] 5 0.11 M. 14.54 (a) Shift position
of equilibrium to the right. (b) No effect. (c) No effect.
14.56 (a) No effect. (b) No effect. (c) Shift the position of
equilibrium to the left. (d) No effect. (e) To the left. 14.58 (a) To
the right. (b) To the left. (c) To the right. (d) To the left. (e) No
effect. 14.60 No change. 14.62 (a) More CO2 will form. (b) No
change. (c) No change. (d) Some CO2 will combine with CaO to
form CaCO3. (e) Some CO2 will react with NaOH so equilibrium
will shift to the right. (f) HCl reacts with CaCO3 to produce CO2.
Equilibrium will shift to the left. (g) Equilibrium will shift to the
right. 14.64 (a) NO: 0.24 atm; Cl2: 0.12 atm. (b) 0.017.
14.66 [A2] 5 [B2] 5 0.040 M. [AB] 5 0.020 M. 14.68 (a) No
effect. (b) More CO2 and H2O will form. 14.70 (a) 8 3 10244.
(b) The reaction has a very large activation energy. 14.72 (a) 1.7.
(b) A: 0.69 atm, B: 0.81 atm. 14.74 1.5 3 105. 14.76 H2: 0.28 atm,
Cl2: 0.049 atm, HCl: 1.67 atm. 14.78 5.0 3 101 atm. 14.80 3.84 3
1022. 14.82 3.13. 14.84 N2: 0.860 atm; H2: 0.366 atm; NH3:
4.40 3 1023 atm. 14.86 (a) 1.16. (b) 53.7%. 14.88 (a) 0.49 atm.
(b) 0.23. (c) 0.037. (d) Greater than 0.037 mol. 14.90 [H2] 5
0.070 M, [I2] 5 0.182 M, [HI] 5 0.825 M. 14.92 (c).
14.94 (a) 4.2 3 1024. (b) 0.83. (c) 1.1. (d) In (b): 2.3 3 103; in
(c): 0.021. 14.96 0.0231; 9.60 3 1024. 14.98 NO2: 1.2 atm; N2O4:
0.12 atm. KP 5 12. 14.100 (a) Kc 5 33.3. (b) Qc 5 2.8. Shift to the
right. (c) Qc 5 169. Shift to the left. 14.102 (a) The equilibrium
will shift to the right. (b) To the right. (c) No change. (d) No
change. (e) No change. (f) To the left. 14.104 NO2: 0.100 atm;
N2O4: 0.09 atm. 14.106 (a) 1.03 atm. (b) 0.39 atm. (c) 1.67 atm.
(d) 0.620. 14.108 (a) KP 5 2.6 3 1026; Kc 5 1.1 3 1027.
(b) 22 mg/m3. Yes. 14.110 Temporary dynamic equilibrium
between the melting ice cubes and the freezing of the water
between the ice cubes. 14.112 [NH3] 5 0.042 M, [N2] 5 0.086 M,
[H2] 5 0.26 M. 14.114 1.3 atm. 14.116 PCl5: 0.683 atm; PCl3:
1.11 atm; Cl2: 0.211 atm. 14.118 2115 kJ/mol. 14.120 SO2: 2.71
atm; Cl2: 2.71 atm; SO2Cl2: 3.58 atm. 14.122 4.0. 14.124 (a) The
plot curves toward higher pressure at low values of 1/V. (b) The
plot curves toward higher volume as T increases.
Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems AP-7
Chapter 15
15.4 (a) NO2 2 2 2
2 . (b) HSO4 . (c) HS . (d) CN . (e) HCOO .
2
15.6 (a) H2S. (b) H2CO3. (c) HCO3 . (d) H3PO4. (e) H2PO2
2
4.
(f) HPO422. (g) H2SO4. (h) HSO2 2
4 . (i) HSO3 . 15.8 (a) CH2ClCOO .
2
2 2 22 32 2 22
(b) IO4 . (c) H2PO4 . (d) HPO4 . (e) PO4 . (f) HSO4 . (g) SO4 .
(h) IO2 22 2 22
3 . (i) SO3 . (j) NH3. (k) HS . (l) S . (m) OCl .
2
214
15.16 1.6 3 10 M. 15.18 (a) 10.74. (b) 3.28. 15.20 (a) 6.3 3
1026 M. (b) 1.0 3 10216 M. (c) 2.7 3 1026 M. 15.22 (a) Acidic.
(b) Neutral. (c) Basic. 15.24 1.98 3 1023 mol. 0.444. 15.26 0.118.
15.32 (1) c. (2) b and d. 15.34 (a) Strong. (b) Weak. (c) Weak.
(d) Weak. (e) Strong. 15.36 (b) and (c). 15.38 No. 15.44 [H1] 5
[CH3COO2] 5 5.8 3 1024 M, [CH3COOH] 5 0.0181 M.
15.46 2.3 3 1023 M. 15.48 (a) 3.5%. (b) 33%. (c) 79%. Percent
ionization increases with dilution. 15.50 (a) 3.9%. (b) 0.30%.
15.54 (c) , (a) , (b). 15.56 7.1 3 1027. 15.58 1.5%. 15.64 HCl:
1.40; H2SO4: 1.31. 15.66 [H1] 5 [HCO2 3 ] 5 1.0 3 10
24
M,
22 211
[CO3 ] 5 4.8 3 10 M. 15.70 (a) H2SO4 . H2SeO4. (b) H3PO4 .
H3AsO4. 15.72 The conjugate base of phenol can be stabilized by
resonance. 15.78 (a) Neutral. (b) Basic. (c) Acidic. (d) Acidic.
15.80 HZ , HY , HX. 15.82 4.82. 15.84 Basic. 15.88 (a) Al2O3 ,
BaO , K2O. (b) CrO3 , Cr2O3 , CrO. 15.90 Al(OH)3 1 OH2
Al(OH)2 4 . Lewis acid-base reaction. 15.94 AlCl3 is the Lewis acid,
Cl2 is the Lewis base. 15.96 CO2 and BF3. 15.98 0.0094 M.
15.100 0.106 L. 15.102 No. 15.104 No, volume is the same.
15.106 CrO is basic and CrO3 is acidic. 15.108 4.0 3 1022.
15.110 7.00. 15.112 NH3. 15.114 (a) 7.43. (b) pD , 7.43.
(c) pD 1 pOD 5 14.87. 15.116 1.79. 15.118 F2 reacts with HF to
form HF2 2 , thereby shifting the ionization of HF to the right.
15.120 (b) 6.80. 15.122 [H1] 5 [H2PO2 4 ] 5 0.0239 M, [H3PO4] 5
0.076 M, [HPO422] 5 6.2 3 1028 M, [PO432] 5 1.2 3 10218 M.
15.124 Pyrex glass contains 10225% B2O3, an acidic oxide.
15.126 [Na1] 5 0.200 M, [HCO2 2
3 ] 5 [OH ] 5 4.6 3 10
23
M,
[H2CO3] 5 2.4 3 10 M, [H ] 5 2.2 3 10 M. 15.128 The H1
28 1 212
ions convert CN2 to HCN, which escapes as a gas. 15.130 0.25 g.
15.132 20.20. 15.134 (a) Equilibrium will shift to the right. (b) To
the left. (c) No effect. (d) To the right. 15.136 The amines are
converted to their salts RNH1 24
3 . 15.138 1.4 3 10 . 15.140 4.40.
15.142 In a basic medium, the ammonium salt is converted to the
pungent-smelling ammonia. 15.144 (c). 15.146 21 mL. 15.148 HX
is the stronger acid. 15.150 Mg. 15.152 1.57. [CN2] 5 1.8 3 1028
M in 1.00 M HF and 2.2 3 1025 M in 1.00 M HCN. HF is a stronger
acid than HCN. 15.154 6.02. 15.156 1.18. 15.158 (a) pH 5 7.24.
(b) 10,000 H3O1 ions for every OH2 ion. 15.160 Both are
255.9 kJ/mol because they have the same net ionic equation.
Chapter 16
16.6 (a) 11.28. (b) 9.08. 16.10 (a), (b), and (c). 16.12 4.74 for both.
(a) is more effective because it has a higher concentration.
16.14 7.03. 16.16 10. More effective against the acid.
16.18 (a) 4.82. (b) 4.64. 16.20 HC. 16.22 (l) (a): 5.10. (b): 4.82.
(c): 5.22. (d): 5.00. (2) 4.90. (3) 5.22. 16.24 0.53 mole.
16.28 90.1 g/mol. 16.30 0.467 M. 16.32 [H1] 5 3.0 3 10213 M,
[OH2] 5 0.0335 M, [Na1] 5 0.0835 M, [CH3COO2] 5 0.0500 M,
[CH3COOH] 5 8.4 3 10210 M. 16.34 8.23. 16.36 (a) 11.36.
(b) 9.55. (c) 8.95. (d) 5.19. (e) 1.70. 16.38 (1) (c). (2) (a). (3)
(d). (4) (b). pH , 7 at the equivalence point. 16.40 6.0 3 1026.
16.44 CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3, which neutralizes
NaOH. 16.46 5.70. 16.54 (a) 7.8 3 10210. (b) 1.8 3 10218.
16.56 1.80 3 10210. 16.58 2.2 3 1024 M. 16.60 2.3 3 1029.
16.62 [Na1] 5 0.045 M, [NO2 21
3 ] 5 0.076 M, [Sr ] 5 0.016 M,
2 24
[F ] 5 1.1 3 10 M. 16.64 pH greater than 3.34 and less than
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-8 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494
AP-8 Answers to Even-Numbered Problems
8.11. 16.68 (a) 0.013 M. (b) 2.2 3 1024 M. (c) 3.3 3 1023 M.
16.70 (a) 1.0 3 1025 M. (b) 1.1 3 10210 M. 16.72 (b), (c), (d), and
(e). 16.74 (a) 0.016 M. (b) 1.6 3 1026 M. 16.76 Yes. 16.80 [Cd21] 5
1.1 3 10218 M, [Cd(CN)422] 5 4.2 3 1023 M, [CN2] 5 0.48 M.
16.82 3.5 3 1025 M. 16.84 (a) Cu21 1 4NH3 Cu(NH3)21 4 .
(b) Ag1 1 2CN2 Ag(CN)2 2 . (c) Hg
21
1 4Cl2 HgCl22 4 .
16.88 0.011 M. 16.90 Use Cl2 ions or flame test. 16.92 From 2.51
to 4.41. 16.94 1.8 3 102 mL. 16.96 1.28 M. 16.98 [H1] 5 3.0 3
10213 M, [OH2] 5 0.0335 M, [HCOO2] 5 0.0500 M, [HCOOH] 5
8.8 3 10211 M, [Na1] 5 0.0835 M. 16.100 9.97 g. pH 5 13.04.
16.102 6.0 3 103. 16.104 0.036 g/L. 16.106 (a) 1.37. (b) 5.97.
(c) 10.24. 16.108 Original precipitate was HgI2. In the presence
of excess KI, it redissolves as HgI422. 16.110 7.82 2 10.38.
16.112 (a) 3.60. (b) 9.69. (c) 6.07. 16.114 (a) MCO3 1 2HCl
MCl2 1 H2O 1 CO2. HCl 1 NaOH NaCl 1 H2O.
(b) 24.3 g/mol. Mg. 16.116 2. 16.118 (a) 12.6. (b) 8.8 3 1026 M.
16.120 (a) Sulfate. (b) Sulfide. (c) Iodide. 16.122 They are
insoluble. 16.124 The ionized polyphenols have a dark color. The
H1 ions from lemon juice shift the equilibrium to the light color
acid. 16.126 Yes. 16.128 (c). 16.130 (a) 1.7 3 1027 M. (b) MgCO3
is more soluble than CaCO3. (c) 12.40. (d) 1.9 3 1028 M. (e) Ca21
because it is present in larger amount. 16.132 pH 5 1.0, fully
protonated; pH 5 7.0, dipolar ion; pH 5 12.0, fully ionized.
16.134 (a) 8.4 mL. (b) 12.5 mL. (c) 27.0 mL. 16.136 (a) 4.74
before and after dilution. (b) 2.52 before and 3.02 after dilution.
16.138 4.75. 16.140 (a) 0.0085 g. (b) 2.7 3 1028 g. (c) 1.2 3 1024 g.
16.142 (1) The initial pH of acid (a) is lower. (2) The pH at half-
way to the equivalence point is lower for (a). (3) The pH at the
equivalence point is lower for acid (a), indicating that (a) forms a
weaker conjugate base than (b). Thus, (a) is the stronger acid.
16.144 [Cu21] 5 1.8 3 1027 M. [OH2] 5 3.6 3 1027 M. [Ba21] 5
[SO224 ] 5 1.0 3 10
25
M.
Chapter 17
17.6 (a) 0.25. (b) 8 3 10231. (c) < 0. For a macroscopic system,
the probability is practically zero that all the molecules will be
found only in one bulb. 17.10 (c) , (d) , (e) , (a) , (b). Solids
have smaller entropies than gases. More complex structures have
higher entropies. 17.12 (a) 47.5 J/K ? mol. (b) 212.5 J/K ? mol.
(c) 2242.8 J/K ? mol. 17.14 (a) DS , 0. (b) DS . 0. (c) DS . 0.
(d) DS , 0. 17.18 (a) 21139 kJ/mol. (b) 2140.0 kJ/mol.
(c) 22935.0 kJ/mol. 17.20 (a) At all temperatures. (b) Below
111 K. 17.24 8.0 3 101 kJ/mol. 17.26 4.572 3 102 kJ/mol. 7.2 3
10281. 17.28 (a) 224.6 kJ/mol. (b) 21.33 kJ/mol. 17.30 2341
kJ/mol. 17.32 22.87 kJ/mol. The process has a high activation
energy. 17.36 1 3 103. glucose 1 ATP glucose 6-phosphate 1
ADP. 1 3 103. 17.38 (a) 0. (b) 4.0 3 104 J/mol. (c) 23.2 3 104
J/mol. (d) 6.4 3 104 J/mol. 17.40 Positive. 17.42 (a) No reaction is
possible because DG . 0. (b) The reaction has a very large
activation energy. (c) Reactants and products already at their
equilibrium concentrations. 17.44 In all cases DH . 0 and DS .
0. DG , 0 for (a), 5 0 for (b), and . 0 for (c). 17.46 DS . 0.
17.48 (a) Most liquids have similar structure so the changes in
entropy from liquid to vapor are similar. (b) DSvap are larger for
ethanol and water because of hydrogen bonding (there are fewer
microstates in these liquids). 17.50 (a) 2CO 1 2NO 2CO2 1
N2. (b) Oxidizing agent: NO; reducing agent: CO. (c) 3 3 10120.
(d) 1.2 3 1018. From left to right. (e) No. 17.52 2 3 10210.
17.54 2.6 3 1029. 17.56 976 K. 17.58 DS , 0; DH , 0.
17.60 55 J/K ? mol. 17.62 Increase in entropy of the surroundings
offsets the decrease in entropy of the system. 17.64 56 J/K.
17.66 4.5 3 105. 17.68 4.8 3 10275 atm. 17.70 (a) True. (b) True.
Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile
(c) False. 17.72 C 1 CuO CO 1 Cu. 6.1. 17.74 673.2 K.
17.76 (a) 7.6 3 1014. (b) 4.1 3 10212. 17.78 (a) A reverse
disproportionation reaction. (b) 8.2 3 1015. Yes, a large K makes
this an efficient process. (c) Less effective. 17.80 1.8 3 1070.
Reaction has a large activation energy. 17.82 Heating the ore alone
is not a feasible process. 2214.3 kJ/mol. 17.84 KP 5 36. 981 K.
No. 17.86 Negative. 17.88 Mole percents: butane 5 30%;
isobutane 5 70%. Yes. 17.90 (a) Na(l): 99.69 J/K ? mol.
(b) S2Cl2(g): 331.5 J/K ? mol. (c) FeCl2(s): 117.9 J/K ? mol.
17.92 Mole fractions are: CO 5 0.45, CO2 5 0.55. Use DGf8
values at 258C for 9008C. 17.94 617 J/K. 17.96 3 3 10213 s.
17.98 DSsys 5 2327 J/K ? mol, DSsurr 5 1918 J/K ? mol, DSuniv 5
1591 J/K ? mol. 17.100 q, w. 17.102 DH , 0, DS , 0, DG , 0.
17.104 (a) 5.76 J/K ? mol. (b) The orientation is not totally
random. 17.106 DH8 5 33.89 kJ/mol; DS8 5 96.4 J/K ? mol;
DG8 5 5.2 kJ/mol. This is an endothermic liquid to vapor process
so both DH8 and DS8 are positive. DG8 is positive because the
temperature is below the boiling point of benzene (80.18C).
17.108 DG8 5 62.5 kJ/mol; DH8 5 157.8 kJ/mol; DS8 5 109
J/K ? mol. 17.110 Slightly larger than 0.052 atm.
Chapter 18
18.2 (a) Mn21 1 H2O2 1 2OH2 MnO2 1 2H2O.
(b) 2Bi(OH)3 1 3SnO22 2 2Bi 1 3H2O 1 3SnO3 .
22
22 1 22
(c) Cr2O7 1 14H 1 3C2O4 2Cr 1 6CO2 1 7H2O.31
(d) 2Cl2 1 2ClO23 1 4H1 Cl2 1 2ClO2 1 2H2O. 18.12 2.46 V.
Al 1 3Ag1 3Ag 1 Al31. 18.14 Cl2(g) and MnO2 4 (aq).
18.16 Only (a) and (d) are spontaneous. 18.18 (a) Li. (b) H2.
(c) Fe21. (d) Br2. 18.20 21.79 V. 18.24 0.368 V.
18.26 (a) 2432 kJ/mol, 5 3 1075. (b) 2104 kJ/mol, 2 3 1018.
(c) 2178 kJ/mol, 1 3 1031. (d) 21.27 3 103 kJ/mol, 8 3 10211.
18.28 0.37 V, 236 kJ/mol, 2 3 106. 18.32 (a) 2.23 V, 2.23 V,
2430 kJ/mol. (b) 0.02 V, 0.04 V, 223 kJ/mol. 18.34 0.083 V.
18.36 0.010 V. 18.40 1.09 V. 18.48 (b) 0.64 g. 18.50 (a) $2.10 3
103. (b) $2.46 3 103. (c) $4.70 3 103. 18.52 (a) 0.14 mol.
(b) 0.121 mol. (c) 0.10 mol. 18.54 (a) Ag1 1 e2 Ag.
(b) 2H2O O2 1 4H1 1 4e2. (c) 6.0 3 102 C.
18.56 (a) 0.589 Cu. (b) 0.133 A. 18.58 2.3 h. 18.60 9.66 3 104 C.
18.62 0.0710 mol. 18.64 (a) Anode: Cu(s) Cu21(aq) 1 2e2.
Cathode: Cu21(aq) 1 2e2 Cu(s). (b) 2.4 3 102 g. (c) Copper
is more easily oxidized than Ag and Au. Copper ions (Cu21) are
more easily reduced than Fe21 and Zn21. 18.66 0.0296 V.
18.68 0.156 M. Cr2O22 7 1 6Fe
21
1 14H1 2Cr31 1 6Fe31 1
7H2O. 18.70 45.1%. 18.72 (a) 2MnO2 1
4 1 16H 1 5C2O4
22
2Mn 1 10CO2 1 8H2O. (b) 5.40%. 18.74 0.231 mg Ca21/mL
21
blood. 18.76 (a) 0.80 V. (b) 2Ag1 1 H2 2Ag 1 2H1.
(c) (i) 0.92 V. (ii) 1.10 V. (d) The cell operates as a pH meter.
18.78 Fluorine gas reacts with water. 18.80 2.5 3 102 h. 18.82 Hg21 2 .
18.84 [Mg21] 5 0.0500 M, [Ag1] 5 7 3 10255 M, 1.44 g.
18.86 (a) 0.206 L H2. (b) 6.09 3 1023/mol e2. 18.88 (a) 21356.8
kJ/mol. (b) 1.17 V. 18.90 13. 18.92 6.8 kJ/mol, 0.064. 18.94 In
both cells, the anode is on the left and the cathode is on the right.
In the galvanic cell, the anode is negatively charged and the
cathode is positively charged. The opposite holds for the
electrolytic cell. Electrons flow from the anode in the galvanic cell
to the cathode in the electrolytic cell and electrons flow from the
anode in the electrolytic cell to the cathode in the galvanic cell.
18.96 1.4 A. 18.98 14. 18.100 1.60 3 10219 C/e2. 18.102 A cell
made of Li1/Li and F2/F2 gives the maximum voltage of 5.92 V.
Reactive oxidizing and reducing agents are hard to handle. 18.104
0.030 V. 18.106 2 3 1020. 18.108 (a) E8 for X is negative; E8 for Y
is positive. (b) 0.59 V. 18.110 (a) The reduction potential of O2 is
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-9 8/16/11 5:20 PM user-f494 Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile

Answers to Even-Numbered Problems AP-9

insufficient to oxidize gold. (b) Yes. (c) 2Au 1 3F2 2AuF3. 20.42 Ethane and propane are greenhouse gases. 20.50 4.34.
18.112 [Fe21] 5 0.0920 M, [Fe31] 5 0.0680 M. 18.114 E8 5 20.58 1.2 3 10211 M/s. 20.60 (b). 20.66 0.12%. 20.68 Endothermic.
1.09 V. Spontaneous. 18.116 (a) Ni. (b) Pb. (c) Zn. (d) Fe. 20.70 O2. 20.72 5.72. 20.74 394 nm. 20.76 It has a high activation
18.118 (a) Unchanged. (b) Unchanged. (c) Squared. energy. 20.78 Size of tree rings are related to CO2 content. Age
(d) Doubled. (e) Doubled. 18.120 Stronger. 18.122 4.4 3 102 atm. of CO2 in ice can be determined by radiocarbon dating.
18.124 (a) Zn Zn21 1 2e2; (1/2)O2 1 2e2 O22. 1.65 V. 20.80 165 kJ/mol. 20.82 5.1 3 1020 photons. 20.84 (a) 62.6
(b) 1.63 V. (c) 4.87 3 103 kJ/kg. (d) 62 L. 18.126 23.05 V. O
Q O
kJ/mol. (b) 38 min. 20.86 5.6 3 1023. 20.88 HOOOOOOT Q O Q
18.128 1 3 10214. 18.130 (b) 104 A ? h. The concentration of
H2SO4 keeps decreasing. (c) 2.01 V; 23.88 3 102 kJ/mol. Chapter 21
18.132 $217. 18.134 20.037 V. 18.136 2 3 1037. 18.138 5 mol 21.12 111 h. 21.14 Roast the sulfide followed by reduction of the
ATP. 18.140 2.87 V. oxide with coke or carbon monoxide. 21.16 (a) 8.9 3 1012 cm3.
(b) 4.0 3 108 kg. 21.18 Iron does not need to be produced
Chapter 19 electrolytically. 21.28 (a) 2Na 1 2H2O 2NaOH 1 H2.
19.6 (Z,N,A) 42a decay: (22, 22, 24). 210b decay: (11, 21, 0). (b) 2NaOH 1 CO2 Na2CO3 1 H2O. (c) Na2CO3 1
0 2 0
11b decay: (21, 11, 0). e capture: (21, 11, 0). 19.8 (a) 21b. 2HCl 2NaCl 1 CO2 1 H2O. (d) NaHCO3 1 HCl
(b) 40
20 Ca. (c) 4
2 a. (d) 1
0 n. 19.16 (a) 9
3 Li. (b) 25
11 Na. (c) 48
21 Sc. NaCl 1 CO2 1 H2O. (e) 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 1 CO2 1 H2O.
19.18 (a) 17 45 92 195
10Ne. (b) 20Ca. (c) 43Tc. (d) 80 Hg. (e) 96 Cm. 19.20 6 3
242
(f) No reaction. 21.30 5.59 L. 21.34 First react Mg with HNO3 to
109 kg/s. 19.22 (a) 4.55 3 10212 J; 1.14 3 10212 J/nucleon. form Mg(NO3)2. On heating, 2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO 1 4NO2 1
(b) 2.36 3 10210 J; 1.28 3 10212 J/nucleon. 19.26 0.251 d21. 2.77 d. O2. 21.36 The third electron is removed from the neon core.
19.28 2.7 d. 19.30 208 82 Pb. 19.32 A: 0; B: 0.25 mole; C: 0; D: 0.75 21.38 Helium has a closed-shell noble gas configuration.
mole. 19.34 224 80 2
88 Ra. 19.38 (a) 34Se 1 1H 1p 1 34Se.
1 81
21.40 (a) CaO. (b) Ca(OH)2. (c) An aqueous suspension of
(b) 94Be 1 21H 211p 1 93Li. (c) 105B 1 10n 42a 1 73Li. Ca(OH)2. 21.44 60.7 h. 21.46 (a) 1.03 V. (b) 3.32 3 104 kJ/mol.
19.40 198 1 198 1
80 Hg 1 0n 79 Au 1 1p. 19.52 IO3 is only formed
2
21.48 4Al(NO3)3 2Al2O3 1 12NO2 1 3O2. 21.50 Because
from IO2 4 . 19.54 Incorporate Fe-59 into a persons body. After a Al2Cl6 dissociates to form AlCl3. 21.52 From sp3 to sp2.
few days isolate red blood cells and monitor radioactivity from the 21.54 65.4 g/mol. 21.56 No. 21.58 (a) 1482 kJ/mol.
hemoglobin molecules. 19.56 (a) 50 50
25Mn 24Cr 1 11b.
0
(b) 3152.8 kJ/mol. 21.60 Magnesium reacts with nitrogen to form
(b) Three half-lives. 19.58 An analogous Pauli exclusion principle magnesium nitride. 21.62 (a) Al31 hydrolyzes in water to produce
for nucleons. 19.60 (a) 0.343 mCi. (b) 237 4
93 Np 2a 1 91 Pa.
233
H1 ions. (b) Al(OH)3 dissolves in a strong base to form Al(OH)2 4.
19.62 (a) 1.040 3 10212 J/nucleon. (b) 1.111 3 10212 J/nucleon. 21.64 CaO 1 2HCl CaCl2 1 H2O. 21.66 Electronic
(c) 1.199 3 10212 J/nucleon. (d) 1.410 3 10212 J/nucleon. transitions (in the visible region) between closely spaced energy
19.64 187N 188O 1 210b. 19.66 Radioactive dating. levels. 21.68 NaF: toothpaste additive; Li2CO3: to treat mental
19.68 (a) 209 4 211 1
83 Bi 1 2a 85 At 1 20n. (b) 83 Bi(a,2n) 85 At.
209 211
illness; Mg(OH)2: antacid; CaCO3: antacid; BaSO4: for X-ray
19.70 The sun exerts a much greater gravity on the particles. diagnostic of digestive system; Al(OH)2NaCO3: antacid.
19.72 2.77 3 103 yr. 19.74 (a) 40 40
19K 18Ar 1 11b. (b) 3.0 3
0
21.70 (i) Both Li and Mg form oxides. (ii) Like Mg, Li forms
109 yr. 19.76 (a) 90Sr: 5.59 3 10215 J; 90Y: 2.84 3 10213 J. nitride. (iii) The carbonates, fluorides, and phosphates of Li and
(b) 0.024 mole. (c) 4.26 3 106 kJ. 19.78 2.7 3 1014 I-131 atoms. Mg have low solubilities. 21.72 Zn. 21.74 D , A , C , B.
19.80 5.9 3 1023/mol. 19.82 All except gravitational. 19.84 U-238 21.76 727 atm.
and Th-232. Long half-lives. 19.86 8.3 3 1024 nm. 19.88 31H.
19.90 The reflected neutrons induced a nuclear chain reaction. Chapter 22
19.92 2.1 3 102 g/mol. 19.94 First step: 234 234
90 Th 91 Pa 1 21b.
0
22.12 (a) Hydrogen reacts with alkali metals to form hydrides.
Second step: 234 234
91 Pa 92 U 1 21b. Third step:
0
(b) Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water. 22.14 Use
234 230 4 230 226 4
92 U 90 Th 1 2a. Fourth step: 90 Th 88 Ra 1 2a. palladium metal to separate hydrogen from other gases.
Fifth step: 226 222 4
88 Ra 86 Rn 1 2a. 19.96 (a) 94 Pu 2a 1 92 U.
238 4 234
22.16 11 kg. 22.18 (a) H2 1 Cl2 2HCl. (b) N2 1 3H2
(b) t 5 0: 0.58 mW; t 5 10 yr: 0.53 mW. 19.98 0.49 rem. 2NH3. (c) 2Li 1 H2 2LiH, LiH 1 H2O LiOH 1 H2.
19.100 The high temperature attained during the chain reaction 22.26 :CqC:22 . 22.28 (a) 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 1 H2O 1
causes a small-scale nuclear fusion: 21H 1 31H 42He 1 10n. The CO2. (b) CO2 reacts with Ca(OH)2 solution to form a white
additional neutrons will result in a more powerful fission bomb. precipitate (CaCO3). 22.30 On heating, the bicarbonate ion
19.102 21.5 mL. 19.104 No. According to Equation (19.1), energy decomposes: 2HCO2 22
3 CO3 1 H2O 1 CO2. Mg
21
ions
and mass are interconvertible. 19.106 (a) 1.69 3 10212 J. (b) 1.23 3 combine with CO22 3 ions to form MgCO 3 ..
22.32 First, 2NaOH 1
10212 J. Because a proton feels the repulsion from other protons, CO2 Na2CO3 1 H2O. Then, Na2CO3 1 CO2 1 H2O
it has a smaller binding energy than a neutron. 2NaHCO3. 22.34 Yes. 22.40 (a) 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 1 O2.
(b) NaNO3 1 C NaNO2 1 CO. 22.42 2NH3 1 CO2
Chapter 20 (NH2)2CO 1 H2O. At high pressures. 22.44 NH4Cl decomposes to
20.6 3.3 3 1024 atm. 20.8 N2: 3.96 3 1018 kg; O2: 1.22 3 1018 kg; form NH3 and HCl. 22.46 N is in its highest oxidation state (15)
CO2: 2.63 3 1015 kg. 20.12 3.57 3 10219 J. 20.22 5.2 3 106 in HNO3. 22.48 Favored reaction: 4Zn 1 NO2 3 1 10H
1
21 1
kg/day. 5.6 3 1014 kJ. 20.24 The wavelength is not short enough. 4Zn 1 NH4 1 3H2O. 22.50 Linear. 22.52 21168 kJ/mol.
20.26 434 nm. Both. 22.54 P4. 125 g/mol. 22.56 P4O10 1 4HNO3 2N2O5 1
F H F H 4HPO3. 60.4 g. 22.58 sp3. 22.66 2198.3 kJ/mol, 6 3 1034,
A A A A 6 3 1034. 22.68 0; 21. 22.70 4.4 3 1011 mol; 1.4 3 1013 g.
20.28 FOCOCOCl FOCOCOH 20.40 1.3 3 1010 kg. 22.72 79.1 g. 22.74 Cl, Br, and I atoms are too bulky around the
A A A A
S atom. 22.76 35 g. 22.78 9H2SO4 1 8NaI H2S 1 4I2 1
F Cl F F
4H2O 1 8NaHSO4. 22.82 H2SO4 1 NaCl HCl 1 NaHSO4.
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-10 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494 Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile

AP-10 Answers to Even-Numbered Problems

The HCl gas escapes, driving the equilibrium to the right. measurements. 23.66 EDTA sequesters essential metal ions (Ca21,
22.84 25.3 L. 22.86 Sulfuric acid oxidizes sodium bromide to Mg21). 23.68 3. 23.70 1.0 3 10218 M. 23.72 2.2 3 10220 M.
molecular bromine. 22.88 2.81 L. 22.90 I2O5 1 5CO I2 1 23.74 (a) 2.7 3 106. (b) Cu1 ions are unstable in solution.
5CO2. C is oxidized; I is reduced. 22.92 (a) SiCl4. (b) F2. (c) F. 23.76 (a) Cu31 is unstable in solution because it can be easily
(d) CO2. 22.94 No change. 22.96 (a) 2Na 1 D2O 2NaOD 1 reduced. (b) Potassium hexafluorocuprate(III). Octahedral.
D2. (b) 2D2O 2D2 1 O2 (electrolysis). D2 1 Cl2 Paramagnetic. (c) Diamagnetic.
2DCl. (c) Mg3N2 1 6D2O 3Mg(OD)2 1 2ND3. (d) CaC2 1
2D2O C2D2 1 Ca(OD)2. (e) Be2C 1 4D2O Chapter 24
2Be(OD)2 1 CD4. (f) SO3 1 D2O D2SO4. 22.98 (a) At 24.12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl. CH3CH2CH2CHClCH3.
elevated pressure, water boils above 1008C. (b) So the water is CH3CH2CHClCH2CH3.
able to melt a larger area of sulfur deposit. (c) Sulfur deposits are
structurally weak. Conventional mining would be dangerous. H CH3 Br CH3
G D G D
22.100 The COD bond breaks at a slower rate. 22.102 Molecular 24.14 CPC CPC
D G D G
oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent, reacting with substances Br H H H
such as glucose to release energy for growth and function.
Molecular nitrogen (containing the nitrogen-to-nitrogen triple H H
G D
bond) is too unreactive at room temperature to be of any practical H CH2Br H C H
G D G D G D
use. 22.104 258C: 9.61 3 10222; 10008C: 138. High temperature CPC COOC
favors the formation of CO. 22.106 1.18. D G D G
H H H Br
Chapter 23 24.16 (a) Alkene or cycloalkane. (b) Alkyne. (c) Alkane. (d) Like
23.12 (a) 13. (b) 6. (c) oxalate. 23.14 (a) Na: 11, Mo: 16. (a). (e) Alkyne. 24.18 No, too much strain. 24.20 (a) is alkane and
(b) Mg: 12, W: 16. (c) Fe: 0. 23.16 (a) cis-dichlorobis(ethylene- (b) is alkene. Only an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide and
diamine)cobalt(III). (b) pentaamminechloroplatinum(IV) chloride. hydrogen. 24.22 2630.8 kJ/mol. 24.24 (a) cis-1,2-
(c) pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride. 23.18 (a) [Cr(en)2Cl2]1. dichlorocylopropane. (b) trans-1,2-dichlorocylopropane.
(b) Fe(CO)5. (c) K2[Cu(CN)4]. (d) [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2. 24.26 (a) 2-methylpentane. (b) 2,3,4-trimethylhexane.
23.24 (a) 2. (b) 2. 23.26 (a) Two geometric isomers: (c) 3-ethylhexane. (d) 3-methyl-1,4-pentadiene. (e) 2-pentyne.
(f) 3-phenyl-1-pentene.
Cl Cl
H3N A NH3 H3N A Cl CH3 H H C2H5
G D G D
)Co- )Co- 24.28 (a) CPC (b) CPC
H3N A NH3 H3N A NH3 D G D G
Cl NH3 H C2H5 H C2H5
trans cis CH3 H
G D HOCqCOCHOCH3
(b) Two optical isomers: CPC A
D G
(c) H CHOC3H7 (d)
A
C2H5
24.32 (a) 1,3-dichloro-4-methylbenzene. (b) 2-ethyl-
Co 1,4-dinitrobenzene. (c) 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene.
Co
24.36 (a) Ether. (b) Amine. (c) Aldehyde. (d) Ketone.
(e) Carboxylic acid. (f) Alcohol. (g) Amino acid.
24.38 HCOOH 1 CH3OH HCOOCH3 1 H2O. Methyl
formate. 24.40 (CH3)2CHOOOCH3. 24.42 (a) Ketone. (b) Ester.
(c) Ether. 24.44 2174 kJ/mol. 24.46 (a), (c), (d), (f).
23.34 CN2 is a strong-field ligand. Absorbs near UV (blue) 24.48 (a) Rubbing alcohol. (b) Vinegar. (c) Moth balls.
so appears yellow. 23.36 (a) Orange. (b) 255 kJ/mol. (d) Organic synthesis. (e) Organic synthesis. (f) Antifreeze.
23.38 [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl. 2 moles. 23.42 Use 14CN2 label (g) Natural gas. (h) Synthetic polymer. 24.50 (a) 3. (b) 16. (c) 6.
(in NaCN). 23.44 First Cu(CN)2 (white) is formed. It redissolves 24.52 (a) C: 15.81 mg, H: 1.33 mg, O: 3.49 mg. (b) C6H6O.
as Cu(CN)422. 23.46 1.4 3 102. 23.48 Mn31. The 3d3 electron
configuration of Cr31 is stable. 23.50 Ti: 13; Fe: 13. 23.52 Four
(c) Phenol. OH
A

Fe atoms per hemoglobin molecule. 1.6 3 104 g/mol. 23.54 (a)

[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3. (b) [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2 ? H2O. (c) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl ?
2H2O. Compare electrical conductance with solutions of NaCl, 24.54 Empirical and molecular formula: C5H10O. 88.7 g/mol.
MgCl2, and FeCl3 of the same molar concentration. 23.56 21.8 3
CH H2COOOCH2
102 kJ/mol; 6 3 1030. 23.58 Iron is more abundant. E H2 A A
H2C CH
C 2
23.60 Oxyhemoglobin is low spin and therefore absorbs higher A A H2C CH(CH3)
energy light. 23.62 All except Fe21, Cu21, and Co21. The colorless H2CH ECH2 G D
O
ions have electron configurations d0 and d10. 23.64 Dipole moment O
cha02680_ans_AP1-AP11.indd Page AP-11 8/16/11 4:41 PM user-f494 Volume/204/es/MHDQ280/cha02680_disk1of1/0073402680/cha02680_pagefile

Answers to Even-Numbered Problems AP-11

CH2PCHOCH2OOOCH2OCH3. 24.56 (a) The C atoms bonded 25.12 (a) CH2PCHOCHPCH2. (b) HO2C(CH2)6NH2.
to the methyl group and the amino group and the H atom. (b) The 25.22 At 358C the enzyme begins to denature. 25.28 Proteins are
C atoms bonded to Br. 24.58 CH3CH2CHO. 24.60 (a) Alcohol. made of 20 amino acids. Nucleic acids are made of four building
(b) Ether. (c) Aldehyde. (d) Carboxylic acid. (e) Amine. 24.62 The blocks (purines, pyrimidines, sugar, phosphate group) only.
acids in lemon juice convert the amines to the ammonium salts, 25.30 C-G base pairs have three hydrogen bonds and higher
which have very low vapor pressures. 24.64 Methane (CH4), boiling point; A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds. 25.32 Leg
ethanol (C2H5OH), methanol (CH3OH), isopropanol (C3H7OH), muscles are active, have a high metabolic rate and hence a high
ethylene glycol (CH2OHCH2OH), naphthalene (C10H8), acetic acid concentration of myoglobin. The iron content in Mb makes the
(CH3COOH). 24.66 (a) 1. (b) 2. (c) 5. 24.68 Br2 dissociates into Br meat look dark. 25.34 Insects have blood that contains no
atoms, which react with CH4 to form CH3Br and HBr. hemoglobin. It is unlikely that a human-sized insect could obtain
sufficient oxygen for metabolism by diffusion. 25.36 There are
OH
A four Fe atoms per hemoglobin molecule. 1.6 3 104 g/mol.
24.70 (a) CH3OCOCH
C 2OCH3 . The compound is chiral. 25.38 Mostly dispersion forces. 25.40 Gly-Ala-Phe-Glu-His-Gly-
A Ala-Leu-Val. 25.42 No. Enzymes only act on one of the two
H optical isomers of a compound. 25.44 315 K.
(b) The product is a racemic mixture. 25.46 Hydrogen bonding. 25.48 (a) The OCOOH group.
(b) pH 5 1.0: The valine is in the fully protonated form.
OH pH 5 7.0: Only the OCOOH group is ionized. pH 5 12.0:
A
24.72 CH3CH2CH2OH or CH3OCHOCH3 . 24.74 (a) Reaction Both groups are ionized. (c) 5.97. 25.50 (a) Mn 5 3.6 kg/mol;
between glycerol and carboxylic acid (formation of an ester). Mw 5 4.3 kg/mol. (b) Mn 5 5 kg/mol; Mw 5 5 kg/mol. (c) If Mn
(b) Fat or oil (shown in problem) 1 NaOH Glycerol 1 and Mw are close in value, that indicates a small spread in the
3RCOO2Na1 (soap). (c) Molecules having more CPC bonds are distribution of polymer sizes. (d) The four subunits in hemoglobin
harder to pack tightly. Consequently, they have a lower melting molecule dissociate in solution, giving a distribution of molar
point. (d) H2 gas with a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. masses. There are no subunits in myoglobin or cytochrome c, so
(e) 123. no distribution of molar masses.

Chapter 25
25.8 O( CH2OCHClOCH2OCCl2 O. ) 25.10 By an
addition reaction involving styrene monomers.