Project Report

PROJECT REPORT
COMPREHENSIVE CASE STUDY OF RETROFITTING OF

DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY MICOM P437 AT BAIRA
SIUL POWER STATION (3 X 60 MW), NHPC LTD,
SURANGANI, CHAMBA, HIMACHAL PRADESH.
Submitted in
The Partial fulfillment of the syllabus requirements of the course by The

Institution of Engineers (India).
Submitted by
Muppana Venkata Subrahmanyam
ST 373838-3
Section B (Electrical Engineering)
Guided By:
(Shri Pradipta Kumar Das)
Project Guide.
MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 1

The following Documents have been enclosed herewith in the under given sequence:
1. Approved Synopsis of the Project.

2. Project Report.
3. Certificate of originality certified by the student and countersigned by the Project Guide.
4. References.

ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
I would especially like to express my sincere gratitude and genuine thanks to my Project
Guide, Shri Pradipta Kumar Das, Senior Manager (Electrical), Baira Siul Power Station,
NHPC Ltd., for his unstinting support and valuable guidance rendered to me throughout the
period of my work on this project. I take this privilege to thank him in profound way whose
guidance has led to the successful completion of my project.
Last but not the least, I would like to extend my heartiest thanks to all the members of the
Power House Electrical Maintenance team of 3 x 60 MW Baira Siul Power Station (NHPC Ltd.)
who helped me during my project work.
15th July, 2017 Muppana Venkata Subrahmanyam
ST 373838-3

SYNOPSIS OF PROJECT
1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT:
Comprehensive Case Study of Retrofitting of Distance Protection Relays MICOM P437 at

Baira Siul Power Station (3 x 60 MW), NHPC Ltd., Surangani, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.
2. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:
This Power Station was commissioned in 1980 and Electro-mechanical relays were used
for distance protection of feeders. One set of Electro-mechanical type distance protection
relays comprises of three phase to phase fault relays, three phase to earth fault relays,
auxiliary timer relays etc. These relays suffer from the effects of age. As time passes, the
springs and the linkages inside the relay grow weak. This causes the setting values to drift
resulting in maloperation and false trips. One of the critical aspect of the electro-mechanical
relays is availability of spare relays as these are becoming obselete day by day. Moreover,
application of electro-mechanical relays is only for protection purpose.
Numerical relays are compact in size, reliable and flexible. These relays rely on software
and customized modifications can be made for getting the desired protection features.
Numerical power system protection devices can multitask on attributes such as protection,
control, monitoring and measuring. In addition to this, the communication capability of such
relays provides remote control as well as real time data transfer. Numerical relays are
diverse and evolution adaptable. This property of multitasking is further strengthened on
the account that the numerical system can accommodate different types of relay
characteristics. Numerical relays give minimum burden on the instrument transformers.
In view of the above points, it was decided to replace old electro-mechanical relays with
new numerical protection relays for distance protection of the feeders.
3. RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY
Having working in NHPC Ltd, and being part of a team which is entrusted from concept to
retrofitting of the relays is the main reason for carrying out the comprehensive study of this
project. This study will enrich me a lot regarding details of Distance Protection using

MICOM P437 relays apart from partial fulfillment of the syllabus requirement of course by
The Institution of Engineers (India).
4. DETAILED METHODOLOGY TO BE USED FOR CARRYING OUT THE

STUDY
The MICOM P437 relay is described in brief. The protection functions and configuration of
input and outputs of the relays is described in brief. Various Inputs/data pertaining to the
line conductors will be gathered and calculations for various settings of the relays will be
made based on these data. Configuring of the relays for settings and communication will be
made with the help of relay technical manual.
5. THE EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION FROM STUDY
From this study one will become familiar with the concept of commissioning of Numerical
Distance Protection Relays. Moreover, the step by step method for erection, commissioning
and testing will be helpful to enhance the understanding of Distance Protection Scheme.
6. LIST OF ACTIVITIES TO BE CARRIED OUT TO COMPLETE THE

PROJECT
Dismantling of old relays, retrofitting of new relays, commissioning and testing of new
relays, consultation with Officials / Officers of NHPC Limited (Details as per bar chart).
7. PLACE / LABS / EQUIPMENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED AND PLANNING

OF ARRANGEMENT
Baira Siul Power Station, Surangani, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.
8. PROBLEM ENVISAGED IN CARRYING OUT THE PROJECT, IF ANY
Nil.

LIST OF ACTIVITIES & TIME SCHEDULE
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES NO. OF DAYS
A Selection of Project & Approval 01
B Collection & Filtration of Data 11
C Study of Input Data 05
D Analysis & Process of data for report preparation 03
E Preparation of Initial Project Report 05
F Corrections, proof reading, editing formatting of report 04
G Final Preparation and Submission of Project Report. 03
Total Duration (in Days) 32
TIME SCHEDULE OF THE PROJECT REPORT
A 1
B 11
C 5
D 3
E 5
F 4
G 3

TITLE OF THE PROJECT:
Comprehensive Case Study of Retrofitting of Distance Protection Relays MICOM P437 at

Baira Siul Power Station (3 x 60 MW), NHPC Ltd., Surangani, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:
This Power Station was commissioned in 1980 and Electro-mechanical relays were used for
distance protection of feeders. One set of Electro-mechanical type distance protection relays
comprises of three phase to phase fault relays, three phase to earth fault relays, auxiliary timer
relays etc. These relays suffer from the effects of age. As time passes, the springs and the
linkages inside the relay grow weak. This causes the setting values to drift resulting in
maloperation and false trips. One of the critical aspect of the electro-mechanical relays is
availability of spare relays as these are becoming obselete day by day. Moreover, application
of electro-mechanical relays is only for protection purpose.
Numerical relays are compact in size, reliable and flexible. These relays rely on software and
customized modifications can be made for getting the desired protection features. Numerical
power system protection devices can multitask on attributes such as protection, control,
monitoring and measuring. In addition to this, the communication capability of such relays
provides remote control as well as real time data transfer. Numerical relays are diverse and
evolution adaptable. This property of multitasking is further strengthened on the account that
the numerical system can accommodate different types of relay characteristics. Numerical
relays give minimum burden on the instrument transformers.
In view of the above points, it was decided to replace old electro-mechanical relays with new
numerical protection relays for distance protection of the feeders.
DETAILED METHODOLOGY TO BE USED FOR CARRYING OUT THE STUDY
The MICOM P437 relay is described in brief. The protection functions and configuration of
input and outputs of the relays is described in brief. Various Inputs/data pertaining to the
line conductors will be gathered and calculations for various settings of the relays will be

made based on these data. Configuring of the relays for settings and communication will be
made with the help of relay technical manual.
INPUT DATA / STRUCTURE/ ANALYSIS/ SOLUTION
INTRODUCTION TO MICOM P437 DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY
The MICOM P437 distance protection device is designed for selective short circuit
protection and overload protection with 1/3 pole high speed reclosure in effectively
grounded high voltage and extra high voltage power systems.
The multitude of protection functions incorporated into the device enable the user to cover
a wide range of applications in the protection of cables and line sections. Moreover, there
are numerous backup protection and automatic control functions available.
The relevant protection parameters can be stored in four independent parameter subsets in
order to adapt the device to different operating and power system management states.
General functions are complete function groups, which may be individually configured or
cancelled, depending upon the application (e.g. included in or excluded from the devices
configuration). Unused or de-configured function groups are hidden to the user, thus
simplifying the menu. Communication functions and measured value functions may also be
configured or excluded.
This concept provides a wide choice of functions and makes wide-ranging application of the
protection device possible, with just one model version. On the other hand, simple and
clear parameter settings and adaptations to each protection scheme can be made. The
powerful programmable logic provided by the device also makes it possible to
accommodate special applications.
Relay Short Description

No. Name
21 DIST Distance Protection having six distance stages, overcurrent
starting, under voltage starting and under impedance starting,
Polygonal or Circular tripping characteristics.

68 PSB Power swing blocking and power swing starting
MCMON Measuring circuit monitoring
BUOC Backup overcurrent time protection (Backup DTOC)
50/27 SOTF Switch on to fault protection.
79 ARC Auto-reclosing control having high-speed reclosure (HSR),
Time-delayed reclosure (TDR), rapid reclosure (RRC).
25 ASC Automatic synchronism check
67N GFSC Ground fault (short-circuit) protection
50/51 DTOC Definite time over current protection having 4 stages, phase,
P,Q,N negative-sequence and residual current measuring systems.
51/67 IDMT Inverse time over current protection having one stage,
P,Q,N directional, phase, negative-sequence and residual current
measuring systems.
49 THERM Thermal Overload protection
27/59 V<> Time-voltage protection having 2 stages each, phase,
P,Q,N positive sequence, negative sequence and neutral
displacement voltages.
81 O/U f<> Frequency protection having 4 stages.
P<> Power directional protection
50BF/62 CBF Circuit breaker failure protection
The P437 is modular in design. The plug-in modules are housed in a robust aluminium
case and electrically interconnected via one analog module and one digital module.
The P437 has the following inputs and outputs.
a) Current meauring inputs

b) 4 or 5 voltage measuring inputs
c) Upto 32 binary signal inputs (opto couplers) with user- definable function assignment.
d) Upto 46 output relays with user-definable function assignment.

The nominal current and voltage values of the measuring inputs on the P437 can be set
with the function parameters. The nominal voltage range of the optocoupler inputs is 24 to
250 V DC. The nominal auxiliary voltage input range is 48 to 250 V DC and 100 to 230 V
AC. All output relays can be utilized for signalling and command purposes.
The P437 has Local Control Panel having 17 LED indicators, 12 with user-definable
functional assignment, PC Interface and communication interfaces. Information is
exchanged through the local control panel, the PC interface or two communication
interfaces. External clock synchronization can be accomplished by using IRIG-B input.
Modular Structure
The P437, a numeric device, is part of the MiCOM P 30 family of devices. The device types
included in this family are built from identical uniform hardware modules. Figure 3-1 shows the
basic hardware structure of the P437.

The external analog and binary quantities electrically isolated are converted to the internal
processing levels by the peripheral modules T, Y, and X. Commands and signals generated by
the device internally are connected to external plant via contacts through the binary I/O
modules X. The external auxiliary voltage is applied to the power supply module V, which
supplies the auxiliary voltages that are required internally.
Analog data is transferred from the transformer module T via the analog bus module B to the
processor module P. The processor module contains all the elements necessary for the
conversion of measured analog variables, including multiplexers and analog or digital
converters. The analog data conditioned by the analog I/O module Y is transferred to the
processor module P via the digital bus module. Binary signals are fed to the processor module
by the binary I/O modules X via the digital bus module.
The processor handles the processing of digitized analog variables and of binary signals,
generates the protective trip and signals, and transfers them to the binary I/O modules X via
the digital bus module. The processor module also handles overall device communication. As
an option, communication module A can be mounted on the processor module to provide serial
communication with substation control systems.
The control and display elements of the integrated local control panel and the integrated PC
interface are housed on control module L.
All settings and signals as well as all measurements and control functions are arranged
within the branches of the menu tree following a scheme that is uniform throughout the
device family. The main branches are:
Parameters branch
All settings are contained in this branch. This branch carries all settings, including the device
identification data, the configuration parameters for adapting the device interfaces to the
system, and the function parameters for adapting the device functions to the process. All

values in this group are stored in non-volatile memory, which means that the values will be
preserved even if the power supply fails.
Operation branch
This branch includes all information relevant for operation such as measured operating data
and binary signal states. This information is updated periodically and consequently is not
stored. In addition, various controls are grouped here, for example those for resetting counters,
memories and displays.
Events branch
The third branch is reserved for the recording of events. All information in this group is
therefore stored. In particular, the start/end signals during a fault, the measured fault data, and
the sampled fault waveforms are stored here and can be read out when required.
The configuration of the local control panel also permits the installation of Measured Value
'Panels on the LCD display. Different Panels are automatically displayed for specific system
operating conditions. Priority increases from normal operation to operation under overload
conditions and finally to operation following a short circuit in the system. Thus the P437
provides the measured data relevant for the prevailing conditions.
IRIG-B Clock Synchronization (Function Group IRIGB)
If, for example, a GPS receiver with IRIG-B connection is available, the internal clock of the
P437 can be synchronized to run on GPS time using the optional IRIG-B interface. It should be
noted that the IRIG-B signal holds information on the day only (day of the current year). Using
this information and the year set at the P437, the P437 calculates the current date
(DD.MM.YY).
If the IRIG-B interface is enabled and receiving a signal, the P437 checks the received signal
for plausibility. Implausible signals are rejected by the P437. If the P437 does not receive a
correct signal in the long run, synchronization will not be ready any longer.

Configuration and Operating Mode of the Binary Inputs (Function Group INP)
The P437 has opto coupler inputs for processing binary signals from the substation. The
functions that will be activated in the P437 by triggering these binary signal inputs are defined
by the configuration of the binary signal inputs.
One function can be assigned to each binary signal input by configuration. The same function
can be assigned to several signal inputs. Thus one function can be activated from several
control points having different signal voltages.
The operating mode for each binary signal input can be defined. The user can specify whether
the presence (active 'high' mode) or the absence (active 'low' mode) of a voltage should be
interpreted as the logic '1' signal. The display of the state of a binary signal input 'low' or
'high' is independent of the setting for the operating mode of the signal input.
Configuration, Operating Mode, and Blocking of the Output Relays

(Function Group OUTP)
The P437 has output relays for the output of binary signals. The binary signal assignment is
freely configured by the user. One binary signal can be assigned to each output relay. The
same binary signal can be assigned to several output relays by configuration.
The user can set an operating mode for each output relay that determines whether the output
relay operates in a normally open arrangement (NO) or normally closed arrangement (NC) and
whether it operates in latching mode. Latching can be disabled either manually via a setting
parameter, or by an appropriately configured binary signal input, at the onset of a new fault or
of a new system disturbance, depending on the selected operating mode.
The P437 offers the option of blocking all output relays via a setting parameter or by way of an
appropriately configured binary signal input. The output relays are likewise blocked if the
device is disabled via appropriately configured binary inputs.

In these cases the relays are treated according to their set operating mode, i.e. relays in a
normally open arrangement (NO) are not triggered, whereas relays in a normally closed
arrangement (NC) are triggered.
Operating Data Measurement
The P437 has an operating data measurement function for the display of currents and voltages
measured as well as quantities derived from these measured values. The following measured
variables are displayed:
Phase currents for all three phases
Maximum phase current
Minimum phase current
Positive-sequence current and negative-sequence current, taking into account the set phase
sequence.
Residual current measured by the P437 at the T 14 transformer
Residual current of the parallel line, which is measured by the P437 at the T 24 transformer
Phase-to-ground voltages
Sum of the three phase-to-ground voltages
Phase-to-phase voltages
Maximum phase-to-phase voltage
Minimum phase-to-phase voltage
Positive-sequence voltage and negative-sequence voltage, taking into account the set
phase sequence.
Neutral-point displacement voltage measured by the P437 at the T 90 transformer
Reference voltage measured by the P437 at the T 15 transformer
Active and Reactive Power
Active power factor
Load angle in all three phases
Angle between measured residual current and measured neutral-point displacement voltage
Phase relation between calculated and measured residual current
Angle between phase-to-ground voltage A and the residual currents
Frequency

The measured data are updated at approx. 1 s intervals. Updating is interrupted if the self-
monitoring function detects a hardware fault or in case of a general starting (primary system
short-circuit) condition.
Configuring and Enabling the Protection Functions
The device can be adapted to the requirements of a specific high-voltage system by

configuring the available function range. By including the relevant protection functions in the
device configuration and canceling all other protection functions, the user creates an individual
device appropriate to the application. Parameters, signals, and measured values of canceled
protection functions are not displayed on the local control panel.
Functions of general applicability such as operating data recording (OP_RC) or main functions
(MAIN) cannot be canceled.
The following conditions must be met before a protection function can be canceled:
The protection function in question must be disabled.
None of the elements of the protection function to be canceled may be assigned to a binary
input.
None of the signals of the protection function may be assigned to a binary output or an LED
indicator.
None of the signals of the protection function may be linked to other signals.
No functions of the device function to be canceled may be selected in a list parameter
setting.
If the above conditions are met, proceed through the Configuration branch of the menu tree to
access the setting relevant for the protection function to be canceled. If, for example, the
"LIMIT" function group is to be canceled, the setting LIMIT: Function group LIMIT is accessed
and its value is set to "Without". To re-include the "LIMIT" function in the device configuration,
the same setting is accessed and its value is changed to "With".

The protection function to which a setting, a signal, or a measured value belongs is defined by
the function group designation (example: In the following description of the protection
functions, it is presumed that this protection function is included in the configuration.
Inrush stabilization (harmonic restraint)
The inrush stabilization function detects high inrush current flows that occur when transformers
or machines are switched on, and, if detected, it will then block the following functions:
Over current and under impedance fault detection logic of distance protection
Backup over current-time protection (backup DTOC)
Definite-time over current protection
Inverse-time over current protection
The inrush stabilization function identifies an inrush current by evaluating the ratio of the
second harmonic current components to the fundamental. If this ratio exceeds the set
threshold, then the inrush stabilization function operates. Another settable current trigger
blocks inrush stabilization if the current exceeds this trigger. The setting of the operating mode
determines whether inrush stabilization will operate phase-selectively or across all phases.
Fault Data Acquisition (Function Group FT_DA)
When there is a primary system fault, the P437 collects the following measured fault
data:
Running time
Fault duration
Fault current
Fault voltage (short-circuit voltage)
Short-Circuit Impedance
Fault reactance (short-circuit reactance) in percent of line reactance and in
Fault angle
Fault distance
Ground fault current
Ground fault angle

Ground fault current of parallel line
Fault location in km or percentage of the protected line
Load data at end of fault
The running time is defined as the time between the start and end of the general starting
signal, and the fault duration is defined as the time between the start and end of the FT_RC:
Record. in progress signal.
If the distance protection function detects a fault, one of the measuring loops that is used by
distance protection for measurement purposes is selected, and the data from this loop are
displayed as the fault data. Selection of the measuring loop is based on the
following criteria:
When there is a general starting condition for distance protection, calculation of impedances is
enabled as a function of ground starting (zero-sequence starting): either phase-to-ground
impedances (in the case of grounded starting) or phase-to-phase impedances (in the case of
ungrounded starting). If the distance protection function decides in favor of a trip in none or in
all phases, then the impedance loop having the lowest impedance is selected. In the case of
multi-pole ungrounded starting and a trip decision in a phase-to-phase loop, the loop in which
the trip decision is made is selected. If there is multi-pole grounded starting and a trip decision
is made in only one phase, the corresponding phase-to-ground loop is selected.. If there is a
trip decision in two phases, then the ratio of the impedances of these two phase-to-ground
loops is determined according to the following formula:
Zloop1 : Impedance of phase-to-ground loop 1

Zloop2 : Impedance of phase-to-ground loop 2
Zmin : Lowest impedance of the two phase-to-ground loops.

If the ratio is smaller than 0.1, then the phase-to-phase loop is selected, and if the ratio is
0.1, then the phase-to-ground loop having the lowest impedance is selected. The phase-to-
ground impedances are determined depending on the setting based on the residual current
of the parallel line.
The fault must last for at least 60 ms in order for fault data (short-circuit data) to be
determined.
One phase current is selected as the fault current in accordance with the measuring loop
selected by the fault data acquisition function. If a phase-to-phase loop has been selected,
then the fault current will be the current of the leading phase in the cycle. The primary fault
reactance is calculated from the per-unit fault reactance using the nominal data for the set
primary current and voltage transformers.
The ground fault data are only determined if a phase-to-ground loop has been selected for
display. The geometric sums of the three phase currents of the line being protected or of the
parallel line are displayed as the ground fault current. The ground fault angle is the phase
displacement between ground fault current and measuring voltage as selected by the fault
data acquisition function.
If the fault is detected by the backup overcurrent-time protection function, then only the fault
current can be determined. The maximum phase current is displayed.
Fault current and voltage are displayed as per-unit quantities referred to Inom and Vnom. If the
measured or calculated values are outside of the acceptable measuring range, overflow is
displayed.
In order to determine the fault location in percentage of the line length and in km, the value of
the line reactance, which corresponds to 100% of the line section, as well as the
corresponding line length in km, must be set.

In addition to fault data and fault location, the following load data are determined when
the general starting signal of distance protection drops out:
Load impedance
Load Angle
Residual current
The same measuring loop used to determine fault impedance is used to determine load
impedance and load angle. The load current and the voltage must exceed the thresholds 0.1
Inom and 0.1 Vnom , respectively, in order for the load data to be determined. If the thresholds
are not reached or if the general starting signal of distance protection was shorter than 60 ms,
the display Not measured will appear.
Distance Protection (Function Group DIST)
Starting
The fault detection logic in distance protection serves to detect short-circuits phaseselectively.
Fault detection logic is divided into the following areas:
Overcurrent detection
Ground fault detection
Undervoltage detection
Underimpedance detection
The fault detection decisions of the individual areas are linked by the fault detection logic.
Short-circuit currents that are greater than the maximum operating load currents can be
detected by the over current detection logic. Under voltage detection logic is provided for short
circuits that cannot be identified by over current detection. In order to control difficult conditions
for fault detection, the P437 is also equipped with a highly angle dependent true
underimpedance detection logic function. Ground fault detection logic distinguishes between
grounded and ungrounded faults. The measurement loops, in which fault impedances are to
be determined, are selected depending on the phase-selective fault detection decisions.

Overcurrent detection
Overcurrent fault detection monitors the phase currents for values in excess of the threshold
values I>> and I>>>. I>>> is equal to 2 I>>. The thresholds are identical for all three phases.
The output signals of the I>> trigger assume a logic value of 1 if the threshold is exceeded in
two consecutive half-waves. In the case of the I>>> trigger only one half wave must exceed the
threshold for the output signals to assume a logic value of 1.
Triggering of the inrush stabilization prevents operation of the I>> trigger. If I>> is exceeded in
one phase, then it is sufficient for overcurrent detection if I>>> is exceeded in the other
phases. In this case the fault detection time is shortened since there is no longer any need to
wait for the second half-wave.
Evaluation of the trigger decisions is a function of the type of neutral-point treatment set in the
P437. If isolated neutral/resonant grounding or short-duration grounding is set, then I>>
overcurrent detection occurs in the phase(s) in which the I>> threshold is exceeded. With the
setting low-impedance grounding the following condition must also be satisfied:
To detect grounded faults, the ground fault detection function monitors the average magnitude
of the residual current calculated from the phase currents and the neutral displacement voltage
calculated from the phase-to-ground voltages for values exceeding set thresholds. For the two
possible dynamic ranges of current measurement, one parameter each is available for setting
the fault detection value for ground fault monitoring.
5% of the current maximum phase current is added to the set threshold IN>, which means that
the operate value of the ground current function increases with an increasing phase current
level as a form of stabilization.

The ground fault detection mode is a function of the neutral-point treatment set in the P437.
MAIN: Neutr.pt. treat. = Low-impedance grounding
With this setting ground fault detection (DIST: Zero-sequ. starting) will occur when the
threshold of the stages IN> or/and VNG> is exceeded. In this operating mode the timer stage
tIN> should be set to zero delay. Furthermore, triggering of stage VNG>> and the lapse of
timer stage tVNG>> is signaled.
MAIN: Neutr.pt. treat. = Isolated neutral/resonant grounding
If the setting isolated neutral/resonant grounding is selected, instantaneous ground fault

detection (DIST: Zero-sequ. starting) operates in the event of multiple phase-to-ground fault
detection when the thresholds of stages IN> and VNG> are exceeded. Even in the case of a
single-phase fault, that is, in the event that only one base point is detected, ground fault
detection will operate, but not until tIN> has elapsed.
MAIN: Neutr.pt. treat. = Short-duration grounding
Operation here corresponds to operation with the setting isolated neutral/resonant grounding
except that in the case of a sustained ground fault the timer stage tIN> remains activated due
to the operating trigger VNG>> and therefore no longer has any effect in the event of
subsequent short-duration grounding.
Under voltage detection
Under voltage fault detection monitors the phase-to-ground voltages or the phase-to phase
voltages to determine whether they fall below the set threshold V<. Operation of under voltage
fault detection can be determined by selecting the operating mode. The following operating
modes are possible:
Under voltage fault detection is deactivated.
The under voltage fault detection function evaluates only the decisions of the phase to-
ground loops, once these functions have been enabled by ground fault detection.
Ground fault detection brings about a switch from phase-to-phase to phase-to-ground loops.

Under impedance detection
Under impedance fault detection determines the impedances of the phase-to-ground or

phase-to-phase loops. The under impedance fault detection mode can be determined by
selecting the operating mode. The following operating modes are possible:
Under impedance fault detection is deactivated.

The under impedance fault detection function evaluates only the decisions of the phase-to-
ground loops, once these functions have been enabled by ground fault detection.
Ground fault detection brings about a switch from phase-to-phase to phase-to-ground loops.
All under impedance fault detection measuring loops are blocked when the trigger I>>>
operates. When over current or under voltage fault detection operates, the corresponding
measuring loops are blocked phase-selectively.
If measurement is enabled, the loop impedance is determined and compared to ascertain that
it is within the set impedance range. The loop impedance of the phase-to ground loops is
determined, depending on the setting, by using the ground current corrected by the set ground
factor kG or by using the phase current multiplied by 2 or by (1+kG). The following values must
be set in order to determine the under impedance fault detection characteristic:
Reactance in the forward direction Xfw

Load Angle
Ratio Zbw/Zfw (Impedance in backward/reverse direction: Zbw Impedance in forward
direction: Zfw)
Phase-to-ground impedance in forward direction Zfw,PG
Phase-to-phase impedance in forward direction Zfw,PP
Phase-to-ground resistance in forward direction Rfw,PG
Phase-to-phase resistance in forward direction Rfw,PP

If, on the basis of the settings, the reach in the backward (reverse) direction is greater than 3
Znom, then the range is limited to 3 Znom (Znom = Vnom / Inom).
Fault detection logic
The fault detection logic links the phase-selective output signals from
Over current detection (I>>)
Under voltage detection (V<)
Under impedance detection (Z<)
to form common phase-selective starting decisions (SA, SB, and SC) and SN1. The phase-
selective starting decisions are combined to form general starting and thus produce the
MAIN: General starting signal. Ground fault detection alone does not bring about general
starting.

If fault detection operates via over current fault detection, single-phase fault detection may
operate without ground fault detection. In order for the measuring loops for distance and
directional measurement to be properly selected even in this case, either SN1 or starting in
another phase must be triggered as well. It is possible to specify whether, in the case of single-
phase starting, SN1 will always be triggered or whether depending on the magnitude of the
phase currents SN1 or starting in one phase will be transfer-triggered.
MAIN: Transfer for 1p Ground
With single-phase over current fault detection, SN1 is started and transferred after the timer
stage tIN> has elapsed. If there is a change from single-phase over current fault detection
without ground to multi-phase fault detection or single-phase-to-ground fault detection, starting
will occur instantaneously.
MAIN: Transfer for 1p
P or G = f(Imed,Imax)
For single-pole over current fault detection, the decision as to whether starting in one phase or
SN1 starting will be transferred depends on the Imed / Imax ratio. The magnitude of the
medium phase current must be more than 2/3 the magnitude of the maximum current for the
phase to be transfer-triggered. If the current with the medium-sized magnitude is smaller, SN1
will be triggered after timer stage tIN> has elapsed.
If there is a change from single-phase over current fault detection without ground to multi-
phase fault detection or single-phase-to-ground fault detection, starting will occur
instantaneously.
Zone Setting
The zone 1 elements of a distance relay should be set to cover as much of the protected line
as possible, allowing instantaneous tripping for as many faults as possible. In most
applications the zone 1 reach (Z1) should not be able to respond to faults beyond the

protected line. For an under reaching application the zone 1 reach must therefore be set to
account for any possible overreaching errors. These errors come from the relay, the VTs and
CTs and inaccurate line impedance data. It is therefore recommended that the reach of the
zone 1 distance elements is restricted to 80 - 85% of the protected line impedance (positive
phase sequence line impedance), with zone 2 elements set to cover the final 20% of the line.
(Note: Two of the channel aided distance schemes described later, schemes POP Z1 and
BOP Z1 use overreaching zone 1 elements, and the previous setting recommendation does
not apply).
The zone 2 elements should be set to cover the 20% of the line not covered by zone 1.
Allowing for under reaching errors, the zone 2 reach (Z2) should be set in excess of 120% of
the protected line impedance for all fault conditions. Where aided tripping schemes are used,
fast operation of the zone 2 elements is required. It is therefore beneficial to set zone 2 to
reach as far as possible, such that faults on the protected line are well within reach. A
constraining requirement is that, where possible, zone 2 does not reach beyond the zone 1
reach of adjacent line protection. Where this is not possible, it is necessary to time grade zone
2 elements of relays on adjacent lines. For this reason the zone 2 reach should be set to cover
50% of the shortest adjacent line impedance, if possible. When setting zone 2 earth fault
elements on parallel circuits, the effects of zero sequence mutual coupling will need to be
accounted for. The mutual coupling will result in the Zone 2 ground fault elements under
reaching.
The zone 3 elements would usually be used to provide overall back-up protection for adjacent
circuits. The zone 3 reach (Z3) is therefore set to approximately 120% of the combined
impedance of the protected line plus the longest adjacent line. A higher apparent impedance of
the adjacent line may need to be allowed where fault current can be fed from multiple sources
or flow via parallel paths.
Zones p and q are reversible directional zones. The setting chosen for zone p (q), if used at
all, will depend upon its application. Typical applications include its use as an additional time
delayed zone or as a reverse back-up protection zone for busbars and transformers. Use of
zone p(q) as an additional forward zone of protection may be required by some users to line up
with any existing practice of using more than three forward zones of distance protection.

The zone 4 elements would typically provide back-up protection for the local busbar, where
the offset reach is set to 25% of the zone 1 reach of the relay for short lines (<30km) or 10% of
the zone 1 reach for long lines. Setting zone 4 in this way would also satisfy the requirements
for Switch on to Fault, and Trip on Reclose protection, as described in later sections. Where
zone 4 is used to provide reverse directional decisions for Blocking or Permissive Overreach
schemes, zone 4 must reach further behind the relay than zone 2 for the remote relay. This
can be achieved by setting:
Z4 ((Remote zone 2 reach) x 120%) minus the protected line impedance.
In order to understand the distance zones interactions, it should be considered:
If Zp is a forward zone:
Z1 Z2 < Zp < Z3
T1 < T2 < tZp < T3 (
R1G < R2G < RpG < R3G = R4G
R1Ph < R1extPh < R2Ph < RpPh < R3Ph
If Zp is a reverse zone:
Z1 < Z2 < Z3
Zp > Z4
T1 < T2 < T3
tZp < T4
R1G < R2G < R3G
RpG < R3G = R4G
R1Ph < R2Ph < R3Ph
RpPh < R3Ph = R4Ph
R3G < UN / (1.2 X 3 IN)
R3Ph < UN / (1.2 X 3 IN)

Switch On To Fault (SOTF) mode
Switch on to fault protection (SOTF) is provided for high speed clearance of any detected
fault immediately following manual closure of the circuit breaker. SOTF protection remains
enabled for 500ms following circuit breaker closure, detected via the CB Man Close input or
CB close with CB control or Internal detection with all poles dead (see Figure 40), or for the
duration of the close pulse on internal detection.
Instantaneous three pole tripping (and auto-reclose blocking) can also be selected.
Power Swing detection and blocking (PSB)
Power swings are caused by a lack of stability in the network with sudden load fluctuations. A
power swing may cause the two sources connected by the protected line to go out of step (loss
of synchronism) with each other.
The power swing detection element may be used to selectively prevent when the measured
impedance point moves into the start-up characteristic from a power swing and still allows
tripping for a fault (fault evolving during a power swing). The power swing detection element
may also be used to selectively trip once an out-of-step condition has been declared.
Power swings are oscillations in power flow which can follow a power system disturbance.
They can be caused by sudden removal of faults, loss of synchronism across a power system
or changes in direction of power flow as a result of switching. Such disturbances can cause
generators on the system to accelerate or decelerate to adapt to new power flow conditions,
which in turn leads to power swinging. A power swing may cause the impedance presented to
a distance relay to move away from the normal load area and into one or more of its tripping
characteristics.
A power swing is characterized by:

A 3 successive impedance points in start-up zone of the biphase characteristic,
A slow variation of current,

A slow variation of voltage.
On the contrary a fault is characterized by a rapid (instantaneous) and exaggerated variation
of current.
Power Swing detection uses a R (resistive) and X (reactive) impedance band which
surrounds the entire biphase fault trip characteristic.
A power swing is detected when all 3 phase to phase impedances have remained within the
R for at least 3 acquisition samples (5ms at 50Hz) and have taken longer than 5ms to reach
the trip characteristic.
More precisely, a power swing is detected and declared if:
At least one phase-phase impedance is within the start-up zone after having crossed the
power swing band in more than 5ms.
The three impedance points have been in the power swing band for more than 5ms.
At least two poles of the breaker are closed (impedance measurement possible on two
phases).

Protective Signaling (Function group PSIG)
The reach of the first impedance zone of the distance protection function is normally set for
values less than 100%. Protective signaling is used to extend protection to 100% of the line
section. This is achieved by logical linking of the signals that are transmitted by the remote
stations protection device.
If protective signaling is ready, distance protection tripping takes place

in Zone 1 (with reach set): after timer stage t1 of distance protection has elapsed
in extended zone 1: after the protective signaling tripping time has elapsed.
A transmission fault leads to a blocking of the protective signaling function. The fault signal of
the signal transmission device should be connected to the P437. It will then lead to a blocking
of protective signaling.
Direct transfer trip underreaching
When there is a distance protection trip in zone 1, a signal is sent to the remote stations
protection device. Signals are transmitted through one or three channels, depending on the
setting.
Upon receipt of the signal by the remote station, the remote stations circuit breaker is tripped.
The settings DIST: Trip zone 1 PG and DIST: Trip zone 1 PP are taken into account.
PUTT (permissive underreaching transfer tripping)
When there is a distance protection trip in zone 1, a signal is sent to the remote stations
protection device. Signals are transmitted through one or three channels, depending on the
setting.
On receipt of the signal by the remote station, the remote stations circuit breaker is subject to
permissive underreaching transfer tripping (PUTT) once the protective signaling tripping time
has elapsed. The settings DIST: Trip zone 1 PG (with starting in the zero-sequence system)

and DIST: Trip zone 1 PP (without starting in the zero-sequence system) are taken into
account.
MAIN
010.048 Neutr.pt. treat. PS1 Low-imped. grounding
001.249 Ground starting PS1 IN> OR VNG>
010.040 Transfer for 1p PS1 Ground
017.097 Op. mode rush r. PS1 Without
017.093 Funct.Rush restr.PS1 Without function
017.098 Rush I(2fn)/I(fn)PS1 20 %
017.095 I> lift rush r. PS1 10.0 Inom
025.097 kPar PS1 0.80
019.001 t lift rush rstr.PS1 Blocked
015.065 3p tr.if HSR off PS1 No
002.184 3p transf 1p trp PS1 Blocked
002.061 Enable 1p trip PS1 Yes
FT_DA
010.005 Line length PS1 96.00 km
010.012 Line reactance PS1 15.35
008.007 Flt.loc. determ. PS1 with GS
010.011 Start data acqu. PS1 End of fault
010.032 Outp. flt.locat. PS1 Always
025.096 Mutual comp. PS1 Without
DIST
010.054 I>> PS1 1.20 Inom
010.068 I> (Ibl) PS1 0.20 Inom
010.067 Operat. mode V< PS1 With V< start.PG,PP
010.069 V< PS1 0.80 Vnom(/3)
010.066 Operat. mode Z< PS1 With Z< start.PG,PP
010.050 Xfw PS1 44.0
010.051 Rfw,PG PS1 29.7

010.052 Rfw,PP PS1 26.4
010.063 PS1 30
010.101 Zfw,PG PS1 29.7
010.105 Zfw,PP PS1 26.4
010.053 Zbw/Zfw PS1 0.50
025.093 Z evaluation PS1 ZPG=VPG/(IP + kG*IN)
010.055 IN> PS1 0.20 Inom
010.057 tIN> PS1 0.100 s
010.056 VNG> PS1 0.06 Vnom
010.062 VNG>> PS1 0.29 Vnom
010.061 tVNG>> PS1 1.000 s
012.172 Meas. start. 1pG PS1 PG loops
012.040 Characteristic PS1 Circle
012.001 X1,PG (polygon) PS1 12.85
002.076 X1,PP (polygon) PS1 12.85
012.002 X2,PG (polygon) PS1 22.70
002.080 X2,PP (polygon) PS1 22.70
012.003 X3,PG (polygon) PS1 34.53
002.084 X3,PP (polygon) PS1 34.53
012.004 X4,PG (polygon) PS1 3.02
002.089 X4,PP (polygon) PS1 3.02
012.100 X5,PG (polygon) PS1 50.00
002.093 X5,PP (polygon) PS1 50.00
012.104 X6,PG (polygon) PS1 60.00
002.097 X6,PP (polygon) PS1 60.00
012.005 R1,PG (polygon) PS1 33.87
012.006 R1,PP (polygon) PS1 25.40
012.007 R2,PG (polygon) PS1 33.87
012.008 R2,PP (polygon) PS1 25.40

012.009 R3,PG (polygon) PS1 33.87
012.010 R3,PP (polygon) PS1 25.40
012.011 R4,PG (polygon) PS1 33.87
012.012 R4,PP (polygon) PS1 25.40
012.108 R5,PG (polygon) PS1 50.00
012.112 R5,PP (polygon) PS1 50.00
012.116 R6,PG (polygon) PS1 50.00
012.120 R6,PP (polygon) PS1 50.00
012.013 1 (polygon) PS1 77
012.014 2 (polygon) PS1 77
012.015 3 (polygon) PS1 77
012.016 4 (polygon) PS1 77
012.124 5 (polygon) PS1 75
012.128 6 (polygon) PS1 75
072.086 1 (polygon) PS1 0
072.087 2 (polygon) PS1 0
072.088 3 (polygon) PS1 0
072.089 4 (polygon) PS1 0
012.156 5 (polygon) PS1 0
012.160 6 (polygon) PS1 0
012.042 Z1 (circle) PS1 12.28
012.043 Z2 (circle) PS1 23.04
012.044 Z3 (circle) PS1 35.05
012.045 Z4 (circle) PS1 3.07
012.148 Z5 (circle) PS1 50.00
012.152 Z6 (circle) PS1 60.00
072.090 1 (circle) PS1 77
072.095 2 (circle) PS1 77
072.096 3 (circle) PS1 77
072.099 4 (circle) PS1 77
012.164 5 (circle) PS1 75

012.168 6 (circle) PS1 75
012.038 Arc comp. circle PS1 Yes
002.234 Directional char PS1 45
012.023 Direction N1 PS1 Forward directional
012.026 Direction N4 PS1 Backward directional
010.109 Oper.val.Vmemory PS1 0.15 Vnom
012.028 t1 PS1 0.00 s
012.029 t2 PS1 0.50 s
012.030 t3 PS1 1.00 s
012.031 t4 PS1 1.00 s
012.032 t5 PS1 Blocked
012.039 Enable ZE f. 1pG PS1 Without
012.034 kze,PG HSR PS1 1.20
012.035 kze,PP HSR PS1 1.20
012.046 kze,PG TDR PS1 1.20
012.047 kze,PP TDR PS1 1.20
010.186 kze (polygon) PS1 R and X
026.025 t1,ze PS1 Blocked
012.037 Abs. value kG PS1 0.77
012.036 Angle kG PS1 -4
012.049 kG,par abs.value PS1 0.77
012.048 kG,par angle PS1 -4
025.095 Mutual comp. PS1 Without

012.184 IN,par> PS1 0.20 Inom
011.050 Trip zone 1 PG PS1 1-pole
010.171 Trip zone 2 PG PS1 3-pole
011.054 Trip zone 1 PP PS1 3-pole
010.175 Trip zone 2 PP PS1 3-pole
SOTF
001.203 Enable PS1 Yes
011.061 Operating mode PS1 Trip with starting
006.142 Activation mode PS1 Trigger
011.060 Man. close timer PS1 1.00 s
006.005 With V< enable PS1 No
006.138 Operate delay PS1 110.00 s
002.128 Release delay PS1 1.00 s
010.218 Tripping time PS1 0.00 s
006.130 I> PS1 Blocked
006.134 tI> PS1 0.00 s
001.191 Evaluation IN PS1 Measured
001.189 IN> (meas.) PS1 0.20 Inom
001.190 IN> (calc.) PS1 1.00 Inom
001.177 tIN> PS1 0.10 s
PSIG
015.026 No. telecom. ch. PS1 1 channel
012.246 Blk.f.telcom.flt PS1 Ch. (A)OR(B) faulty
015.000 Operating mode PS1 PUTT
015.036 Oper. mode send PS1 Dist.-dependent
015.107 Oper. mode trip PS1 Dist.-dependent
015.011 Tripping time PS1 0.00 s
015.002 Release t. send PS1 0.00 s
015.003 Echo on receive PS1 On receive
015.022 Op. delay echo PS1 0.05 s

015.023 Pulse dur. echo PS1 0.10 s
015.021 Trip signal V< PS1 No
015.020 V< weak infeed PS1 0.60 Vnom(/3)
015.019 tV< PS1 0.20 s
006.148 Start cond. tV< PS1 V<
015.024 tBlock PS1 0.05 s
006.039 3ended line prot PS1 No
015.025 Frequency monit. PS1 No
DTOC
072.007 I> PS1 1.50 Inom
072.008 I>> PS1 1.00 Inom
072.009 I>>> PS1 1.00 Inom
072.010 I>>>> PS1 1.00 Inom
072.019 tI> PS1 1.00 s
072.020 tI>> PS1 Blocked
072.021 tI>>> PS1 Blocked
072.022 tI>>>> PS1 Blocked
072.011 Ineg> PS1 0.20 Inom
072.012 Ineg>> PS1 1.00 Inom
072.013 Ineg>>> PS1 1.00 Inom
072.014 Ineg>>>> PS1 1.00 Inom
072.023 tIneg> PS1 30.00 s
072.024 tIneg>> PS1 Blocked
072.025 tIneg>>> PS1 Blocked
072.026 tIneg>>>> PS1 Blocked
002.160 tIneg> (1pHSR) PS1 Normal
002.164 tIneg>> (1pHSR) PS1 Normal
002.168 tIneg>>> (1pHSR) PS1 Normal
002.172 tIneg>>>>(1pHSR) PS1 Normal
073.189 Evaluation IN PS1 Calculated

072.015 IN> PS1 0.20 Inom
072.016 IN>> PS1 1.00 Inom
072.017 IN>>> PS1 1.00 Inom
072.018 IN>>>> PS1 1.00 Inom
002.138 tIN timer start PS1 With starting
072.027 tIN> PS1 1.00 s
072.028 tIN>> PS1 Blocked
072.029 tIN>>> PS1 Blocked
072.030 tIN>>>> PS1 Blocked
002.144 tIN> (1pHSR) PS1 Normal
002.148 tIN>> (1pHSR) PS1 Normal
002.152 tIN>>> (1pHSR) PS1 Normal
002.156 tIN>>>> (1pHSR) PS1 Normal
010.045 VNG> PS1 0.030 Vnom
004.092 Angle phi N PS1 -45
072.032 Direction tIN> PS1 Forward directional
072.033 Direction tIN>> PS1 Forward directional
072.034 Direction tIN>>> PS1 Forward directional
072.035 Direction tIN>>>>PS1 Forward directional
017.055 Puls.prol.IN>,intPS1 0.08 s
017.056 tIN>,interm. PS1 Blocked
017.057 Hold-t. tIN>,intmPS1 0.0 s
V<>
076.001 Operating mode PS1 Delta
076.003 V> PS1 1.10 Vnom(/3)
076.004 V>> PS1 1.50 Vnom(/3)
011.075 V>>> PS1 Blocked
076.005 tV> PS1 5.00 s
076.006 tV>> PS1 0.10 s
011.079 tV>>> PS1 Blocked

076.027 tV> 3-pole PS1 5.00 s
011.092 tV>> 3-pole PS1 0.00 s
011.099 tV>>> 3-pole PS1 Blocked
076.007 V< PS1 Blocked
076.008 V<< PS1 Blocked
011.083 V<<< PS1 Blocked
076.009 tV< PS1 Blocked
076.010 tV<< PS1 Blocked
011.088 tV<<< PS1 Blocked
076.028 tV< 3-pole PS1 Blocked
011.119 tV<< 3-pole PS1 Blocked
011.127 tV<<< 3-pole PS1 Blocked
076.015 Vpos> PS1 Blocked
076.016 Vpos>> PS1 Blocked
076.017 tVpos> PS1 Blocked
076.018 tVpos>> PS1 Blocked
076.019 Vpos< PS1 Blocked
076.020 Vpos<< PS1 Blocked
076.021 tVpos< PS1 Blocked
076.022 tVpos<< PS1 Blocked
076.023 Vneg> PS1 Blocked
076.024 Vneg>> PS1 Blocked
076.025 tVneg> PS1 Blocked
076.026 tVneg>> PS1 Blocked
076.002 Evaluation VNG PS1 Calculated
076.011 VNG> PS1 Blocked
076.012 VNG>> PS1 Blocked
076.013 tVNG> PS1 Blocked
076.014 tVNG>> PS1 Blocked
007.064 Vref> PS1 Blocked
007.065 Vref>> PS1 Blocked

010.250 Vref>>> PS1 Blocked
007.066 tVref> PS1 Blocked
007.067 tVref>> PS1 Blocked
010.254 tVref>>> PS1 Blocked
007.086 Vref< PS1 Blocked
007.087 Vref<< PS1 Blocked
011.059 Vref<<< PS1 Blocked
007.088 tVref< PS1 Blocked
007.096 tVref<< PS1 Blocked
011.071 tVref<<< PS1 Blocked
001.162 Op. mode V< mon. PS1 Without
001.155 I enable V< PS1 0.10 Inom
076.029 tTransient pulse PS1 1.00 s
076.048 Hyst. V<> meas. PS1 2%
076.049 Hyst. V<> deduc. PS1 2%
PSB
014.050 General enable USER Yes
014.060 R 6.0
014.061 posX 6.0
006.185 negX 6.0
014.062 75
014.090 Oper. value Delta T 20 ms
008.235 Activation cond. dZ Power Swing polygon
012.017 Fct. assign. block. DIST Blocking Z2 EXT -->
014.055 Max. PS cycle dur. 30.00 s
011.142 Hold time 30.00 s
011.143 Blocking time int. 0.00 s
010.179 Max. blocking time 2.00 s
014.058 IP> 3.00 Inom
014.057 Ineg> 0.30 IP,max
014.056 IN> 0.40 IP,max

008.234 Abort delay 0.00 s
006.184 R (OOS) 50.0
006.186 posX (OOS) 50.0
006.187 negX (OOS) 50.0
006.028 Perm. No. OOS (a) Blocked
006.189 Perm. No. OOS (b) Blocked
006.027 Perm. No. stab. PS Blocked
Zone setting calculation for 220 kV Baira Siul Jassure Feeder
ACSR Zebra Conductor

Shortest Line - Nil
Longest Line - 220 kV Pong Baira Siul Feeder (Line Length - 97.0 Km, ACSR Zebra
Conductor
Length of the Protected Line 57 KM

Positive Sequence Resistance per KM 0.06885 Ohms
Positive Sequence Reactance per KM 0.3864 Ohms
Positive Sequence Impedance per KM 0.3925 Ohms
Positive Sequence Impedance for protected line 22.3725 Ohms
Positive Sequence Impedance angle 79.87 Degree
Zero Sequence Resistance per KM 0.217 Ohms
Zero Sequence Reactance per KM 1.275 Ohms
Zero Sequence Impedance per KM 1.293 Ohms
Zero Sequence Impedance for protected line 73.70 Ohms
Zero Sequence Impedance angle 80.34 Degree
Details of Adjacent Shortest Line NIL
Details of Adjacent Longest Line (ACSR Zebra)

Length of the Adjacent Longest Line 97 KM
Positive Sequence Resistance per KM 0.06885 Ohms
Positive Sequence Reactance per KM 0.3864 Ohms
Positive Sequence Impedance per KM 0.3925 Ohms
Positive Sequence Impedance for adjacent longest line 38.0725 Ohms

Positive Sequence Impedance angle 79.87 Degree

CT & PT Details
CT Primary 800 Amps
CT Secondary 1 Amp
CT Ration 800
PT Primary 220 Kilovolt
PT Secondary 110 Volt
PT Ratio 2000
CT Ratio / PT Ratio 0.4
Zone 1 Setting = 80% of the positive sequence impedance of
protected line x CT Ratio / PT Ratio 7.16 Ohms
Time Setting, t1 0 Secs.
Zone 2 Setting = (100% of the positive sequence impedance of
protected line + 50% of the positive sequence impedance of
next shortest line) x CT Ratio / PT Ratio or 120% of the
positive sequence impedance of protected line x CT Ratio / PT
Ratio whichever is higher 10.74 Ohms
Time Setting, t2 0.5 Secs.
Zone 3 Setting = (120% of the positive sequence impedance of
protected line + 100% of the positive sequence impedance of
next longest line) x CT Ratio / PT Ratio or (100% of the
positive sequence impedance of protected line + 100% of the
positive sequence impedance of next longest line + 25% of the
positive sequence impedance of next to next longest line) x CT
Ratio / PT Ratio whichever is lower. 25.97 Ohms
Time Setting, t3 1.0 Secs.

CT AND PT CONNECTION DIAGRAM

INPUT CONTACTS WIRING DIAGRAM

INPUT CONTACTS WIRING DIAGRAM

OUTPUT CONTACTS WIRING DIAGRAM

OUTPUT CONTACTS WIRING DIAGRAM

CONCLUSION:
We have gone through the steps of dismantling of old relays, fitting of MICOM P437 relay,
configuration of the relay for input, output and communication, calculation of the zone settings
for distance protection and feeding the settings into relay. A brief description of the relay and
that of the protective functions of the relay is included. Wiring diagram for the relay is also
included in the report. On going through the report, one becomes familiar with the relay
features, its protective functions, input and output contact configuration. One would also
become familiar with the Distance protection and its zones for a feeder, setting calculation for
zones. This will make him better understand not only MICOM P437 relay but also helps in
understanding any numerical protection relay.
REFERENCES:
1. Technical Manual, Distance Protection Device P437, Schneider Electric.

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I, Muppana Venkata Subrahmanyam, having membership no. ST 373838-3, pursuing course

in Electrical Engineering through the reputed institution The Institution of Engineers (India), 8
Gokhale Road, Kolkata-20. I hereby certify that the project entitled Comprehensive Case
Study of Retrofitting of Distance Protection Relay MICOM P437 at Baira Siul Power Station
(3x60 MW), NHPC Ltd, Surangani, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, which is being submitted by
me for the partial fulfillment of the syllabus requirements of Section- B of Electrical Engineering
is original one and that no part of this report has been submitted earlier to any Institution for
the fulfillment of the requirement of a course of study.
Countersigned by: (Muppana Venkata Subrahmanyam)

ST-373838-3
Section-B (Electrical Engineering)
(Er. Pradipta Kumar Das)

Project Guide
MIE - 1357632

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PROJECT REPORT

COMPREHENSIVE CASE STUDY OF RETROFITTING OF

The Partial fulfillment of the syllabus requirements of the course by The

Muppana Venkata Subrahmanyam

Section B (Electrical Engineering)

(Shri Pradipta Kumar Das)

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 1

1. Approved Synopsis of the Project.

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 2

15th July, 2017 Muppana Venkata Subrahmanyam

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 3

1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT:

Comprehensive Case Study of Retrofitting of Distance Protection Relays MICOM P437 at

3. RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 4

4. DETAILED METHODOLOGY TO BE USED FOR CARRYING OUT THE

5. THE EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION FROM STUDY

6. LIST OF ACTIVITIES TO BE CARRIED OUT TO COMPLETE THE

7. PLACE / LABS / EQUIPMENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED AND PLANNING

Baira Siul Power Station, Surangani, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.

8. PROBLEM ENVISAGED IN CARRYING OUT THE PROJECT, IF ANY

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 5

SL. NO. DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES NO. OF DAYS

A Selection of Project & Approval 01

B Collection & Filtration of Data 11

C Study of Input Data 05

D Analysis & Process of data for report preparation 03

E Preparation of Initial Project Report 05

F Corrections, proof reading, editing formatting of report 04

G Final Preparation and Submission of Project Report. 03

Total Duration (in Days) 32

TIME SCHEDULE OF THE PROJECT REPORT

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 6

Comprehensive Case Study of Retrofitting of Distance Protection Relays MICOM P437 at

DETAILED METHODOLOGY TO BE USED FOR CARRYING OUT THE STUDY

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 7

INPUT DATA / STRUCTURE/ ANALYSIS/ SOLUTION

INTRODUCTION TO MICOM P437 DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY

Relay Short Description

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 8

The P437 has the following inputs and outputs.

a) Current meauring inputs

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 9

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 10

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 11

IRIG-B Clock Synchronization (Function Group IRIGB)

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 12

Configuration, Operating Mode, and Blocking of the Output Relays

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 13

Operating Data Measurement

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 14

Configuring and Enabling the Protection Functions

The device can be adapted to the requirements of a specific high-voltage system by

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 15

Inrush stabilization (harmonic restraint)

Fault Data Acquisition (Function Group FT_DA)

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 16

Zloop1 : Impedance of phase-to-ground loop 1

MUPPANA VENKATA SUBRAHMANYAM, ST 373838 3 Page 17

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Distance Protection (Function Group DIST)

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Ground fault detection

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