Engineering Information

First Edition

Edited by
Maninder Singh
Harpreet Singh
Amanpreet Singh
 /'

Engineering Information
1

WEIGHT, MELTING POINT AND SPECIFIC

HEAT OF METALS
Metal Weight Melting Point Specific
Lb. cu. ft. T. Heat

Aluminium 167 1,210 .219

Brass 537 1,850 .092

Bronze 532 1,675

Cast Iron 450 2,200 .144
Copper 554 1,940 .0936
Lead 709 620 .0305
Mane! 455 2,480
Nickls 540 2,600 .109
Steel 490 2,500 .116
Tin 455 446 .0553
Zinc 428 785 .0935

WEIGHT FOR MILD STEEL FLATS

(Weight per foot in. Lbs.)
Width in Thickness in Inches
Inches 1116 118 311 6 1/4 5116 3/8 \Iz 5/8 3/4 7/8 1

6 1.23 2.55 3.38 5.13 6.38 7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30 17.85 20.40
5 1.06 2.13 3.19 4.25 5.31 6.38 8.50 10.63 12.75 14.88 17.00
4\1z .956 1.91 2.87 3.83 4.78 5.74 7.65 9.56 11.48 13.39 15.30
4 .850 1.70 2.55 3.40 4.35 5.10 6.80 8.50 10.20 11.90 13.60
3\1z .744 1.49 2.23 2.98 3.72 4.46 5.95 7.44 8.93 10.41 11.90
3 .638 1.28 1.91 2.55 3.19 3.83 5.10 6.38 7.65 8.93 10.20
2% .584 1.17 1.75 2.34 2.92 3.51 4.68 5.84 7.01 8.18 9.35
2\4 .531 1.06 1.59 2.13 2.66 3.19 4.25 5.31 6.38 7.44 8.50
2 .425 .850 1.28 1.70 2.13 2.55 3.40 4.25 5.10 5.95 6.80
1V. .372 .744 1.12 1.49 1.86 2.23 2.98 3.72 4.46 5.21 5.95
IV2 .319 .638 .956 1.28 1.59 1.91 2.55 3.19 3.83 4.46 5.10
1\4 .266 .53! .797 1.06 1.33 1.59 2.13 2.66 3.19 - -
3/4 .213 .425 .638 .850 1.06 1.28 1.70 2.13 2.55 - -
1 .319 .637 - - -- - - - -
1 .625 .570 - - - - - - -

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
2

M.ETRIC CONVERSION TABLE

Gallons In to Litres Lbs in to Kgs. Miles in to K. Mitres

0-22 1 4-55 2-205 1 0-454 0-62 1

0-44 2 9-09 4-409 2 0-907 1-24 2
0-66 3 13-64 6-614 3 1-361 1-86 3
0-88 4 18-18 8-819 4 1-814 2-49 4
1-10 5 22-73 11-023 5 2-268 3 -11 5
1-32 6 27-28 13-228 6 2-722 3 -53 6
1-54 7 31-39 15-432 7 3-175 4-35 7
1-76 8 36-37 17-637 8 3-629 4-97 8
1-98 9 40-91 19-842 9 4-082 5-59 9
2-20 10 45-46 22-046 10 4-536 6-21 10

VOLUM.E CONVERSION TABLE

Gallon to Litres Gallon to Li tr es

15 - 3-30 26 - 5-72
16 - 3-52 27 - 5-94
17 - 3-74 28 - 6-16
18 - 3-96 29 .,.- 6-38
19 - 4-18 30 - 6-60
20 - 4-40 31 - 6-82
21 - 4-62 32 - 7-04
22 - 4-84 33 - 7-26
23 - 5-06 34 - 7-48
24 - 5-28 35 - 7-70
25 - 5.50

Preet Ferozepuria
 ·Engineering Infornzation
3

SQUARES CUBES, SQUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS

No. Square Cube Square Cube

Root Root

1/8 .015 .0019 .353 .5

1/4 .062 .0156 .500 .629
3/8 .140 .0527 .612 .721
1/2 .256 .1250 .760 .793
5/8 .390 .244 .790 .855
3/4 .562 .421 . X66 .908
7/8 .765 .670 835 .956
I 1 1 I 1
H'i 2.250 3.375 I. 224 1.14
2 4 8 1.414 1.26
2 ~'2 6.250 15.625 I. 581 1.35
3 ') 27 1. 732 1.44
3'.(,- 12.250 42.875 uno 1.51
I
4 16 64 2 1.68
4'//2 20.250 91.125 2.221 1.66
5 25 125 2.236 1. 71
5'/" 30.150 166.375 2.345 I. 76
6 36 216 2.449 un
6~-i 42.250 274.625 2.549 1.86
7 49 343 2.645 1.91
7~~ 56.250 421.875 2.738 \.95
8 64 512 8.828 2
8'/2 72.250 614.125 2.915 2.04
9 81 729 3. 2.08
9~'2 90.250 857.875 3.082 2.11
10 100 1000 3.162 2.15
101;2 110.250 1157.625 3.240 2.18
11 121 1331. 3.316 2.22
I 11;2 132.250 1520.575 3.391 2.25
12 144 1728 3.364 2.29

Preet Ferozepuria
 /

Engineering Information
4

\VEIGHT OF METAL LB./SQ./FT .1 BARS AND PLATES

1/16 1/8 3fl6 1.:4 5/16 3ig 7/16

Iron 2.6 50 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5

Sted 2.55 5.10 7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30 17.85

Brass 2.78 5.50 8.33 11. 10 13.88 16.65 19.43

Copper 2.86 5.72 8.58 11.44 14.30 17.16 20.02

Lead 2.71 7.42 11.13 14.84 18.56 22.27 25.9X

Zinc 2.37 5.75 7.12 9.49 11. 87 14.24 16.61

Moncl 2.90 5.80 8.70 11.60 14.50 17.45 20.3

112 9/16 5i8 11/16 3/4 loan

Iron 20.0 22.5 25.6 27.5 30.0 40.0

Steel 20.40 22.95 25.50 28.05 30.60 40.80

Brass 22.20 24.98 27.75 30.53 33.30 44.40

Copper 22.88 25.73 28.69 31.45 34.31 45.75

Lead 29.69 23.40 37.11 40.82 44.53 59.38

Zinc 18.29 21.36 23.37 26.11 21.58 37.98

Monel 23.40 26.15 29.25 42.15 35.10 46.80

Preet Ferozepuria
 EngiJzeering In/Orn~ation
5
u.••n.••••"
~~••••••••••••••••••••••••••
11
I

I
WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND ROUND STEEL BARS FOR
i R 0 N
DEDUCT 2 PER CENT
TABLE SnO\VS t~JEIGHT PER RUNNING FOOT

Dla nt Square Round

Side Lb. Lb.

1.' 8 . OS 3

3 1 () .120 . :)94
lJ, .213 .167

5 16 .3:1 2 .2(; I

"
-,; •..'\
" .479 376

7!I 6 .651 .511

1 i'J
I 9,'16
.851 .658

.845
I SiR l.37 1.04

11 il6 1.61 1. 5 0

3/4 1.91 1. ') I

13/16 2.25 1. 77

7/3 2.61 '2.05

I 5i] 6 2.99 2.35

3.40 2.63

2 13,6 10.7

3 3 O. 6 24.1

4 54.4 43 8

5 28.1 66.9

6 122.5 96.3

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
I
6

I WHITWORTH STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS

i
I
!
, D. of D. p er Diam. at Area at Width Width Thickness
bolt Inch bottom of bottom of across flats across bolt head Nut
I thread thread corners

Ins. Ins. Ins. sq. Ins. sq. Ins. Ins. Ins.

1. li8 7 .942] 697 1.8605 2.148] .9843 I .1/fJ,

I .1/4 7 1.0670 .894 2.048] 2.3651 1.0937 I . 1/4

I
I 13/8 6 1.1616 106 2 2146 2.5571 1.2031 1.3i8

1. 1/2 6 I.n66 1.3 2.4134 'L.n67 1.3125 1. 1/2

1.5/8 5 1.]689 1.472 2.3763 2.9748 1.4218 I.5/8

'.
1.3/4 5 1.4938 1753 2.7578 3.1844 1.5312 1.3/4

2 4.5 1.7154 2.31 3.1491 3.6862 1. 57 2

I
2. 1/4 4 1.9298 2.925 3.546 4.0945 1.9687 2.1/4

i
I 1.1/2 4 2.1798 3.732 3.894 4.4964 2.1825 2.112

i
I
2.3/4 3.1 2.3841 4.464 4.181 4.8278 2.4062 2.3/4
!
I 3 3.5 2.6]41 5.45 4531 5.2319 2.625 3

3. 114 2.8560
I
i
3.25 6 406 4.85 5.6002 2.843 3.114

3.112 3.25 3.1060 7.577 5.175 5.9755 2.062 3.1/2

3.3/4 3 3.3231 8.673 5.55 6.4085 3.281 3.3/4

4 3 3.57] 1 10.027 5.95 6.8704 3.5 4

4.112 . 2.875 4.0546 12.912 6.825 7.8819 3.9037 4.12

5 2.75 4.534 16.15 7.8 9.0066 4.375 5

Preet Ferozepuria
 EngineeJ~ingInforJnation
7

\VHITWORTH STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS

f) of T. per Daim at Area at
b o It Inch bottom bottom
of Thread of thread

Ins. Tns. Ins. sq.

1/4 20 .1860 .027
5/16 18 .2414 .046
3/8 16 .2950 .068
7 fl6 14 .3460 .094
1/2 12 .3933 .121
9116 12 .4558 .164
5/8 11 .5086 .203
11!\ 6 11 .561 I .256
3/4 10 .6219 .304
13116 10 .8644 3.66
7/S 9 .7327 .422
1 8 .7399 .554

Width Width Thickness of

across across bo It head
flats corners nut

Ins. Ins. Ins. Ins.

.525 .6U62 .2187 114
.6014 .6944 .2734 51! 6
.7094 .8191 .3281 3/8
.8204 .9473 .3281 7/16
.9191 1.0612 .4375 1/2
1.011 1.1674 .4921 9/16 I
I.l 01 1.2713 .5468 5/8
1.2011 1.3869 .60 IS 11.16
1.3012
1.39
1.5024
1.6050
.6562
.7109
3/4
13/16
I
I
I

1.4788 1.7075 .7656 7/8

1.6701 1. 9284 .875
.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
8

SAFE LOADS ON STUDS AND BOLTS

G. GENERAL ENGINEERING
Dj a of Safe Load that one stud or bolt Stud or will carry (mild steel)
Bolt Inch G 11
112 250 450
5/8 500 <)00
3/4 900 71<)0
7/8 1500 2830
1 2150 4240
1.1 i8 3000 5740
1. 1i8 4250 7650
!.J/8 5500 9370
1.1/2 7000 11600
Safe Load on Foundations Per· Sq. foot
Made Ground 1.2 to n
Soft Clay I
Hard Clay or Loam 2 to 4
Dry Compact Sand 2 to 4
Dry Coaree Gravel 3 to 7
Ordinary rock 3
Continuation
H:ud Rock 9
Loose beds with piling 1.82
Loose heds with Concscte 2.75
H. t-lydroIic Engi neering
Di a of Safe Load that one stud or bolt Stud or will carry (mild steel)
Bo It Inch G H
1:3/4 11,000 15,6000 Lb
2 16,000 20,800
2.1/2 26,100
3 38, I00
3.112 53000
4 73,100
4,1/2 90,000
5 113,000
5.1/2 138,000
Safe Load on Masoriar y: Per Sq. foot:
Granite 30 ton
Limestone 15
"
Sandstone 20
"
Cement Concrete 5-1 15
"
Cement Concrete 10-1 7.5
Lime :'::oncrete
"
2 to 4
"
Rnck in Motor 3.5
Rnck in Mot or Preet Ferozepuria 8 (0 12
"
"
Ru bb l y 3.5
 Engineerzng Information
9

FLUID MEMORANDA
Gallon of Water = 10 lb. Currie Petroleum = 81/, lb.
1 Cubic Feet of Water ~61;' glas. (approx.) 621.-': lb = 7.48 U.L. Gal.
1 U.S. Gal = 231 cub. in. = 0.1307 cub. ft.
I Ib Water at 62°F~OO 16 cub. ft.
B.I. GaL = 217.418 cub. in. I cwt of water = 1.8 cub. ft. = 11.2 gal.
British = 1.2009 V.S. Gal. I ton of water = 35.9 cub. ft. = 224 gal.
I Inch of Ra infa l l = 22.622 gals. per Acre = 100 tons (approx.)

Gallon of milk weights approximately 1Ol/~ lb.

Mercury 125.9 Ib./ gal. Tu r b e nt in e 8.7 Ib./gal.
Sprem Oil 8.8 lb./gal. Al c o h a l 8.0 Ib./gal.
Kerosene 3.0 Ib./gal. Petrol f 7.5 Ib./gal.
Sulphuric Acid 18.5 lb./gal. Nitric Acid 16.3 lb./gal.
Hydrochloric Acid 12,1 Ib./gal. Acetic Acid 10.4 1b./gal.

Lbs Into Kilos

Lbs. Kls. Lbs. KIs. Lbs. Kls.

1 0.454 20 9.071 39 17.689
2 0.907 21 9.525 40 18.143
3 1.361 22 9.979 41 18.596
4 I. 814 23 10.432 42 19.050
5 2.268 24 10.886 43 19.504
6 2.721 25 11.339 44 19.957
7 3.175 26 11.793 45 20.411
8 3.629 27 12.246 50 22.679
9 4.082 28 12.700 55 24.946
10 4.536 29 13.154 60 27.214
11 4.889 30 13.607 65 29.482
12 5.443 31 14.061 70 31.750
13 5.996 32 14.514 75 34.016
14 6.350 33 14.968 80 36.288
15 6.804 34 15.421 85 38.554
16 7.957 35 15.857 90 40.820
17 7.771 36 16.329 95 43.089
18 8.164 37 16.782 100 45.357
19 8.818 38 17.236

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering InfiJrmation
10

GENERAL CONVERSION TABLE

~lultiply by To Convert To

2.54 Inches Centirnet ers .3937

30.48 Feet Centimeters .3228

9.14 Yards Metres 1.094

1,609.3 Mile Metres .000621

1,853.27 Nautical Mile Metres .000539

6.45 Square Inches Sq.cum. .155

0.93 Square Feets Sq. Metres 10.764

.836 Square Yards Sq. Metres 1.196

16.39 Cu b ic Inches Cub. ems. .061

28.3 Cubic Feet Litres .0353

6.24 Cubic Feet Gallons .1602

.765 Cubic Yards Cub. Metres 1.308

.3732 Pounds (Troy) Kiiogrames 2.68

31.1 Pounds (Tr oy) Grammes .032216

45.36 pound (Avoir) Kilogrammes 2.2046

7,000 Pound (Avoir) Grams .000148

28.35 Ounces (Avoir) Grammes .0353

.065 Grains Grammes 15.38

50.8 Cwt Kilogrammes .0968

0.90 German candies English candles 1. 1111

9.55 Cer c e ls candles .1074

To Obtain From
Multiply by above

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Infornzation
11

GENERAL CONVERSION TABLE - (CONTD.)

Multiply by To Convert To

.737 Joules Ft. lb. 1.375

88 Miles/hour Ft./mm. .01134

179 Metres/Sec Ft.lmin. .00508

1.8 C.H.U. B.Th.U. .5555

.0000208 Centipoise lb. force sec.lsq.ft . 4.8000

1.488 Lb.per ft. kgm. per metre 0.672

0.496 Lb.per yd. " " 2.016

3,333.33 Tons.per ft. " " 0.0003

1,111.11 Tons.per yd. " " 0.0009

0.2818 Lb. per mile Kgm.lKilometre 3.548

10.936 Tons. Der sq. ft. Tones cub. metre 0.0914

1.215 Tons per .sq. yd. " " 0.823

1.329 Tons per Cub. yd. Tonnes Sq. metre 0.752

0.01426 Grairns per gallon gm. per litre 70.12

48.905 gallons per sq. ft. liters /sq. metre 0.0204

25.8. Inch tons Kilgrammetre 0.0287

0.477 Lb. per Hp. Kgm. per cheval 2.235

0.0916 Sq. ft. per Hp. Sq. metres / cheval 10.913

0.0279 Cub. ft. Per H.P. Cub. metres/ cheval 35.806

2.713 Heat units per Hp. Calories / sq. metre 0.369

~O16.0 Tons kilogrammes .000984

To Obtain from Multiply by above

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
12

GENERAL CONVERSION TABLE - (CONTD.)

Multiply by To Convert To

4.546 Gallons Litres .22

10.0 Gallons of water pounds .1
.454 Pounds of water Litres 2.202
70.3 Lb. per sq. inch Gm. /sq. cm. .0142
2.3 Head of water (ft.) .434
0.7 " " CM) 1.4285
.068 Atmospheres 14.7
1.575 Tons per sq. m. Kgrns. /sq. mm .635.
4.883 Lb. per sq. ft. Kgm. / sq. metre .205
. 593 Lb. per Cub. yd . Kgm. /cub, met i.686
16.02 Lb. per cub. ft. 0.62
.0998 Lb. per gallon Kgm. / metre 10.02
. J 833 Fo o lb . Kilgrammetres 7.23
.33 Foot-to Torin e-metr es 3.
1.014 Hares-power Force de ch e va l .9861
764 \Vatts .00134
33.000 Ft. lb. ! mm.
.76 Kg. m. ! sec .. .01316
.44 Watts Ft. lb. ! min. .327
0.1 Kg. m. sec. 10.
0.252 Heat unit Calories 3.97
14.7 Atmospheres Lb. sq. Inch. .068

To Obtain From Multiply by above

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Infornzotion
13

CONVERSION POWER TABLS

One horse power in terms of per hour per mm. per sec.

Water cub. feet x feet fall 31,731 528.8 8.813

Fluid gallons flow x lb. per sq. inpressure 85,800 1.430 23.83

Fluid cub. feet flow x le. per sq. in pressure 13,750 3.82

Fluid cub. feet flow x inches water gauge 6.38xl06 6.346

Lb. OF heat unit (each. 778ft. lb.) 2545 42.24 0.707

Lb. DC heat units (each 1400 ft. lb.) 1415 23.6 0.393

Ki logram ·C heat units (Metric h. p.) 623.65 10.45 0 ..1757

Steam. lb. evaporated from and at 212 OF 2.63 0.0438 .73""106

Fuel burnt lb. at 14,000 heat units per lb. 0.1818 3.03,+-103 50.5""106

Fuel burnt lb. at 12.725 heat units per lb. 0.2 2.3..,.103 55""106

Fuel Oil burnt, at 19.99 heat units per lb. 0.18 2.16..,.133 36..,.106

Lighting gas burnt cub. ft. at 500 heat unit. 1

per cub. ft. 5 1 720

producer gas burnt cub. feet at 127 heat 20

units per cub. foot 20 1/6 1

Jooules Watt-s cs=107 Ergs. .746

Hgr amrnetres 273.753 4562.38 Kilowatt

s c e

76.0398

K.H.P. hr = 273742.9 kg-m 0.7456 k.w, = 841.6kg.cal

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Infornzation
14

ATOMIC WEIGHT (0 = 16)

Element and symbol Atom Wt. Valency
Alurni nurn Al 26.27 3
Antimony Sb 12.076 5
Argon A 39.944 -
Arsenic As 74.93 3,5
Barium Ba 137.36 -
Bismuth Bi 208.0 3,5
Boron B 10.872 3,4
Bromine Br 79.93 1,5,7
Cadmium Cd 112.4 2
Ca l c iunm Ca 40.07 2
Carbon C 12.0 2,4
Chlorine Cl 35.45 1,5,7
Chr o m inum Cr 52.01 3,6
Cobalt Co 58.95 2,3
Copper Cu 63.57 1,2
Fluorine F 19.0 1
Gold Au 197.2 1,3
Helium Ae 4.003 -
Hydrogen H 1.008 1,3,5
Iodine I 126.9 1
Ir id iun Ir 193.1 2,3,4
Iron Fe 55.84 2,3
Lead Pb 207.2 2,4
Lit hum Li 6.94 I
Ma ane s ium Mg 24.32 2
Manganese Mn 54.93 2,3,4
Mercury Hg 200.6 1,2
Molybdenum Mo 95.95 3,6
Neon
Nickel
Ne
Ni
20.18
58.69 2,3,4
-
Nitrogen N 14.01 3,5
Oxygen 0 16.00 2
Phosphorous P 30.98 3,5
Platinum Pt. 195.2 2,4
Potassium K 39.1 1
Radium Ra 226.05 2
Selenium' Se 78.9 2,6
silicon Si 28.06 4
silver Ag 107.88 1
sodium Na 23.0 1
Seontium Sr 47.63 2
sulphur S 32.6 2,4
Tellurium Te 127.61 2,6
Titanium Ti 87.90 3,4
tin Sn 118.7 2,4
Tungsten W 884.0 3,4,6
Uranium U 338.07 4,6
Vanadiu V 50.90 Ho5
Zin Na 65.38 2
Zitcotum Zr 91.22 4

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
15

HYDRAULIC AND GAS ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC MEMORANDA
Imperial Gallun = 1.2 United States Gallon.
1 ft. = 12 inches = .305 metres 1 mwtre = 3.28 ft. = 39.87 ins.
1 cubic foot = 6.25 gallons '= 28.2 litres = .0283 cubic metres.
1 cubic metre = 1000 litres = 220 gallons = 35.32 cubic feet.
I gallons = 277.27 cu. ins. = 16 cu. ft. = 4.543 litres = .004543 cu.in.
I litre- .00 I cubic metres x .035 cubic feet = .22 gallons.
I cubic foot of water weights 2205 lb. = 220.5 imperial gallons.
1 gallons oof water weight lO lb. Petrolium 82 lb. I gallonsa.
1 ton of water = 35.9 eu. ft. 244 imp. galls = 1000 litres Capp.)
1 ton petroleum 275 imperial gallons.
1 litre of water weight 1 Kilogramme = 2.204 lb.
Density of water - 62.4 lb . ./cu. ft. gm./cu.cm.
Density of Oil - 50 lb. Ib./cu ft. = 0.8 gm.icu. cm.
Density of Air 0.078 lb. cu. ft. = 0.00125 gm.icu. cm.
1 United States gallon = 231.0 cubic inches.
I United States gallon = 3.8 litres. 1 litre 246 U.S. gallon.
1 cubic foot of water = 7.476 United States gallons.
Pressure of atmophers=- 14.7 lb. per square iinch,
Pressure in lb. per sq. inch = head of water in feet X .424
Head in feet = pressure in lb. per sq. inch x 2.3 I.
300 lb. /in" working pressure = 700 ft. head = 20 atmos. or 21 kilos/sq. cm.
The quantity of water in cub. ft. flowing through a pipe at the rate of 3 feet per second in found
approximately by sequaring the diameter of the pipe in inches.
1 brake horse power = 33,000 ft. lb. per min.= 550 ft. lb, pwe awx.
I for-cede cheval = 75 kilogrammetres per sec. = 542.5. ft. lb./sec.

MEASUREMENT OF FLOW OF WATER

Water delivered into a tank provided with him circulation orifices of such a size that are "drowned."

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information "'\

16

Head Velocity Velocity Oritic Diameter (inches)

over (Tbe or ) .x 6
Centre 4 5 6 7 8 la
Ins. FUm. FUm. G. G. G. G. G. G.
pm. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m.
la 439 272 148 231
12 482 298 162 253 364
14 519 321 175 273 392 535
16 555 344 188 292 420 573 750
18 586 363 198 308 447 606 792
20 621 385 209 327 471 644 839 1312
22 652 404 220 344 495 675 881 1474
26 681 422 230 358 517 704 920 1437

The quanitity of water discharged over a 90° triangular noten where Q = quantity (cu. ft. min.) and
H = Head of water in ins. is given by Gal. min. = 1,9052 Ht H
Head measured from crest of notch to surface of still water.
The discharge of water over a rectangular notch per inch. Width For other widths, multiply by width
in inches.

Head o in. 1/8 In. 1\7 In. 7/8 In. 112 In. 4/8 In. 3/4 In. 7/8 In.

Ins. ce.n eu.ft. eu. ft. ce. ft. ce.n. ce. ft. eo. ft. eu,ft.
0 0.0 J 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.32
2 1.13 1.23 1.3 5 1.46 1.58 1.70 1. 82 1.95
4 3.20 3.35 3.50 3.66 3.81 3.97 4.14 4.30
6 5.87 6.06 6.25 6.44 6.62 6.82 7.01 7.21
8 9.05 9.26 9.47 9.69 9.91 10.13 10.35 10.57
10 12.64 12.88 13.12 13.36 13.60 13.85 14.09 14.34.
12 16.62 16.88 17.15 17.41 17.76 17.94 18.21 18.47
14 20.95 21.23 21.15 . 21.80 22.08 22.37 22.65 22.94
16 25.60 25.90 26.20 26.50 26.80 27.11 27.42 27.72
18 30.54 30.86 31.18 31.50 31.82 31.10 32.47 32.80
20 35.77 36.11 35.46 36.78 37.12 37.46 37.08 38.15

The maximum permissible values oof fineness modulus of combined aggregates for mixes of various
proportions are given in the Table below:

!
Preet Ferozepuria
 ....,

Engineering Infornzotion
17

Finencs Modulus
Cubic feet of corn-
bined aggregate, to Maximum size of Maximum size of
one wet. Cement aggregate 3"· aggre agate 1W'

4. 5.1 5.8

5. 4.9 5.6

6. 4.8 5.5

7. 4.7 5.4

8. 4.6 5.3

9. 4.5 5.2

if P = percentage of fine material by weight in the combined aggregate.

A = The Fineness Modulus of coarse aggreagte.
B = The maximum Permissible F. M. for the combined aggregate from Table above.
C = The Finenes Modulus of fine aggregate.
(A-B)
Then p =
(A- C)

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Infornzation
18

RECOMMENDED MIXES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF

CONSTRUCTION
Depends on whether concrets is to be tamped rodded or vibrated and on absorption of
water by aggregate.

General R. C. Building work

subjected to ordinary stressed
such as beams, slabs, columns,
panel walls basement and retaining,
walls, stairs, lintels, sills, roads, v,"to 1 v," Stiff of
pavements, driveways, side sal ls, 1:2:4 as 6.0 t06V, road edium
1100rs steps, bunkers and silos required for others
bridge construction dams and
piers etc. exposed to action of
water and frost, machine
foundations subjected to vibrations,
R.C. footings, R.C. piles.

Mass concrete work in colverts,

retaining walls, compound Stiff or
walls and ordinary machine bases, 1:3:5 1" t02" 7.5
foundation walls which need not Medium
be water-tight.

Mass concrter for heavy walls

foundations under column footings
and under heavy duty floors, 1:4:8 1W' t02V, 1.00 to 10.5 Medium
concrete blocks, hollow block
construction (W' AGG)

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
19

RECOMMENDED MIXES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF

CONSTRUCTION
Depends on whether concrete is to be tamped, robbed, or vibrated and on absorption of Water by
aggregate

Mixture
Re corn- Maximum Water Bast
Nature of Work mended size of in gallons Consis-
Vol. aggregate per bag tency
proport to use of C.

Long span R.C:Arches High Load 1: 1:2 \Iz" to 314 3. t04.0 Medium
R.C. Co lurns

Heavily stressed members of

structures, small precast work
such as posts and poles for
Fencing, Telegraphs, signals,
Garden; furniture and decoratives 1:2:2 \Iz" to 3/4" 4.5 to 5.0 Medium
and other work of very thin or Soft.
sections, watertight constructions
for high heads, long piles.

R.C. Columns and members

subjected to medium loads, wall
and floors of resirvour and tanks"
cisterns, sewers, well kerbs and 1:3:2
platforms and other watertight to 5.5 Medium
constructions, for maderate heads, 1:2:2:4
non-surfgaced roof slabs, concrete
deposited under water.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
20

RECOMMENDED MIXTURES FOR SEVERAL CLASSES FOR

CONSTRUCTION INTEDED PRIMARILY FOR
USE OF SMALL JOBS
Gallons of water to Trial Mixture for
add to each one first batch
sack batch
Moist Wet Maxi
Kind of Work sand sand Bra mum
Dry and and sand Ken aggre
sand· broken broken Cement stones gate
stones stones size
Foundations, wall, which sacks C. ft. C. ft. Ins
need not be watertight, mass
concrete for footings retaining 7'h. 6 5 3.6 6 2
walls, compound walls machine
foundations etc.

Watertight basement walls

and pits walls above ground,
dams, monsoon protections 6'h. 5 4Y. 3 2.4 Ill,
walls, and sundry small block
articles

Storage ranks, bins and

troughs, Well curbs and plate.
forms. Septic tanks and cisterns.
Watertight floors side walks
and roadways. Flagstones and 5Y. 4Y. 2.4 3.6
slabs, pool linings, steps, stairs
beams, lintels cornor posts,
gateposts, columns and piers.
Posts and poles for fancing,
telegraphs and signals, Garden
furniture, benches, boxes and 4Y. 3314 3'h. 2.4 2.4 lI4

flower pots. One work of very

thin section.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
21

APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF SURFACE WATER

CARRIED BY AVERAGE AGGREGATES'"
Y car wet sand 3/4 to ! gal. per c. ft.
Mo de r at e ly we l sand About 1;2 gal .per c. ft.
Moists and About y, gal. per c.O ft.
Moist gravel or crushed rock About V. gal. per c. ft.
Approximate absrbtion of Aggregates

Average sabd 1.0 per cent. by weight

Pebbles and crushed limestone 1.0 per cent. by weight
Trap rock and granite 0.5 per cent. by weight
Porous sandstone 7.0 per cent. by weight
V~.ry light and porous aggregate may be as high as 25 percent by weight.
Strength of ordinary portland Cement Concrete at Iarios Ages

Approximate per ccnt a g e of strength of or dina rv Portland cement concrete different ages In compan-
s on with the strength at i ye;.>r:
1. 1 davs old 60 p er cent.
3 months old 8: 5 per cent.
6 months old 95 per cent.
1 ye ar old 100 per cent.
Strength of Rapid-Hardening i"ort~and Cement Concrete
(Laboratory cubes}

Age 3 Jays 3,853 labs. per sq. in.

Age 7 days S,360 lbs. per sq. In.
Age 28 days 6,810 Ibs. per sq. in.
12 month 7,490 nibs. per sq. in.
* The coarser the aggregate, the less free water it will carry

Preet Ferozepuria
/" Engineering I11;,Tormation
22

ESTIMATING
Quantities -of Cement. Fine Aggregate
100 Cu. feet Compact
Assumption- Voids I in sand 40% broken

Water

Nominal mix Water!

Cement Cement Radio
Fine Aggregate (by weight) for In
..
Coarse Aggregate mrmmurn Gallons
Consistency. per bag

1 1 - .25 2.8
1 1'(" - .28 3.1
1 2 - .30 3.3
1 2'(" - .35 3.9
1 3 - .40 4.4
1 4 - .53 5.9
1 6 - .70 7.8
I 8 - .90 10.0
1 1 2 .30 3.3
I 1'(" 3 .42 4.7
11 plJ 3'(" .48 5.3
I 2 2 .42 4.7
I 2 3 .50 5.5
1 2 3'(" .53 5.9
1 2 4 .55 6.1
I 2 3'(" .55 6.1
1 2'(" 3'(" .57 6.3
1 2Y4 4 .60 6.6
1 2Y, 5 .65 7.2
1 3 4 .65 7.2
1 3 5 .69 7.7
1 3 6 .75 8.3
I 4 8 .95 10.5

1. Also known as 1:2:4 1:2:2:4

No allowance made in table for waste.
Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
23

QUANTITIES
and Coares Aggregate required for
Morrar or concrete
stone 45% specific gravity of Cement = 3.1

Fine Aggregate

Sand Coarse
Cement Sand moist Age;
in Dry (Bulking) 20% (Broken St on e)
Bags eu. ft. eu. ·ft. cu. ft.

07.5 69.0 82.8 -

46.5 84.0 101.0 -
39.5 94.0 113.0 -
33.5 100.0 120.0 -
29.0 105.0 126.0 -
22.8 110.0 132.0 -
16.3 118.0 142.0 -
12.7
31.9
122.0 147.0 -
38.4 46.1 76.4
22.9 41.2 49.5 82.4
20.6 41.2 49.5 82.4
24.5 59.2 70.8 59.0
20.5 49.2 59.0 73.8
19.0 46.1 55.5 79.8
17.75 42.7 51. 2 85.4
18.25 49.3 59.2 76.7
17.55 52.6 63.1 73.8
16.5 49.5 59.5 79.2
14.7 44.0 52.9 88.0
15.35 52.2 66.2 73.8
13.35 49.6 59.5 72.6
12.5 44.9 53.9 89.8
9.6 46.1 55.5 92.2

1. For gravel aggregate decrease cement by 5% fine aggregate by 2 cu. ft. and coarse aggregate in
proporation to fine aggregate as gives in the mix.

Preet Ferozepuria
.
 Engineering Information
24

9.6 46.1 55.5 92.2

I. For gravel aggregate decrease cement by 5% fine aggregate by 2 cu. ft. and coarse aggregate in
proporation to fine aggregate as gives in the mix.
QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR
MORTAR AND CONCRETE
MORTAR:

1. Cu. ft. of Loose Portland Cement plus 0.36 Cu. Ft. (=2.25 gallons) of water gives 0.835 cu. ft. of
neat Cement Mortar

1. Cu. ft. Loose Cemant will cover approximately.

10 Sq. Ft. 1" Thick mixed Neat

17 Sq. Ft. 1" Thick mixed with 1. c. ft. of sand.

25 Sq. Ft. 1" Thick mixed with 2 c. ft. of sand.

34 Sq. Ft. 1" Thick mixed with 3 c. ft. of sand.

For Plastering on rickwork one cu. ft. extra mortar per 100 sq. ft. is required to fill the
inequalities and joints,

For backwork masonry about 30 cu. ft. cement mortar is required per 100 eu. ft. of masonary
with 'l4" to J/8 joints including wastage.

For rubble masonry' about 50 cu. ft. cement mortar is required per 100 eu. ft. of masonry
including wastage.

CONCRETE:

1. Cu. Ft. of Loose Portland Cement mixed with sand (80% voids) and broken stone ballast (45%
voids) will give unmixed with water about:

3.9 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1 :2:4

4.7 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1 :2Yz:5

5.6 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1:3:6

Preet Ferozepuria
 EngiJ1eering Information
25

MATERIALS REQUIRED
FOR PLASTERING 100 SQ. FT. OF
SURFACE WITH VAH.YING THICI\.NESS OF MORTAR
C = Cement in Bags (Based on loose cement wcighting 92 Ills. pcr cu. It)
FA. = Fine Aggrcgate (Sand) in cu. It. in dry state)

tvlix. : 1:1 J: 1 ~i 1:2 1:1 V,

Thickness C. 1'. t\. C. I'.A. C. F.A. C. FA.

J/S"
I.X 2.2 I .) 2(, 1.3 2.') 1.0 ]. I

11 !I
2.4 2.') I » 3.5 1.7 ].') lA 4.2
"
3/4"
].6 4.} 2.9 5.3 2.5 5.9 2.1 6.]
I

I" 4.8 5.8 3.') 7.0 3.3 7.X 2.8 8.4

1 Y.." 6.0 7.2 4.1< 8.8 4. I 9.8 3.5 10.'1

I Yo," 7.2 8.7 5.8 10.5 4.9 lIS 4.2 12.5

2" 9.6 IU 7.8 14.0 6.6 15.7 5.6 16.7

Mi x. 1:3 1:4 1:6 1:1<

Th ick nc ss C f. A. C F. A. C F.I\. C 1'.1\.

310'''
0.9 3.3 9.7 3.4 O.S 3.0 0.4 3.8

Ihfl 1.2 4.4 1.0 4.6 6.7 4.9 0.5 5.1

JI4" I.X 6.6 1.4 6.9 1.0 7.4 0.8 7.7

1" 2.4 8.8 1.2 9.2 1.4 9.8 1.1 10.2

1 ~~ 11
3.0 J I.(J 2.3 11.5 1.7 12.3 I.] J 2.7

1 y," 3.6 13. I 2.9 13.8 2.0 14.8 1.6 15.3

2" 48 17.5 3.1< I~U 2.7 ! 9.7 2.1 20.4

No allowance made in table for wastage.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
26

MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR 100 SQ. FT. OF SURFACE

FOR VARYING TtllCKNESS OF CONCRETE
C = Cement in Dags (Based OIl loose Cement weighting 92 Ibs.lcu. ft.)
F.A. = Fine Aggregate (sand) in ell. ft.
C.A. = Coarse Aggrcgate (Brokcn Stone) in Cll. n.
(No allowance for Wastage in Table)
Thickness in Inches
Nominal Mu t c-
Mi x r ia I 2" 2W' 3" 3 \1," 4 4 \1,"

C 3.~ ~.4 5.7 6.7 7.6 ~.6

I: 1:3 F.A. 6.9 ~.6 10.3 12.0 13.7 15.5
C.A. 13.8 17.2 20.6 24.0 27.4 3 l. 0

C 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.7

1:2:3 F.A. ~.2 I (J. 3 12.3 14.3 16.4 18.5
C.A. 12.3 15.4 I CU 2 I. 5 24.6 27.7

1:2:2:4 C 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8 7.0

Or F.A. 6.9 8.6 10.3 12.0 13.7 15.7
I : 121J:31/3 C.!\. 13.8 17.2 20.6 24.0 27.4 3 l. 0

5" 6" 8" 9" 10" 12"

C 9.6 11.5 15.3 17.2 19.1 22.9

I: 1:3 F.A. 17.2 20.6 27.5 30.9 34.3 41.2
C.A. 34.4 41.2 55.0 61.8 68.7 82.4

C 8.5 10.3 13.7 15.4 17.1 20.5

1:2:3 F.A. 2 Cl.5 24 6 :128 36.9 41.0 49.2
C.A. 3 O. 8 37.0 tJ').3 5 5.4 6 I. 5 73.8

1:2:2:4 C 8.6 10.3 13.7 15.4 17.1 20.6

or F.A. 17.2 20.6 27.5 31.0 34.3 41.2
1: 1: 2/3:3113 C.A. 34.4 4 I. 2 55.0 62.0 68.5 82.4

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
27

Noru in a l Iv!a t- Thickness in Inches

!,,!ix eria! 2" 2 '12" 3" 31/2" 4" 4 \/,"
C 3.0 3.7 4.4 5.2 5.9 6.7
1:2:4 F.A. 7.1 8.9 10.7 12.5 14.2 16.0
C.A. 14.2 17.8 21.4 25.0 28.4 32.0

C 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5

1:2 \/':5 1'.A. 7.3 9.2 11.0 12.8 14.7 16.5
C;\. 14.6 18.4 22.0 25.6 29.4 33.0

C 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.5 5.0

1:3 :5 F.I\. 8.3 104 12.4 14.5 16.5 18.6
C.A. 13.8 17.2 20.6 24.1 27.5 31.0

C 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.7

1:3 :6 F.A. 7.5 9.4 112 13.1 15.4 16.8
C.A. 15.0 18.8 22.4 26.2 30.8 33.6

C 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6

1:4:8 F.A. 7.7 9.c, 1 1.5 13.5 15.4 17.3
C.A. 15.4 19.2 23.0 27.0 3 O. 8 34.6

5" 6" 8" 9" 10" 12"

C 7.4 8.9 11.8 13.3 14.8 17.5
1:2:4 F. r: 17 8 21.4 28.5 32.0 35.6 42.7
C.I\. 35.6 42.8 57.0 64.0 71.2 85.4

C 6. J 7.4 9 8 11.0 12.2 14.7

1:2 ~'2:5 F.I\. 18.3 22.0 29.4 33.0 36.7 44.0
C.I\. 36.6 44.0 58.11 66.0 73.4 88.0

C 5.6 6.7 11.0 10.0 1l.2 13.25

1:3: 5 F.I\. 20.7 24.8 33.1 37.2 41.4 49.6
C.I\. l4.4 41. 0 25.0 62.0 68.8 81.6

C 5 2 (>.J X. :1 9.4 11.4 12.5

1:3:6 F. i\. 18.7 22 -1 29.9 33.6 37.4 4 '1. 9
C.A. 33.4 44 8 59.8 67.2 74.8 89.8

C 4.0 4.8 6.4 7.2 8.0 9.6

1:4:8 F.A. 9.2 23.3 30.7 34.6 38.4 46.1
C.A. 38.4 46.0 61.4 69.2 76.8 92.2

Preet Ferozepuria
 EJzgineering Info1~Jnation
28

PIERS ~-SAFE LOADS

Per Square Fool
Granite . ..................... 30 tons .
Li me stone . .............................. 15 tons .
Sandstone . ................ 20 tons.
Cemcnt con cr ct c 5: I . ......................... 15 lons.
Ccm cn t c on crc t c 10: I .. .............. . 7.5 tons .
Lime c on cr ctc . ....................................................... 2 to 4 tons.
Brick in mortar . .. 3.5 tons.
Brick in cement . . :'1 to 12 tons.
Rubblc . .... 3. 'i tons
Angles of Repose for Varioas MateE'fiaUs

Biru m inous C0<11 ............................................................. 13 S'

Anthracite Coal .............................................................27"
Slaked Coal ... 37!.<l° la 45'
Ash cs . ................................. 40"
Sort l r o n Or e .. . 35'
Earth (loam) .. 30° to 45°
Sand (dry) 25'to 35'
Sand (Iv!oist) 30'to 45'
Sand (wet) .. IS' to 3D'
Clay 25'to 45'
Gravel 30' to 40'
Cinders 25' to 40'
Coke.. .. 30° to 45°
Wheat. ........................................
28'
1\1 a iz e ...27'l030'
Barlcy . ........................... 27°
Uats . .. 2 go
Cement . .. 17' to 30"

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
29

LOADS
Structures arc designed Ior the worst combination or dead and live loads; wherever a pp i c a b l c,
wind loads, SCISIlIIS forces and secondary effects such as shrinkage, the r is e or rail In temperature, etc.
must also be considered.

Dead Loads:
The dead wcight or a number or materials and structural item IS gIven In the Table No. l. In
u sr ng these fi g ur cs it should be noted that the density or most materials V,HICS within certain well
defined limits and this variation can. therefore, effect the imposed loading. The figure In the t a b l c arc
however, sufficiently accurate for normal design purpose.

Live Loads:
The live load to be used I'or the design of fl o or s and roofs 111 building are given 111 table 2 & 3
r e sp ect ive lv. They are considered as un iforml y distributed static loads on the plan area and include the
effects of normal impact. They, however do not take into consideration special concentrated loads ncr
do they cater for loads incidcntial to construction and special cases of vibration such as m oving ma-
chinery, heavy acceleration from cranes hosits and the like, such loads should be dealt with individu-
ally In each case.
Tile figure gIven In Tab le No. 2 & :\ arc conversions from the loading specified In the Indian
standard Code of Practice; I 0 1<75-1957 and their application should, thcr cforc be read In co nju ct i o n
with the provIsIons of this code.

Wind Pressure
The basic pr cssu r c induced by wind loads for various heights of exp o se d surface are given 111

Table No. 4. The figures arc based on table III or the I.S. Code of Practice No. 875-1957 and their
application should confirm to the pr o v is ro n contained In clause 4 or the code.

Earth Pressure
The value of the horizontal pressure exerted hy a retained material is obtained from the normal
Rank in's formula, which for a level fill retained against in vertical surface IS expressed as
l-sin 0

I' = wh
1 X Sill 0

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engilzeering £nfornzation
30

Where p = the pressure in kg. m'

W = the unit weight or earth kg/m]
h = the height of fill ill Meter
o = the angle of repose of the fill in degrees.
The unit weight of earth and the anglc or r cp o s e, wil l of course vary depending upon the
degree of saturation of the retained material.
Thc pressures exerted on inclined surfaces and due to the effect or sloping files are also derived
from the normal formulae, tor which reference may be made. to text-book on the subject.
Seismic Effects
The forces exerted as a result or sci m ic clTects call be calculated directly fro m the formulate
given in clause 7 of the I.S. Code of Practice No. 875 = 1957.

Table No. 1

DEAD lNEIGIIT OF MATERIALS

Hem Weight

Bituminous Substances
Anthracite coal 1550 kg/m'
Pear 750 kg/m'
l l eavy charcoal 530 kg/m'
Coke 1200 kg/m]
Graphite 500 kg/m]
Crude oil 880 kg/ml
I'itch 1100 kg/m]
Co a l t a r 1200 kg/m]

Excavated Materials
Clay (dry) 1600 k g/m '
Clay (damp, plastic) 1760 k g/rn '
Earth (dry, loose) 1200 k g/m '
I':arth (Packed) J 520 k g/rn"
Sand (dry, loose) 1440-17(J() kg/m'
Sand (dry, packed) 1600-1900 k g/rn '

Preet Ferozepuria
 Elzgineerz>zg I1ZforJJzatiolZ
31

DEAD WEIGHT OF 1'1ATERIALS

It e III Weight

Liquids
Al o c ha l no kg/m)
Gasoline 670 kg/m)
Ice '! 13 kg/m)
Nitric acid 1.500 kg/m]
Sulphuric acid I XOO kg/Ill'
Vegel~hlc Uti 930 kg/m]
Watcr J ()()() kg/m'

Building Nalcrials
Brick.~ 1600 kg/m'
Cement 1400 kg/m'
Chalk 2200 k g/rn '
(J I a ss 2560 kg/m'
Li m cs t o n c 2650 kg/m]
Sandstone 1800 kg/m]
Stc,,1 7800 kg/m'
Ti III"er .570-72 0 kg/m)

Structural Items, Ceilings

Pinishes etc.
1\.C. Sheets 17kg/m2
Brick masonry 1920 kg/m'
Brick Wall, 6 ill. thick 295 kg/m'
Brick W,III, 9 ill thick 440 kg/m'
Ccment Plaster, 2.5 ern. thick 44 kg/m'
Co n cr ct e 2306 k g/m '
C; l. sheet, 24 gauge 5 kg/Ill'
o.r. sheet, 16 g;lUgc 10 kg/Ill'
!\!:lllg,dllrc tiles vvith b a t tons 69 kg/Ill'
Ruhh lc masonry 2100 kg/m'

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
32

LIVE LOADS ON FLOORS

Table No, 2
Alternative m m unum
live load

Lo a d i nj; Type or Floor lvl i n i III urn For Slahs For Beams
Class load u n i lo r m ly un iform ly
No, d is t ri b u t c d distributed
f---------l 0 vcr S pall over Span
per metre
244-390 width
(kg) (kg)

195 a Floor Io r residential per unit

purposes, including area 474 1161

dwelling houses, (kg/m')

J95b Floor or tenements, hospital wards,

bed rooms, and private sitting rooms,

III hostels, and dormitories 195 474 1162

244 Ofl i cc 1100rs other than entrance halls,

1100rs of light work rooms, 195 593-949 1451-2322

293 Floors or banking halls olTice entrance

halls and oiTice 1100rs below entrance

halls, and reading rooms. 293 711 1742

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
33

THEORETICAL VELOCITY OF WATER FT. PER MINUTE

Velocity, n. per sec. = 8.025 J Hi n. min. = 481.5 JH
H = 2.3 P

Head 0 2' 4' 6' 8' Pressure Head

Feet III.fin' .8670 I.73 40 2.6010 3.4681 P.lh.in. Fcct

0 0 61'0.94 963.0 1179.43 1369.89 0 0

10 1522.64 1776.% 1801.63 1926.00 2042.81 4.3351 10

30 2637.27 2723.80 2807.63 2l-:89.0() 2%8.16 \3.0032 30

50 3404.73 3472.14 3538.30 3603.21 3667.01 21.6'/54 50

70 4028.52 4085.67 4142.01 4197.62 4252.51 30.3455 70

90 4567.89 4618.40 4668.34 4717.7'1 7466.61 39.0356 90

200 400 600 800 1000

o 6809.42 9630.00 11794.29 13611'.82 15226.38 o

25 7222.50 9926.36 12037.50 131<30.30 15415.51 10.8377 25

50 76 I :1 I 9 1 0 2 1 <1. I 6 12 27 5 . X9 I ,I ()3 X. (J X 15602.31' 21.6754 50

75 7984.76 10494.05 12509.76 14242.96 15787.04 32.5130 75

Preet Ferozepuria
 /"

Engineering Information
34

FLOW OF WATER AND FIfUCTiON

Velocity Diameter at'
Feet per
Second 3 4
I 5 6

I Discharge per Minute In Cubic Feet

! feet Feet Feet Feet

Ii
i
I
Feet Cubic
Feet
of
Head
Cubic
feet
or
IIead
Cu b ic
Feet
I aT
Tlead II Cubic
Feet
or
IIead
.41
2
2.5
5.9
7.3 I
9.7
1.49
10.5
13.0
.55
.12 i 16.4
20.4 I .64
i

I
23 6
29.3
.32
.50
I
3
3 5
I S.8
10.3
1.9
2.6
15.7
I S.3
1.2
1.6
I
!
24.5
28.6
.82
1.2
35.2
41.2
"70
• I ~

1.0
I
"
u.s i I
4
I 3.3 2 i. 0 2.2 32.7 1.7 47.0 J .3
j

I 4 5
f
...
...
...
...
".
...
" . !
,~
...
...
... 53.0 1.6
I
~
5
5.5
I ... ... . ..
" .
~ . ..
I I
i
...
...
.. .
...
i I
I I I
6
I
...

I
...
L' FILOW
I
I ". ~
!
... ,;
I
I
.. ""

Of' 'WJi\TER .fi T"lD F R IT 'C"','"c[ Cl r:

.a ~
i
II
'I ,)
...

Ai
L
t 1-~ b
...

I
I
i
!
Di a m ct cr or!,
Velocity
f
Feet per 15
1 18
i
! 21 I
, ------~~
24
.•... "-~-"'.-- .., !I
I'
In ell b ic Icet
sccon d
I I
Discharge per minute

I: e c t
!I
iI I' cc! I' cc! I: e et
Feel I
I Cu b ic or Cubic or I Cubic I of Cubic of '11
Feet l l ea d Feet I] cad le et Head Feet Head
2 148 .11 212 .0.25 I 298 .075 I 377 .065 11I
2.5 I 1~4 .17 264 .147 II 360 .117 I 470 .109 I
3
3.5
II
220
25~
.25
.34
317
372
I
.21
.29 II
430
505
.17
.23 I 565
660
I
.15
.20 11
I 4
4.5 I
295
331
.44
.56
425
475
.J 6
. L16
i 575
650
.3 I
.39
I
755
P4S
I .27
.34
I'
5 ]68 .70 530 .58 I 720 .4X I
940 .41
I
I

S.S 405 .64 580 .70

I
I 790 .59 !! 1030 .50 I
1130 .59
6
i !

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
35

LOSS IN CAST IRON PIPES

Pipes in inches

7 9 10 12

and loss or lIead in Fe et, per 100 Feet long.

Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet

Cubic of Cubic of Cubic or Cubic of Cubic of
Feet 1I cad Fect Head Feet IIcad Feet Head Feet Head
32 .27 42 .23 53 I .19 65 .18 94 .15
40 ,43 52 .36 66 .30 82 .27 117 .23
'iX .61 63 .51 79 .44 n .39 141 .33
56 .7 73 .71 93 .61 ! 1,-,~ .52 165 .45
64 .9 86 .92 106 .79 131 188 .59
I
1~
1.2 94 1.2 J 19 1.01 147 .87 212 .7S
1 72
132 1.2 164 1.1 325 .96
I
II l
I
I
I I ~
I ]L(Qi§§ IfI'~ (CJ!.~§T· U~Or'1I (Contd§)
l i n Inches
I
Ij
P;'les
~~=--'--2-7-~-'-~~'~=3=0~~1-~~~-3=3~-~=~-=1=~ 36 ~ 42-•.~. I11
_._~~

! ,_. --- -I:------+-I ----------+-J

and Loss or Head in Feet per 100 I'cet long.
----1---- i
1 j
i , l
I --r-e etF f I
Feet Feet Feet Feet

q Cubic of Cubic
i
I of Cubic of
i

j Cubic of Cubic of I
Fe.,;t Head Feet IIead Feet Head Feet Head Feet Headj

IId 595
n .055
,UR8
590
73U
.052
.o 8 5
I
700
890
.049
,076
650
1000
.04
,07
1150
j440
.038
.056 I
1

I
715
X35
.13
.18
880
!O30
.12
.16 I
1070
1250
.108
.15
1270
1480
.10
.14
1730
2020
.081
.111
955 .23 1180 .22 1420 .20 1700 .17 2300 .14
I
~
1()70
119U
.30
.37
1320
1470
.2 (I
.34
lGOn
I
17t·:O
.25
.30
1900
2120
.22
.22
2590
2880
.18
.22 ~
13 le .44 t6]() .39
I
19S0 .36 2330 .32 3170 .27 ~
I !I H30 .53 1760 .49 2140 .43 2540 .40 3450 .32

I
II
',-
Preet Ferozepuria
J
 Engineering Information
36

THERMOMETER AND HYDROMETER SCALES

The number of degrees between fr ccz ing point and boiling point of water is 212-32 = 180 de-
grees on the Fahrenheit scale, add 100 degrees on the Centigrade scale. The magnitude of the degree
F. relative to degrees C. is thus as 5 to 9.
Temp C = 99(1'"_32); Temp F. = 113 CO + 32.
The following formula enahle degrees Baume to be converted into Specific Gravity:
140 140
Sq Gr = Dcgs. 13 = -130
De gs 13+ 130 Sq. Gr.
146
For liquids heavier water :- Sq. Or. .-
145- Degs. B
6 I. 4h
Pressure of a column of oil h feet high = p
131.5 + B6
Ih.Zin?
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
746 Watts equal onc Mechanical Horse-Power Generatos are rated in Kilowatts = 1000 Watts. The
Kilowatt Hour is the quantity unit for power. I Watt = 1 Volt x 1 Ampere.l B.H.P. = 0.746 kilowatts 1
Km!!. = 3413 B. Th. U.I.E.E. 1939 11th Edition.
El c ctr ical pressure, potential difference, or elect, n.o.t. force.
E.M.F. Volt 10l
Current Amp 10-1
Resistance Ohm 102
work Joule 103
Capcity Fared 10_2
Capcity Micro Fared 10-"
Power watt 107
Power Kilowatt 1 010
Energy Kilowatt 3 6'
hour 10 12

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Info;r'J1zation
37

Power ill Direct Curent Circuits

Volts V = V x 10' clcctr ostutic units.

Coulombs Q = Q X 10"
b.h.p. = V x I x n -7 746 x lOO
Specific Resistance: R x I x V
Work done = V x 108x Q X 10') VQ x 10'ergs
Work done =Vlt x 10' ergs = VIt Joulus = W Joules.
Work done = V'lIR Joulues.
The mcchnnica l-c quiva lcnt of heat is 4.18 x 10' ergs per calorie, or 4.18 Joules per calorie.
ll cn t developed in a conductor ~ .2391/P Rt calor ics.
i\ m et er is made to register a comhination of wait-minutes.
x x z
x Watts for z minutes = units
1000 x 60
In Ih e case of a water or liquid hcatcr-
/1,·1gr amrncs x Sq. ht. x T'C x F Rt/4.18 = time in secs.
Efli ci ency of heater (kettle or radiator) = 4.1 g MSTlF Rt Power in Alternating Current Vi = copacity
(farads.
V = applied vlolage I = cueewnr (amps) L=Inductance (lhenries): R=resistonce (ohms)
f = (frequency of supply); Capacity and inductance send to neutralise each other;
I
Capacity reactance =
2 zr fc

Irnpedence ~+ (2n-D -~

V·
Current = 0, +(2nD - 2~rc)
If 2 x tc = Il2nfc there is resonance and I = VIR
Power (Watts) = Volts x amps. is termed the power factor.
Power (Watts) in single phase A. C. circuit = volts x amps. x power factor x volts x Ol.mps. x cosine of
angle of phase differcncil, B.II.P. = V X Zx n x pf -l- 746 x lOO.
ln a 3 phase A.C. circuii-
Power (Watts) =IT x volts-amps. x power factor.
--- 1.732 x vo lts x a mp s. x rower factor,
Power in 3- phase cir cuit rncasur cd by two wattmeters = W! + W2 13.11.1'. = Vznpf x 1.732 +
746 x 100
Power factor is obtained from tan 0 = I -[3wW, \VI+ \VI
British Standards 168 : 1936.741 1937,170: 1939,480 1942.

Preet Ferozepuria
 EJzgineering Information
38

FUSE WiRE TABLE

Copper Aluminium 1'1 a t i n Old
Fu s ing
Current Din SWC; Din S.WG. Dia S.WG
Amps In ("PP) In. (app) In. (ap p)

I .0021 47 .0026 46 .0035 43

2 .0034 43 .0041 42 .0056 39 I
3 .0044 41 .0054 39 0074 36
4
5
10
15
.0053
.00C,1
.U09X
0129
39
lX
1.1
10
.0056
JJ07G
.0110
.015X
37
3G
30
2X
.OOR9
.0104
01C,4
.0115
3S
33
27
24
I
20 0156 28 .0191 25 .026 j 23
25 0181 26 0222 2~ . .r13 \) 3 21
30 0205 25 .0250 23 .03,\2 20
35 .0227 24 0277 22 .O:n9 20
0248 n 21 .0414
40
45 02(,)( 22
.0303
.0323 11 .0448
19
19 I
50 0288 22 0352 20 .O-1}:O 18 I
60 .0325 21 .0397 J9 0542 J7 I
70 o 1U) 20 .0440 :9 .0601 16
XO .0194 19 0481 I"
" .0657 16 I
I
90 .0426 19 .0520 18 .0711 15
lOO 0457 18 .0558 17 .0762 14
17 G6:1O !3
120 .0516
---,~ J6 0861

Tin Alia-Tin Lend

!j"using
Current
Amps
Din
III
S WC:
(;'1pp.)
Dia
In.
S WG.
(a pp.)
Dia
in
S.Wc:
(app.)
I
I 0072 17
,-
.0083 45 .\J08 !
---------
35 I
2
., 0113
.0149
31
2R
0132
0173
19
27
.oizs
.0168
30
27
I
4 OIRI 20 .0210 2'i .0203 25

I
~,
'i .02!0 25 .0243 LJ .0236 23
10 .0334 21 .0186 19 .0373 20
IS .0437 19 05G6 IR .0491 1 s
20 .0529 J7 0516 J6 .0595 !7
25 06J4 16 .0711 15 .0690 !5
30 .06')4 15 .OB03 14 .0779 14
35 .07(,9 14 .OX90 13 .0864 J3
40 OX40 14 0973 J3 .0944 j 3
4:; 0909 13 I:)' 2 12 .1021 J2
.)0 0')7 ) 13 1121) I1 .10\)4 12 I
60
70
I 101
1220
II
10
1275
. j 413
10
9
.1237
.! 37t
10
\)
I
10 1544 3 J499 <)
80 1334
90 . j 443 9 .167 i 8 .1621 g
100 .1548 8 1792 7 .! 739 7 11
120 .1748 7 .2024 5 . i 954 C
- I

Preet Ferozepuria
JJ
 Engineering Infornzation
39

ELECTRICAL UNITS AND FORMULAE

A.c. Afolors-- single Phase- ., 1.2 Two phase: x 0.9

I I
J l o r sc- [lower

I
Voltage 2 3 6 10 20
I Approx. Current 111 Amperes
I
11O
220
6.6
3.3
12.4
6.2
I, 17.5
88
27.7,
13.8 I
52.0
26.0
102
5I
34() "
s: , ,
I 4.0 5.6 16.5 53
40()
44(J
1 8 3 4.8
~: I 14.3 28

I 1.7 3 4.4 6.9 13.0 26

550 1.3 2 , 3.5 S.S 10.4 21
I?. P.!"!. 750 600

I Ilorsc-po\Vcr
I I
Voltage
I Approx.
:l0
Current in Amp cr cs
(,(J
I;
:.«) lOO
I 250
I 300

~} U
I 20'1 I 302 404 5!2 996 I, 1-156
220 102 IS i
I 202 256 I 498 728
340
I 65 9G
n
128 160 I
317
I 462

L .
4(JO 56 111 38 274 400

I~-
i J
44()
550
I
!
51
41
'7,
i

GO
J 10 I
81
5(~() ·~_-~---<---
126
100 I 240
199 I 363
291
375
-.--------
S\'i1CijfO:I()US SllCC:(~-

:;:~~:-(~;:--;.!;;:
i -~~-S~~L~:~~;;-:;JrN~~of p-~-§_ Synchr. spceyp:c_tt_.. <a_!_s_r_'~_'-::_('_; ~~

I I j I =
I 2
4 ,
3000
1500
iuoo I
I
2900
1440!
12
J4 .
II
500
428 I
t 435
410

I G
X
I (j !
.
i 750
600
970
725
580!
.1. iG
18
20 I
375
333
300
;
I
. 360
320
290
Starting Torques and Currents:
Au lo -Tra nsfor m er
l\lcihod or St nr ting Direction
I Star Delta
30% 60% 75%
-------i------+------+'----+---------t-----t-----
"" I .inc voltage 1100 100 51< 50 60 75
1 xo I no
~.;, Full
<~'o hill
__________
Loa d curn;1l11' SOU
I.uad Torque ~i 125 ~
SOO
125 L
170
42 ~
125
:12 ~_____ 45 J __ 70 _

For 62,5001-\. V/\ at 20,000 vo lt al 1,500 L pill. arc u sun llv m nd c tDI;1ity enclosed. The st art or weight
90 ton made up or electrical Iv wo l dcd steel plates and t h c ir laminator cores are held III position
without the use or through. -

,
Preet Ferozepuria

~ ll~========================================::::.
 Engineering Information
40

"'[EIGHTS AND MEASURES

Tray weight
24 grain = 1 dwt 12 ounces = I pound.
70 dwts = i ounce.

Used far weighting gohL silver and j ew ef s

Ap no tb e carf e s w(eight
20 gains I scruple 8 drams = 1 ounce.
3 scruples = I dram.
Avr oir d upof s weight
2711, gr ains = I dram. 4 quarters = 1 cwt.
16 drams = I ounce. 2,000 Ills. = 1 short ton
J 6 ounces = I pounds 2,240 lbs. = I long ton
2g pounds = 1 quarter
Dry I"Ieasure
2 pints = 1 quart. 4 pecks = I bushel.
1<quarts = I peck. 3 6 bushels = 1 chaldron
Liquid Measure
60 minims = i Ilu id drachm = I teaspoon
8 iluid drachms =1 fluid oz. = 2 table spoons.
20 fluid oz. = 1 pint 4 quarts = I gallon
4 gills = 1 pint. 3111, gallons = 1 barrel.
2 pint = 1 quart. 2 barrels = hogshead.

long measure
12 inches = 1 root. 40 rods = 1 furiong.
3 feet = I Yard. 8 furlongs = 1 st at mile
S 0.yards = I rod. 3 mi!s = 1 league.
Sq uar e Measure
144 sq. inches = I sq. foot. 4 roods = I acre.
9 sq. reels = 1 54 yards I acre = 4840 sq. yards
301,1. sq. yards = I rod. 640 acres = sq. mile
40 sq rods = ! rood.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
41

Time Measure
6U seconds ee I minute. 24 hours - I dny.
60 minutes = I hour. 7 days = I week
28,29,30 or31 days Calander month (30 days = I month in computing interest).
365 days = I year 366 days = leap year
Circular Measure
60 seconds = I minute 80 degrees = 1 sign.
(,(J mi nutc .- 1 dq;rcc. 90 tlcgrcc~ '" I qun dr nnt.
4 quu d rn nts 12 signs. or :l(,O degrees ~ 1 circle.

Cloth Measure
2'1. Inches = I nail 4 quarters = I yard

4 nails = I quarter

MARINERS' MEASURE
6 feet = I fathom. 5,280 Iccts = l stat, mile
120 fathoms = cob le length 6,080 = l naut, mile
7 cable lengths = 1 mile
Miscellaneous
3 Inches = I palm 18 inches = 1 cubit
6 Inches = I hand 21.8 in = 1 Bile cubit.
6 Inches = I span. 2Y2 feet = I military pact.
Surveyors Mesure
7.52 inches =- I link. 4 rods = I chain.
2S links = I rod. 10 sq. chains or 160. sq. rods I acre
640 acres = 1 sq. mile.
36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.) = 1 township.
Cubic Measure
1,728 cubic ins. = I cub. n. 128 cub. It. = 1 cord (wood)
27 cub. n. = I cub. yd. 40 cub. n. = I ton (shopping)
2,150.42 cuhic inches = I standard hushel.
268.8 cubic inches = I standard gallon
I of cubic foot = about foure fifthsa bushel

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Infi?rmation
42

METRICAL EQ1lJIVALENTS OF BRITISli IMPERIAL

WEIGHTS AND 1'1EASURES
Measures of length

ENGLISH

inch = 2.539954 centimetres. po le w 5.02911 metres.

Foot "~ 3.047950 decimetres. furlong = 201.16437 metres.
Yard = 0.91438325 metre. Mile = 1609.3146 metres.
Futho m = 1.82876696 metres. Nautcl. Mile = 1855.020 metres.

fRENCH

Millimetre = 0.03937 inch. Metre = 3.2808992 feet.

Centimetre = 0.393708 inches Mctr e = 1.693633 Yard
Decimetre = 3.937079 inches. Kilometre = 1093.633 Yard
Mctre = 39.37.079 inches. Mriametre = 6.2138 miles
Nocud = English Nautical mile
Superficial Measure
ENGLISH

Sq. in 0.000645125 Sq. m. Rod = 25.291480 sq. metre

Sq. lt. = 0.0928nO sq. metre. Road = 10.116750 acres.
Sq. Yd. = 9.836082 sq. metre.
FRENCH

Acre = 0.404671 hectare. Acre = 0.098845 rood.

Sq. metre = 1.193623 sq. yd. Hectare = 2.471143 acres.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Infornzation
43

Weigh ts
ENGLlSII

(Tory) Grain = 0.065 grammes.

p annvwei ght = 1.555 grammes.
Ounce = 31.133 grammes.
Pound (5760 grs.) = 373.220 grammes.
0.373220 Kilogramme
(Avoirdupois) Dram = 1.77 grammes.
Ounce = 28.35 grammes.
pound (7000 grs.) - 453.67 grammes.
0.45357 kilogrammes.
Cwt. - 50.8 kilogrammes.
Ton -- 1016.0 Ki l o gr anun e s.

FRENCH
Gramme = 15.433 tro y gra ins.
0.643 dwl.
15.433 lroy grains
Kilogramme = 2.679 1roy lbs.
2.203 avo ir lbs.
lv!yriagramme or 10 kilos = 22.0462125 Ibs.
Qu int a l orl00 kilos .. 220.462125 Lbs.
Tonneau or Millier , 100 kilos = 0.9842059 of a ton
Ready Methods of Calculating Weights of
Steel and cast Iron
Sleel cubic inches x .2833 = Ibs.
" " " x .00253 = Cwts.
" " " 400 + 111 00 = Cwts,
Cas! Iron Cubic inches x .263 = J hs.
" " " x .00235 = Cwt s.
" " " x 7,· 300 = Cwts.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineeri1zg Infornzation
44

READY METHODS OF CALCULATING WEIGHTS OF

STEEL AND CAST IRON
Sqare s:
Steel: side ' x length -;- 4 + 1110and Y, of the length = Lbs.
side 2 x length -;- 400 + 11100 = Cwts.
Cast Iron side" x 3 length -s- 10 _ III = Lbs.
side" x 2 ;ength + 116+ 1000 = Cwts.

Rounds
Steel: Dia. % x 2 length + 9 = Lbs.
Di a, 2 x 2 length -i- 1000 = Cwts.
Cast Iron Dia." x length x .206 = Ills.
Dra 2 x lenght + 9+6+ I 0 = Cwts.

Flats:
Steel: Width x thickness x length +4 + I \IOand 113of tthe tenth = Ius.
Width x thickness x length + 400 + 11100 = Cwts.
Cast Iron Width x thickness x3 length + 10 _ 113 = Ibs.
Width x thickness x 2 length + 1\6 + 1000 = C'NtS.

Rings or cylinders:
Steel: Inside dia. + thickness x thickness x 8 length + 9 = Ills.
Inside dia. + thickness x thickness x 8 length + 100 = Cwts.
Cast Iron Inside dia. + thickness x thickness x 4 length x .206 = Ills.
Inside dia. + thickness x thickness x 8 length + 1100 = Cwt s.

Haxa gons:
Steel: Dia 1 X length x .249 = Ibs.
Dial x length x 00222 = Cwts.
Cast Iron Dial x length x .227 = Ibs.
Dia ' x length x .00202 = Cwts.

Octagons:
Steel: Dia2' length x .235 = Ibs.
Dial x length x .0021 = Cwts.
Cast Iron Diu? x length x .217 = Ibs.
Dia2x length x .00194 = Cwt s.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
45

BRIT. MEASURES METRIC EQUIVALENTS

Decimal fraction Decimal Decimal Fraction Decimal
of an of an of an or an of an of an
inch inch m/m Inch Inch m/m

.015625 1/64 .366H75 .515625 33/64 13.096875

.031250 ]/32 .79373 .53125 17/32 13.49375
.046875 3/64 1.190625 .546875 35/64 13.890625
.0625 1/16 1.5875 .5625 9/16 14.2875
.078125 5/64 1984375 .378125 37/64 14.64375
.093750 3/32 2.38125 .59375 19/32 15.08125
.109375 7116 2.7781 .609375 39/64 15.47812
.125 1/8 3.175 .625 5/8 15.875
.140625 9/64 3.571875 .640625 41/64 16.271825
.15625 5/32 3.96875 .65625 21/32 16.66875
.171875 11/64 3.365625 .671875 43/84 17.065625
.1875 3/64 4.7625 .6875 11116 17.4625
.202125 13/64 5.159375 .703123 45/64 17.859375
.21875 7/32 5.85625 .71875 23/32 18.653128
.231375 15/64 5.933125 .734375 47/64 18.25625
.25 1/4 6.35 .75 3/4 19.05
.265625 17/64 6.748675 .765625 49/64 19.446875
.281250 9/32 7.14375 .78125 25/32 19.84375
.296875 19/64 7.540625 .796875 51/64 20.240625
.3125 5/16 7.9375 .815 13/16 20.6375
.. 328125 21164 8.334375 .828125 53/64 21.034375
.34375 11/32 8.73125 .84375 27/32 21.43125
.359375 23/64 9.128125 .859375 55/64 21.828125
.375 3/8 9.525 .875 6/8 22.225
.390625 25/64 9.92 1875 .890625 57/64 22.612875
.40625 13/32 10.31875 .90625 29/32 23.01875
.421875 27/64 10.715625 .921875 59/64 23.415625
.4375 7116 11.1125 .9375 15/1 6 23.1825
.453125 29/64 11.509375 .951325 61/64 24.209375
.46875 15/32 11.9025 .96875 31/32 24.60625
.484075 31/64 12.303125 .984375 63/64 52.003132
.5 1/2 12.7 1 25.4

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
46

CONVERSION TABLE
TO CONVERT MULTIl'LY
Atm o sp hcrcs to lhs. per sq. inch 14.73
British thermal units to calories .252
Calories to l3ritish thermal units 3.96R
Cc ntm cnt rcs to inches .3937
Cubic ccntimctres to cubic inches .06103
Cuhic feet la cubic metres .02832
Cubic feet to gallons 6.22R
Cubic inches to cubic c ent iructr cs 16.39
Cubic inches to litres .01639
Cubic metres to cubic feet 35.32
Cu b ic metres to cubic yards 1.308
Cubic yards to cubic metres .7645
Fe et to metres .3048
Foot l bs.p er second to horse power .001818
Foot Ills. to k il o g r a nunetr es . J 383
Force de ch cva l to horse power .9863
Gallons to litres 4.536
Gallons to cubic feet .1606
Grains to grams. .06480
Grains to gra me. 15.43
Grams to ounces .03527
Grams t·) lbs. .002205
llor sc power to n. Ibs. per second 350
Horse power to force de cheval 1.0139
l l o r s e power to waits 746
Inches to c ent irnetr cs 2.540
Inches to m il imctr es 25.40
Ki l o gr ammctrcs to fo ot lbs. 7.233
Kilograms (0 Ills. 2.205
Kilograms (0 tons .0009842
Kilograms (0 miles .6214

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
47

USEFUL NOTES ON CEMENT

I Ton or Portland Cement = 20 Bags.

I Cubic foot of portland Cement weights 90 to 94 lbs. when loosely filled. Average weight of 1:2:4

concrete; Co k ebr e e xe aggregate 100 Ibs. per cubic foot; clinker aggregate 110 l bs. per cubic

foot;Brick aggregate 125 lbs. per cubic foot; Ballast aggregate 145 lbs, per cubic foot.

Average weight of 1:2:4 reinforced concrete, 150 lbs. per cubic root.

I Cubic foot or loose portland cement paste will make about

4.1 cu.n. of concrete mixed 1:2:4

5.1 cu. It. or concrete mixed 1:2Yz:5

5.8 cu. n. or concrete mixed 1:3:6

7.5 cu.It. concrete mixed 1:4:8

I Cubic foot of loose portland cement neat as Cement paste will cover about 9.5 sq. feet, 1 inch

I thick.

I Cubic root or loose Portland Cement to 2 or sand will cover 16.8 sq. feet, 1 inch thick.

I Cubic foot of loose portland cement to 2 of sand will cover about 29 sq. feet, 1 inch thick.

I Cubic foot of loose portland cement to 3 or sand will cover about 35.7 sq. feet 1 inch thick.

I Cubic root or loose portland cement to 6 or sand will lay about 410 bricks withJ1l inch joints, and

527 bricks with Y. inch joints.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
48

FINENESS MODULUS
The Financess Modulus of an aggregate is obtained by adding the per centae by weight of material

retained on a range of nine selected sieves and dividing the result by 100 • as illustrated in the Table

b e l o w.

Sieve Total percentage retained

by weight
Serial No.
B.S. Sieve Tylcr.Sicvc sand Coarse
No. No. Aggregate

I 100 100 100 100

2 52 4& 80 100

3 25 2& 60 100
4 14 14 40 100

5 7 8 20 100

6 3116" 4 0 100
7 3/8" 3/8" 0 80

1< 3/4" 3/4" 0 50

9 1 ~" 111,'" 0 0

Sum of Percentages 300 730

Fineness Modulus = -- 3.0 -- =7.3

100 100 104

The practical limits or the Fineness Modulus for the aggregate are for fine aggregates from 2 to 3-5 : for

coarse aggregate from 5-5 to 8; and for mixed, aggregates from 4 to 7

Preet Ferozepuria
jl"

..•...•

Engineering Information
49

Shop floors used for the display and sea le or

merchandise, work r o oms gencr al ly, Il o ors or class

rooms in schools, garages for vehicles not exceeding

390 2.54 tonnes gross weight, places of assembly with fixed 390 949 2322

seating, churches, chaples, erstaur ants, curculation

space in machinery power, stations, etc. where

not occupied by plant or equipmet.

Floors of warehouses, workshops, factories and

other buildings or parts of buliding of s imil ar., category

4g8 for light weight loads, oflice Il o or s, for storages and filling 488 1186 2903

nurposes, places of assembly without fixed seating

(puhlic room in hotels, dances halls, waiting ha ss] etc.)

Floors of warehouses, workshops, factories For garage floors only

and other building or parts of building of 1.5 times the maximum

similar category for medium-weight loads: wheel load, but not less

732 floors of garages for nvehicles not exceeding 732 than 907 kg. considered

4.064 tonnes gross weight to be distributed over a

floors area of 0.760 m.

square.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
50

FLAT IRON - WEIGHT IN KO. PER METRE

0.7834 kg/ cm? per metre or I eft of steel = 490 Ibs.

Thickness
III llllll.

----- 5 5.5 6 7 8 10 11 12 14 16
Width
111

mm.

12 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5

16 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.0

20 0.8 0.9 0.0 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5
25 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3. I
32 1.3 1.4 1.5 l.8 2.0 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0

40 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5 31 3.5 3.8 4.4 5.0

50 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 3. I 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.5 6.3

63 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.9 5.4 5.9 5.9 7.9

80 3. I 3.5 3.8 4.4 5.0 6.3 6.9 7.5 8.8 10.0

100 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.5 6.3 7.8 8.6 9.4 1l.0 12.6

125 4.9 5.4 5.9 6.9 7.8 9.8 10.8 11.8 13.7 15.7

160 6.3 6.9 7.5 8.8 10.0 12.6 13.8 1 5.1 17.6 20. I
200 7.'8. '8..6 9.4 11.0 12.6 )5.7 17.3 UU 22.0 25.1
250 9.'8. 10. X IU 13.7 15.7 19.G 21.6 23.6 27.5 3 I.4

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
51

SQUARE AND ROUND BARS

0.7843 k g/cm? per metre or 1 eft of steel = 490 Ibs.

Di ameler Weight per metre Sectional Area Per j me tr e

or
Width
0 0 0 0 0 0
mm. kg. kg. C1112 cm2 cm. cm.

5.0 0.20 o. J 5 0.25 0.20 2.0 I. 5 7

5.5 0.24 O. J 9 0.30 0.24 2.2 1. 73
6.0 0.2X 0.22 0.36 0.28 2.4 i.s s
7.0 0.38 0.30 0.49 0.38 2.8 2.20
X.O 0.50 0.39 0.64 0.50 3.2 3.51
9.0 0.64 0.50 0.81 0.64 3.6 2.83
10 o.vs 0.62 1.00 0.79 4.0 3.14
11 0.95 0.75 1.21 0.95 4.4 3.46
12 1.13 0.89 1.44 1.13 4.8 3.77
14 1.54 I. 2 I 1.96 1.54 5.6 4.40
16 201 I. 5 8 2.56 2.01 6.4 5.03
18 2.54 2.00 3.24 2.54 7.2 5.56
20 3.14 2.47 4.00 3.14 8.0 6.28
22 3.80 2.98 4.84 3.80 8.8 6.91
25 4.91 3. X5 6.25 4.91 10.0 7.85
n 6.15 4.83 7.84 6.16 \1.2 8.80
32 X.04 6.3\ 10.24 8.04 12.8 10.05
36 10.17 7.99 12.96 10.18 14.4 11.3 I
40 12.56 9.86 16.00 12.57 16.0 12.57
45 15.90 12.49 20.25 15.90 18.0 14.14
50 19.62 15.4 I 25.00 19.64 20.0 15.71
56 24.62 19.34 31.36 24.63 22.4 17.59
63 31.16 24.4 7 39.69 31.17 25.2 19.79
71 39.57 31.08 50.41 39.59 28.4 22.31
XO 50.24 3'J .46 64.00 50.27 32.0 25.13

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engz"neerz·ng IJzformatz"on
52

Tahle No. 4

WIND VELOCITY AND PRESSURE AT V ARIOUS EX~

POSED HEIGHTS

lIeight of exposed Horizontal Wind Horizontal pressure

surface above mean Velocity
retarding surface
(Ill ) (krnihr) (kg/m')

0 HO 40
3 96 5H
6 108 73
9 115 R5
12 123 98
15 1211 105
18 133 112
21 137 120
24 141 127
27 144 133
30 147 141
38 155 151
46 160 166
53 165 175
61 169 185
76 175 200
92
107
.186
181 210
224
122 191 234

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engz"neerz"J1g InforJ11atz"on
53

WEIGHTS OF STEEL
0.7843 kg/cm! per metre

BLACK SHEETS PLATES CHEQUERED

PLATES
Wt.per Wt. per wt. per
Thick-B.G. Sq. Thick- Sq. metre Thick- Sq.metre
ne ss metre in ncss in kg ness in gk.
III 111111. kg. III mm ill mm

3.15 10 24.70 5 39.2 7 61.1

2.50 12 19.61 7 55.0 10 84.6

2.00 14 15.69 10 78.5 12 100.3

1.66 16 12.55 L2 94.2

1.25 18 9.£\0 14 109.9

1.00 20 7.?-4 !6 125.6

0.80 22 6.27 18 141.3

0.63 24 4.94 20 157.0

0.50 26 3.91 22 172.7

0.44 28 3.10 25 196.2

Preet Ferozepuria
 EngiJzeering Infornzation
54

LIVE LOADS ON FLOORS

Alterrnative minimum
live load
Loading Type of Iloor Ivli nim urn Ior Slabs,
Class load uniformly for beams
No. per unit distributed uniformly
area over span distributed
(k g./ m') per metre over span
Width
(kg) (kg)

976 Floors of warehouses, workshops, 976

factories buildings of similar category for,
heavy, weight loads, fl o ors or boooks stores,
r o o o Is and pavement lights over basements
projecting under the punlic foortpath.

Stairs, corridors, landings and balconies

not liahle oto overcrowding:
For class 195a loading: 195
For class 293
For all other classes 488
Balconies liable to over crowding

The lower value or 244 k g/mt should be taken wwhere separate storage facilities are provided and the
higher value oar 390 kg/ Ill' where such provisions arc lacking

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engz>zeering IJz..jOrJ1zation
55

Table No.3

LIVE LOADS ON ROOFS

Type Slope of Roof Imposed loads other than Snow load
wind and snow

Roofs other Flat, sloping or 147 k g/m" measured on plan where snow is
than sheered curved with slop subject to a minimum of encountered ad-
r o o ls up to and -91kg uniformly distributcd over ditional allow-
in cl id o n g l U" any span of 0.305 III width ance o f 15 kg
of the roof slab and 726 kg per meter depth
uniformly distributed over or SIlOW measu-
this span in the case of red on plant.
all beams.

Sloping or curved 73. kg/.m2 measured 011 plan ~do~

roofs from 10° to or 91 kg concentrated load.
30° and incladign JUG
Sloping or curved nil -do~
roofs greater
than 30°
------f--.---- .--------.--f---------------t---------
Sh c ct.ed FLl,. ;!oping To provide for loads ~do~
or curved incidental to manitenance all
roof coverings (other than glass)
and supporting structure shall
be capable or carrying load
of 82 kg concentrated on.
an area 12.7 cm square.
This load is not in addition
to wind load and shall be
treated as an o ccas ianol.

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Infornzation
56

ROLLED STEEL BEAMS

Weight Sectional Depth of Width of Thickness Thickness
per metre Flange or Flange or Wed
Desi gnation area secation
a h b tf tw
Wkg cm? mm mill mm mill

Ism 150 7.1 9.0 I 150 50 4.6 3.0

Ism 175 8.1 10.28 175 50 4.8 3.2
Ism 200 9.9 12.64 200 60 5.0 3.4
ISJB 225 12.8 16.28 225 80 5.0 3.7
ISLB 75 6.1 7.71 75 50 5.0 3.7
ISLB 100 8.0 10.21 100 50 6.4 4.0
ISLH 125 11.9 15.12 125 75 6.5 4.4
ISLB 150 142 18.08 150 80 6.8 4.8
ISLI.l 175 26.7 21.30 175 90 6.9 5.1
ISLU 200 19.8 25.27 200 100 7.3 5.4
ISLB 225 23.5 29.92 225 100 8.6 5.8
ISLB 250 27.9 35.53 250 125 8.2 6.1
ISLB 275 33.0 42.02 275 140 8.8 6.4
18LB 300 37.7 4!C08 300 150 9.4 6.7
ISLB 325 43.1 24.90 325 165 9.8 7.0
ISLI~ 350 49.5 63.01 350 165 11.4 7.4
JSLD 400 569 72.43 400 165 12.5 8.0
ISLB 450 65.3 83.14 450 170 13.4 8.6
ISLB 500 75.0 95.50 500 180 14.1 9.2
ISLB 550 86.3 109.97 550 190 15.0 9.9
IJSLB 600 99.5 126.69 600 210 15.5 10.5
ISMB 100 11.5 14.60 100 75 7.2 4.0
18MB 125 13.0 16.60 125 75 7.6 8.6
18MB 150 14.9 19.00 150 80 7.6 4.4
18MB 175 19.3 24.62 175 90 8.6 5.5
ISMB 200 25.4 32.3 200 100 10.8 5.7
ISMB 225 31.2 39.72 225 110 11.8 6.5
18MB 250 37.3 47.35 250 125 12.55 6.9
18MB 300 44.2 56.26 300 140 12.4 7.5
ISMB 350 52.4 66.71 350 140 14.2 8.1
181\1B 4()0 61.6 78.46 400 140 16.0 8.9
ISMB 450 72.4 92.27 450 150 17.4 9.4
IS1\1B 500 86.9 110.74 500 180 17.2 10.2
IS I\-!B 550 103.7 132. I 1 550 190 19.3 11.2
ISMB 600 122.6 256.21 600 210 20.8 12.0
ISWB 150 17.0 21.67 150 100 7.5 5.4

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
57

DIMENSIONS OF PROPERTIES
Moments of Radii of Moduli of
Inertia Gyration Section

In I
7'1
ru r
rr z•• Zor
-
ern" ern" cm cm cm% cm'

322.1 9.2 5.98 1.01 42.9 3.7

479.3 9.7 6.83 0.93 54.8 3.9
780.7 17.3 7.86 1.17 78.1 5.8
130832 40.5 8.97 1.58 116.3 10.1
72.7 10.0 3.07 1.14 19.4 4.1
J 68.0 12.7 4.06 1.12 33.6 5.1
406.8 43.4 5.19 1.69 65.1 11.6
688.2 55.2 6.17 I. 7 5 91.8 13.8
1096.6 115.4 8.19 2.13 169.7 23.1
3717.8 193.4 10.23 2.33 297.4 3.07
5375.3 287.0 11.31 2.61 392.4 41.0
7323.9 376.2 12.35 2.80 488.9 50.2
13158.3 631.9 14.45 3.17 751."9 76.6
19306.3 716.4 16.33 3.15 965.3 80.8
27536.1 853.0 18.20 3.20 1223.8 160.4
53161.6 1335.1 21.99 3.48 1933.2 140.5
72879.6 1821.9 23.98 3.79 2428.9 1735
275.5 40.8 4.20 1.67 51.5 10.9
449.0 43.7 5.20 1.62 71.8 11.7
1272.0 85.0 7.19 1.86 145.4 189.9
2235.4 150.0 8.32 2.15 223.5 30.0
3441.8 218.3 9.31 2.34 306.9 39.7
5131.6 334.5 10.39 2.65 410.5 58.5
8603.6 483.9 12.37 2.84 573.6 64.8
13630.3 537.7 14.29 2.84 778.9 76.6
20S5S.4 422.1 16.15 2.S2 1022.9 88.9
30390.8 834.0 18.15 3.10 1350.7 111. 2
4521 S.3 1369.S 20.21 3.52 1S,I<.7 152.2
64893.6 1833.8 22.16 3.73 2359.8 193.0
91813.0 2651. 0 24.24 4.12 3060.4 252.5
889.1 94.8 6.22 2.09 Ill. 9 19.0

Preet Ferozepuria
 .Engineerin![~hz/ormation 11
ROLLED STEEL
Dimensions

Thick- I S e c ti o n \\Tei ~h i Moduli

Size I n css
I
! at area per of
Designation A x 13 I
I ,
I' II m ct r c Sect Ion
i i. I a w 'f :.;,;-Z'"
1-, -

rn m mm
~-~~~~-.-l~--~--l kg. c m ' crn :

!
ISh.

IS !\
3020

4025
32 x 2U

40 2S
l 3.0
4 r,
5.0
3.0
.0
i'
!
I
I
I
' 4'
,!

:2 25
i ~S
.8-4
,
.
1.1
, ,);
t

i 5
.1\
I
I
I
0.6
0 a
1 .U
'1
"
0.3
o
O.t.!-
0.5
J

X
I I
I 4.U 2.46 .9 .~ o .0r
Ii II 5.0 3 .02 2.4
2g
1 .g C.7
(:.9
6.0 ] .5 G 2. 1
I rSi\. <5]1] 4Sx3 G
I 3.0 ~.5 S
'j ,r ()
i 7 4 0.7

i 4.0 [.\..! (I 2.2 9 C.

5.0
')
.: ","L
.,' 2.1': 2.3

I 6.U L
I6 -' 2. '- i .3 I I
is 5 3 SDx3 o ') (;
i, j,~ .(\ 7
i I
l ..J."'" : u. 1

!
1
"f, :~
7 f~
7 '-,2 .

.0
2.
2.8
Cl.)

1 !
Ii
i
I, ,
i
~ G. ;;. 7 , .3
~
,LJr 3.5 3 4 !
I
i GC (.
.! GC le"

J."
,\
{
76 ! 4.2 2.0 !
! < n
V.U S. 3 4 '2 ii
(. '.
.. Cl I
I
lS;\ /' r .' :;-
5 x·::;-S .5 1\ 5.2(; 5 ,u I

II
uJ"-i_) L., • ~:
'" "+
6.0 6.25 4.9
"» J

II
gC ((. 1 7 6.4 7.7 J .9
IS/\ 7045 70 x<· 5 5.0 :'.5'2 4.3 5 7 2.5
i
I 6.0 G . .5 6 3.0 6.8
.'"\ f'
.:i.V
I
g.o 8 6.7 8,9 3.9
I, 1St, 7550 75 xSO
I .0
5.0
:!, C. j 2
f .02
8.3
4.7
1 0.9
67
4.1(
3.2 !
6.0 7. t G S.h (;.0 3.g
8.0 9.3~ 7 L. 1 (J Lt 4.9
J 0.0 j 0.52 9.0 12.7 6.0
IS/\ 8050 1\OxSO 50 6.27 ,1 .9 7 " 3.2
6.0 .49 5 .9 9.0 3.8
SO 9.78 7.7 11 7 4.9
10.0 1 2.2 9.4 1 4.4 6.0
----.--.-------'-----~~--'----------

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Information
59

UNEQUAL ANGLES
and Properties
<c.
LIZC Thick Section al Wc ig ht Moduli

Dcs i gn at i on I
II
Ax13
ncss
area
per
metre
Section

t a \V Z x x Z i")'
cm' kg cm 'cm ,
I
mill III III mill

lSA 90GO 90x60 6.0 !e65 6R 11.5 5.5

8.9 J 5. I 7.2
I 8.0
10.0
j 2. (J
1 I .37
14.0 I
I G. 5 7 I 11.0
1:1.0
I
I
18.6
22.0
8.8
103
I I
I S;\ IOO6S
I 1()()xGS GO
I
9.55 7.5 i 4.2 6.4

I
S()
10. U
1
! 2.57
15.51 12.2
9.9
I 18.7
23.1
8.5
10.4
ISA 10075 1()Ox75

I
6
g 0
0
I
I
10.14
13.3 (, 10.5
8.0 14.4
19.1
8.5
! 1.2
10.0 16.50 13.0 23.6 13.8
12.0 19.56 15.4 I 27.9 16.3
IS/\. 12575 125x75
, 6.0
g.U
1 iGG
1 'i.3 8
1
9.2
121
!
!
22.2
29 .l~
8.7
j i.s

~o o I
1
J
I
I Y()2 I i 4.9
s,
,,
~,
.io .»
0
; 4.2
IS i\ 12595 125x95 6G I 12.%
I 10. !
I
2 J. , j '1. 0
X .V"
10.G
I
I
!6.n
21.02 I
13.3
I G 5
I
I
30. G
37 8
! :::.5
22 9 I
l2.0 I 24.98
I
19.6 4·U: 27.1 I
I ! 17.'i2 I
I SA 15075 150x75 8.0
I
I I
13.7
I £-11 .7
51. G
I'
• ! ."
~'\

I 100
120 ,
21. 5 G
25.62 II
I G. 9
20.!
I
I
i
G 1. 2
i'1· 5
17 )
I .27 2
]S.:.\ 150 I ! 5 150x115
I 8.0
10 0
20.5
25. S'2
R
I 16.2
20.0
I
I
44.2
5 -1. 9 'J." o

I I

I 12.0 30.88 23.5 65.3

.••

-10.2
t , (\

I 15 0 J 7. <, 2 29.5 80.4 49.2

ISA 200100 200\'100 I i 0.0
I 2903 22.8 II n.s 26.2
I
I
I
I
!
! 2.0 j 34.59 27.2
I
110.6 31.1
i 15.0 L12.7g 33.6 13 G. 5 38.3
IS /, 200150
I 200xlSO
I
10 0 I J·1 (JO .! 6.7
I
I S' ~~.] 52.7
! i2 0
J

I 40.:; (, ,., ~

t ' !1
'1

1 17 . G;). J ')
I
.'i L~

iI 15 0 50 :2 5 39.4 l ( 5 . L~ gc;. o

! 1X 0 I 59.7C:
I t,l6.9
i

1 172.5 10. R

Preet Ferozepuria
\. ./
 "
Engineering Information
60

ROLLED STEEL
Dimensions
Thick Section at Weight Moduli of
Size n es s area per Section
Designation AxB metre
t a w Z''''Zl'Y
mm k!.
mm cm ' crn+crn '

ISA 2020 20x20 3.0 1.12 0.9 0.3

4.0 1.45 1.1 0.4
(SA 2525 25x25 v 3.0 1.41 i.t 0.4
4.0
5.0
1.84
2.25
1.4
1.8 I 0.6
0.7
ISA 3030 30x30 3.0
4.0
I.73
2.26
1.4
1.8 I 0.6
0.8

ISA 3535 35X35

5.0
3.0
2.77
2.03
2.2
1.6 I 1.0
0.9
4.0 2.66 2.1 1.2
5.0 3.27 2.6 1.4
6.0 3.86 3.0 1.7
IS/\. 4040 140X40 c> 3.0 2.34 1.8 1.2
4.0 3.07 2.4 1.6

I ,
5.0
6.0
3.18
4.47
3.0
3.5
1.9
2.3
ISA 4545 45X45 3.0 2.64 ;2 I 1.5
I 4.0 3.47 2.7 2.0
5.0 4.28 I 3.4 2.5
6.0 5.07 4.0 2.9
ISA 5050 50X50 v 3.0 2.95 2.3 1.9
4.0 3.88 3.0 2.5
5.0 4.79 3.8 3.1
6.0 5.68 4.5 3.6
ISA 5555 55X55 5.0 5.27 4.1 3.7
6.0 6.26 4.9 4.4
8.0 8.18 6.4 5.7
10.0 10.02 7.9 7.0
ISA 6060 GOX60 5.0 5.75 4.5 4.4
6.0 6.84 5.4 5.2
8.0 8.96 7.0 6.8
10.0 11.00 8.6 8.4
ISA 6565 65X65v I
I
5.0 6.25
7.44
4.9 5.2
6.2
6.0 58
8.0 9.76 7.7 8.1
10.0 12.00 9.4 9.9

Preet Ferozepuria
r Engineering Infornzation
61

EQUAL ANGLES
and Properties
Thick Section Weight Mo d ul i or
Size n ess Cl I area per sceti on
Designation AxE metre
I J\ W ZX=Zyy
mill mm cm' kg cm!

ISA 7070 70X70 5.0 60.77 5.3 6.1

8.0 806 6.3 7.3
8.0 10.58 8.3 9.0
10.0 13.02 10.2 11.5
ISA 7575 t,.... 75X75 5.0 7.27 5.7 7.1
6.0 8.66 68 8.4
8.0 1138 8.9 11.0
10.0 1'1.02 11.0 13.5
ISA 8080 80X80 6 0 9.29 7.3 9.6
8.0 12.21 9.6 12.6
10.0 15.05 11.8 15.5
12.0 17.81 14.0 18.3
1S;\ 9090 v 90X90 6.0 10.47 18.2 12.2
8.0 13.79 10.8 16.0
[ 0.0 17.03 13.4 19.8
12.0 20.19 15.8 23.3
ISA ! 00 100 l>"" 100XIOO 6.0 11.67 9.2 20.0
8.0 15.39 12.1 24.7
10.0 19.03 14.9 29.2
12.0 22.59 17.7 24.4
ISA 110110 IIOXIIO R.O 17.02 13.4 30.1
10.0 21.06 16.5 35.7
12.0 35.02 19.6 43.7
15.0 30.8 [ 24.2 34.5
IS;\ 130130 130XI30 8.0 2.22 15.9 42.7
10.0 25.06 19. 50.7
12.0 2982 23.4 62.3
15.0 36.81 28.9 56.9
ISA 150150v' 501X150 10.0 29.03 22.8 67.7
12.0 34.59 27.2 83.51
15.0 52.78' 35.6 n.7
18.0 50.79 39.9 122.2
IS/\ 200200 200X200 12.0 4GG I 36.6 3.351
15.0 57.80 45.4 224.4
18.0 68.81 54.0 17! .9
25.0 93.80 73.6 159

Preet Ferozepuria
 Engineering Infoynzotion
62

ROLLED STEEL
Dimensions
I Weight S e ct io n Weigllt
I Thick- Thick-
I Thick-
I pcr area oi' I
of ness oi' nces of
Designa-
I
metre Sc ct ic n
I
I, Flange Flange i \"'cb
t io n

IS)2
ISJC
ISlC
i
lOO
I 125
ISO
w kg.

5.8
7
9.9
9
7.41
10.07
J z.« 5
a
crn'l

r
I mm

lOO
125
ISO
h

50
55
b
!}1Ill

45
mm

S. I
G.6
(j
If

9
I-i~
I
.) .0
3.0

I IS.lC 175 1 1
"
{ . L l,j 2<- 175 60 6.9 I ;;
I ISJC 200 1 J. 9 17.77 200 70 7. ' < .1
ISl\lC 75 5.7 7 26 75 40 rJ.Cl !I 3.7
ISLC lOO 7.9 1002 IOU SO "6 ,1 ii.O
i ISLC 12 S j o 7 j::: .67 125 '1 <.
..,-
6.6
I
I, 4.4
ISLC ISO 14.4 IfU6 150 / ) 7.R ! 4.8
ISLe 175 17.G 22.40 175 75 9,) 5. I
ISLC LOG 20. G 26.22 200 75 10. R 5.5
I ISLC:
rsi.c
225
250
24.C
28.0
30.53
35.5 j
225.
250
90
100
j 02
10.7
5.8
/
ti ,
J

I
!

ISLC lOO 33 ] 42 67 ::lOO lOO I l.G 6.7

ISLC 350 38./l 49 14 350 IOC 12.5 7.74
iSLC L}O 0 45.7 58.2 :3 400 100 14.0 3.0
is rviC 75 6.8 8.()7 75 0 7.3 4.L}

ISMC tCO 9 2 1 1.70 lOO SO 7.5 4.--:;

lSIvJC
ISlvie
i
i
125
ISO
12.7
16 4
j

20.88
6 19 125
1 S Cl
65
75
1<.1
9.0
5.
5.4
o

Ii 'Si'vlC
ii)i\lC
IS?IIC
I
I
175
200
225
19. I
22. J
25 ')
24.3
18.21
35.0
g

J
i 75
200
22S
75

gn
5
l U
10.2
j 1.4
J 2.4
5.
6.1
S.
,
~.

ISMC I 250 30.4g :1855.67 250 80 14.1 ~7

.~ r
1

lSMC .lOO :1 5 g 4S.6/~ 300 90 13.6 i i .U

I
i 'so
TSMC 42.1 35.66 350 lOO 13.5 8.1
lSl\-i C
___
I
'iOO
u_,_~--1~I _____ e
49.<: 62.91 400 I
1 lOO ] :1.3 2~. .:)
L-- -_._,,-"-,

!
I
' Preet Ferozepuria I
[
~~============================================:=:==~~
r Engineering In/-ormation
63

CnANNELS
and Properties
r
Centre
Gravity
of Moments
Inertia
of
I
Radii of
Gyration
I Muduli
Section
oC

Cyy
ern
I
Ixx
crrr'
!,
I
I
rx x
cm
I
!
r:yy
cm I
Zxx
crn '
Zyy
crn '

I
•. r 10
i , -
14.9
i '0
I

,
j
r .1
.2
I 24 8 Ll ~~ i
, .64
t
270.0 25. 7 5. j 1>, , .GO 43.2 7.6
.66 I ~J1
t
471 i 37.9 G. 1 0 .1 _) 62.8 9.9
,, ,
75 71 9 I) 50.5 7 I 1 1 88 82 3 11.9
1 .97 16 1.2 84.2 (;.0 s 2.1 8 116 j 16.7
j .35 66. ] ] J .5 3.02 I .26 17.G 1 ~
{•... J

, ,;;~
1
L
.\j I 64.7 24 S 4.06 1 .57 32.9 7.:>
2.C4 :i 5 6 « S7 2 ') .~ !
I 2.05 57 I 12.8
2.3 ~ 697 2 I OJ 2 G. 1 G 2,37 20.2
2.'10 j
8. 126.5 7 16 ~ 38 13 i. 3 2'.8
'1 '1 J:;
-:...,J_1 ~72).5 ~~6. 8. .[
1 7 ~
..~ .. J
ry
I 172.5 1~\. 5
2.~6 25/.:-7.9 209.5 0 1 4 2.62 226.5
2.70 36 g7 .~I 29/1. 4 I0 J '7 i 2.89 295.0 10.9
:Z.55 G047.9 34G(J 1 1 .9 "0 .'in 40 .2
2Al 93 12.6 394.6 1~ I"
.' 1 L .82 5:; 2 !
2.36 13989 5 460cl 1 5.50 2 X 1 699 5 60.2
.( .3 ] 7 (;. G
.,
1 L.o 2.96 1 .21 20.3 4.7
()r:
1 .5 J 1 {~v. ! 25,9 4.00 I .49 37.3 7. :;
1 .9' 'I 41 6.4 59.9 5.07 I.92 66.6
I '1 ~.
2.22 779.4 02 3 G. 1 I L.L
1
r 103.9
2.20 122L3 ', ~
L J.U n
1
7.0R 2.23 !
l_J
"1 f1
J.
0
() 22.8
2. I7 1 g 19.3 1 40. s.o 3 " "'1
,t.-.L..J 181.9 26.3
'2.30 2694.6 i 87.2 2. (J3 2.38 239.5 32.3
2.30 3g 16.8 2 1 9. I
1 9.94 2.38 3US.3 3S(
2.36 6362.6 3 I o .(\
" 1 I .S ] 2.6 I 424.2 46.8
2.44 I QQO s.o 4:> O. 6 I 3 .G6 2, R3 57 1.9 57.0
2.42 1 53g2.~~ 504 g 1 S.4(! 2.83 754.1 6Ce;

Preet Ferozepuria
j
 Engineering Information
64

WEIGHT PER METRE IN KG

d ,*,u11d Square llexa Octa- d- Round Square Ilexa octa-
ntn genal genal mll genal gonal

5 0.154 0.196 0170 0.163 53 17319 12.051 19.098 18.267

6 0.222 0.283 0.845 0234 54 17.978 22.891 19.824 18963
7 0302 0385 0336 0319 55 18650 23.746 20.565 19.672
8 0395 0.502 0435 0.416 56 19315 24.618 21J19 20394
9 0.499 0.636 0551 0527 57 20031 25505 22088 21129
10 0.617 0.785 0.680 0.650 58 20740 26.407 22.869 21.877
II 0.746 0.950 0.823 0.787 59 21.462 27.326 23.665 22.638
12 0.888 1130 0979 0.936 60 22.195 28.260 24.474 23.412
D 1.042 lJ27 1140 1.09 61 22 941 29.210 25.296 24.198
14 1208 1.539 1330 1.275 62 23700 30.! 75 26.133 24.998
15 I J87 I 766 1530 1.463 63 24 470 3U57 26982 25.811
16 1.578 2010 1.740 1.665 64 25.253 32.154 27846 26.637
, 17 In2 2.269 1965 1.879 65 26.05 HI7 28.72 27.48
18 I 998 2.543 2203 2160 66 2686 34 20 29.61 2833
19 2226 2834 2.454 2348 67 2768 35.24 3052 29.19
20 2.466 3.140 2.719 2.60 I 68 28.51 3630 31.44 3007
21 2.0719 3462 2.998 2868 67 2935 3737 32J7 30.963
22 2.984 3.799 3.290 3.148 70 30.21 38.46 3DI 321.87
23 3.261 4.153 3596 3.430 71 Jl08 39.57 34.27 32.78'
24 3551 4.522 3916 3.746 72 3l.96 40.69 35.24 H71
25 3853 4.906 4249 4.065 73 32.86 41.R3 36.23 2466
26 4163 5307 4.596 4396 74 33.76 4299 3723 3561
27 4.495 5.723 4.956 4741 75 3468 4416 385.23 36.58
28 4.84 6.154 5330 5.299 76 35.61 45.34 39.27 37.56
29 5.18 6602 5.717 5 469 77 36 56 4654 403 I 38.56
30 5.49 7.065 6.118 5.853 78 37.51 47.76 41.38 39.56
31 5.925 7.544 6.503 6250 79 3848 4899 42.43 40.59
32 6313 8038 6961 6959 80 3949 50.24 43 51 41.62
33 6.714 8.549 7403 7082 81 4045 5150 4460 42.67
34 7.127 9.075 7.859 7.5 18 82 41.43 52.78 45.71 43.73
35 7.553 9.661 8328 7966 83 <1247 54.08 4683 4UO
36 7.990 10200 8.811 8428 84 4350 5539 47.5 7 45.79
37 8.440 10.747 9307 8.903 85 44.5 5 56.72 49.12 46.99
38 8.903 1!J65 9.817 9391 86 45.60 58.06 5028 48.10
39 9378 11.940 10340 9891 87 46067 59.42 51.46 49.22
40 9865 12.560 10.877 10.405 88 47.75 60.79 52.65 5036
41 10364 13.96 11.428 10932 89 4884 6218 53.85 5LSI
42 10876 !3 847 11.992 11.472 90 4994 63.58 55.07 5268
43 11.400 14.515 12 570 12024 91 51 06 650 I 2630 53.R5
44 11.936 15198 13.162 12.590 92 52.18 6644 57.54 55.04
45 12.485 16896 13707 13.196 93 53.32 67.90 58.80 5625
46 13046 16.611 14385 13.761 94 54 48 67.36 60.07 57.46
47 1J.619 17341 15.017 14263 95 5564 70.85 6LJ6 58.67
48 14.205 18086 15.663 14.986 96 56.82 7235 62.65 59.93
49 14.803 18.848 16323 15.614 97 58.0 I 7H6 63.96 61.19
SO 15414 19625 16.996 16.258 98 59.21 7539 65.29 62.46
51 16036 20.418 17.682 16.915 99 60.43 76.94 66.63 63.74
52 16.617 21.226 18383 17.585 100 61.65 78.50 67.98 6502

Preet Ferozepuria
J
 'X/EiGHTS AND NIEASURES
IlvlPERIAI. ;\'IF,\~UR[S ;\IETRIC MEASURES F.~\i!lY ('I1.\Rl.\IISCELU:\F.lll " L"\llS &: R\TIOS

LFNC;TIl , CS;\ Dr) Mca-ure Equivalents

12 Inches 1 loot HI millimetre. 0.9h~<) UK pt 0,5506 litre

.) !'~'("{ I yard 1110 millinh'lrn I decimetre 0.9089 UK hu 35.2JX litr, ..'~

).S }".uds I rod, pole 10 c-mimcrrc ! decimetre
-t rod ..• I chain 10(10 millirurtres 1 nuuc
1 rurjnn~ I()() c c n r; ~1 c rr('
j
1 fluid ounce 1.()~U~ UK fl 0' (),2% litre

1 mile 10 dvcimcncs I mer-e . I pint (1) oz) (),X327 UK pt 0.4132 litre

!7(lIJ ::ard, 1 mik Ion metro I hecomcuc l~gallOll O.8.1~7LK gill 17KSJ litres
naur.cal 1O1l0 IlKHl'$ 1 kilometre l'\;n,R'\;,HIOl\.\i. CLOTH],\;(; j SHOE SIZE
I
(I [cct I farhoin :000 kilometres ---
I 00 fathoms 1 l~tblc !t:n.f.irl~ ;1.tu[icd

6080 fccr nau ricnl mi!c L'K/CSA

-._-----_
(ill,) 36
..• ----
r ,,8 39 ,il 4,\

F:~~':.(sill'~ 48 50 12 5,j 56 58
ARB AREA
I~:t)pc J~·m~l..
__~ 96 lOO IU4 I!lK 112 116
:.;,' 'q inrhe I ~<J I~
l(lt lOll so min~Il1::{fn I ~llccmimctrcs \X"O\,[E:>SS CLOTI ILS
,) ~q rcer 1 sq vard lsc ccrimctrc lIK (,i7c) 8 I iJ 12 IG IR cl)
30,2) ~q. y.uds J sq rod, pole I00 ~<:lkcimch:,'; I sq metre
<..;crmany 34
(jiZt') 3Cl 3H 42 ii ·iG
40 sq y.HJ~ I rood lOO ~\I metres 12.c - ._---_ ..
France (,ild .H ,\6 .IS H 44 fiG
-'l.S'1tJ c;q yards 1.1nL" 1t):Ul':' I dckarr
~(aly i'izcl 3H 40 42 46 48 50
(140 acres I sq milt IU dckarc I hccrarc
Usa (size) JI) 12 J(, \8 20

WEI(;HT (mm) ME:\'S SII("ll'

SILES
... _-----_ ..-
.:i.5:.5 grains Louncc 1000 nanograms I microgra:» l:k 71.; S ID
--_.- ._-_._.
;(, dl.l:m ,...
I ounce 1 ono micrograms I millipram CSA 7~2 S 81/,
16 ounces 1 pound 1000 n;.!:ligrJnts - 1 gram ' Eur~ 40;} 41 42
2,~ pounds

100 '0
1 quarter
1 short cwr
10 grJm~

10 debgrall1.~
I
1
J('bp:rJI11

hcctogr.un
I! ~~;;---'
WO\iEt\S SIIOE SIZES
--.;;- ..
.

... _--_ _- ..
SI i
111 :b long cwt ~Ii{lU 5:J1m I ~il()grJ:i1
['SA it! Gl.;
100 kilo ~r.\oH I Ljllinul
38 41

VOLU\'IE VOI.L'\iE TF;\11'1'RATURF C00JVFRSION

: 72S cu inches 1 ClI foor FAHRE,\;[ IHT TO Cl.Xl"I(;RADE/CELCIUS
.~7cu fcC{ I ell yard IO'JO cc centimetres
;1 "J )~ fj " ~ jj It:1 I~ Eo !12 'F
\\;ip?ing i(~JI)~'J d':::ilk';:;..")
I r~:gi,,{r~ ron IOU ell fect lflOf; -t r'ckamnrcs
~~1~--,;r}-I+\~2~--2i~+'~~;-5-+!~~l--8or-l+ lo-)~
Dcarcc Cclcius {Ccn rigr.id c) l.h.-hn.:c Fahrenheit
rnnvcncd tc converted [Cl

CAPACITY CAPACITY [lcgrn:.~Fahrchcir Dc!;rce Crluus (CcntirrfJJd

"f -9/) 'C;32 "(:::-)f9(-'F -,)2)
S flurd drachms J fluid ounce 10 millilirrcs
5 tlu.d ()Ul](':L'~ Il:ill 1 (I ~(,I1t1::lr("3 1 drrilinr 'e "I: "c: -If "F
.+ ~i:; 1 pint 10 decilitre: l liuc -10 14 (,0 1/;0 -10 -2.l (,0

l qu.m Z pinrs I litre 1 cu decimetre Il 3:! 70 1'i8 o -IR 70

~ p;nn I ~;dllJn l pallon 10 litres I dck.rlitre 10 50 80 176 III -12 RO
'j quarts I gallou ;OOlims 1 hectoli:re 20 Gx ')0 194 20 90
1 g:tLons I peck IOOlllit;c, I kilolitre :\Il H(, I Ill) 212 30 -I lOO
4 pecks 1 bushed 10 hccto.itrcs I kilolitre .0 IIl4 1,0 .,02 40 150
g bushels 1 quarter I k:ioliuc I r metre 50 122 200 392 SIl III 200

!NTLR:"-J:\TIONAI. PAPER SIZE

A is series based 011 AD (841 x 11 ?)'J mm), ,,·hieh is the cquivalcur ofsquare metre in arc.r. and each smaller si'/l', A L A2, ctc, is equal ro h~ll(the area llthc pn.:r.:cding hrga sill'.

millimetres millimetres inches milhnerres inches

2A IIS9 x 1682 46,81 x 6(',22 A3 297 x 420 11.69 x 16.';1 A7 74 x 11)) 291 x 4.1.\

AO 841 x 1189 :n,1 [ x 46.81 A4 210 x 297 8.27 x 11.6~ 5~ x 74 2,05 x 2.')1

Al '\9-i x 841 n,\9 x ,13.11 A5 Preet Ferozepuria

148 x 210 ),83 x 8.27 A9 :>7 x 62 1.46 x 2.0\

.'\.2 -120 x 594 16. '54 x 2.\39 AG 105 x 148 4, LI x 5.83 AIO 1,112 x 1.46
 'lVf·""I~l.<'·'[NT~nR'VlA~rr
,1 "1 'u.\"" 1.1 1''0
"'-,I
11 ,-,lUh

Standaud ? vlcrric Cnnversions lntcrnariunal Paper Sizes

inch .X 25.4 millmctrc Size mm inches
Iuot x .304~ metre ."'0 8-11 x 118<) :>1.1 x 46.8
yard x .9144 metre Al 59-1 x S41 23.4 x 3.'.1
mile x 1.6093 kilometre A2 420 x 594 16.5" 23.-1
acre x .4047 hectare 297, -120 11.7 -,16.5
A3
quart x .9463 litre
1\4 21 ().x 297 ~.3 x 11.7
gallon x .004 cubic metre
A5 148 x 210 5.8-,lU
OUIlC,;,' X 2~.3495 gram
A6 105 x 14~ 4.1 x 5.S
pouno x .4536 kilogram
A7 74 x 105 2.9 x 4.1
degrees Fahrchcit x 5:9-32 degrees Celsius
milimetrc x .0394 inch.
metre x J.2XOX foot Winlls Speeds
metre x 1.0936 yard 7 mph light wind
Kilometre x .6214 mile 11 mph light breeze
hectare x 2.4 710 acre 16 mph gentle breeze
.'
litre x 1.0567 quart
4 20 mph moderate breeze
cubic mete x 2X4.2 gallon
25 mph fresh breeze
granl s .0353 ounce
kilogram x 2.2046 pound 6 30 mph strong breeze
degrees Celsius x 9:5-32 degrees fahrcnhcit 7 35 mph moderate gale
45 mph fresh gale
Clnthillg Si:t.t·s 50 rnph strong. gale
\((,11', ~uib. (}\l'/TtI:iI'i 10 (,0 111ph whole gale
11 7D mph storm
American 36 3X 40 42 44 4(,
12 BO mph hurricane
British 36 38 40 42 44 46
European 46 4X 51 54 56 59
Temperat 11 res T~I'i: Pressure
(IF kg/ern?
\\'oll1l'n's Suits and Dresses "e Ih/in2
]0 1.41
-5 22
American X la 12 14 16
22 1.55
British 10 12 14 16 IX n 32
1.69
European 1X -la 42 -14 -16 5 41
24
26 1.83
15 59
28 1.97
Shirts 20 68
30 2.11
30 86
American 14 14~'; 15 IS',; 16 16Y., 17 32 2.25
British 14 14,'~ 15 15 ~,j 16 16Y, 17 50 122 34 2.39
European 36 37 3X 39 41 42 43
Roman :\ umcrals
"en's Shoes J XVI 16

7l,tS II 2 XVI1 17
American 8 X~/2 91, I 0 ~t, 11\1,
III 3 XVIII - IX
British 7 7';, 0 9 10 1I
European 401, 41 42 43 44\'2 -le; IV 4 XIX Il)
V 5 XX 20
\\'oml'n's Shoes VI 6 XXX 30
VII 7 XL 40
American 6 61, 7 7~/: R 8~/;
VIII 8 L 50
British 4'/' 5 5'/, (i 6~'2 7
European 3 7~'2 38 39 39:·', 40 40Y, IX 9 LX 60
X 10 LXX 70
\\'oJIIl'n's Shoes XI 11 LXXX .. 60
XII XC
Preet 14Ferozepuria
12 90
American -I (i ~ 10 12
British [Height (in)] 43 48 55 5~ 60 62
XIII 13 C lOO
European [Ilcight (in)] 109 122 140 147 152 XIV 14 D 14
XV 15 I 1000