Appendix D CHEMISTRY 11 REVIEW

D1 Matter and Chemical Bonding

(a) (b)
SUMMARY
most active most active
lithium
mass number (number of potassium fluorine
protons plus neutrons)
(Z + N) barium chlorine
calcium bromine
sodium iodine
A

Z
X magnesium
aluminum
zinc
least active

iron
atomic number
(number of protons) nickel
tin
Figure 1
lead
Symbolism representing an individual atom of an element
hydrogen
copper
Ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity increase.
silver
gold

Ionization energy, least active

Atomic radius
electron affinity,
and metallic
and electronegativity
properties
increase.
increase.
Figure 3
(a) In the activity series of metals, each metal
will displace any metal listed below it.
Atomic radius and metallic properties increase. Hydrogen is usually included in the series,
even though it is not a metal, because
Figure 2 hydrogen can form positive ions, just like
Trends in periodic properties the metals.
(b) The halogens can also be ordered in an
activity series.

Table 1 Summary of Bonding Characteristics

Intramolecular force Bonding model
ionic bond involves an electron transfer, resulting in the formation of cations
and anions
cations and anions attract each other
polar covalent bond involves unequal sharing of pairs of electrons by atoms of two
different elements
bonds can involve 1, 2, or 3 pairs of electrons, i.e., single (weakest),
double, or triple (strongest) bonds
nonpolar involves equal sharing of pairs of electrons
covalent bond bonds can involve 1, 2, or 3 pairs of electrons, i.e., single (weakest),
double, or triple (strongest) bonds

806 Appendix D NEL

 Appendix B

Table 2 Summary of Reaction Type Generalizations

Reaction type Reactants Products
combustion metal + oxygen metal oxide
nonmetal + oxygen nonmetal oxide
fossil fuel + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
synthesis element + element compound
element + compound more complex compound
compound + compound more complex compound
decomposition binary compound element + element
complex compound simpler compound + simpler compound
or
simpler compound + element(s)
single displacement A + BC B + AC
double displacement AB + CD AD + CB D

Table 3 Classical and IUPAC Names of Common Multivalent Metal Ions

Metal Ion Classical name IUPAC name
iron Fe2 ferrous iron(II)
Fe3 ferric iron(III)
copper Cu cuprous copper(I)
Cu2 cupric copper(II)
tin Sn2 stannous tin(II)
Sn4 stannic tin(IV)
lead Pb2 plumbous lead(II)
Pb4 plumbic lead(IV)
antimony Sb3 stibnous antimony(III)
Sb5 stibnic antimony(V)
cobalt Co2 cobaltous cobalt(II)
Co3 cobaltic cobalt(III)
gold Au aurous gold(I)
Au2 auric gold(II)
mercury Hg+ mercurous mercury(I)
Hg2+ mercuric mercury(II)

Table 4 Prefixes Used When Naming Binary

Molecular Compounds

Subscript in Prefix in chemical

chemical formula nomenclature
1 mono
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
7 hepta
8 octa
9 nona
10 deca

NEL Chemistry 11 Review 807

Table 6 Solubility of Ionic Compounds at SATP
Anions
Cl, Br, I S2 OH SO42 CO32, PO43, SO32 C2H3O2 NO3
High solubility (aq) most Group 1, NH4 + Group 1, NH4+ most Group 1, NH4 + most all
0.1 mol/L Group 2 Sr2+, Ba2+, Tl+
Cations

(at SATP) All Group 1 compounds, including acids, and all ammonium compounds are assumed to have high solubility in water.
Low Solubility (s) Ag+, Pb2+, Tl+, most most Ag+, Pb2+, Ca2+, most Ag+ none

0.1 mol/L Hg22+ (Hg+), Ba2+, Sr2+, Ra2+
(at SATP) Cu+

Practice
1. Write the chemical name and symbol corresponding to (k) potassium dichromate
each of the following theoretical descriptions: (l) cobalt(III) sulfate
(a) 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons 9. Write the IUPAC name for each of the following:
(b) 20 protons, mass number 40, and 18 electrons (a) CuCl(s)
(c) 10 electrons, net charge of 2 (b) Fe2O3(s)
(d) 6 protons, 8 neutrons, no charge (c) plumbic iodide
2. When a gas is heated, the gas will emit light. Use the Bohr (d) SF6(l)
model of the atom to explain why this phenomenon (e) NH4ClO3(s)
occurs. (f) Cu(NO3)2(s)
3. Use the periodic table to predict the most common (g) hydrochloric acid
charges on ions of chlorine, potassium, and calcium. (h) pentaphosphorus decaoxide
Provide a theoretical explanation of your answer. (i) SnH4(g)
(j) Ca(HCO3)2(s)
4. Are the following pairs of atoms more likely to form ionic
(k) KMnO4(s)
or covalent bonds? Give reasons for your answer.
(l) CuSO45H2O(s)
(a) chlorine and chlorine
(b) potassium and iodine 10. For each of the following reactions, write a balanced equa-
(c) carbon and oxygen tion and classify the reaction as synthesis, decomposition,
(d) magnesium and fluorine combustion, single displacement, or double displacement:
(a) iron + copper(I) nitrate iron(II) nitrate + copper
5. Draw a Lewis structure and a structural formula for each
(b) phosphorus + oxygen diphosphorus pentoxide
of the following:
(c) calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(a) O2 (f) N2H4
(d) propane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
(b) CH4 (g) HCN
(e) lead(II) hydroxide lead(II) oxide + water
(c) NH3 (h) H2S
(f) ammonia + sulfuric acid ammonium sulfate
(d) PF3 (i) OH
(g) potassium phosphate + magnesium chloride
(e) CO2 (j) H3O
magnesium phosphate + potassium chloride
6. Identify the more polar bond in each of the following pairs:
11. For each of the following, use an activity series to deter-
(a) CH; OH (d) SH; OH
mine which single displacement reactions will proceed.
(b) CO; NO (e) HCl; HI
For the reactions that do occur, predict the products and
(c) CC; CH
complete and balance the equation. Note reactions that do
7. Predict whether carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, is a polar or not occur with NR.
nonpolar substance. Give reasons for your answer. (a) Cu(s)  HCl(aq)
8. Write the formula, including state of matter, for each of the (b) Au(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
following compounds. (c) Pb(s) + CuSO4(aq)
(a) aluminum chloride (d) Cl2(g) + NaBr(aq)
(b) copper(II) sulfate (e) Fe(s) + AgNO3(aq)
(c) calcium hydroxide 12. Predict the products potentially formed by double displace-
(d) lead(II) nitrate ment reactions in aqueous solutions of each of the fol-
(e) sulfuric acid lowing pairs of compounds. In each case, write a balanced
(f) ferrous iodide chemical equation indicating the physical state of the prod-
(g) ammonium nitrate ucts formed, and predict whether the reaction will proceed.
(h) sodium phosphate (a) copper(II) chloride and magnesium nitrate
(i) stannic bromide (b) ammonium sulfate and silver nitrate
(j) iron(III) carbonate (c) barium hydroxide and potassium sulfate

808 Appendix D NEL

 Appendix D

D2 Quantities in Chemical Reactions

Determining the Limiting Reactant
SUMMARY 1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
2. Select one of the reactants and calculate the amount
Table 7 Stoichiometry, Symbols and Units in moles available.
Symbol Quantity Unit 3. Use mole ratios in the balanced equation to calculate
n amount mol the amount in moles needed of the other reactants.
m mass mg, g, kg 4. Calculate the available amount in moles of the other
M molar mass g/mol reactants. If the available amount of a reactant is more
than sufficient, it is in excess. If the available amount is
N number of entities atoms, ions, formula
units, molecules insufficient, it is limiting. (See example, Figure 5)] D
NA Avogadros constant, (a) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
6.02  1023/mol

we have we have
Calculating Mass of Reactants 2.5 mol 6.0 mol
and Products
Begin with a balanced chemical equation, with the measured
mass of reactant or product written beneath the correspon- need
5.0 mol
ding formula.
1. Convert the measured mass into an amount in moles.
2. Use the mole ratio in the balanced equation to predict have more
the amount in moles of desired substance. than enough
3. Convert the predicted amount in moles into mass
(See example, Figure 4).
CH4(g) is O2(g) is in
limiting excess
measured mass mass of required reagent
of substance substance (b) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

step 1 step 3
we have we have
2.5 mol 6.0 mol
moles of measured moles of required
substance step 2 substance
need
3.0 mol
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

143.0 g 100.0 g have less

than needed
step 1 step 3

0.8952 mol 1.790 mol CH4(g) is O2(g) is in

step 2 limiting excess
reagent
Figure 4 Figure 5
Steps showing calculations Steps showing limiting reagent

NEL Chemistry 11 Review 809

 Practice
1. Calculate the molar mass of each of the following. Express (e) MnO2(s)  HCl(aq) MnCl2(aq)  Cl2(g)  H2O(l)
your answers in g/mol. (f) Al2O3(s) Al(s)  O2(g)
(a) nitrogen gas (g) Ni(s)  AgNO3(aq) Ag(s)  Ni(NO3)2(aq)
(b) C8H18(6) (h) KOH  H3PO4 K3PO4  H2O
(c) oxygen gas 9. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the fol-
(d) nickel(II) nitrate lowing reactions:
(e) zinc hydrogen carbonate (a) phosphorus  oxygen diphosphorus pentoxide
(f) CuSO45H2O(s) (b) aluminum sulfate  calcium hydroxide
(g) helium gas aluminum hydroxide  calcium sulfate
(h) sulfur trioxide liquid (c) ammonia  oxygen nitrogen  water
(i) ammonia gas (d) calcium chloride  nitric acid
(j) hydrochloric acid calcium nitrate  hydrochloric acid
2. What is the amount (in moles) of each type of atom in (e) ammonium sulfide  lead(II) nitrate
each of the following samples? ammonium nitrate  lead(II) sulfide
(a) 3.0 mol of chlorine gas (f) aluminum sulfate  ammonium bromide
(b) 2.0 mol of iron(III) nitrate aluminum bromide  ammonium sulfate
(c) 4.5 mol of potassium dichromate (g) sodium nitrate sodium nitrite  oxygen
(d) 1.5 mol of liquid nitrogen (h) potassium phosphate  magnesium chloride
(e) 5.0 mol of ammonium sulfate magnesium phosphate  potassium chloride
3. Calculate the mass of each of the following: (i) ammonia  sulfuric acid ammonium sulfate
(a) 2.5 mol of Mg(OH)2(s) (j) mercury(II) hydroxide  phosphoric acid
(b) 0.25 mol of glucose, C6H12O6(s) mercury(II) phosphate  water
(c) 6.75 mmol of oxygen molecules 10. Methanol, CH3OH(l), burns in excess oxygen to produce
(d) 1.20  1024 atoms of copper carbon dioxide and water, according to the following
(e) 3.01  1022 molecules of methane, CH4(g). equation:
4. Calculate the amount (in moles) of each of the following 2 CH3OH(l)  3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g)  4 H2O(g)
samples: (a) What amount of oxygen is required to completely
(a) 10.00 g of H2O(l) burn 5 mol of methanol?
(b) 1.50 kg of aluminum oxide (b) What amount of carbon dioxide is produced when
(c) 2.35 mg of sodium phosphate 12.5 mol of methanol is completely burned?
(d) 1.20  105 g of hydrogen 11. Magnesium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce
(e) 1.00  1025 molecules of CO2(g) magnesium chloride.
5. Calculate the percentage composition of each of the (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
following: (b) What mass of magnesium metal is needed to
(a) H2SO4(l) completely react with 15.00 g of chlorine gas?
(b) 2.50 g of AgNO3(s) (c) What mass of magnesium metal is required to
(c) NH4NO3(s) produce, in excess chlorine, 8.00 g of magnesium
6. An oxide of nitrogen was found to contain 36.8% nitrogen chloride?
by mass. 12. Calcium hydroxide reacts with aqueous sodium carbonate
(a) Find the empirical formula for this compound. to produce sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate.
(b) The molar mass of this compound was found to be (a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
76.02 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of this (b) What mass of sodium carbonate is needed to
compound? completely react with 175.0 g of calcium hydroxide?
7. A gaseous compound contains 16.0 g of hydrogen and (c) What mass of sodium hydroxide is produced when
96.0 g of carbon. If the molar mass of this compound is 175.0 g of calcium hydroxide is completely reacted in
28.06 g/mol, what is its molecular formula? an excess of sodium carbonate?
8. Balance the following equations. (You can use whole or 13. A single displacement reaction occurs when zinc metal is
fractional coefficents.) immersed in lead(II) nitrate solution.
(a) NH3(g)  O2(g) NO(g)  H2O(l) (a) Predict the products of the reaction.
(b) NO2(g)  H2O(l) HNO3(aq)  NO(g) (b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
(c) C12H22O11(s)  O2(g) CO2(g)  H2O(l) (c) Predict the mass of lead formed when 4.55 g of zinc is
(d) KClO3(s) KCl(s)  O2(g) completely reacted in an excess of lead(II) nitrate.
(d) What mass of zinc metal is required to produce 50.0 g
of lead in this reaction, in an excess of lead(II) nitrate?

810 Appendix D NEL

 Appendix D

14. Propane, C3H8(g), burns in oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water, according to the following equation:
C3H8(g)  5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g)  4 H2O(g)
Which is the limiting reagent if:
(a) 1 mol of propane and 1 mol of oxygen are available.
(b) 5 mol of propane and 5 mol of oxygen are available.
(c) 2 mol of propane and 5 mol of oxygen are available.
(d) 2 mol of propane and 12 mol of oxygen are available.
(e) 0.36 mol of propane and 1.60 mol of oxygen are avail-
able.
15. In a blast furnace, iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon
monoxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
(b) Identify the limiting reagent if 2.50 mol of iron(III)
oxide and 6.50 mol of carbon monoxide are available.
(c) Identify the limiting reagent if 200.0 g of iron(III) oxide
and 100.0 g of carbon monoxide are available.
(d) Predict the mass of iron produced in the reaction
when 200.0 g of iron(III) oxide and 100.0 g of carbon
monoxide are available.
16. When a solution containing 15.0 g of aluminum chloride is
mixed with a solution containing 15.0 g of sodium
hydroxide, a double displacement reaction occurs.
(a) Predict the mass of aluminum hydroxide produced.
(b) What mass of the excess reagent remains unreacted?
17. Silicon tetrafluoride is produced from the reaction of
silicon dioxide and hydrofluoric acid, with water as the
other product.
(a) What mass of silicon tetrafluoride can be produced
from 15.00 g of silicon dioxide in excess hydrofluoric
acid?
(b) If the actual yield of silicon tetrafluoride is 17.92 g,
what is the percentage yield?
18. When 8.40 g of zinc metal is placed in a solution in which
11.6 g of HCI(g) is dissolved, hydrogen gas and zinc
D
chloride are produced.
(a) Calculate the expected yield of hydrogen gas.
(b) If 0.19 g of hydrogen gas is produced, what is the
percentage yield?

D3 Solutions and Solubility

SUMMARY
Molar Concentration (mol/L) Hydrogen Ion Concentration and pH
amount of solute (in moles) pH is the negative power of ten of the hydrogen ion
molar concentration  }}} concentration.
n n
C  , n  vC, v   pH  log[H
(aq)] or [H
(aq)]  10
pH
v C
Preparing Standard Solution by Diluting Stock Solution solution: acidic neutral basic
[H+(aq)]: >107 107 <107
viCi  vfCf
where pH: <7 7 >7

vi  initial volume (volume of stock solution used)

Note the inverse relationship between [H+(aq)] and pH. The
Ci  initial concentration
higher the hydrogen ion molar concentration, the lower the pH.
(concentration of stock solution used)
vf  final volume (volume of dilute solution)
Cf  final concentration (concentration of dilute solution)

Practice
1. Write equations to represent the dissociation of the fol- (a) 0.174 mol of sodium hydroxide dissolved in water to a
lowing ionic compounds when they are placed in water: final volume of 0.250 L of solution
(a) sodium chloride (b) 60.0 g of NaOH(s) dissolved in water to a final volume
(b) potassium sulfate of 750.0 mL of solution
(c) ammonium nitrate (c) 15.0 g of glucose, C6H12O6(s), dissolved in water to a
2. Calculate the molar concentration (mol/L) of each of the final volume of 125.0 mL of solution
following solutions:

NEL Chemistry 11 Review 811

 3. What volume of a 0.36-mol/L solution of KCl(aq) contains
0.09 mol of the solute?
4. What mass of sodium carbonate is required to make
0.500 L of a 0.12 mol/L solution?
5. The solubility of NaCl in water at 0C is 31.6 g/100 mL.
What mass of NaCl(s) can be dissolved in 375 mL of
solution at 0C?
6. Calculate the molar concentration of a solution that con-
tains 13.8 g of potassium bicarbonate in 354 mL of solu-
tion.
7. A 0.500-L sample of a sodium sulfate solution contains
0.320 mol of the solute. Calculate the molar concentration
of
(a) sodium sulfate
(b) sodium ions
(c) sulfate ions
8. Calculate the amount, in moles, of solute in 24.9 mL of a
0.200 mol/L solution of NaOH(aq).
9. What mass of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate is needed to
prepare 150.0 mL of a 0.125 mol/L solution?
10. A 15.0-mL sample of 11.6 mol/L HCl(aq) is added to water to
make a final volume of 500.0 mL. Calculate the concentra-
tion of the final HCl(aq) solution.
11. What volume of concentrated 17.8 mol/L stock solution of
sulfuric acid would you need in order to prepare 2.00 L of
0.215 mol/L sulfuric acid?
12. The density of water is 1.00 g/mL.
(a) Calculate the mass of H2O in 1.00 L of water.
(b) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H2O(l) in 1.00 L of
water.
(c) What is the molar concentration of water?
(d) Does the concentration of water change?
13. Write the net ionic reaction for each of the following
reactions:
(a) aqueous barium chloride and aqueous sodium sulfate
(b) aqueous copper(II) sulfate and aluminum
(c) aqueous lead(II) nitrate and aqueous potassium
iodide
14. A 27.5-mL sample of 0.112 mol/L CuSO4(aq) solution is
added to 45.0 mL of 0.088 mol/L Na2CO3(aq). A precipitate
is formed.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
(b) Identify the limiting reagent in the reaction.
(c) Calculate the mass of CuCO3 that is produced in the
reaction.
15. When 5.00 mL of a solution of KCl(aq) is added to an excess
of 1.00 mol/L Pb(NO3)2(aq), a precipitate of PbCl2(s) is
formed. The mass of the precipitate is found to be 0.075 g.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the molar concentration of the KCl(aq) solution.
16. Write a sentence to distinguish between the terms in each
of the following pairs:
(a) dissociation and ionization
(b) a strong acid and a weak acid
812 Appendix D
(c) a strong base and a weak base
17. Calculate the pH of each of the following solutions:
(a) a vinegar solution with [H+(aq)]  1  102 mol/L
(b) an antacid solution with a hydrogen ion concentration
of 4.5  1011 mol/L
(c) orange juice with [H+(aq)]  5.5  103 mol/L
(d) a household cleaner with [H+(aq)]  7.2  1010 mol/L
18. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions
with the following pH values:
(a) pH  5.00
(b) pH  2.1
(c) pH  9.88
(d) pH  7.00
19. The pH of a hydrochloric acid solution was measured to
be 1.1.
(a) Write an ionization equation for hydrochloric acid.
(b) What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the
solution?
(c) What is the concentration of the HCl(aq) solution?
20. How do acids differ from bases
(a) according to the Arrhenius definitions?
(b) according to the Brnsted-Lowry definitions?
21. Identify the two acidbase conjugate pairs in each of the
following reactions:
(a) H3O+(aq)  NH3(aq) H2O(l)  NH4+(aq)
(b) OH 
(aq)  HSO3(aq) H2O(l)  SO3(aq)
2
 
(aq)  HSO4(aq) H2PO4(aq)  SO4(aq)
(c) HPO42 2
(d) HS 
(aq)  HCO3(aq) CO3(aq)  H2S(aq)
2
22. A 25.0-mL portion of 0.125 mol/L hydrochloric acid
requires 21.4 mL of potassium hydroxide solution for
neutralization. Calculate the molar concentration of the
potassium hydroxide solution.
23. A 20.0-mL portion of sulfuric acid solution requires
16.8 mL of 0.250 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for
neutralization. Calculate the molar concentration of the
sulfuric acid solution.
24. A 10.0-mL portion of calcium hydroxide solution neutral-
izes 15.5 mL of 0.100 mol/L nitric acid. Calculate the molar
concentration of the barium hydroxide solution.
25. Calculate the molar concentration of a solution of phos-
phoric acid if 17.8 mL of it neutralizes 20.0 mL of
0.050 mol/L calcium hydroxide.
26. A solution of KOH is prepared by dissolving 2.00 g of KOH
in water to a final volume of 250 mL of solution. What
volume of this solution will neutralize 20.0 mL of 0.115
mol/L sulfuric acid?
27. Oxalic acid dihydrate, (COOH)2 2H2O, reacts with sodium
hydroxide according to the following equation:
(COOH)22 H2O(s)  2 NaOH(aq)
(COONa)2(aq)  4 H2O(l)
If a 0.118-g sample of oxalic acid dihydrate is dissolved in
water and exactly neutralized with 10.4 mL of a NaOH
solution, what is the molar concentration of the NaOH
solution?
NEL

D4 Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry
SUMMARY
Gas Laws
STP: 0C and 101.325 kPa (exact values)
SATP: 25C and 100 kPa (exact values)
101.325 kPa  1 atm  760 mm Hg (exact values)
or 101 kPa (for calculation)
absolute zero  0 K
or 273.15C, or 273C (for calculation)
T (K)  t (C)  273 (for calculation)
Boyles law: p1v1  p2v2
(for constant temperature and amount of gas)
v1 v2
Charless law:   
T1 T2
(for constant pressure and amount of gas)
p1 p2
pressuretemperature law:   
T1 T2
(for constant volume and amount of gas)
Practice
1. A balloon filled to 2.00 L at 98.0 kPa is taken to an altitude
at which the pressure is 82.0 kPa, the temperature
remaining the same. What is the new volume of the
balloon?
2. What volume will a sample of gas occupy at 88C if it
occupies 1.50 L at 32C?
3. A sample of gas in a metal cylinder has a pressure of 135.0
kPa at 298 K. What is the pressure in the cylinder if the gas
is heated to a temperature of 398 K?
4. A balloon has a volume of 2.75 L at 22.0C and 101.0 kPa.
What is its volume at 37.0C and 90.0 kPa?
5. A sample of gas occupies 1.00 L at 22C and has a pressure
of 700.0 kPa. What volume would this gas occupy at STP?
6. Calculate the volume occupied by 2.50 mol of nitrogen gas
at 58.6 kPa and 40.0C.
7. Calculate the pressure exerted by 6.60 g of carbon dioxide
gas at 25C in a 2.00-L container.
8. What amount of chlorine gas is present in a sample that
has a volume of 500.0 mL at 20C and exerts a pressure of
450.0 kPa?
9. Calculate the volume of 240.0 g of hydrogen gas when it is
at STP.
10. 1.00 L of an unknown gas has a mass of 1.25 g at STP.
Calculate the molar mass of the gas.
NEL
Appendix D
p1v1 p2v2
combined gas law:   
T1 T2
(for constant amount of gas)
Ideal gas law:
pv  nRT
where n  amount (in moles)
R  8.31 kPaL/(molK)
Other Concepts
Daltons law of partial pressures the total pressure of a mix-
ture of nonreacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial
D
pressures of the individual gases.
ptotal  p1 + p2 + p3 + ...
Avogadros theory equal volumes of gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules
molar volume the volume that one mole of a gas occupies at
a specified temperature and pressure
VSTP  22.4 L/mol; VSATP  24.8 L/mol
11. A sample of a mixture of gases contains 80.0% nitrogen
gas and 20.0% oxygen gas by volume. Calculate the mass
of 1.00 L of this mixture at STP.
12. Hydrogen gas reacts with nitrogen gas to produce
ammonia gas. In an experiment, 75.0 L of hydrogen gas is
reacted with an excess of nitrogen gas. All gases are at the
same temperature and the pressure is kept constant.
(a) What volume of nitrogen gas is required to react
completely with the hydrogen gas?
(b) What volume of ammonia gas is produced?
13. In a laboratory, hydrogen gas was collected by water dis-
placement at an atmospheric pressure of 98.2 kPa and a
temperature of 22.0C. Calculate the partial pressure of the
dry hydrogen gas. (The vapour pressure of water at 22.0C
is 2.64 kPa.)
14. Hydrogen gas is produced when zinc metal is added to
hydrochloric acid. What mass of zinc is necessary to
produce 250.0 mL of hydrogen at STP?
15. Ammonium nitrate, a solid, can decompose rapidly to
produce nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, and water vapour.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of
ammonium nitrate.
(b) What is the total volume of the gases, measured at
SATP, produced from the decomposition of 1.00 kg of
ammonium nitrate?
Chemistry 11 Review 813
D5 Hydrocarbons and Energy
SUMMARY

Hydrocarbons
Table 8 Prefixes in Naming Alkanes,
organic compounds Alkenes,and Alkynes

Prefix Number of carbon atoms

meth- 1

hydrocarbon eth- 2
hydrocarbons
derivatives prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
aromatic
aliphatic hex- 6
(e.g., benzene)
hept- 7
oct- 8
non- 9
acyclic cyclic
dec- 10

alkanes alkenes alkynes cycloalkanes cycloalkenes

C C C C
C C C C C C C C C C
C C C C
Figure 6
This classification system helps scientists organize their
knowledge of organic compounds.

Isomers
Structural isomers: chemicals with the same molecular for-
mula, but with different structures and different names.
Geometric (cis-trans) isomers: organic molecules that differ
in structure only by the position of groups attached on either
side of a carboncarbon double bond. (A cis isomer has both
groups on the same side of the molecular structure; a trans
isomer has groups on opposite sides of the molecular
structure.)
The quantity of heat energy, q, transferred to or from a
sample can be calculated:
q  mcT
Thermochemical Equations
endothermic reaction: reactants  energy (kJ) products
exothermic reaction: reactants products  energy (kJ)

Specific Heat Capacity

A measure of the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree
Celsius (represented by c).
The specific heat capacity for water, c  4.18 J/(gC)

814 Appendix D NEL

 Appendix D

Practice
1. Draw a structural diagram for each of the following 6. Classify each of the following hydrocarbons as saturated
hydrocarbons: or unsaturated:
(a) 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane (a) cyclohexane
(b) 2,2,3-trimethyloctane (b) ethyne
(c) 1,3-dimethylcyclopentane (c) C3H8(g)
(d) 4-ethyl-2-hexene (d) a compound containing only single covalent bonds
(e) 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene (e) a hydrocarbon that reacts rapidly with bromine water
(f) 1-butyne or potassium permanganate solution
2. Write IUPAC names for the following hydrocarbons: 7. Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise the tem-
(a) CHCCH2CH2CH2CH3 perature of 1.50 L of water from 15.0C to 75.0C. The
specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/(gC).
(b) CH3CHCHCH2CH3
| | 8. Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise the tem-
CH3 CH3 perature of 500.0 g of water in a 325.0 g copper pot, from
12.0C to 60.0C. The specific heat capacity of copper is
D
(c) CH3CHCH2CHCHCH3 0.385 J/(gC).
|
9. When 5.0 g of urea, NH2CONH2(s), is completely dissolved
CH3
in 150.0 mL of water, the temperature of the water changes
(d) CH2CH2 from 22.0C to 18.3C.
| | (a) Is the dissolving of urea in water endothermic or
CH2CH2 exothermic?
(b) Calculate the specific heat of solution of urea (the
(e) CH3(CH2)7CH3 energy change in dissolving 1.0 g of urea).
(f) CH2CH2CH3 (c) Calculate the molar heat of solution of urea (the
| energy change in dissolving 1.0 mol of urea).
CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 10. When methanol, CH3OH(l), burns in air, the products
| formed are carbon dioxide gas and water vapour. When
CH3 10.0 g of methanol is completely combusted, 227.0 kJ of
3. Draw structural diagrams and write the IUPAC names for heat is transferred.
the five structural isomers of C4H8(g). (a) Is the combustion of methanol endothermic or
exothermic?
4. Draw structural diagrams and write the IUPAC names for
(b) Calculate the molar heat of combustion of methanol.
the geometric isomers of 2-pentene.
(c) Write a thermochemical equation for the combustion
5. Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of of 1.0 mol of methanol.
butane. (d) Write a thermochemical equation for the combustion
of 3.0 mol of methanol.

NEL Chemistry 11 Review 815