Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract. Geomorphological inquiry has addressed the re- correlations among land uses and landforms. Results showed
lation of cultural landscape features, such as land use, with a significant correspondence between geomorphic and land
landforms in different environments and under different use entities. Fluvial landforms were associated to simpler
land use regimes. Usually, these complex relationships have patterns of human activity. Denudational landforms, on the
been pursuit by simple map overlaying in a geographic in- other hand, depicted more complex and diverse land use
formation system (GIS). This research argues that the results patterns. Agricultural and grazing activities occurred in both
of map overlaying need to be followed by statistical analyses gentle, fluvial landforms, and steep denudational landforms.
to properly depict the nature of such relationships. The Results were discussed in the light of their relevance for
paper explores the quantitative relation between landforms land use planning. This approach may strengthen decision
and land use in a highly geographically complex region making procedures particularly in such areas where applied
in the tropical dry Mexican Pacific coast. Data collection geographic data need to be created to perform sound land
encompassed two phases: preliminary satellite image inter- use planning at the local scale.
pretation, and field verification and ground survey. Digitized
and orthorectified layers were incorporated and overlain in Keywords: landforms; land use; GIS; spatial correlation;
a GIS. Correspondence Analysis (CA) was used to identify Mexico
tica multivariada. Estos anlisis permiten interpretar la que la planicie costera y el lecho mayor se asocian,
naturaleza de las relaciones espaciales entre los diferentes mayormente, a usos como la pesca artesanal, el nado y
elementos que conforman el paisaje. Por lo tanto, se ex- las actividades tursticas. Una segunda etapa fue aplicada
plor el grado de correlacin cuantitativa entre geoformas excluyendo las clases de planicie costera y lecho mayor,
y usos del suelo en una regin tropical seca de la costa que capturaron demasiada varianza en el primer anlisis.
Pacfico mexicana. Se eligi al valle bajo de Nexpa, en la La prueba posterior devel mayor detalle en asociaciones
regin Sierra-Costa del estado de Michoacn, como caso espaciales ms finas y menos evidentes en el paisaje. Las
de estudio por su grado de complejidad morfogentica y geoformas de origen fluvial se asociaron con patrones ms
por su composicin litolgica y estructural heterognea. simples de actividad humana. Como contraparte, en las
La colecta de datos se realiz en dos fases: una fase preli- geoformas de denudacin, el anlisis revel patrones ms
minar de interpretacin de imgenes satelitales (Quickbird complejos y diversos con los usos del suelo. Las activi-
2008) y una fase de verificacin en campo y levantamiento dades agrcolas y ganaderas se presentaron, de diferentes
del terreno. La clasificacin del relieve se hizo utilizando maneras, tanto en geoformas fluviales como en las de
pares estereoscpicos impresos a una escala 1:10 000. Los denudacin. Los usos forestales no maderables, como
datos de uso del suelo, por otra parte, se interpretaron la caza y la extraccin de lea, se asociaron con reas de
utilizando los datos de cubierta del terreno como insumo. mayor pendiente y podran haber favorecido ciertos pro-
Posteriormente, se clasificaron estos datos a partir de tcni- cesos de conservacin del bosque tropical seco en el rea.
cas de levantamiento participativo y etnografa de campo. Esta ltima interpretacin requiere de un anlisis a mayor
Las capas de informacin geogrfica fueron digitalizadas, profundidad. Los resultados se discutieron en trmino de
vectorizadas e incorporadas a un SIG. De esta forma, se su relevancia y utilidad para la planeacin territorial. Este
pudo obtener una matriz con los datos de sobreposicin enfoque podra fortalecer los procedimientos espaciales
espacial de los polgonos. Posteriormente, se aplic un para la toma de decisiones, particularmente en reas en
Anlisis de Correspondencia (AC) que fue utilizado para donde los datos de geografa aplicada se requieren para el
identificar el grado de correlacin entre usos y geoformas. sondeo de usos y actividades a escala local.
Los resultados muestran una correspondencia significa-
tiva entre diferentes entidades. Se aplic un primer AC Palabras clave: geoformas; uso del suelo; SIG; correlacin
con todas las clases del terreno. Los resultados revelaron espacial; Mxico
2 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
This research argues that the results of map over- process (Vitousek et al., 1997). To satisfy the research
laying need to be followed by statistical analyses to needs, land use map units relied on land cover units
properly depict the nature of such complex relation- coupled to a participatory field survey involving local
ships. The objective of the paper is to explore the inhabitants of the valley area.
quantitative relationship between fluvial landforms
and land use in a highly geographically diverse region Method, data collection and techniques
in the tropical dry Mexican Pacific coast using Corre-
spondence Analysis. The ultimate goal is to strengthen Study area
mapping tools for land use planning purposes. The lower valley of the Nexpa river (ca 1,400
A landscape classification system was put to- ha; Fig. 1) belongs to the Sierra Madre del Sur, a
gether with special attention on the conceptual mountainous physiographic province that extends
background regarding land use. We have focused on along the entire Pacific coast of Michoacan State
the land use concept as a part of the human dimen- (Fig. 2). Morphogenesis is complex because of the
sion of landscape that is essentially different from heterogeneous structural and lithological condi-
land cover. Land use is functional; it implies a human tions of the Sierra. In addition, the climate varies
activity as taking place in a given portion of land, from tropical to temperate with a seasonal rainfall
whereas land cover encompasses the biophysical regime following altitudinal change and distance
characteristics of the object occupying a certain tract from the coast (Krasilnikov et al., 2011).
of land (Rhind and Hudson, 1980; Foody, 1996; The Nexpa River discharges into the Pacific
Bibby and Shepherd, 2000; Johnston and Sidaway, Ocean where the coastal plain interrupts the rocky,
2004; Latocha, 2009; Bakker and Veldkamp, 2012; abrupt coast. Sedimentary environments within the
Downs et al., 2013). Therefore, understanding land fluvio-marine area include the beach, a spit-barrier
use trends implies depicting underlying functional and a coastal lagoon. The climate of the valley is tropi-
cal subhumid with an average annual temperature
of 27.8 C and a summer rainy season. Leptosols
and Regosols are common on the Sierra slopes;
Fluvisols are prominent in lowlands of fluvial origin
(Ramrez-Herrera et al., 2012). During (dry) winters,
water availability for crops and pasture is scarce and
becomes a severe limiting factor for rural productiv-
ity. Land cover is dominated by tropical dry forests
on the slopes and riparian vegetation on the valley
bottom, while mangroves and coastal dune vegeta-
tion are present on the coastal plain.
Data collection
The strategy for data collection encompassed two
phases: (1) preliminary satellite image stereoscopic
interpretation using standard visual interpretation
techniques, and (2) field verification and partici-
patory land survey using basic ethnographic tech-
niques. Both land cover and landforms were delin-
eated on orthorectified, 0.6 m cell resolution, 2008
dry season Quickbird natural color stereopairs
printed at a 1:10,000 scale. Resulting polygons
were labeled according to categories of two hier-
Figure 1. Nexpa Valley bottom (March 2013). archical classification systems, one for land cover
3 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Table 1. Landform class description of study area (modified from van Zuidam, 1986).
4 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Table 2. Land cover class description of study area (modified from Brown and Duh, 2004).
and the other for landforms. The landform classifi- in semi-structured interviews, field recognition of
cation scheme (Table 1) was based on criteria pro- land cover and terrain classes, and field mapping.
posed by van Zuidam (1986) who used a terrain The land cover classes thus determined are listed in
analysis mapping approach at different scales and table 3 as dominant land cover type, where land
level of detail (Bocco et al., 2001). The land cover cover is given as a prevailing attribute of land use.
classification system was based on Brown and Duh
(2004) (Table 2). Both set of polygons were digi- Data analyses
tized and the two vectorial data bases were input A matrix containing overlapping area values of land-
to a geographic information system (GIS) (ArcGIS form and land use classes was created by map over-
9.3.1). Both maps were extensively field verified, laying in the GIS (table 4). Correspondence analysis
together with local producers; particular attention (CA) was used as the primary ordination technique
was paid to polygon boundaries. mostly because it is simple and relatively easy to in-
The land use data base was first determined from terpret. It is also a versatile tool that is useful for ex-
land cover information depicted on the satellite im- ploratory analyses of categorical data (Beh, 2007).
ages, followed by an exhaustive, participatory field This type of multivariate statistical analysis
survey. This procedure fully involved local producers serves the purpose of depicting landscape patterns
5 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
6 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Table 4. Input matrix for Correspondence Analysis: area values (ha) shared between landform and land use polygons. A
land use unit may contain one or more activities. Key (landform): CP: coastal plain; DS: denudational slope; FS: footslope;
Lt: lower fluvial terrace; Mj: major stream channel; Mn: minor stream channel; Sd: stream channel deposits; SS: summit
surface; Ut: upper fluvial terrace.
and structure. The outputs are interpreted through geomorphic and other environmental variables
an arrangement of data in a low-dimensional space (Osterkamp et al., 1995; Lechterbeck et al., 2009;
where the similar entities are close and dissimilar Castillo-Rodrguez et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2015).
entities are far apart (Gauch, 1982). In this low- To our knowledge, CA has not been used for the
dimensional space, dimensions are represented purposes of the present exercise.
graphically by axes which simplify the interpreta- In order to explore data grouping and poten-
tion of spatial patterns. CA and other similar mul- tial relationships between landforms and land
tivariate statistical treatments have been applied use classes, correspondence analysis (CA) was
in other studies to examine the relation between performed using R 3.1.0 with the FactomineR
7 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
package (Husson et al., 2007). The results produce cosine measures, in a scale from 0 to 1, indicates
a graphical output and a summary of indicators the quality of the representation of a particular
(contribution, square cosine and eigenvalues). The class (L et al., 2008). Eigenvalues represent the
contribution indicates which classes are the most proportion of variance that is explained by each
representative of each dimension while square particular dimension (Husson et al., 2010).
8 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Figure 4. Land use map of the Nexpa Valley, southwest Mexico (See Table 3). Iconography from the Noun Project (https://
thenounproject.com/). See the list of attribution per creator in the acknowledgement section below.
9 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Figure 5. First Correspondence Analysis (CA) between landform and land use classes. Key (numbers): 1: barnyards; 2:
swimming area (ocean) and tourism; 3: swimming area (river); 4: brick production; 5: building materials; 6: grazing,
wood and fuel extraction and game hunting; 7: localized irrigation; 8: localized irrigation, barnyards, brick production
and residential; 9: localized irrigation and grazing; 10: localized irrigation, grazing and tourism; 11: mixed irrigation
system; 12: mixed irrigation system and barnyards; 13: mixed irrigation system and grazing; 14: rain-fed agriculture; 15:
rain-fed agriculture, barnyards, brick production and residential (household system); 16: rain-fed agriculture and grazing;
17: rain-fed agriculture, grazing and tourism; 18: rain-fed agriculture and tourism; 19: artisanal fisheries (river shrimp,
tilapia, catfish); 20: artisanal fisheries (river shrimp, tilapia, catfish) and swimming area (river); 21: artisanal fisheries (river
shrimp, tilapia, catfish) and tourism; 22: artisanal fisheries (sea products); 23: tourism; 24: wood and fuel extraction and
game hunting. Key (letters): CP: coastal plain; DS: denudational slope; FS: footslope; Lt: lower fluvial terrace; Mj: major
stream channel; Mn: minor stream channel; Sd: stream channel deposits; SS: summit surface; Ut: upper fluvial terrace.
10 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Table 6. Correlation values from the first CA including all categories. Key: Dim: dimension; ctr: contribution;
cos2: square cosine
ly with artisanal fisheries, swimming areas and explains the variance between minor stream chan-
tourism. While this statement seems accurate, nel and lower fluvial terraces, with denudational
it reveals that major stream channel and coast- slopes and hills, and summit surfaces (Fig. 6).
al plain are capturing too much variance in the Stream channel deposits are strongly correlated
analysis (Table 6). Thus, a second analysis was to localized irrigation, grazing and tourism; while
performed excluding both, major stream channel the upper fluvial terraces are correlated to rain-fed
and coastal plain classes. agriculture and grazing (Table 8).The lower flu-
In this second analysis, the first three dimen- vial terraces associate with extraction of building
sions now explain close to 85% of the total variance material, localized irrigation, and grazing. The
(Table 7). The first dimension (axis I) indicates a footslopes, denudational slopes and hills, and sum-
difference between components such as the stream mit surfaces show a complex pattern of activities
channel deposits and upper fluvial terraces, with strongly associated with grazing, wood and fuel
footslopes, denudational slopes and hills, and extraction and game hunting. These activities are
summit surfaces; the second dimension (axis II) consistently distributed outside the valley bottom.
11 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Figure 6. Second Correspondence Analysis (CA) axes 1 and 2 displayed (Dim1 and Dim2). Input data are from table 4.
Key (numbers): 1: barnyards; 2: swimming area (river); 3: brick production; 4: building material; 5: grazing, wood and
fuel extraction and game hunting; 6: localized irrigation; 7: localized irrigation, barnyards, brick production and residential
activities; 8: localized irrigation and grazing; 9: localized irrigation, and tourism; 10: mixed irrigation system and barnyards;
11: mixed irrigation system and grazing; 12: rain-fed agriculture; 13: rain-fed agriculture, barnyards, brick production
and residential activities; 14: rain-fed agriculture and grazing; 15: rain-fed agriculture, grazing and tourism; 16: rain-fed
agriculture and tourism; 17: wood and fuel extraction and game hunting. Key (letters): see table 8 below.
The third dimension (16.3%) (Fig. 7) explains fluvial elements in the valley, the minor stream
the variance within the valley components, specifi- channel was significantly different from the lower
cally between the upper and lower terraces and the fluvial terrace and the other fluvial entities. This
minor and main stream channel deposits. Produc- suggests that the activities were well differenti-
tive activities such as localized irrigation, grazing or ated in terms of their correlation with the valley
barnyard systems can be found in terraces whilst entities.
recreation and touristic activities are associated with The distribution of land uses as related to
minor and main stream channel deposits. landforms showed both simple and complex re-
sults. Land uses associated with fluvial landforms
Discussion depicted rather simple associations. The upper
fluvial terraces and stream channel deposits, for ex-
The analysis has indicated a significant corre- ample, are clearly linked with agricultural practices
spondence between geomorphic and land use (Kariya et al., 2005; Aka et al., 2008; Romic et al.,
patterns. There was a lack of correlation between 2012). This is due to the presence of relatively good
land uses in the fluvial landforms at the valley quality, fertile soils with an adequate moisture
bottom, and the denudational landforms. Within regime. Lower fluvial terraces, on the other hand,
12 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Table 8. Correlation values from the second CA. Key: Dim: dimension; ctr: contribution; cos2: square cosine
Figure 7. Second Correspondence Analysis (CA) of axes 1 and 3 displayed (Dim1 and Dim3).Input data are from table
4. Key (numbers): 1: barnyards; 2: swimming area (river); 3: brick production; 4: building material; 5: grazing, wood and
fuel extraction and game hunting; 6: localized irrigation; 7: localized irrigation, barnyards, brick production and residential
activities; 8: localized irrigation and grazing; 9: localized irrigation, and tourism; 10: mixed irrigation system and barnyards;
11: mixed irrigation system and grazing; 12: rain-fed agriculture; 13: rain-fed agriculture, barnyards, brick production
and residential activities; 14: rain-fed agriculture and grazing; 15: rain-fed agriculture, grazing and tourism; 16: rain-fed
agriculture and tourism; 17: wood and fuel extraction and game hunting. Key (letters): see table 8 above.
13 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
were associated with material extraction because of at the local scale, this method could be also be
the abundance of gravel and coarse sands in these applied, by providing properly gathered data, at
locations along with an acceptable accessibility. a regional level. The classification schemes are as
In fact, this activity may be causing channel deg- relevant as data analyses; field work, especially
radation and diversions, bank erosion, increased using a participatory perspective proved crucial.
sediment loads, and new patterns of deposition The results can be easily transferred to local de-
(Erskine, 1990; Gaillot and Pigay, 1999). A more cision-makers and rural producers; they are un-
complex pattern of land use distribution occurred derstandable, and refer to entities and relation-
on denudational slopes and hills, and footslopes, ships recognized by all stakeholders. In addition,
which are difficult-to-access landforms covered this exercise allowed, with limited effort, the fast
by tropical dry forest and scrubland. Despite ac- mapping of flooding prone areas based on land
cessibility problems, land use patterns on steep use and terrain delineations (Segundo-Mtay
lands are highly diverse and encompass rain-fed and Bocco, 2015).
agriculture and grazing. In this case, adaptative, This approach could be effective for achiev-
cultural and historical strategies rather than only ing sound rural land use planning in developing
land qualities (Hudson, 2004) seem to better ex- countries. The method is relatively simple and the
plain land use occupation. Agricultural activities participation of local producers in the definition
are being and have been developed over the area of map units is insured. The spatial arrangement
in both steep and gentle landforms for decades, of human activities, that would otherwise remain
as reported long time ago by cultural geographic invisible with mere remote sensing and a GIS-based
surveys (Sauer, 1941). approach, is cleared out.
In tropical regions, land use and land manage- Several limitations of this study may be con-
ment are complex and so is their relationship with sidered for future research on the relationships
terrain itself. Remotely sensed land cover data is a between landforms and land use particularly
good departing point to approach land use distri- in tropical dry regions. First, the boundaries of
bution, but it is not sufficient to fully understand land use polygons may be transition zones which
the nature and dynamics of these human practices, are not adequately represented by segments. A
particularly not in tropical rural mosaics. For ex- fuzzy classification (Gurnell et al., 1996; Thapa
ample, non-timber forest management activities, and Murayama, 2009; Da Silva et al., 2015) or
such as game hunting and fuel extraction, seem a multi-point-and-attribute data structure (Huck
to have promoted conservation of the tropical dry et al., 2014) may help deal with this problem. A
forest, but this observation needs further research. pixel-based classification instead of a vector data
Quantitative analyses are useful to describe pat- structure could also help this kind of analysis.
terns while qualitative analyses derived from par- Second, a historical appraisal of land use develop-
ticipatory field research are crucial to understand ment over time would shed light on the analysis
patterns. In this sense, CA yield best results when of the correlation with landforms (Briggs et al.,
coupled to additional evaluations. 2006; Neil et al., 2014). This would provide more
explanatory rather than exploratory results as was
Conclusions the case in our study.
14 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Student Mobility Program between UNAM and tion Science, vol. 18, issue 1, pp. 3560. DOI:
the University of Ottawa (agreement 28293-373- 10.1080/13658810310001620906
22-II-11). We thank each of the informants for Campos, M., A. Velzquez, G.B. Verdinelli, M. Skutsch,
M.B. Junc & .G. Priego-Santander (2012), "An
participating in the field research. Last but not interdisciplinary approach to depict landscape
least, we give credit to each of the Noun Project change drivers: A case study of the Ticuiz agrarian
icon creators: drop by Wayne Tyler Sall, faucet community in Michoacan, Mexico", Applied Geogra-
by Kenneth Von Alt, palm by Stephanie Wauters, phy, vol. 32, issue 2, pp. 40919. DOI: 10.1016/j.
goat by Anand Prahlad, fish by Jens Trning, apgeog.2011.06.004
brick by Co-Effect Creative, volleyball by Claudio Castaldi, F. & U. Chiocchini (2012), "Effects of land
use changes on badland erosion in clayey drainage
Gomboli, swimmer by Shimaru, swimming suit
basins, Radicofani, Central Italy", Geomorphology,
by Guilherme Appolinrio, fence by Dsathiyaraj, vol. 169, pp. 98108. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomor-
surfer by Luis Prado, backhoe by Jev Downer, axe ph.2012.04.016
by George Hayes and deer by Philip Glenn. Castillo-Rodrguez, M., J. Lpez-Blanco & E. Muoz-
Salinas (2010), "A geomorphologic GIS-multivariate
REFERENCES analysis approach to delineate environmental units, a
case study of La Malinche volcano (central Mxico)",
Aka, E., K.M. imrin, J. Ryan, T. Nagano, M. Topaksu Applied Geography, vol. 30, issue 4, pp. 62938. DOI:
& S. Kapur (2008), "Differentiating the natural and 10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.01.003
man-made terraces of Lake Van, Eastern Anatolia, Da Silva, A.F., A.P. Barbosa, C.R.L. Zimback, P.M.B.
utilizing earth science methods", Lakes & Reservoirs: Landim & A. Soares (2015), "Estimation of croplands
Research & Management, vol. 13, issue 1, pp. 8393. using indicator kriging and fuzzy classification", Com-
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2007.00357.x puters and Electronics in Agriculture, issue 111, pp.
Bakker, M. & A. Veldkamp (2012), "Changing re- 111. DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2014.11.020
lationships between land use and environmental Downs, P.W., S.R. Dusterhoff & W. Sears (2013),
characteristics and their consequences for spatially "Reach-scale channel sensitivity to multiple human
explicit land-use change prediction", Journal of activities and natural events: Lower Santa Clara River,
Land Use Science, vol. 7, issue 4, pp. 40724. DOI: California, USA", Geomorphology, issue 189, pp.
10.1080/1747423X.2011.595833 12134. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.01.023
Beh, E.J. (2007), "Simple Correspondence Analysis: Erskine, W. (1990), Environmental impacts on sand
A Bibliographic Review", International Statistical and gravel extraction on river systems, in Davie, P.
Review, vol. 72, issue 2, pp. 25784. DOI: 10.1111/ (ed.), The Brisbane River: a source book for the future,
j.1751-5823.2004.tb00236.x Australian Littoral Society, Moorooka, pp. 295302.
Bibby, P. & J. Shepherd (2000), "GIS, land use, and Fang, H., G. Liu & M. Kearney (2005), "Georelational
representation", Environment and Planning B: Plan- Analysis of Soil Type, Soil Salt Content, Landform,
ning and Design, vol. 27, issue 4, pp. 58398. DOI: and Land Use in the Yellow River Delta, China",
10.1068/b2647 Environmental Management, vol. 35, issue 1, pp.
Bocco, G., M. Mendoza & A. Velzquez (2001), "Remote 7283. DOI: 10.1007/s00267-004-3066-2
sensing and GIS-based regional geomorphological Foody, G.M. (1996), "Approaches for the production
mapping- A tool for land use planning in developing and evaluation of fuzzy land cover classifications
countries", Geomorphology, vol. 39, issues 3-4, pp. from remotely-sensed data", International Journal of
21119. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00027-7 Remote Sensing, vol. 17, issue 7, pp. 131740. DOI:
Briggs, J.M., K.A. Spielmann, H. Schaafsma, K.W. 10.1080/01431169608948706
Kintigh, M. Kruse, K. Morehouse & K. Schollme- Gaillot, S. & H. Pigay (1999), "Impact of Gravel-
yer (2006), "Why ecology needs archaeologists and Mining on Stream Channel and Coastal Sediment
archaeology needs ecologists", Frontiers in Ecology Supply: Example of the Calvi Bay in Corsica ( France
and the Environment, vol. 4, issue 4, pp. 180188. )", Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 15, issue 3, pp.
DOI: 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0180:WEN 77488.
AAA]2.0.CO;2 Garca-Ruiz, J.M., N. Lana-Renault, S. Beguera, T.
Brown, D.G. & J.D. Duh (2004), "Spatial simula- Lasanta, D. Regs, E. Nadal-Romero, P. Serrano-
tion for translating from land use to land cover", Muela, J.I. Lpez-Moreno, B. Alvera, C. Mart-Bono
International Journal of Geographical Informa & L.C. Alatorre (2010), "From plot to regional scales:
15 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Interactions of slope and catchment hydrological Knox, J.C. (2006), "Floodplain sedimentation in the
and geomorphic processes in the Spanish Pyrenees", Upper Mississippi Valley: Natural versus human
Geomorphology, vol. 120, issues 3-4, pp. 24857. accelerated", Geomorphology, vol. 79, issues 3-4, pp.
DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.038 286310. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.031
Gauch, H. G. (coord.; 1982), Multivariate Analysis in Krasilnikov, P.V., N.E. Garca-Caldern, A. Ibez-
Community Ecology, Cambridge University Press, Huerta, M. Bazn-Mateos & J.R. Hernndez-
vol. 34, Cambridge. Santana (2011), "Soilscapes in the dynamic tropical
Gonzlez-Abraham, C., E. Ezcurra, P.P. Garcilln, A. environments: The case of Sierra Madre del Sur",
Ortega-Rubio, M. Kolb, J.E. Bezaury (2015), "The Geomorphology, vol. 135, issues 3-4, pp. 26270.
Human Footprint in Mexico: Physical Geography DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.013
and Historical Legacies", PLOS ONE, vol. 10, issue 3, Latocha, A. (2009), "Land-use changes and longer-term
pp. e0121203. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121203 humanenvironment interactions in a mountain
Gurnell, A., P. Angold & P. Edwards (1996), "Ex- region (Sudetes Mountains, Poland)", Geomorpholo-
tracting information from river corridor surveys", gy, vol. 108, issue 1-2, pp. 4857. DOI: 10.1016/j.
Applied Geography, vol. 16, issue 1, pp. 119. DOI: geomorph.2008.02.019
10.1016/0143-6228(95)00022-4 L, S., J. Josse & F. Husson (2008), "FactoMineR:
Huck, J.J., J.D. Whyatt & P. Coulton (2014), "Spraycan: An R package for multivariate analysis", Journal of
A PPGIS for capturing imprecise notions of place", Statistical Software, vol. 25, issue 1, pp. 118. DOI:
Applied Geography, issue 55, pp. 22937. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.007
10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.09.007 Lechterbeck, J., A.J. Kalis & J. Meurers-Balke (2009),
Hudson, P.F. (2004), "Geomorphic context of the prehisto- "Evaluation of prehistoric land use intensity in the
ric Huastec floodplain environments: lower Pnuco ba- Rhenish Loessboerde by canonical correspondence
sin, Mexico", Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 31, analysisA contribution to LUCIFS", Geomorpholo-
issue 6, pp. 65368. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2003.06.002 gy, vol. 108, issues 1-2, pp. 13844. DOI: 10.1016/j.
Hudson, P.F., R.R. Colditz & M. Aguilar-Robledo geomorph.2008.08.019
(2006), "Spatial relations between floodplain envi- Migo, P. & A. Latocha (2013), "Human interactions
ronments and land use - land cover of a large lowland with the sandstone landscape of central Sudetes",
tropical river valley: Pnuco basin, Mxico.", Environ- Applied Geography, issue 42, pp. 20616. DOI:
mental management, vol. 38, issue 3, pp. 487503. 10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.03.015
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-003-0157-4 Miller, B.W. & M.W. Doyle (2014), "Rangeland ma-
Husson, F., J. Josse, S. Le & J. Mazet (2007), "Facto- nagement and fluvial geomorphology in northern
MineR: Factor Analysis and Data Mining with R. R Tanzania.", Geomorphology (Amsterdam, Netherlands),
package version 1.04, CRAN R project, november issue 214, pp. 36677. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomor-
3 2015. [https://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/ ph.2014.02.018
FactoMineR/index.html] Neil, K., K. Gajewski & M. Betts (2014), "Human-
Husson, F., S. Le & J. Pages (coord.; 2010), Exploratory ecosystem interactions in relation to Holocene en-
Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R, CRC Press, vironmental change in Port Joli Harbour, southwes-
vol 15, Boca Raton. tern Nova Scotia, Canada", Quaternary Research,
Johnston, R. J., & J.D. Sidaway (coord.; 2004), Geogra- vol. 81, issue 2, pp. 20312. DOI: 10.1016/j.
phy & Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography yqres.2014.01.001
Since 1945, Arnold, London. Osterkamp, W.R., C.R. Hupp & M.R. Schening (1995),
Kariya, Y., S. Iwata & T. Inamura (2005), "Geomorpho- "Little River revisited thirty-five years after Hack
logy and pastoral-agricultural land use in Cotahuasi and Goodlett", Geomorphology, vol. 13, issues 1-4,
and Puica, southern Peruvian Andes", Geographical pp. 120. DOI: 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00063-B
Review of Japan, vol. 78, issue 12, pp. 84262. DOI: Paneque-Glvez, J., J.F. Mas, G. Mor, J. Cristbal, M.
10.4157/grj.78.842 Orta-Martnez, A.C. Luz, M. Guze, M.J. Maca &
Knight, J. & S. Harrison (2013), "A land history of V. Reyes-Garca (2013), "Enhanced land use/cover
men: The intersection of geomorphology, culture and classification of heterogeneous tropical landscapes
heritage in Cornwall, southwest England", Applied using support vector machines and textural homo-
Geography, issue 42, pp. 18694. DOI: 10.1016/j. geneity", International Journal of Applied Earth Ob-
apgeog.2013.03.020 servation and Geoinformation, issue 23, pp. 37283.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2012.10.007
16 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017
I. G. Segundo M., G. Bocco, A. Velzquez y K. Gajewski On the relationship between landforms and land use in tropical
Ramrez-Herrera, M.T., M. Lagos, I. Hutchinson, V. Turner, B.L. (2002), "Contested Identities: Human-En-
Kostoglodov, M.L. Machain, M. Caballero, A. Go- vironment Geography and Disciplinary Implications
guitchaichvili, B. Aguilar, C. Chagu-Goff, J. Goff, in a Restructuring Academy", Annals of the Association
A.-C. Ruiz-Fernndez, M. Ortiz, H. Nava, F. Bautis- of American Geographers, vol. 92, issue 1, pp. 5274.
ta, G.I. Lopez & P. Quintana (2012), "Extreme wave DOI: 10.1111/1467-8306.00279
deposits on the Pacific coast of Mexico: Tsunamis or Vanacker, V., A. Molina, G. Govers, J. Poesen, G. Der-
storms? A multi-proxy approach", Geomorphology, con & S. Deckers (2005), "River channel response
issues 139-140, pp. 36071. DOI: 10.1016/j.geo- to short-term human-induced change in landscape
morph.2011.11.002 connectivity in Andean ecosystems", Geomorphology,
Rhind, D., & R. Hudson (coord.; 1980), Land Use, vol. 72, issues 1-4, pp. 34053. DOI: 10.1016/j.
Methuen, London. geomorph.2005.05.013
Romic, D., M. Romic, M. Zovko, H. Bakic & G. Vitousek, P.M., H.A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco & J.M.
Ondrasek (2012), "Trace metals in the coastal soils Melillo (1997), "Human Domination of Earth
developed from estuarine floodplain sediments in s Ecosystems", Science, vol. 277, issue 5325, pp.
the Croatian Mediterranean region.", Environmental 49499. DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5325.494
geochemistry and health, vol. 34, issue 4, pp. 399416. van Zuidam, R. A. (coord.; 1986), Aerial Photo-inter-
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-012-9449-z pretation in Terrain Analysis and Geomorphologic
Sauer, C. (1941), "The Personality of Mexico", Geogra- Mapping, Smits Publishers, The Hague.
phical Review, vol. 31, issue 3, pp. 35364. Zhao, J., L. Lin, K. Yang, Q. Liu & G. Qian (2015),
Segundo-Mtay, I. & G. Bocco (2015), "Vulnerable and "Influences of land use on water quality in a reticular
Invisible: Impact of Hurricane Activity on a Peasant river network area: A case study in Shanghai, China",
Population in a Mountainous Region on the Mexican Landscape and Urban Planning, issue 137, pp. 2029.
Pacific Coast", Journal of Latin American Geogra- DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.010
phy, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 15979. DOI: 10.1353/
lag.2015.0016
Thapa, R.B. & Y. Murayama (2009), "Urban mapping,
accuracy, & image classification: A comparison
of multiple approaches in Tsukuba City, Japan",
Applied Geography, vol. 29, issue 1, pp. 13544. DOI:
10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.08.001
17 Investigaciones Geogrficas issn (digital): 2448-7279 doi: 10.14350/rig.56438ARTCULOS Nm. 93 Agosto 2017