Diploma In Mechanical Engineering

MECHANICAL COMPUTER
AIDED DRAFTING (MCAD)
(15ME35P)
3rd Sem

Prepared By
Chethan G P., b.e
 INDEX

Sl No. Content Page No

01 Theory related to Machine Drawing 01
02 Multiple views and Projections 02
03 Introduction to CATIA 03
04 CATIA V5 Workbenches 03
05 Extension for Save 06
06 Toolbars 07
07 Constraining 15
Part A
08 Procedure 16
To create front, top, side views for the given 3D
09 17
drawing
10 To create 3D model for the given 2D sketch 21
Part B
11 Procedure 23
Question 25
12 Screw Jack
Solution 28
Question 29
13 Plummer Block
Solution 32
14 Knuckle Joint 33
15 Cotter Joint 34
16 Bushed Bearing 35
17 MCAD Model Question Paper 36
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Theory Related to Machine Drawing

Machine Drawing:
It is pertaining to machine parts or components. It is presented through a number of
orthographic views, so that the size and shape of the component is fully understood. Part
drawings and assembly drawings belong to this classification.

Drawing Standards:
Machine drawing is used to communicate to industries. To have uniformity in drawings
they are required to follow some drawing standards approved by International Standards
Organization (ISO).

In India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has been assigned the job of standardizing the
items for interchangeability of parts. Standards are available for any machine component as well
as for the drawing.

Feature-based Modeling:
A feature is defined as the smallest building block that can be modified individually. A
model created in CATIA is a combination of a number of individual features and each feature is
related to the other directly or indirectly. These features understand their fit and function
properly and therefore can be modified any time during the design process. If a proper design
intent is maintained while creating the model, then these features automatically adjust their
values to any change in their surroundings. This provides greater flexibility to the design.
Parametric Modeling:
The parametric nature of the software package is defined as its ability to use the standard
properties or parameters in defining the shape and size of a geometry. The main function of this
property is to derive the selected geometry to a new size or shape without considering its original
dimensions. We can change or modify the shape and size of any feature at any stage of the
design process. This property makes the designing process very easy.
The term parametric modeling denotes the use of parameters to control the dimensions
and shape of CAD models.
Solid modeling (or modeling) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and
computer modeling of three-dimensional solids. Solid modeling is distinguished from related
areas of geometric modeling and computer graphics by its emphasis on physical fidelity.
Together the principles of geometric and solid modeling from the foundation of computer aided
design in general support the creation, visualization, animation, interrogation and annotation of
digital models of physical objects.

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Multiple views and projections:

Mainly there are three types of projections,

1. Orthographic Projection:

The orthographic projection shows the object as it looks from the front, right, left, top,
bottom, or back and are typically positioned relative to each other according to the rules of
either first angle projection or third angle projection. The origin and vector direction of the
projectors (projection lines) differs, as explained below.

a. First angle projection:

The projectors originate as if radiated from a viewers eyeballs and shoot through the 3D
object to project a 2D image onto the plane behind it. The 3D object is projected into 2D
paper space as if you were looking at a radiograph of the object. The top view is under the
front view, the right view is at the left of the front view. First angle projection is the ISO
standard and is primarily used in Europe.
b. Third angle projection:
The projectors originates as if radiated from the 3D object itself and shoot away from the
3D object to project a 2D image onto the plane in front of it. The views of the 3D object are
like the panels of a box that envelopes the object, and the panels pivot as they open up flat
into the plane of drawing. Thus the left view is placed on the left and the top view is placed
on the top and the features closest to the front of the 3D object will appear closest to the front
view in the drawing. Third angle projection is primarily used in the United States and
Canada, where it is the default projection system according to British Standards BS8888 and
ASME standard ASME Y14.3M.

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2. Auxiliary Projection:
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is projected into any plane other than one
of the six principal views. These views are typically used when an object contains some sort
of inclined plane. Using the auxiliary view allows that inclined plane (and any other
significant features) to be projected in their true size and shape. The true size and shape of
any feature in an engineering drawing can only be known when the Line of Sight is
perpendicular to the plane being referenced. It is shown like a 3 Dimensional (3D) object.
3. Isometric Projection:
The isometric projection show the object from angles in which the scales along each axis
of the object are equal. Isometric projection corresponds to rotation of the object by 45 0
about the vertical axis, followed by rotation of approximately 35.2640 [= arcsin(tan(300))]
about the horizontal axis starting from an orthographic projection view. Isometric comes
from the Greek for same measure. One of the things that makes isometric drawing so
attractive is the ease with which 600 angles can be constructed with only compass and
straight edge.

INTRODUCTION TO CATIA V5:

Welcome to CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application). As a
new user of this software package, you will join hands with thousands of users of this high-end
CAD/CAM/CAE tool worldwide. If you are already familiar with the previous releases, you can
upgrade your designing skills with the tremendous improvement in this latest release.
CATIA V5, developed by Dassault Systems, France, is a completely re-engineered, next
generation family of CAD/CAM/CAE software solutions for Product Lifecycle Management.
Through its exceptionally easy-to-use and state-of-the-art user interface, CAIIA V5 delivers
innovative technologies for maximum productivity and creativity, from the inception concept to
the final product. CAIIA V5 reduces the learning curve, as it allows the flexibility of using
feature-based and parametric designs.

CATIA V5 WORKBENCHES:
CAIIA V5 serves the basic design tasks by providing different workbenches. A
workbench is defined as a specified environment consisting of a set of tools that allows the user
to perform specific design tasks. The basic workbenches in CATIA V5 are Part Design,
Wireframe and Surface Design, Assembly Design, Drafting, Generative Sheet metal Design.
These workbenches are discussed next.

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Part Design Workbench:
The Part Design workbench is a parametric and feature-based environment in which you
can create solid models. The basic requirement for creating a solid model in this workbench is a
sketch. The sketch for the features is drawn in the Sketcher workbench that can be invoked
within the Part Design workbench. You can draw the sketch using the tools in this workbench.
While drawing a sketch, some constraints are automatically applied to it. You can also apply
additional constraints and dimensions manually. After drawing the sketch, exit the Sketcher
workbench and convert it into a feature. The tools in the Part Design workbench can be used to
convert the sketch into a sketch-based feature. This workbench also provides other tools to apply
the placed features, such as fillets, chamfers, and so on. These features are called the dress-up
features. You can also assign materials to the model in this workbench.

Wireframe and Surface Design Workbench:

The Wireframe and Surface Design workbench is also a parametric and feature-based
environment, and is used to create wireframe or surface models. The tools in this workbench are
similar to those in the Part Design workbench with the only difference that the tools in this
environment are used to create basic and advanced surfaces.

Assembly Design Workbench:

A machine is an assembly of various links or parts. It is necessary to understand the
relation between the various parts of the unit for the purpose of design and production. An
assembly drawing is one which represents various parts of a machine in their working position.
These drawings are classified as design assembly drawings, working assembly drawings, sub-
assembly drawings, installation assembly drawings, etc. An assembly drawing made at the
design stage while developing a machine is known as assembly drawing. In order to complete the
design assembly drawing we should follow the following procedure.
1. Understand the purpose, principle of operation and field of application of the given machine.
This will help in understanding the functional requirements of individual parts and their
location.
2. Examine thoroughly, the external and internal features of the individual parts.
3. Choose a proper scale for the assembly drawings.
4. Estimate the overall dimensions of the views of the assembly drawing and make the outline
blocks for each of the required view, leaving enough space between them, for indicating
dimensions and adding required notes.
5. Draw the axis of symmetry for all the views of the assembly drawing.

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6. Begin with the views from the front, by drawing first the main parts of the machine and then
adding the rest of the parts in the sequence of assembly.
7. Project the other required views from the view from the front and complete the views.
Assembly design work bench:
The assembly design workbench is used to assemble the components using the assembly
constraints available in this work bench. There are two types of assembly design.
Bottom-up: In this approach, the previously created components are assembled together to
maintain their design intent.
Top-down: In thus approach, components are created inside the assembly.

Drafting Workbench:
The Drafting workbench is used for the documentation of the parts or assemblies created
earlier in the form of drawing views and their detailing. There are two types of drafting
techniques:
l. Generative drafting
2. Interactive drafting
The generative drafting technique is used to automatically generate the drawing views of
the parts and assemblies. The parametric dimensions added to the component in the Part Design
workbench during its creation can be generated and displayed automatically in the drawing
views. The generative drafting is bi-directionally associative in nature. You can also generate the
Bill of Material (BOM) and balloons in the drawing views.
In interactive drafting, you need to create the drawing views by sketching them using the
normal sketching tools and then adding the dimensions.

Generative Sheet metal Design Workbench:

The Generative Sheet metal Design workbench is used for the designing the sheet metal
components. Generally, the solid models of the sheet metal components are created to generate
the flat pattern of the sheet, study the design of the dies and punches, study the process plan for
designing, and the tools needed for manufacturing the sheet metal components.

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Extension for Save:
CAT Part
CATPart is a file extension associated with all those files that are created in the Sketcher,
Part Design, Generative Sheet metal Design, and Wireframe and Surface Design workbenches of
CATIA V5.

CAT Product
CATProduct is a file extension associated with all those files that are created in the
Assembly Design workbench of CATIA V5.

CAT Drawing
CAT Drawing is a file extension associated with all those files that are created in the
Drafting workbench of CATIA V5.

Specification Tree:
The Specification tree displays all the operations carried out on the part in a sequence.
Figure shows the Specification tree that appears when you start a new file under the Part Design
workbench.

Compass:
The compass is used to manipulate the orientation of parts, assemblies, or sketches. You
can also orient the view of the parts and assemblies. The compass is shown in Figure 1-9. By
default, it appears on the top right corner of the geometry area.

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TOOLBARS:
CATIA V5 offers a user-friendly design environment by providing specific toolbars to
each workbench. Therefore, it is important that you get acquainted with various standard toolbars
and buttons that appear in the workbenches of CAT'IA V5. These toolbars are discussed next.
Standard Toolbar
This toolbar is common to all workbenches of CATIAV5. Figure shows the Standard toolbar.

A. Hide/Show (Hide an element by transferring

it to the No Show space)

B. Swap visible space (Swap the screen from Show to

No Show or vice versa)

A. Shading
B. Shading with Edges
C. Shading with Edges but
without smooth edges
D. Shading with Edges with
hidden edges
E. Shading with Material
F. Wireframe

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Toolbars in sketcher:

Profile: Create 2D elements, such as points, lines,

arcs, circles and axes.

Operation: Modify the existing elements, such as

chamfer, fillet, trim, and mirror.

Sketch tools: Provide option commands

Constraint: Set various dimensional constraints

(e.g. length, angle & radius) & geometrical
constraints (e.g. coincidence, concentric,
horizontal and symmetric)

Visualization: Simplify the view

1 To draw a profile consisting of arcs and lines.

2 To draw predefined profiles.
3 To draw arcs and circles.
4 To draw 2D Splines.
5 To draw Conical shapes.
6 To draw lines.
7 To draw an axis line.
8 To draw Points.

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Constraining the sketch:

Dimensional Constraints (click the icon, then select the

element(s)
Length Distance Angle Radius/Diameter

Geometrical Constraints (multi-select the two elements by

pressing CTRLkey and click the icon)
Perpendicularity Horizontal/Vertical
Concidence Tangency Symmetry (multi-select the elements
on the both side and then select the axis)

Exiting the Sketcher:

To exit the sketcher workbench, select Exit Workbench icon

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Part Design Workbench Toolbars:

You can invoke the Part Design workbench by choosing the New button from the
Standard toolbar and selecting Part from the New dialog box. Alternatively, you can choose Start
> Mechanical Design > Part Design from the menu bar. The toolbars in the Part Design
workbench are discussed next.
After choosing the Sketcher button, select a plane or planar face to invoke the Sketcher
workbench. The toolbars in the Sketcher workbench are discussed next.
Toolbars in Part Design:

Sketch-Based Features: Create a solid

feature from a 2D sketch/profile

Dress-Up Features: Add fillets/chamfers on

the solid edge, add a draft onto the solid
faces, Hollow the solid, offset faces

Transformation Features: Change the 3D

position of the solid, duplicate the solid by
mirroring/ patterning, scale up/down the
solid
Surface-Based Features: Split the solid
with a surface/plane, adding material onto
surfaces

Reference Elements: Create a point, a line

or a plane in the 3D space.

Boolean Operations

Analysis (Draft analysis)

Pad & Pocket

A. Pad (material added by extruding a sketch)

B. Pocket (material removed by extruding a

sketch)

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Shaft & Groove

A. Shaft (material added by rotating a sketch)

B. Groove (material removed by

rotating a sketch)

Rib & Slot

A. Rib (material added by sweeping a profile
along a center curve)

B. Slot (material removed by sweeping

profile along a center curve)

Multi-sections Solid
A. Multi-sections Solid (material added by
sweeping one or more planar section curves
along one or more guide curves

B. Removed Multi-sections Solid (material

removed in the same way)

Hole
A. Hole (circular material removed from the
existing solid); Several types of holes are
available: Simple, Tapered, Counterbored

Fillet
A. Fillet (creating a curved face of a constant or variable
radius that is tangent to, and that joins, two surfaces.)

Chamfer
A. Chamfer (removing & adding a flat section from a
selected edge to create a beveled surface between the two
original faces common to
that edge.)

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Draft
A. Basic Draft (adding or removing material depending on
the draft angle and the pulling direction)

Shell
A. Shell (empty a solid while keeping a given thickness
on its sides)

Translation & Rotation

A. Translation (translating a solid along a direction)

B. Rotation (rotating a solid about an axis by a certain angle)

Symmetry & Mirror

A. Symmetry (translating a solid to the other side of the

mirror plane)
B. Mirror (duplicating a solid on the other side of the
mirror plane)

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Other Tools

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Constraining:
The constraints are the logical operations that are performed on the selected element to
define the size and location of with respect to the other elements or reference geometries. There
are two types of constraints in CATIA V5.
a. Geometrical Constraints: These are the logical operations performed on the sketched
elements to define their size and position with respect to other elements. Geometric
constraints are applied using two methods, automatic constraining and manual
constraining. While drawing the sketch, some constraints are automatically applied to it.
For applying constraints manually, you need to invoke the Constraints Defined in
Dialogue Box tool and select the appropriate check box.
b. Assembly Constraints: The constraints in the Assembly Design workbench are the logical
operations performed to restrict the degree of freedom of the component and to define its
precise location and position with respect to the other components of the assembly.
The need for constraining are as follows:
1. For limitation or restriction.
2. To keep within close bounds.
3. To produce in a forced manner or inhibited manner.
In evaluating geometry, the system considers the degree of freedom that it has. In two
dimensions, points and lines have two of freedom, circles have three and ellipse have five
degrees of freedom. Fixed geometry will never be moved by the system, and has no degree of
freedom.
If all of the degrees of freedom of a geometry have been taken up by a consistent
combination of dimensions and fixed geometry, that category is said to be iso constrained or
fully constrained (also known as well defined).
Geometry that still has some degrees of freedom is said to be under constrained (also
known as under defined).
In many sketches, the user will specify more than the minimum required number of
dimensions or constraints. In certain cases the system will ignore redundant constraints and solve
the sketch. In other cases it will mark parts of the sketch as over constrained.

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PART-A (10 Marks)
Aim: To prepare the 3D model from the given sketch and then convert it to the drafting.

Tools: Sketcher, Pad, Profile, Constraints, Line, Work Bench, etc.,

Procedure:

Step 1: Go to StartMechanical designPart design.

Step 2: Select the proper plane on screen and click on the sketcher to get grid screen.

Step 3: Start the drawing as per given sketch.

Step 4: Give the dimensions as per specifications.

Step 5: Constrain the sketch completely.

Step 6: Exit workbench.

Step 7: You will get the 3D screen.

Step 8: Give the thickness by selecting the pad option.

Step 9: Continue drawing by selecting either face or plane and click on sketcher to get 2D
screen.

Step 10: Carryout the related operations.

Step 11: After the completion create the views.

To create Views

Step 1: Go to StartMechanical designDraftingnow select the required view side.

Step 2: To get the other viewsclick projection view iconclick on the space corresponding to
the view (based on first angle projection and third angle projection).

Step 3: Save the drawing with the proper nameclose.

Result: The required part is prepared from the given drawing and is converted to drafting.

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EXERCISES

1. Create front, top and side view for the given 3D Drawing.

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Create the 3D Part model for the given 2D Drawing

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PART B (40 MARKS)
Aim: To prepare the given assembly with the help of part drawing and given sketch.

Tools for part drawing: Sketcher, profile, Constrain, Pocket, Hole, Chamfer, Workbench,
Shaft, Thread/Tap, etc.,

Tools for assembly drawing: Existing component, Manipulation, Snap, Coincide constraint,
contact constraint, move, etc.,

Procedure:

Step 1: Go to StartMechanical designPart designselect the required plane.

Step 2: Prepare all the required parts for the assembly of the component and save them with
proper name and in location.

Step 3: Now go to startmechanical designassembly design.

Step 4: Click on the existing component toolclick on producta file dialogue box will be
appeared on the screen.

Step 5: From the file dialogue box select the proper file and open it.

Step 6: Now click on snap and select the face/plane of thr drawing and snap the drawing by
using manipulation tool and fix the drawing.

Step 7: Repeat the same procedure for the remaining parts.

Step 8: If the part is circular or cylindrical then coincide the part by using coincide constraint
tool.

Step 9: Give the required offset distance by offset constraint.

Step 10: Save the assembly with proper name and in location.

Step 11: Convert it to the drafting and obtain the required views.

To create Views

Step 1: Go to StartMechanical designDraftingnow select the required view side.

Step 2: Show the sectional view by passing the section plane on the required axis and then
double click left button.

Step 3: Save the drawing with proper name and close.

Result: The required parts is prepared, then assembled, and then it is converted to drafting to get
required views and sectional views.

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2. Create the assembly model and drawing with dimension, BOM, - as
per the given sketch:
a) Screw Jack
b) Plummer Block
c) Knuckle Joint
d) Cotter Joint
e) Bushed Bearing

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1. Screw Jack:
The below figure shows the parts of a screw jack. Screw jack is used to lift the weights
such as an automobile to a small height. It also serves as supporting aid in a raised position. The
screw is made of steel and is square threaded and the body is made up of cast iron. The nut is
made of gun metal for better wear resistance. The nut is placed in the body from the top and is
tight fit in it. The cup is placed over the screw such that it sits on the projection portion of the
screw. The washer is placed inside the cup and tightened by means of screw. The tommy bar is
inserted from side, in the hole provided on the head of the spindle to obtain the mechanical
advantage. When the screw spindle is rotated, the load bearing cup moves only up or down along
with the screw spindle but will not rotate with it.

Detailed View of Screw Jack

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NUT CUP WASHER

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BODY

TOMMY BAR 3D VIEW

ASSEMBLED 3D-VIEW OF SCREW

JACK

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2. Plummer Block:
The below figure shows the Plummer block. It is used to support long rotating shafts at
intermediate points. It consists of a cast iron block having the base, bushes, and in two halves a
cast iron cap and two mild steel bolts. The Plummer block is made in two halves to facilitate,
i) Placing and removal of the shaft in and from the bearings.
ii) Adjustment for wear I the bushes.
iii) Replacements of brasses.
The cap while resting on the upper step, fits inside the block at its side but does not sit on
it. The brasses are prevented from moving along the length of the shaft by the two collars at the
sides. A snug at the bottom, fitting inside a corresponding hole in the block, prevents their
rotation. The cap and the block are fastened together by two square headed bolts. The square
heads fit in square recess at the bottom of the pedestal and prevents rotation of the bolts.

Detailed View of Plummer

Block

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BODY

BEARING BRASSES TOP HALF

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CAP

NUT

BOLT

LOCK NUT

ASSEMBLED 3D-VIEW OF PLUMMER BLOCK

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3. Knuckle Joint:

Detailed View of Knuckle Joint

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4. Cotter Joint:

Detailed View of CotterJoint

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5. Bushed Bearing:

Detailed View of Bushed Bearing

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Model Question Paper
Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 50
Note: Answer any ONE from Part A and Part B is compulsory
Part A
1. Create front, top and side view for the given 3D Drawing. 10M
OR
Create the 3D Part model for the given 2D Drawing. 10M
Part B
1.Create3D Assembly models of a PLUMMER BLOCK for the given

Detail parts. 40M

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