During the final stage of World War II, the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese

cities
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States had dropped the
bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings,
which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.
In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the
Japanese mainland. This was preceded by a U.S. conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed
67 Japanese cities. The war in Europe had concluded when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of
surrender on May 8, 1945. The Japanese, facing the same fate, refused to accept the Allies' demands
for unconditional surrender and the Pacific War continued. The Allies called for the unconditional surrender
of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945the alternative being
"prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese response to this ultimatum was to ignore it.
By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs, and the 509th
Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the
specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in
the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25.
On August 6, the U.S. dropped a uranium gun-type (Little Boy) bomb on Hiroshima, and American
President Harry S. Trumancalled for Japan's surrender, warning it to "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the
like of which has never been seen on this earth." Three days later, on August 9, a plutoniumimplosion-
type (Fat Man) bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months following the bombings,
the acute effects of the atomic bombings had killed 90,000146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000
80,000 in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. During the following
months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by
illness and malnutrition. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable
military garrison.
Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and
the Soviet Union's declaration of war. On September 2, the Japanese government signed the instrument of
surrender, effectively ending World War II. The justification for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
is still debated to this day.