CONSTRUCTION OF A RCC BUILDING

(GROUND AND TWO UPPER FLOORS)

A mini project carried out through internship training at

SUSHEE REALITY CONSTRUCTIVE

CONTRIBUTIONS

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

G J R RAVIKIRAN-14261A0174

GOUTHAMDHARAVATH-14261A0172

S SAI KOUSHIK 14261A01A7

NOMULA THARUN-14261A01B8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,

Hyderabad) Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Sponsored by Chaitanya Bharathi Educational Society Gandipet,
Hyderabad 500075
 MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Gandipet, Hyderabad 500075. (INDIA)
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad) A0pproved by AICTE, New Delhi

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report CONSTRUCTION OF RCC

BUILDING is a bonafide record of work done by Team Members through
internship training at SUSHEE REALITY CONSTRUCTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS,
KOKAPETsubmitted for a mini project to the Department of Civil
Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad.

Ms. ROSY SMITA Dr. K.V RAMANA REDDY

BIKRAM SINGH Professor &Head of the
Assistant professor Department

2
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled CONSTRUCTION OF

PROPOSED RCC BUILDING AT KOKAPET submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING under our guidance and supervision during the
internship period from 24/05/2017 - 6/06/2017

SUSHEE REALITY LLP

BANJARA HILLS RD NO.2,

HYDERABAD 500 034, INDIA

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly indebted to Dr. K.V RAMANA REDDY, Head of the

Department, Civil Engineering, MGIT for his constant supervision
and support extended to us in successfully completing the project.
We thank Mr. V. VENKAT RAMAYA, Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, and MGIT for providing necessary
information regarding the project and also for his support in
completing the project.
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Ms.
ROSYSMITA BIKRAM SINGH, Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, and MGIT for her inputs in
preparing the project report We express our heartiest gratitude to all
the dignitaries at "SUSHEE REALITY CONSTRUCTIVE
CONTRIBUTIONS" who helped us a lot while undergoing the
training. We thank Mr.S.N.SOMESHWAR Sr Engineer and his
Staff, for all their support and cooperation provided by them during
the internship .We would like to thank the teaching and non-teaching
staff of Civil Engineering department for sharing their knowledge
with us. Finally, we would like to express our deep gratitude to all
people who have given their time and input during the project titled
CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSED RCC BUILDING AT
KOKAPET
G J R RAVIKIRAN-14261A0174

GOUTHAMDHARAVATH-14261A0172

S SAI KOUSHIK 14261A01A7

NOMULA THARUN-14261A01B8

4
 ABSTRACT

Residential buildings are the basic constructions which are individual and can provide
good accommodation to the people who prefer the privacy and comfort ability.
Residential buildings are constructed by using the RCC by giving proper foundation
and testing various properties of the soil material used etc. They should resist the loads
which are falling directly and indirectly like horizontal loads as well as vertical loads.

The aim is to explore various components which are used in

construction of the building including the structural components, construction
methodologies and also the internal components like architectural design, plastering,
plumbing etc., and estimate the cost that can be incurred to construct the building.

Our purpose is to study and expertise with various techniques

used in construction and estimation.

5
Contents
1.Introduction.....................................................................................................................7

2. Project planning and management...............................................................................8

3. Construction Methodology
3.1 Earth works.............................................................................................................9
3.2 Foundation.............................................................................................................11
3.3 Structural works.....................................................................................................13
3.4 Column...................................................................................................................14
3.5 Beam.......................................................................................................................15
3.6 Raft.........................................................................................................................16
3.7 Stairs.......................................................................................................................17
3.8 Shuttering................................................................................................................18
3.9 Safety precautions during construction...................................................................21
4. Construction

4.1 Pre-construction phase...............................................................................................22

4.2 Site material Quality..................................................................................................23
4.3 During construction...................................................................................................25
5. Case study

5.1 Description of a Building..........................................................................................26

5.2 Ground Floor.............................................................................................................27
5.3 First Floor..................................................................................................................28
5.4 Column Plan..............................................................................................................29
5.5 Footing Plan...............................................................................................................31
6. Observation

6.1 Speciations................................................................................................................34
6.2 Building Material.......................................................................................................35
6.3 Concreting..................................................................................................................37
6.4 Internal Works............................................................................................................39
6.5 Plastering..................................................................................................................41
6.6 Manufacture of Concrete...........................................................................................41
6.7 Economy in cement consumption..............................................................................42
6.8 Mix Design.................................................................................................................42
6.9 Durability....................................................................................................................43
6.1.1 Utility and Others....................................................................................................43
6.1.2 Administration and Safety.......................................................................................44
6.1.3 Time and Progression Aspect of project..................................................................44
6.1.4 Administration .....................................................................................................45

7. Result and Description

7.1 Estimation and Costing of the building.....................................................................47

8. Conclusion........................................................................................................................50

6
 Chapter 1
Introduction

The Contract of construction of a RCC residential Building which was located in

Malikarjun nagar, near Malkajgiri, secunderabad, Telangana, was taken up By
Sushee Reality constructive contributions. We have done internship for two
weeks under the supervision of Sushee Reality constructive contributions.
The building faces towards north-east direction and this
Company takes many contracts providing accommodation to the people. In the
present building with an area of 232.00 Sq yards consists of two floors with
parking area and three families can live in comfortably. The estimation of cost is
also done by the company and made us to expertise in it. The materials used are
also explained to us perfectly and the various purposes of them.
The company provides best quality of service with
respective of RCC residential buildings maintaining proper supervision, builds
good low economic structures, facilitates the common needs of human beings and
guarantees for Durability of their work.

7
 Chapter 2

Project Planning and Management

The Excellence in Project Management is achieved through a structured process that includes
multiple phases:

Initiating
Planning
Executing
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing

The process balances the key project constraints and provides a tool for making decisions
throughout the project based on stakeholder values, performance metrics, established procedures
and project goals.
Effective project management includes strategies , tactics and tools for managing the design and
construction delivery processes and for controlling key factors to ensure the client receives a
facility that matches their expectations and functions as it is intended to function.
Successful project delivery requires the implementation of management systems that will control
changes in the key factors of scope, costs, schedule and quality to maximize the investment . This
section offers guidance for the entire team to successfully and effectively carry out a high
performance building project.
There is a great deal involved in managing a construction. The main task includes:

Dealing with suppliers and making sure materials are ordered and delivered on time.
Monitoring progress once work starts to make sure everything complies with the contract
and consent documentation(includes plans and specifications).
Arranging for inspections by own professional, for example, the designer or architect.
Arranging for inspections by the building inspectors at the end of each stage.
Knowing with the builder and subcontractors to come back and fix any work not
completed or done properly.
Arranging amendments to the building consent where necessary.
Arranging the final inspection for the code compliance certificate.

In SUSHEE REALITY CONSTRUCTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS the Management Dept looks after

the overall process and Responsible for the construction management. In this company has minimum
one experienced diploma engineer in each project . who is always responsible for the projects
management on ground.

8
 Chapter 3

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

The following Construction methodologies used in the site are:

1. Earth work excavation

2. P.C.C(plain cement concrete / profile corrective course)
3. Raft foundation
4. Columns
5. Beams and Slabs
6. Block work
7. Internal and external plaster
8. Doors and windows
9. Putty, Painting, Water proofing, Flooring
10. Estimation

Earth work: First the area when we want to build has to be steady. We have to carry out
demolition if there is any building and we have to level the soil with special machinery.
Foundation: it is the placement some structures under the ground to withstand the building.
Column: it is the construction of the pillars and the plates which form the support of the
building, they can be of reinforced concrete.
Beams and slabs: it is the construction of the beams which provide support to the slabs and the
plates which form the floors of the building, they can be of steel or of reinforced concrete.
Block work: in this stage the walls and partitions which close the building are built. These walls
are used to isolate it from the exterior and to distribute the space of the interior. The walls are
usually built with bricks.
Internal and external plaster: it consists on covering the building with materials like tiles or
sheets of slate or zinc depending on the characteristics of the climate of the zone.
Finishing works: this stage includes water proofing, painting, placing windows, doors,
wardrobes.
Estimation: We have used approximate method of estimation .

3.1 EARTH WORKS

Earth works are engineering works created through the moving or processing of parts of the earth's
surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock. The earth may be moved to another location
and formed into a desired shape for a purpose. Much of earthworks involve machine excavation and
fill or backfill.

9
IS CODES FOR EXCAVATION

a) IS 3764-1992
b) IS 4701-1982

Excavation may be classified by type of material:

Topsoil excavation
Earth excavation
Rock excavation
Muck excavation this usually contains excess water and unsuitable soil
Unclassified excavation this is any combination of material types

Excavation may be classified by the purpose:

Stripping
Roadway excavation
Drainage or structure excavation
Bridge excavation
Channel excavation
Footing excavation
Borrow excavation
Dredge excavation
Underground excavation

Earthwork in excavation in foundation

Excavation:
Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the foundation concrete and the sides shall
be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be sloped back
or protected with timber shoring.
Finish and Trench:
The bottom of the foundation trenches shall be perfectly leveled both longitudinally and transversally
and the sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from bottom up to least thickness of
loose concrete may be laid to the exact width as per design. The bed of the trench shall be tightly
watered and well rammed. Soft or defective spots shall be dug out excess digging if done through
mistake shall be filled with concrete.

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY FOR EARTH WORK

1) Make markings on the land in the site as per the dimensions mentioned in the plan, such that
the top dimensions are equal to the sum of the actual length plus PCC length plus working
area length.
2) Now repeat the step1 along width i.e. dimension of the width specified in the plan plus the
PCC width plus working area width.

10
 3) Excavation depth will be such that the side slope is in the ratio 2:1 and the angle between
side slope and the horizontal plane is 45 deg.
4) For the calculation of volume of excavation, take the average dimensions of top and bottom
and multiply average length width and height.

3.2 FOUNDATION

The foundations of the building transfer the weight of the building to the ground. While 'foundation'
is a general word, normally, every building has a number of individual foundations, commonly
called footings. Usually each column of the building will have its own footing.

Since the weight of the building rests on the soil (or rock), engineers have to study the properties of
the soil very carefully to ensure that it can carry the loads imposed by the building. It is common for
engineers to determine the safe load bearing capacity of the soil after such study. As the name
suggests, this is the amount of weight per unit area the soil can bear. For example, the safe bearing
capacity (SBC) at a location could be 20 T/m2, or tonnes per square metre. This capacity also
changes at different depths of soil. In general, the deeper one digs, the greater the SBC, unless there
are pockets of weak soil in the earth. To properly support a building, the soil must be very firm and
strong.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION:

Shallow foundations
Deep foundations

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS-
Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The 'open' refers to the fact that
the foundations are made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of the footing, and then
constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, the entire footing is visible to the eye, and
is therefore called an open foundation. The idea is that each footing takes the concentrated load of
the column and spreads it out over a large area, so that the actual weight on the soil does not exceed
the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Individual footings
Individual footings are one of the most simple and common types of foundations. These are
used when the load of the building is carried by columns. Usually, each column will have its
own footing. The footing is just a square or rectangular pad of concrete on which the column
sits. To get a very rough idea of the size of the footing, the engineer will take the total load on
the column and divide it by the safe bearing capacity (SBC) of the soil.
Strip footings
Strip footings are commonly found in load-bearing masonry construction, and act as a long
strip that supports the weight of an entire wall. These are used where the building loads are
carried by entire walls rather than isolated columns, such as in older buildings made of
masonry.
11
 Fig 3.1

Raft foundations
Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are most often used when basements are to be
constructed. In a raft, the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation; the weight of the
building is spread evenly over the entire footprint of the building. It is called a raft because
the building is like a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of soil.

Mat Foundations are used where the soil is week, and therefore building loads have to be
spread over a large area, or where columns are closely spaced, which means that if individual
footings were used, they would touch each other.

Fig 3.2

DEEP FOUNDATIONS-

A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to earth father down from
the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a sub-surface layer or a range of depths

TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

Shaft foundations
Shaft foundations are constructed within deep excavations supported by lining constructed in
place and subsequently filled with concrete or other pre-fabricated load- bearing units

12
 Pile foundations
Pile foundations are relatively long and slender members constructed by driving performed
units to desired founding level, or by driving or drilling in tubes to the required depth- he
tubes being filled with concrete before or during withdrawal or by drilling unlined or wholly
or partly lined boreholes which are then filled with concrete.

Fig 3.3
Basement foundations
The hollow substructures designed to provide working or storage space below ground level.
They are constructed in place in open excavations.
Buoyancy rafts(hollow box foundations)
Buoyancy rafts are hollow sub structures designed to provide a buoyant or semi-buoyant
substructure beneath which the net loading on the soil is reduced to the desired low intensity

Foundation Design
Design of foundations with variable conditions and variable types of foundations structures will be
different, but there are steps that are typical to every design , including:

1. Calculate loads from structure, surcharge, active and passive pressures etc.
2. Characterize soil- hire a firm to conduct soil tests and procedure a report that includes soil
material properties.
3. Determine footing location and depth- shallow footings are less expensive but the variability
of the soil from the geotechnical report will drive choices.
4. Evaluate soil bearing capacity the factor of safety is considered here
5. Determine footing size- these calculations are based on working loads and the allowable soil
pressure.
6. Calculate contact pressure and check stability
7. Estimate settlements
8. Design the footing structure- design for the material based on applicable structural design
codes which may use allowable stress design.

3.3 STRUCTURAL WORKS

REINFORCEMENT:
RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity of the concrete it
is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters provided in appropriate manner. Such concrete is
13
called reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforced bars. These bars are provided at
various locations to counter the external forces, which are developed due to the loads acting on the
structure.
Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete has low tensile, but
high compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is compensated by reinforcing the concrete mass
through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both branded and unbranded bars are available.
It is wise to buy good brands the names of which are marked on the steel. During construction make
sure that steel reinforcement is provided exactly as the engineering design specifications.

Rules for bending bars :

For every bend of bar we have to deduct twice the diameter of bar (2*d) up to 16mm dia bars and for
bars greater than 16mm dia deduct thrice dia(3*d) if the angle of bend is 90deg otherwise deduct 1d.

Precautions:
Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust.
Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or mechanically should be rejected.
Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting.
To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted Welded length of the bars should not be
accepted

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE:

Reinforcement Bar Schedule is prepared in a standard manner as per IS code-. The bar bending
schedule should be prepared and it should be submitted to the steel bar steel yard to cut and to bend
the bars for purposes, because bar bending schedule is the simplest of details what is in the drawings
which can easy to understand for bar benders. It contains all the details needed for fabrication of
steel. Those details are bar mark, bar type and size, number of units, length of a bar, shape code,
distance between stirrups (column, plinth, beam) etc.

Advantages of the Bar Schedule:

By preparing a bar schedule, and arranging them according to the lengths, it will lead to an
economical bar cutting, reduce the bar cutting wastages.
It is easy to manage the reinforcement stock required for identified time duration.
It will help to fabrication of R/F with structure.

3.4 COLUMN
A Column or pillar is a structural element that transmits load, through compression, the weight of
the structure above to other structural elements below.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMN:

Long Column
Slender Short Column
Intermediate Column

14
REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMN:
In concrete column, verticals reinforcement is the principal reinforcement. However a loaded column
shortens vertically and expands laterally; lateral reinforcements in the form of lateral ties are used to
restrain the expansions and are called tied column. IS code for reinforcement is IS:2502:1963
3.5 BEAM
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external
loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.

R.C.C. BEAMS: R.C.C. Beam is subjected to bending moments and shear. Due to the
vertical external load, bending compresses the top fibers of the beam and elongates the
bottom fibers. The strength of R.C.C. beam depends on the composite action of concrete and
steels. Load Acting on a Structure:
Dead Load-Dead load is the self-weight of the various components of a building.
Live Load-Live load is the external superimposed load on a structure. Live loads may be
uniformly distributed load, uniformly varying load, concentrated load.

TYPES OF BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

FIXED BEAM
CANTILEVER BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM
OVERHANGING BEAM

STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS

i) Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face (Min of two 12 mm diameter bar is
required to be provided in tension) in single or multiple rows are provided.
ii) Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up longitudinal bars are provided.
(The bar bent round the tensile reinforcement and taken into the compression zone of an RCC beams
are called stirrups). Bars of size 6,8,10,12,16,20,22,25,28,32,50 mm are available in market

Fig 3.4

15
LAP LENGTH

Lap length is the overlap length of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length. Lap length
about 35 to 60 times the diameter of the bar depending upon the grade and zone of concrete
(compression or tension) and grade of steel (Fe415 and Fe500) is considered safe. Laps of
neighbouring bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At
one cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped.

A concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of

steel reinforcedconcrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 mm) thick, are most often
used to construct floors and ceilings

A concrete slab may be prefabricated or on site. Prefabricated concrete slabs are built in a factory
and transported to the site, ready to be lowered into place between steel or concrete beams. They
may be pre-stressed (in the factory), post-stressed (on site), or unstressed. It is vital that the wall
supporting structure is built to the correct dimensions, or the slabs may not fit.In site concrete slabs
are built on the building site using formwork - a type of boxing into which the wet concrete is
poured.

Fig 3.5

CLASSIFICATION OF A SLAB:

One way slab

Two way slab
Flat slab
Beam slab

16
3.6 RAFT

Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete slab which can
support a number of columns and walls.The slab is spread out under the entire building or at least a
large part of it which lowers the contact pressure compared to the traditionally used strip footings.

Fig 3.6

Advantages

Raft foundations tend to be cheaper and quicker to use than traditional footings. There are a
number of reasons why this is the case:
The foundation and floor slab is combined, which saves time and materials
Less excavation is required

Rules for placing of bars in raft:

1) From the codes clear spacing must be provided along all directions that is, width and depth.
2) Taking x and y as width and depth main bar will be always the shorter length of both x and y, and
the other is distribution bar.
3) Main bar is always placed first.
4) For double mat, after providing chair distribution bars are provided at bottom and main bars above
from the top side of the raft

3.7 STAIRS:
A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a construction designed to bridge a
large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be
straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.

17
 Fig 3.7

Each step is composed of

a)Tread
The part of the stairway that is stepped on. The tread "depth" is measured from the outer edge of the
step to the vertical "riser" between steps. The "width" is measured from one side to the other.

b)Raiser
The vertical portion between each tread on the stair. This may be missing for an "open" stair effect.

CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS:

1) Straight stairs
2) Turning stairs
a) Quarter turn stairs
b) Half turn stairs
c) Three-quarter
d) Bifurcated stairs
3) Continuous stairs
a) Circular stairs
b) Spiral stairs
c) Helical stairs

18
3.7 SHUTTERING

Shuttering in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is
poured only to harden subsequently. Types of Shuttering for concrete construction depends on
Shuttering material and type of structural element.
Shuttering can also be named based on the type of structural member construction such as slab
Shuttering for use in slab, beam Shuttering, column Shuttering for use in beams and columns
respectively etc.
The construction of Shuttering takes time and involves expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the cost of
the structure or even more.

Types of shuttering generally used:

1. MS sheet shuttering
2. Plywood shuttering,
3. Aluminium shuttering.

At Lanco, aluminium shuttering is used. Aluminium shuttering is the latest type of shuttering and its
weight is less, it is easy for lifting and its finishing surface is smooth and the repetitions of this
shuttering is about 70-100 times. This type of shuttering is generally used for high rise buildings.
Initial cost of aluminium shuttering is high.
Design of these temporary structures are made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing
the Shuttering is known as Deshuttering.
Stripped Shuttering can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are
called stationary forms.
Timber is the most common material used for Shuttering. The disadvantage with timber Shuttering
is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of water impermeable cost to the surface of wood
mitigates these defects.

PROPERTIES OF SHUTTERING:
A good Shuttering should satisfy the following requirements:
It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and vertically,
so as to retain its shape.
The joints in the Shuttering should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
Construction of Shuttering should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences without
damage to the concrete.
The material of the Shuttering should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for reuse.
The Shuttering should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane surface.
It should be as light as possible.
The material of the Shuttering should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the elements.

19
SHUTTERING OF COLUMNS:

Fig 3.7.1

SHUTTERING OF BEAMS:

Fig 3.7.2

20
SHUTTERING OF SLABS:

Fig 3.7.3

3.9 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION

Personal safety equipment must be worn as prescribed for each job, such as:
Safety glasses for eye protection.
Helmets at all times within the confines of the construction area where there is a
potential threat of falling materials or tools.
Gloves when handling materials.
Safety shoes are necessary for protection against foot injury.
Precautions are necessary to prevent sunburn and to protect against burns from hot materials
.
Knowledge about location of fire fighting equipment and all personnel shall be trained on how to
use it.
Only the operator shall be allowed to ride on equipment unless proper seating is provided

Do not use power tools and equipment until properly instructed in the safe work methods and
become authorized to use them.

Be sure that all guards are in place. Do not remove, displace, damage or destroy any safety
device.
Do not enter an area which has been barricaded.

21
 Chapter 4

CONSTRUCTION

When a project is executed on the site it has to cover up a sequential order from its initial stage to
final stage. This generally includes:

1. Site mobilization
2. Drawing collection
3. Proposed area check
4. Pilling / earth cutting
5. Pile cap/ Footing
6. Column
7. Grade beam
8. Column
9. Slab and beam
10. Brick layout
11. Lintel and false slab
12. Grill fitting and door floor fitting
13. Grove cutting for electrical wire
14. Inside and outside plaster
15. Sanitary work
16. Electrical wearing
17. Tiles
18. Paint
19. Fitting Works

During our visit we observed many steps of this project execution on ground.

4.1 Pre-construction Phase

Site Mobilization: It is the preliminary stage of a construction project. This includes :

Gas connection
Water connection
Labour facility
Storage facility

Foundation : In general there are these types of foundations:

Isolated Footing
22
 Combined Footing
Raft
Pile

4.2 SITE MATERIAL QUALITY:

Shuttering material: There are various types of shuttering materials used during the construction
process having their own advantages and disadvantages.

Bamboo and wood-

Most common
Not durable
Low cost
Easily Available

Steel Probe-

Costly
Longevity
Efficient working

Multipurpose shuttering:

Fig4.1 MULTI PURPOSE SHUTTERING

23
 Fig 4.2 BAMBOO AND WOOD SHUTTERING

Fig 4.3 STEEL PROBS

Cement: Cements are brought to the site according to the demand. It is kept in a dry place. The
maximum age of the cement in the site is generally 1-2 week . They always try to use the fresh
cement.
Storagefacility: Storage facility in construction is not that much good. Because of the scarcity of
open land sometimes it appears to be very difficult to store the materials. This problem generally
arises during the initial stage.

24
Availability of construction Tools : For tools supply the company fully depend on the contractor. It
is their liability to supply the tools on demand

4.3 During Construction:

Concrete Work: In Most of the project concreting is done by ready mix concrete. If any difficulties
arose on conveying ready mix concrete then only the hand mix procedure is done. Slump test is
rarely done on the site.

Fig4.3.1 PREPARATION OF CEMENT MORTAR

25
 Chapter 5

CASE STUDY

5.1 Description of a building

Areas
Land Area : 232.00 SQ Yards
Ground Floor: 1739.00 SFT
First Floor : 1739.00 SFT
Total Area : 3478.00 SFT

26
5.2. Ground floor

Parking area= 22ft*10ft

Lift area = 4*5
It includes Two portions in ground floor. Each portion details are given as below:

1. Bed room area = 100 * 140

27
 2. Hall area = 116 * 100
3. Toilet area = 70 * 4 6
4. Kitchen area = 80 * 100
5. Utility area = 80 * 40

5.3.First floor-

28
It consists of spacious three bedrooms flat , two halls, toilet, kitchen, puja room , utility , sit out and
open area.
Details of each and every room of the first floor:

1. Bedroom 1 area = 1131 * 140

2. Bedroom 2 area = 137 * 140
3. Bedroom 3 area = 106 * 106
4. Hall 1 area = 199 * 106
5. Hall 2 area = 210 * 129
6. Toilet area = 70 * 46
7. Kitchen area = 100 * 80
8. Utility area = 130 * 40
9. Set out area = 106 * 90
10. Open area = 17 0 * 6 0

29
5.4. Column Plan -

1. Column 1 maximum size provided when compared to other column because it has to
bear heavy loads of a building.

Reinforcement details
Tata steel is used in reinforcement of a column1
Diameter used No of bars
a. 16mm provided
b. 12mm 6
2

30
 8mm rings are used and 7 c/c (distance between two rings)

2. Column 2- Col2 is provided in a building where it can easily bear optimum loads of a building.
Size details:
Col2= 9 * 12
Reinforcement details:
No of bars provided
Diameter used 4
a. 16mm 2
b. 12 mm
8mm rings are used with 7c/c.

3. Column 3: These columns are provided where lighter loads of a building falls. Generally in case of
a life of a building and stair case of a building.
Size details:
Col3 = 9 * 9

5.5. FOOTING:

31
Plan of footing:

Footing is a foundation unit constructed in brick work, Masonry or concrete under base of a wall or a
column for purpose of distribution of the load over large area.
According to the observation of footings which we saw in the site as follows:
1. Footing1: It is a square footing. Designed for to distributed maximum loads of a building under
the column1.
Size Details-
F1(A * B ) = 50 (A) * 50(B)
Footing 1 Reinforcement
Along A = T10-8 c/c
Along B = T10-8 c/c
2. Footing2: It is also square footing, it is located under the column2.
Reinforcement Details:

32
 Diameter No of bars used
a. 16mm 4
b. 8 mm Rings are provided with 7
c/c

CENTERLINE PLAN, LAY- OUT OF PLINTH BEAMS REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

FOR FOOTINGS, COLUMNS AND PLINTH BEAMS

NOTES:

1. GRADE OF CONCRETE SHALL BE M20 AND HYSD BARS WITH Fy 415

N/Sq.mm
2. CLEAR COVER FOR MAIN REINFORCEMENT
a. FOOTINGS-2 b. COLUMNS -1.5

3. WHERE EVER REQUIRED DEVELOPMENT LENGTH SHALL BE 40MM AND

4. NO. OF LAPS AT ANY SECTION SHALL NOT EXCEED 1.
5. THE FOUNDATIONS AND COLUMNS ARE DESIGNED FOR G+2 FLOORS ONLY.
6. S.B.C OF THE SOIL IS CONSIDERED AS 44T/Sq.M

33
 Chapter 6

OBSERVATION

We observed the following footings and columns while construction of a RCC building.

6.1.Specifications:

1. For PCC(Plain cement concrete) Bed: M15 type of concrete is used in M15. The ratio of cement
to aggregate to water in the Ratio of 1:4:8.and
Cement Fine aggregate Coarse In generally we
Type of aggregate specify it as
cement

M15
1 2 4 1: 2 : 4

40mm metals are used in PCC Bed.

2. For Footings: M20 grade of concrete is used . Mix proportion of M20 grade cement is 1 : 2 :4

34
3. For Column: In the construction of a building for column M25 grade of concrete is used. In M25
grade is the ratio of cement to aggregate to water is in ratio of 1: 1.5 : 3
4. for slabs: In the building for construction of slab M25 grade of concrete is used. M25 grade is
obtained by the ratio of cement to aggregate to water is in Ratio of 1: 1.5: 3
5. Brick work: 9 wall constructed with mud bricks size 4 * 3 * 9 with C.M (cement: Metal) of
1:6.
6. Plastering: All the walls internal and external plastered with C.M 1:4 of first coat. After finishing
of First coat and Second coat with C.M 1:3.
External plastering finished by mixing of water proofing agent (Forsroc cybex 100 chemical used
1000 ml for 1 Bag of cement)
7. Flooring: Flooring with marble C.M 1:6, filled joints with colouring agent
8. Wood work: Main door with Indian best teak remaining all the doors frame made with Indian
Teak and Toilet doors are coated with water proofing agents.

6.2. BUILDING MATERIALS

Building material is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such
as clay, sand, wood and rocks, to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials,
many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of
building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is
typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and
insulation work. This reference deals with habitats and structures including homes. For
construction of a building the essential building materials are as follow:

Cement
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of compound of lime,
silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste which hardened and bind the
aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass called the concrete.

Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it play the most critical
role in giving strength and durability to your building. Cement uses for domestic building such as
home are basically of three types

Portland Slag Cement:

Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS:455 A combination of good quality blast furnace slag
(from the iron steel industry) with clinker (which makes the OPC) and gypsum.
Portland Pozzolana Cement:
Portland pozzolana cement (PCC) conforming to IS: 1489 A combination of flyash (from thermal
power plant) with clinker and gypsum. Pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding Portland cement
clinker with pozzolana. This type of cement is largely used in marine structure.
Ordinary Portland Cement:
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming to IS: 269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112
and 53 grade conforming to IS:12269 A combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality.
Ordinary Portland cement is manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture of

35
calcareous (mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the calcite
product (i.e. clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power known as ordinary Portland
cement.
Good quality cement has the following features: Reduced water requirement Improve Workability
Less permissible to moisture Improved resistance to acid and chlorides Reduced heat of hydration
Easier to finish Reduced Shrinkage Reduced leaching problems because it is low as Free lime.

Sand:

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub angular or flat
fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater
than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm. Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of
silica derived from the disintegration of rock. These are of three types:
Coarse sand:
It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6mm and less than 2 mm.
Medium sand:
It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles size greater than 0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm.
Fine sand:
It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 0.2 mm. Proper
selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete mixture. It should be: Clear,
angular and hard Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material Graded, which means it should be a
mix of fine, medium and coarse sand Free from contaminants like sea salt Consistent in moisture
(water) content which should not exceed 7%. When mixing concrete, the moisture Content must be
taken into consideration.
The price of sand includes three or four components- base cost, transportation, handling and number
of Intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk directly from the source will be cheaper. Your
neighborhood dealer in this case is likely to be costlier, except when you need smaller quantities.

Soil Investigation
Soil investigation is carried out for designing a right type of foundation safely and economically, a
designer must possess sufficient information about the physical properties and the arrangement of
underlying materials. The field and laboratory investigations required to get this essential
information is known as soil exploration.

MORTAR:
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry
units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add decorative colors or
patterns in masonry walls.

BRICKS:
A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material, usually clay or shale, but also may be of lower quality
mud, etc. Clay bricks are formed in a moulding (the soft mud method), or in commercial
manufacture more frequently by extruding clay through a die and then wire-cutting them to the
proper size (the stiff mud process).Another type of block replaced clay bricks in the late 20th
century. It was the Cinder block. Made mostly with concrete.

36
METALS
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external
surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose
major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong,
flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time. Corrosion is metals prime enemy when
it comes to longevity.

CERAMICS
Ceramics are such things as tiles, fixtures, etc. Ceramics are mostly used as fixtures or coverings in
buildings. Ceramic floors, walls, counter-tops, even ceilings. Many countries use ceramic roofing
tiles to cover many buildings. Ceramics used to be just a specialized form of clay-pottery firing in
kilns, but it has evolved into more technical areas.

6.3. CONCRETING

CONCRETE:
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with cement mixed
with correct proportion of water, which hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based
concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as
cement fondue. However, asphalt concrete which is very frequently used for road surfaces is also a
type of concrete, where the cement material is bitumen, and polymer concretes are sometimes used
where the cementing material is a polymer.

PCC:
In Portland cement concrete (and other hydraulic cement concretes), when the aggregate is mixed
together with the dry cement and water, they form a fluid mass that is easily moulded into shape.
The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix which binds
all the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses.
Often, additives (such as pozzolans or super plasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the
physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing
materials (such as rebar) embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.

Composition of concrete:
There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main
ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate phases, the
finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and
thermal resistance properties.
Aggregate consists of large chunks of material in a concrete mix, generally a coarse gravel or
crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with finer materials such as sand.
Cement, most commonly Portland cement, is associated with the general term "concrete." A range of
materials can be used as the cement in concrete. One of the most familiar of these alternative
cements is asphalt concrete. Other cementations materials such as fly ash and slag cement, are
sometimes added as mineral admixtures (see below) - either pre-blended with the cement or directly
as a concrete component - and become a part of the binder for the aggregate.
37
Chemical admixtures are added to achieve varied properties. These ingredients may accelerate or
slow down the rate at which the concrete hardens, and impart many other useful properties including
increased tensile strength, entrainment of air, and/or water resistance.
Reinforcement is often included in concrete. Concrete can be formulated with high compressive
strength, but always has lower tensile strength. For this reason it is usually reinforced with materials
that are strong in tension, often steel.
Water: Combining water with a cementations material forms a cement paste by the process of
hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and makes it flow
more freely. A lower water-to-cement ratio yields a stronger, more durable concrete, whereas more
water gives a freer-flowing concrete with a higher slump. Impure water used to make concrete can
cause problems when setting or in causing premature failure of the structure.
Hydration involves many different reactions, often occurring at the same time. As the reactions
proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together the individual sand
and gravel particles and other components of the concrete to form a solid mass.

Aggregates:

Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel, and crushed
stone are used mainly for this purpose. Recycled aggregates (from construction, demolition, and
excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial replacements for natural aggregates, while a
number of manufactured aggregates, including air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ash are also
permitted.

Properties:
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. For this reason, it
is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel).
The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher
stress levels as matrix cracking develop.
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinks as it matures. All concrete
structures crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete that is subjected to long-
duration forces is prone to creep.

38
CONCRETING FOR COLUMNS:

Fig 6.1 Fig 6.2

6.4. INTERNAL WORKS

Block work is masonry done with blocks and mortar and is generally used to build partition
walls. In our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most of the internal walls were
made of bricks. English bond was used and a ratio of 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6 were
used depending upon whether the wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches. In 100mm block work extra
reinforcement shall be provided with 2 nos. M.S. round bars of 8mm dia for every 1m height of
wall along the longitudinal of the wall. The bars were properly anchored at their ends where the
portions and or where these walls join with other walls. The inland steel reinforcement was
completely embedded in mortar, with 50mm thick concrete bed of the ratio 1:2:4.

TYPES OF BLOCKS

Based on sizes AAC blocks are divided into two types.

1.600200200 2.600100200.

ADVANTAGES OF AAC BLOCKS:

1. Light weight saves cost and transportation problems.
2. Larger sizes of blocks allows faster masonry work.
3. Fire resistant.
4. ACC blocks long last than normal bricks.

CHECK FOR BLOCK WORK AT THE SITE:

1. Check for adequate tools: spirit level, straight edge, plumb bobs, block cutting machine

39
 Tape, tube level etc.
2. Check for measuring box/ mechanical mixer for gauging mortar.
3. Check for adequate wetting of the blocks.
4. Check for thickness of wall.
5. Check for dimension and diagonal of the rooms.
6. Check for right angle of the adjacent wall.
7. Check for openings doors and windows.
8. Check for hacking of the R.C.C. surfaces.
9. Check for marking of the layers on the walls.
10. Check for the FFL (floor finish level) + 1.00 m level mark for inspection.
11. Check for curing for a minimum period of 7 days.

INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR BLOCKS:

IS 2185: 1979 concrete masonry units (part 1: hollow and solid light weight concrete Blocks and part
3: autoclaved cellular aerated concrete blocks)

WATER PROOFING
In building construction, waterproofing is a fundamental aspect of creating a building envelope,
which is a controlled environment. The roof covering materials, siding, foundations, and all of the
various penetrations through these surfaces must be water-resistant and sometimes waterproof.
Roofing materials are generally designed to be water-resistant and shed water from a sloping roof,
but in some conditions, such as ice damming and on flat roofs, the roofing must be waterproof. Many
types of waterproof membrane systems are available, including felt paper or tar paper with asphalt or
tar to make a built-up roof, other bituminous waterproofing, ethylene propylene diene monomer
EPDM rubber, hypalon, polyvinyl chloride, liquid roofing, and more.

Walls are not subjected to standing water, and the water-resistant membranes used as house wraps
are designed to be porous enough to let moisture escape. Walls also have vapor barriers or air
barriers. Damp proofing is another aspect of waterproofing. Masonry walls are built with a damp-
proof course to prevent rising damp, and the concrete in foundations needs to be damp-proofed or
waterproofed with a liquid coating, basement waterproofing membrane (even under the concrete slab
floor where polyethylene sheeting is commonly used), or an additive to the concrete.

Within the waterproofing industry, below-ground waterproofing is generally divided into two areas:
Tanking:
This is waterproofing used where the below-ground structure will be sitting in the water table
continuously or periodically. This causes hydrostatic pressure on both the membrane and structure,
and requires full encapsulation of the basement structure in a tanking membrane, under slab and
walls.
Damp proofing:
This is waterproofing used where the water table is lower than the structure and there is good free-
draining fill. The membrane deals with shedding of water and the ingress of water vapour only, with
no hydrostatic pressure. Generally, this incorporates a damp proof membrane (DPM) to the walls
with polythene DPM under slab. With higher grade DPM, some protection from short-term

40
Hydrostatic pressure can be gained by transitioning the higher quality wall DPM to the slab
polythene under footing, rather than at the footing face.

6.5. PLASTERING:

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster, such as a layer of plaster on an
interior or exterior wall structure, or plaster decorative mouldings on ceilings or walls. This is also
sometimes called targeting. The process of creating plasterwork, called plastering or rendering, has
been used in building construction for centuries.

Internal plastering
The first coat or rendering is from 12-15mm thick, and is mixed in the proportions of from one part
of cement to six parts.
The finishing or setting coat is about 3-5 mm thick, and is worked with a hand float on the surface of
the rendering, which must first be well wetted and is mixed in the proportion of form one part
cement to four parts of sand.

External plastering
Stucco is a term loosely applied to nearly all kinds of external plastering, whether composed of lime
or of cement. At the present time it has fallen into disfavour, but in the early part of the 19th century
a great deal of this work was done. Cement has largely superseded lime for this work. The principal
varieties of stucco are common, rough, towelled and bastard.

Ceilings
Stilts are often required to plaster most ceilings and it is typically harder to lay-on and work than
walls. For short ceilings one can also work with milk crates. The difficulty of working upside down
often results in plaster bombs splattering on the floors, walls and people below.

This is why smooth ceilings, that use no retardant and sometimes even accelerant, are done before
the walls. Retarded plaster can easily be scraped off a smooth plaster wall when wet. Any splatters
from a smooth ceiling can easily be scraped off bare blue board but not from an already plastered
wall. Care must be taken when standing under your trowel or another plasterer.

The general difficulty of working a smooth ceiling fetches a higher cost. The technique is the same
as a smooth wall but at an awkward angle for the plasterer.

6.6. Manufacture of the concrete

In the manufacture of concrete, it is almost important to ensure that a concrete of predetermined

proportion is continuously placed in position in such a way that each batch almost like the other
batches as far as possible.

Mixing of concrete: Mixing of concrete may be carried out by hand or machine (by using a
mechanical mixture) but the mixing by machine is always preferred.

41
 (i)Mixing by hand: - In this, mixing carried out by hand on a clean, hard and water tight
platform. Firstly, cement, sand, aggregate is mixed by hand with the help of the shovel and a
desired quantity of the water added to it and mixes properly. This type of mixing carried out in
the small work and unimportant work.
(ii) Mixing in machine: The machine used for mixing concrete is known as mechanical
concrete mixer.
There are two main type of concrete mixer is commonly use namely:
Continuous mixers: These are used in massive construction such as dams, bridges, etc., which
involve the use of large masses of concrete and also required the continuous flow of concrete

Batch mixer: It is most commonly used and consisting of a revolving drum with blades or baffles
inside it. In batch mixer, all the material of desired proportioned mix is fed into the hopper of the
revolving drum on being rotated at a certain speed mixes the material with the aid of a series of
blades providing inside, the resulting mix is finally discharged from the drum and conveyed for used.

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

Concrete mix design is the science of deciding relative proportions of ingredients of concrete, to
achieve the desired properties in the most economical way. With advent of high-rise buildings and
pre-stressed concrete, use of higher grades of concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised
IS 456-2000 advocates use of higher grade of concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for
durability considerations. With advent of new generation admixtures, it is possible to achieve higher
grades of concrete with high workability levels economically. Use of mineral admixtures like fly ash,
slag, met, kaolin and silica fume have revolutionized the concrete technology by increasing strength
and durability of concrete by many folds. Mix design of concrete is becoming more relevant in the
above-mentioned scenario. However, it should be borne in mind that mix design when adopted at site
should be implemented with proper understanding and with necessary precautions.

Advantages of mix design

Mix design aims to achieve good quality concrete at site economically.

I. Quality concrete means

Better strength
Better imperviousness and durability
Dense and homogeneous concrete

6.7. Economy in cement consumption:

a) It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with the help of concrete mix
design. In fact, higher the grade of concrete more are the savings. Lower cement content also results
in lower heat of hydration and hence reduces shrinkage cracks.
b) Best use of available materials: Site conditions often restrict the quality and quantity of ingredient
materials. Concrete mix design offers a lot of flexibility on type of aggregates to be used in mix
design. Mix design can give an economical solution based on the available materials if they meet the
basic IS requirements. This can lead to saving in transportation costs from longer distances.

42
c) Other properties: Mix design can help us to achieve form finishes, high early strengths for early
de-shuttering, concrete with better flexural strengths.

6.8. Mix design

Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because, it can be designed for strength ranging
from M10 (10 Mpa) to M100 (100 Mpa) and workability ranging from 0 mm slump to 150mm
slump.
In all these cases the basic ingredients of concrete are the same, but it is their relative proportioning
that makes the difference.
Basic Ingredients of Concrete: -

1. Cement It is the basic binding material in concrete.

2. Water It hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable.
3. Coarse Aggregate It is the basic building component of concrete.
4. Fine Aggregate Along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and fills the voids in the coarse
aggregates.
5. Admixtures They enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of strength, workability,
setting properties, Imperviousness etc. Concrete needs to be designed for certain properties in the
plastic stage as well as in the hardened stage.
Properties desired from concrete in plastic stage: -
Workability
Cohesiveness
Initial set retardation
Properties desired from concrete in hardened stage: -
Strength
Imperviousness

6.9. Durability
Concrete mix design is the method of correct proportioning of ingredients of concrete, in order to
optimize the above properties of concrete as per site requirements. In other words, we determine the
relative proportions of ingredients of concrete to achieve desired strength & workability in a most
economical way.
Nominal Mix Concrete
The wide use of concrete as construction materials has led to the use of mixes of fixed proportion,
which ensures adequate strength. These mixes are called nominal mixes. They offer simplicity and
Under normal circumstances, has margin of strength above that specified. Nominal mix concrete
may be used for concrete of grades M5, M 7.5, M10, M15 and M20.
Proportions of Ingredients in Nominal Mixes:
The proportions of materials for nominal mix shall be in accordance Grade Proportions.
M5 - 1: 5:10
M7.5 - 1:4:8
M10 - 1:3:6
M15 - 1:2:4
M 20 - 1:1.5:3

43
 M25 - 1:1:2
M30, M35, M40 Design mix followed.

6 .1.1 Utility and others

Plumbing Features: Plumbing features are installed and checked in every point by applying water
pressure. Most of the pipes are made of plastic. The gases lines are installed though in most
of the project have not the connection yet.

ELECTRIC FEATURES:

Fig 6.1.1MAIN PANEL BOARDS Fig 6.1.2ELECTRIC WIRES IN SWITCH BOARD

Paint- The painting process they followed is as such:

a. The plastered surface is first rubbed by stone. Then by grinding paper .

b. Then the sealer is applied or a mixture of 1 bags chalk powder + 1 gallon enamel +1/2 litre
plastic paint is applied.
c. Then the paint is applied.

They have used distemper for inner wall and weather coat for outer wall of three coats.
Tiles: Tiles generally used-

Homogeneous / mirror polish tiles for floor.

Ceramic tiles on the outer wall.

Some tiles making sounds indicate void space beneath the tiles. These types of tiles should be
removed and replaced .But in general they dont replace it.

6.1.2. Administration and safety:

According to the companys law they always hang on a placard in a place which can be seen easily,
in which safety measures are written.

44
 It is found that though the labour knows about the safety measure, they dont follow them
strictly all the time.
There is no progress chart/ work dairy in any construction site.

6 .1.3. Time and progress Aspect of project

Progress Control of your project is arguably the most important project management control activity
needed to achieve the projects objectives. In its most basic form, Progress control is associated with
the managed completion of all activities required to successfully implement your project and to
realize the benefits expected of it.

Only when you have completed all the necessary planned activities will you truly complete your
project.
Everything else stems from completing activities:

Time by completing activities within the planned time, the overall completion date of the
project will be met.
Money by completing activities within the planned time helps assure associated areas of the
cost budget are not exceeded. Only when an activity has been completed fully can you draw a
line under its actual cost, with certainty.
Risk only when an activity is fully completed can any risks associated with its
implementation be considered fully mitigated.
Resources only when an activity has been fully completed, can its resources be efficiently
reassigned to subsequent scheduled tasks.

6.1.4 Administration

SUSHEE REALITY CONSTRUCTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS is a well organized construction

firm. They always try to update their administrative polices to give effective services.
SUSHEE REALITY CONSTRUCTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS has presently following departments:

a. Design
b. Management
c. Construction and purchase
d. Marketing

Their Responsibilities are give below:

Design:

To prepare an architectural design for the proposed project as per the demand of land owner.
Then the design is sent to the structural engineer
After getting the structural design, if there is any recommendations for changing the design,
they change the design accordingly .

45
 Then the design is sent to the concerned authority for approval.

Management:

To select a suitable land.

Consulting with the land owner about the terms and conditions followed by their company
and negotiate with the land owner about the price.
To inquiry about the essential certificates and reports and justify them correctly.
To see all the legal aspect of the project.
Make a rough cost estimation report for the project.

Construction and purchase:

To observe the whole construction work, if it is running according to the schedule.

Inspect the project regularly
Ensures the supply of materials on demand.

Marketing

Advertising the company in the available media.

Deal with the buyers

To describe the terms and condition in detail with the buyer

Convince the buyer showing the higher facilities of the proposed project.
Handover the project to the buyer after completing

Engineering Ethics

Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honour and dignity of the engineering profession by

Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment.
Being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients.
Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering.
Supporting the profession and technical societies of their disciplines, Engineers should follow
the following code of ethics:
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall
strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of
their professional duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner
4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents
or trustees and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall
not complete unfairly with others.

46
 Chapter 7

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

7.1 ESTIMATE AND COSTING OF THE BUILDING:

Estimation of Quantity:

In Square Feet In Square Metres

(Sqft) ( Sq.M)

Total area of the

Building in ground 3478.00 3478/10.6 = 325.4
floor

Parking area 220.00 220/10.6 = 22.44

Plinth area= 34780.00-

Total area- Parking area 220.00=34560.00 34560/10.6 = 304.96

Estimation of Cost:
Plinth area in Sq meters Cost per Sq Total cost of the Ground Floor
m = Plinth area * Cost

304.96 Rs 3000.00 304.96*3000 = 914880

47
 Percent in Cost of respective Items
Various Items cost of (In Rupees)
building

Architectural treatment 2% 2/100 * 914880 = 18298 .00

5% 5/100 * 914880 = 45750.00

Water Supply and
sanitary

Internal electrical 20% 20/100* 914880 = 182976.00

installation

6% 6/100 * 914880 = 54893.00

Other services

Super vision charge 9% 9/100* 914880 = 109512.00

Contingencies 10% 10/100 * 914880 = 121680.00

Total cost of building in 1829.00+45750.00+182976.00+54893.00+

ground floor 109512.00+121680.00+914880 = Rs 1447990.00

48
Total area of building in ground floor = 325.4sq.meters
Area of parking =20.44sq.meters
Plinth area =325.4-20.44=304.96sq.meters
Cost of building =plinth area*plinth area rate
Plinth area rate is 3000 per Sq m
So cost of building=304.96*3000 =914880.00

For architectural treatment is 2% of cost of building=18298.00

For water supply and sanitary is 5%of cost of building=45750.00
For internal electrical installation is 20 % of cost of building=182976.00
Other services 6% of cost of building =54893.00
Total cost =12, 16,800.00
Super vision charge is 9% of cost of building =1, 09,512.00
Contingencies is 10 % of total cost =121680.00
Total cost of building= Rs14, 47,990/-

49
 Chapter 9

CONCLUSION

The aim of a civil engineer is to plan and design various types of structures. This will not be possible
unless he involves himself in ground oriented tasks. A project engineer is mostly responsible for
implementing the structural design on ground. He needs to have depth of knowledge and
foresightedness so that his project does not stuck up for material scarcity, manpower any special
equipment or any other project related problem like requirement of dewatering in an excavation pit.
This should be also theoretically covered along with practical orientation. So SUSHEE REALITY
CONSTRUCTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS helped us immensely in gathering knowledge of project
management.
We have obtained a detailed knowledge in various aspects like construction
methodologies, planning, usage of materials, proper management of time and administration. And
also the estimation of our project is done by approximate method and total cost was obtained as
Rs14, 47,990/- for the area of 304.96 Sq.m, which is economical in the particular site.

50