myF 4

EQf czit v jh bra 4.4

L mgha Niy csJ. uL fzho FLitfis
lghf milj, gjLj, vLJbfhL A, B vd
F%Lj, iu btnaWj, FJbfhs. fhf
gjgLfis gagLJj, ff, cz ffis
btggLJj, bfhfitj, FLit nghL _ol.
cyJj nghwit EQ sho JLf, cnyhf
fis fLgLJ tKiwf JLfis FLit B- nghL
_o l. vd fwJ? vd
MF.
ftdKl cWnehF.
o, lghf milj gh gjLj vwh vd?
rahd lghfis nj brJ gh gjLj vgJ ghiy
mt cs Ufis Rj ghJfhF Kiwf xwhF.
bra ntL. cz gjgL ghiy 72 bronuL btgiy
fshd, f, nrhoa bgnrhna, 30 lfSF btggLl
vbz, my nghwtiw cldoahf 12 bronuLF
Ff ntL. mthW br
VnjD xU gjgLa czl
nghJ EQf mfgL,
ma

nrJ fhW fh tz milJ beigf milfgLwJ.

Kiu lntL. braKiwah gh Rit
kW ju nghwtiw lneu
ghJfhf ttFwJ.
mfWj: fLgLjgl
NH , iw, fhff
cL Na x fhaitjh
<ujik mfwgL EQf
tstJ jfgLwJ.
4.5. kjDF
EQfSF
ilnas bjhl
ghbfLf milJ rkiy, rkiyik kW gaf
itfgl Mgh l neu
cy cs midJ bghU
bfLnghtiy. V?
fS grjfsh Mdit. mit
ghiy gjgLJtjh gh y, , beU, fhW, Mfha.
bflhk ghJfhghf csJ.
kj th ma ts
xUnru ts milJ bfhnl
, iw, fhffis tUwJ. Kija fhyf
cL Nax fha kj bga FGf thjJ
itgnj?
mf gaDsjhf UjJ. v
196
 EQf

flUJ jik jfhJ jifa fLgLJ KiwF

bfhs, izJ bragl ca fLghL vW bga.
bjhla kjFy W gy ku bgha EQf gF
uidfis vnehsJ. ituf kubgha
m Kjyhtjhf nehf gagLjgLwd. mit ku
bfhLik, kfbjhif bgUf jftiy xU brUJ kbwhU
kW Niy khRgLj Mad brYF vLJ brY wid
mlF. bgwjh Fnsh thfdkhf
iwa NH eh gy bragL ku bghU _ykhf
nehjL, kUJt nritfis kUJt gagLwJ.
bgUjhY fhy flJlJ. ituf ca M
Vbdwh, Kdjhfnt eh gy fUahf gagLwJ. Vbd,
nehfSl thJ bfhLnsh. mj va clyik kW cldo
mjdh ghJfh Kiwf, wj dbgUfKkhF.
kUJt nritf kW r_f njitahd R , ~
ca nfhghLf nghwtiw bgWtjF ghOa
mtakhwd. Unjhfshd v.nfh ngy,
r_f ca

ma
r_f ca vgJ kj
vthW jhtuf, yFf, kw
kjfnshL vgo thwh?
it xbthiw vthW
ghJfhwh? vgij g
mtjhF.
kj EQfis ga ghOah ouhl
mit JbfhS wid
mf tsJ bfhLsh.
trhaJiw, kts, kUJt
Jiw, bjhJiw kW ku
bgha nghw Jiwf wj
Kndw fLsh.
ca fLghoF EQ
f gagLwJ. vthW?
ngy J nghw y
ghOah iz Kiw
ngy tif ghOahf
tzJ kW mijrhj
df Gfis
mwd. UD ghOah
kw jhtufisnah yFfisnah
jhfhk, gfis jhF
fis kL fLgLJwd.
ghOah a khw
197
 myF 4

ro kW bunlhik ms FiwwJ. jdh

nghwit mKfgLjgLsd. Niy cs cdf
iz Kiw tskhd KGtJkhf mfgLwd.
fhuia bfhL tH br fF nuhnfr vW
uoghj eilbgWwJ. bga.
aif, ghOah gtsghiwf wJLtjh
rhW ghOahf kW iHF ghOahf cUth
irf wj jhtu yF wd. kUJtkid mWit
clyfis ijwd. mit ir muff Rjkhd
thf kW cfis t Niy yho iHF
klyY kY bt ghOahf bgUfkilwd.
Lwd. Mfnt, ghOah, mWit ir ff, kUJt
irfis aif Juthsf kid ff kiH nrflkhd
vW miHnwh. ghOahfshd iyf, V, Fs, MWgLif
iunrha, mrnlhngl, sho f bfhlgLtjh bjhWneh
oa Mad thklyYs cf bgUf fhuzkhwJ.
ieu#id iygLJwd. neha vgJ jhtuf,
jF ieu# iygLJj yFf, kjfSF
ma

vW bga. EQfsh VgL nehfis

cnfhs fhzgL nt mj fhuzfis g m
bghUf RH mjhtJ cd ma MF.
fSF RW NHYF ilna EQfnshL izJ
eilbgW RHna c- RH kj j kahd, wghd
vdgL. thF trhaY bjh
Mfh ky rhiyY Mnuhakhd khwij
y Niyf ky bfhL tuntL. eh aif
VgLwJ. Mfhf mlahf nahL eg fshf Ujh vfhy
tsU iy ky vdgL. xkakhdjhf mik vgJ
t tsah M# z.

Mfh ky

198
 EQf

kjf njitia jisghu nkhiu

bra Toa msF itjh bfLL. V?
midJ tsfS csd. xU ehSF nk lh
Mdh, kj nguhiria mfKs cz bghUfis
bra my. miw btgiy itjh
- kfhkh fh bfLL. V?
bjhl bra
xU FLgfhf fhiy czF uL buhof thfgld,
thal xiw Frhjdbgo itJL kbwh ghia
rhLL ghia Frhjdbgo itjd. mtf gJ ehf
bt brWL Uad. buhofis ghjnghJ x irf
tsUgij kbwh tsuhk Ugij fld. vj buho
yhk UUF? V? fhuzfis Muhf.

kL
1. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

ma
m)  kyah Niy bjhF KGtJkhf mfgLwJ.
fF ----- vdgL. (nuhnfr / gh gjLj)
M) fl EQf vit jngia cUthF ------
(vlgh lhofh / shnkhoa itth / shnkhoa
ghnghu)
)ghiy 72O bronuL btgiy 30 lfSF btggL
cldoahf 12O bronuLF Ff ntL. mthW
brnghJ EQf mfgLwJ, ghJfhfgLwJ. j
Kiw bga vd? ( btnaWj / gh gjLj )
<) ntKL ghoah ieu#id k iyeho ktsij 
bgUFwJ. j bga vd?
(mrnlhghl / iunrha / shooa)
2. cdf cUt gyjik bgWsd. Fl msyhd
df ekJ ffSF bjtiy. mtiw TL
Enzh _ynk ghfKo. y cdfis TL
Enzh _ynk ghf Kotjh mtiw vtifahd mydh
msf?
3. irf gira fhzgLtiy. mjdh xnrif
bra ayhJ. vdnt, mit cUs kW cuw bghUfisna
rhJsd. irf Utif czlij bgaLf.

199
 myF 4

4. bjhWnehf midJ F isgit. it xU kjlUJ

kbwhUtUF neuoahfnth / kiwKfkhfnth bjh bfhwd.
fhzgL nehf gu fhuzkhd _yfis vGJf.
m) fhyuh, ilghL M) knyah
5. rfiu fiur, MfAh kW fhg-ilMirlhf khw
milwJ. fF behj vW bga. vtifahd EQ
jifa fF fhuz vd TWf.
6. m) fhQ EQ mikid ghJ mj bgaiu vGj.

M. ghOah gl tiuJ fl ghffis Ff.

ma

m) fir iH M) igyf ) brRt

<) irnlhshr v) wr
7. iwa cy gy bjhrhiyf EQf braghLfis
rhJsd. vLJfhlhf Mrh my. mbgy ief
vw ir behj brayh jahfgLwJ. ijngh
ghOahit gagL jahF bghUf ulid TWf.
mtiw jahf cj ghOah bgaid FLf.
8. trhf isyf kW njhlfis ghOah, irf
kW ituf bgUks jh iHgjh gfSF nehf
VgLwd. VnjD xU ghOah, ir kW itu nehfis
vGJf.

nkY ma
f 
Biology Oxford A modern introduction,
B.S. Beckett -Oxford university press second Edition.
 Biology- Wallace, Sanders and Ferl -
Harper collins college publishers.
izajs
www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/micro organism.
200
 myF 5

eik Rs jkf
kW nrkf
 myF 5

5. eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

vdgh, vd rh
W brhf?
gh J 100
vts rjj
fy a gh!
Jsh?

5.1. a bghUf tiff

nkny cs ciuahliy goJ a bghUis vthW bjJ
ghf. a gh kW a bfhf?
vw brhfis mofo gagLJ
xU bghU ml, cUFiy,
nwhkh? f a vD
ma

brhiy nfL afsh? xyf v, flJw

kW ghajik nghw gfis
rhjhuzkhd kjf f
itJ xUt a bghUis bjJ
nzhl xU a bghU vgJ
bfhsyh. mgobawh, a
fyglkw bghUis Fgnj MF.
vLJfhlhf, eh RthF bghUis vthW tiuaWf?
fhW ikawJ, njngh eh aa Kiw f Koahj
mUJ gh ikawJ. y
iyahd ia kW iyahd
rkaf eKila mDgt
gfis bgUgnj a
a gUbghUfis vbfhs
neL. mj iy xnu xU bghUshF.
bghUis bgwnj ajhF. eh
rhwhf iu vLJ bfhlh
ehnjhW gagLJ f
mJ xU tkly mGj
fhg csJ. mnjnghW thiy
to, a rfiu, rika nrhlh 100C bfhwJ kW 0C
nghwit a bghUfshF. ciwwJ. gntW _yfUJ
bgwgl a uL iAu#
kW X M# kL csd.
eh RthF fhW abghU tiw aa Kiwf f
mW. Mdh, mJ gntW
KoahJ.
thf fyitahF.
gh vgJ k bfhG, uj mago, xU jk (v.fh.
kW nrj fyitahF. U) myJ nrk (v.fh. rhjhuz
c) a bghUshF.
202
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

bra 5.1
a bghUf vd fUJ
VnjD Ijid goa Lf.
1. ________
2. ________
3. ________
4. ________
5. ________
gl: 1 gl: 2

5.2. jk vwh vd? uila ngh njhwkwd.

xikgLj tfis jkf
bra 5.2 vd fUjyh.
mil F cs vGJ gntW mPf jkij
fis kh rahd brhyhf g Ta fUJfis nghJ
mikf.
ghfyh.

ma
1. brY FHh ________M
vj xU a bghUis
(U) cUthdJ.
aa myJ nta
2. f ________M(gfh) Kiwdh nkY f
cUthdJ. Koahnjh mbghUns
3. eh m mfyf ____ jkkhF. (gh TW)
M (fj) cUthdit.
vj xU bjhlf iyYs
4. eh RthF fh _______ gUbghUis a bghUshf
(#M) csd. cilf Koahnjh mJ
5. yf ________ (gfh) jkkhF. (ytha)
csJ. xnu tif mQfsh
nkny khaikfgLs Mditna jkkhF. (jfhy
brhfshd fhg, jf, U, mQ bfhif)
fhg, M# Mad ehnjhW
e th gagLJtdthF.
jk fa Jffns
itna jkf vW
mQfshF.
miHfgLwd.
xnu tif myJ btntW tif
glij ghUf. vd
mQf iw mogil,
mf? gl(1) jahf
xU Fl j nrJ
xU Wt Uwh. gl(2)
cUthdit _yTWf MF.
Wtf Ut ghgjF

203
 myF 5

v Rl tYtilj

v Rl
iAu# M#
t nghw
iAu#, ieu#, M#, fzho
fhg, mYa, jf, bt
nghwit jkfSF bkF MirL
rhWfshF. xU ifas rg,
rg mQf kL csd. fhg
f fhg mQf kL
csd.
vdnt, xnu tif mQfsh a bghUshd bkFia
cUthdit jkf MF. M#id jUwJ. bghUis
khWgl jkf mQf nkY nta Kiw f
ma

xwhf UfhJ. vLJfhlhf ayhJ. vdnt, bkF

fhg kW btia xLif M#D jkfshF.
mt mQf khWgl bkF MirL bkF + M#
gUkds kW cflik (jk) (jk)
bgUgij fhzyh.
bra 5.4
bra 5.3
fzho wf js
fzho FHh js btik w t FnshiuL
bkF MirL vLJ bfhs. vLJ bfhs. fzho
Kj nyrhf, d fLik
wfiy Jneu Nax
ahf r Rl btggLj.
gLgo itf. vd
nrhjid FHhia cWnehf.
nrhjidFHh cgF fhf?
nkgu t nghw fzho goff bkJthf rhg
cUthtij fhzKo. d v wkhwd. Nax Kiy
Rliu nrhjid FHh Kid t FnshiuL ijW t
fhl. v Rl nkY tYtilJ kW Fnshid jUwJ vgJ
vtij bfhL M# bt M _y magLwJ.
tUtJ cW bragLwJ. UJ
f vd bjJ bfhf? t Nax
FnshiuL t + Fnsh
( rhg w) (gRikfyj
bkF MirL nghw (btik)
kr w)
fyhd bghU ijW (jk) (jk)
204
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

2.1 M#
3.6 2.8 2.6 2.5
fh
5
8.1 46.6 mYa
U
fha
Na x 27.7
nrhoa
bghlha
bka
t FnshiuL
ju jkf

aif cs jkf
wf

njngh f t bra 5.5

nuhikL gagL brJ ghUf. nkYs tiuglUJ mf
t Nax fhzgL jkij cfsh
nuhikL t + nuh
( rhg w) ( brgG fla Kowjh?
(bt kr)
w)
(jk) 5.2.2.e cl fhzgL
(jk)

ma
5.2.1. aif vjid jkfis g
jkf csJ vd vnghjhtJ idjJ
bjJbfhnthkh? clh?
Jtiu W gbdL kj cl iw VwjhH 99
jkf(118) flagLsd. MW jkfshY (M#, fhg,
tW 92 jkf aifY iAu#, ieu#, fha,
jKs 26 jkf Mtf ghgu) ju 1 kw jkfshY
braif KiwfY jahf
cUthdJ:
gLwd. Jtiu 112 jkf
kLnk IUPAC (International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry) mfhu M#
tkhf FpL btl
gLsd. fhg

gu jj iy iAu#
myJ izj iy Vuhskhf ieu#
fhzgL gntW jkis g
mnth. fha

mf ms cs jk ghgu
M#D mjF mLjhngh w jkf
UgJ fDkhF. uL
jkfS nrJ eh _W
gF csd. ekJ cl cs jkf

205
 myF 5

midJ cUs jhtufS, rhuij eF fljToa

yFfS y jkfsh kW x vGgToa gfis
cUthdit MF. mit: bgWsd.
M# 65, fhg 18, v.fh. fhg, jf, bt, U
iAu# 10, ieu# 3, nghwit.
fha 2 tWl kw mnyhff : VwjhH 16 myJ 17
jkfS mlF. jkf kLnk mnyhffshF.
ml, f cs it bkikahd gsgs
Kakhd jkf iAu# jikaw, jflhf mof Koahj,
kW akhF. fahf l Koahj, rhuij
fljhj, xia vGghj gfis
5.2.3. aa iy bgWsd.
jkf tifghL v.fh. iAu#, M#, fhg,
aa iyia mogilahf rg nghwitahF.
bfhL eh mj jkfis cnyhfnghf : y jkf
k, k, th vd tifgLjyh. kL cnyhf nghfshF. it
k : miw btgiy cnyhf gfis mnyhf
ma

bkF kW nuh, 30C gfis bgWsd.

a, fha Mait kkhf v.fh. nghuh, f, brkha
Uwd. nghwitahF.
th: iAu#, ieu#, M
#, Fnsh, ~q, a,
ah, Mfh, lh, uhlh, cs 20 GfhL M#
brdh Mait th iy mnkrh fho cUthwJ.
Uwd. xU (m) njfuo jfij
k: jKs jkf 80 nyhl(50 ik) sF
midJ kkhF. v.fh. fhg, fahf l Ko.
fhg, nfhL nghwit. ekJ cl cs fhg
msit bfhL 9000 bgYF
5.2.4. gf mogil ik ugyh.
jkf tifghL
itu Kidia bfhL
jkfis mt gfis btl Koahj bghUis Tl
mogilahf bfhL cnyhf, caa ththd brdh nyriu
mnyhf, cnyhfnghf vd gagL btlKo.
tifgLjyh. xU ruhr kj cl
cnyhff : 92 jkf 72 250uh c csJ.
jkf cnyhffshF. it mf cUFiyia bfhl
fodkhdit, gsgsghdit. jflhf (3410C) cnyhf lldhF.
mof, fahf l aY.
206
 mwhl th jkf ga - Mtjd mltiz

207
eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

ma
 myF 5

bra 5.6 5.2.5. V FpLf?

Mtjd mltizia ga xbthU nta khwij
gL thf gafis mj va Kiw ntid rk
gho _y Flyh. nta
1. Hh fhyfnghJ
khwid bghU bgaiu itJ
gf (Balloons) uggL
sFtJ fod. vdnt, jk
th ______.
fSF FpLf mtakhwd.
2. xU sF (flash light)
FpL vwh vd?
cUthf gagL th ______.
xUtUila bga, eho bga
3. sguf gagL xU nghwtiw RUa to
FH sFf (advertising gagLJj ekF gHfgl
sign) gagL th ______. brayhF. eh idbl l
4. ll (tungsten) sFf vgij U.K. vW, idbl
uggL th ______. nl M~ mbkfhit U.S.A
vW RU miHgJ tHf. l
5. ml cs th ______.
bgaiu vGJtij fhoY RUa
6. mf xuToa sFf totij gagLJtnj ekF
ma

(high intensity lamp) cs th f trahdJ. mnjngh FpL

______. xU jk bgaiu Fl
7. cfSila gfis tikahf gagLwJ.
itUf ggir (tooth FpL vgJ xU jkij
paste) gagLjgL th ____. FF va totkhF.
8. r Fsij (swimming pool) jkf FpLf ga
Rjkhf itUf gagL tuyhiw eh mJ bfhsyh.
th ______.
nuf FpLf
9. Wnehia FzgLj gHfhy nuff y,
gagL faf jiks , fhW, beU Ma ehF
(radioactive) th ______. jkfSF bjhlf fhy
10. t kly 21% k toa totfis
cs th ______. FpLfshf gagLd.
urth FpLf
Mbfo fhy gntW
bghUf tiugl FpLf
FlgoUjd.

f Mr Mok

208
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

gHfhy nta jkf bga FpL

mPf Uig jfkhf
khw Ko vW edhf. nghuh (Boron) B
thW khW fiy mbf fhg (Carbon) C
vW miHfgLwJ. j ~q (Fluorine) F
fiyPf mbfLf myJ iAu# (Hydrogen) H
urthfvWmiHfgLwd. mnaho (Iodine) I
ieu# (Nitrogen) N
lhl FpLf M# (Oxygen) O
1808 #h lhl vw mP ghgu (Phosphorus) P
jkf bgafis tiugl rg (Sulphur) S
FpL _y Fl Kawh. btndoa (Vanadium) V
nua (Uranium) U

2. xU jk cs Kj
M# iAu# ieu# vGijngh kbwhU jkY
Ujh, mjk Kj
vGJ, My bga bga Kj
vGjhY (capital letter), ulh

ma
bkF fhg U
vGJ My bga a
nkFl FpLf vGjhY (small letter) nrJ
tiutjF fodkhf, gagL Fplhf vGjgLwJ.
JtjF tryhkY Ujd.
vdnt, lhl FpLf tuyhW jkf bga FpL
KaJt thj nghY Al
mYa (Aluminium)
gagLj ayhk nghd. Ba
nga (Barium)
bga FpLf bga (Beryllium) Be
#h n#f bga 1813 k (Bismuth) Bi
My vGJfis gagLJ nuh (Bromine) Br
Kiwia ttFjh. nkY kw nfhgh (Cobalt) Co
tiugl FpLfis fhoY fha (Gallium) Ga
vGJfis gagL vGJtJ a (Helium) He
vJ vW thjh. jkfS a (Lithium) Li
ila Fpil khF Kiw ah (Neon) Ne
vw jiy U mikf fh (Silicon) Si
gl bga Kiw nH bfhLf
gLsJ. 3. xU jkYs Kj uL
vGJfS kbwhU jk Kj
jkfSila Fpil
uL vGJfS xwhf U
khF Kiw
jh, mjk My bga
1. bghJthd jkf (Ka khd Ys Kj vGJl ulhtJ
mnyhff) My bga vGnjh _whtJ vGnjh
Kj vGJ Fplhf ga nrJ Fplhf gagLjgLwJ.
gLjgLwJ.
209
 myF 5

jkf bga FpL y /

jkf nuf FpL
bga
Mfh (Argon) Ar bga
Mr (Arsenic) As nrhoa nea Na
Fnsh (Chlorine) Cl bghlha nfa K
Fnuha (Chromium) Cr U ~bgu Fe
fhg Fu Cu
fha (Calcium) Ca
t mb#l Ag
fha (Cadmium) Cd
nfhL Mu Au
bka (Magnesium) Mg bkF iAuhu Hg
khfR (Manganese) Mn by sg Pb
o nld Sn
4. y jkfYs FpLf Mok oa Sb
nuf bga mogil ll c~gu W
mikfgLsd.
ma

jkf bgaf Kakhd ehL / fbgw ma mPf /w/

uhzfjhghu/nfhf nghw Kiwfis bfhL bgalgLsd.

bga FpL bga cUthd j

mbka Am mbkfh ehL

nuha Eu Inuhgh ehL

neha No m~u nehg (ma mP)

mnaho I Cjh w

bkF Hg fl bga

qnlha Pu qnlh (nfh)

beoa Np beo (nfh)

nua U nud (nfh)

210
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

FpL vthW vGjgLwJ? jk Fpo KaJt

tU VnjD xU Kiw, xU xU jk FpL czJtJ
jk FpL vGjgLwJ.
jk bgaiu
1. jk Fpo xnu xU
My vGJ kL Ujh, xU jk mQit
mJ bga vG (capital letter)
vGjgl ntL. vLJfhlhf,

2. uL vGJ FpLfis FpL N czJtJ

vGJnghJ, My bga
ieu# vw jk
bga Kj vGY (capital bgaiu
letter), ulhtJ vGJ My
bga a vGY (small xU ieu# mQit
letter) Uf ntL.

FGbraghL 5.7
J xU Rthuakhd isahL. j _y jkf, mt

ma
FpLfis id Twyh. FLs Kiwgo Lf
jahf. xj khztfis bfhL FGfis cUthf.
bra ntoad
jkf bgaf vGjgl 15 Lfis, mjkf
FpLf vGjgl 15 Lfis jahf. F jkf
bga goalgLsJ. (cfSF jkfis bj bra Rjju
csJ)
iAu# fha Mr nrhoa bkF
M# Mfh Fnsh nfhL bka
fhg a Fnuha ma khfR
vthW isahl ntL?
1. 30 Lfis fyf. Lfis jiyHhf fJ gu
jjahf nkir nk itf.
2. isahil bjhlf. isahLgt xbthUtUF 2
Lf vLf th mfgL. isahL uUF rahd
n#ho Lfis vLj isahL u mij jgf itJ
bfhL nkY isahil bjhluyh. vyh LfS vLfgL
tiu isahL bjhlU. mfgr n#ho Lfis itUgtnu
btuuhf fUjgLth. KaW ghUfns!

211
 myF 5

bra 5.8 _yTWf vd miHfgL. xU

cfSila bga vitnaD _yTW Xnrh, _W M#
jkf U mj mQf csd. ij O3 vd
vifia Muhf Ffyh. njngh ghgu (P4 )
kW rg (S8 ) uoF nkgl
rhW 1 xnu tif mQfis bfhLsd.
bga bfsj
My vGJf Gautam
FpoF GaUtAm P S
jFjhngh kh
P P S S S S
vGJf
jkf Ga- fha
P S S S
U- nua
Am- mbka
5.5. nrk vwh vd?
rhW 2 rfiu, c, , kz nghw
bga mU e mwhl th gagLJtd
My vGJf Arun ah nrkf vgJ eh mjnj.
FpoF ArUN mnjngh e cl Wfzfhd
jFjhngh kh nrkfshyhdit. jkf
ma

vGJf
v mlFgit VwjhH 120
jkf Ar- Mfh
vgJ ekF bjjnj. Mdh,
U- nua
nrkfnsh v mlfhjit.
N-ieu#

5.4. jk _yTW
xU jk _yTW uL
myJ mjF nkgl xnu tifahd
mQfis bfhlJ. vLJ
fhlhf xU Fnsh _yT
uL Fnsh mQf csd.
ij Cl2 vd vGjyh. njngh xU
ieu# _yT uL ie ie MirL
u# mQf csd. mij N2 vd
vGjyh. Cl2 kW N2 nghw _y
TWf xnu tifahd mQfis
bfhLsd. it U mQ

Cl Cl
ieu# fhg
il MirL il MirL

212
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

nkFLs glfUJ rg, M#Dl izJ

cfsh nrkid tiuaWf rg-ilMi[L vw wkw th
Kokh? cUthwJ.
uL myJ mjF nkgl S + O2 SO2
jkf xU Fl iw
j izJ nrk (jk) (jk) (nrk)
cUthwJ.
bra 5.10
vLJfhlhf xU nrk.
eF bragl
m uL iAu# mQf
mnaho kW mYaij
kW xU M# mQ 2 : 1 vw
xU fzho gho _o
gUkds myJ 1 : 8 vw iw
vLJbfhs. m 2 myJ
j izJsd.
3 Jf nrf nghJ
uL myJ mjF nkgl rhg fyj fUik w nrk
jkf xU Fl iw cUthtij ghfyh. mJ
j nta Kiw vd? (miwF btna bra)
izJ cUthF abghU
nrk vdgL.
jk + jk nrk

ma
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
2H2 + O2 2H2O

bra 5.9 mYa

xU njfuo js kW
mnaho
rgiu vLJbfhs. mij
btggLj. y w vJ
bfhoUj Rl d bkJthf
FiwwJ. nghJ beoila
thit cfsh czu KowJ.
go ftJ vjdh?
rg mYa
mnahilL

njfuo
mj rhg fyj fUik w
nrk mYa mnahilL MF.
2Al + 3I2 2AlI3
(jk) (jk) (nrk)

213
 myF 5

bra 5.11 2. U rigo cs Uig

fhjij bfhL f
bghoahfgl 7 U,
4 rgiu vLJbfhs.
Kotiy. njngh U
mtiw eF fyf. fyfgl rigo cs rgiu, fhgil
fyitia xU nrhjidFHh rigL fiughid bfhL
vLJbfhL r Rl f KoahJ. Vbd, mYs
btggLj. r RlUJ rg, fhg-ilrigo
nrhjidFHhia btna vLJ fiutiy. vdnt, xU
ftf. mij eF brNoF nrk cs gFbghUfis
btggLj. d, mij aa Kiwgo f ayhJ
Ff. UJ vd vw Koid j_y eh
fhf? cfsh rhg mnwh.
wKs, cila Toa nrkij 3. U, rg cs
fhz Kowjh? mJ vd? fyitia btggLJnghJ
mj rhg w nrk U t w Rl xU. id
rigL MF. nghJ btg btlgL
wJ. UJ eh mtJ,
Fe + S FeS xU nrk cUthFnghJ
ma

(jk) (jk) (nrk) btgij btLjnyh

cRjnyh fwJ.
U 4. a U rigL xU Fl
kW rg btg iy cUFwJ.
vdnt, xU nrk xU Fl
cUFiy kW bfhiyia
bgUwJ.
5. fhjjh U rigL ftu
gLtiy. U rigo j
5.5.1. nrk waf r~ my nrFnghJ
wkw, mGa Kil kzJl
eh nghJ U rigil xU th bttUwJ. j
vLJ bfhL a nrhjidf th iAu# rigL MF.
brtj_y nrk wa mJnt, fhg -ilrigil
fis mJ bfhsyh. nrFnghJ rg fiutiy.
1. U rigo, U rgU UJ U rigL
7 : 4 vw j csd. mjF cjhd gig fhl
UJ eh mtJ uL Koaiy. vdnt, nrk
myJ mjF nkgl jkf gf, mj gF bghUf
xU Fl iw j gfUJ khWgLwd
nta Kiw izJ vgij ma KowJ.
nrkij cUthFwJ.

214
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

6. cUbgUia (Magnifying bra 5.13

lens) bfhL U rigil
rfiu xU nrk vgij
ghFnghJ xUgojhdjhf
rghf.
bjwJ. U Jfnsh
xU nrhjidFHh js
rg Jfnsh bjtiy. vdnt,
rfiuia vLJ bfhs.
nrk xU gojhdJ.
nrhjidFHhia btggLj.
bghGJ cfsh nrkf Kj rfiu cU d
wafis goal Ko. gG wkhf khW.
nkY, btggLJnghJ fU,
bra 5.12 mJ fWghf khWwJ.
nrkf wafis nrhjidFHh
goaLf. cgF ftij fhz.
1 ________________________ a Jf bjtij ghf
KowJ.
2 ________________________
Jf cUthdj
3 ________________________ btggLJtjh Vgldnt
ju fhW Ftiltjh mW.
4 ________________________ vdnt, rfiu ijnw

ma
5 ________________________ cUthsJ vgJ bjwJ.
vs fUik wbghU
6 ________________________ fhgnd.
vdnt, rfiu ijW fhg
5.5.2. nrkf tifghL kW cUthwd.
nrkf, mj _yf iAu#, M# Ma jk
myJ nt gFbghUfis f izJ cUthdJ vgJ
mogilahf bfhL tif eh mjnj.
gLjgLtij g eh bjJ nrhjid_y rfiu xU
bfhsyh. nrk vd bjwJ.

1. fk nrkf
ghiw, jhJf nghw cuw
_yfUJ bgwgL ekF bjj f
nrkf fk nrkf MF. bkikahd bghU lh
rhW: Rzfo, gF, (KfR) MF.
rika nrhlh nghwit.
ciwnghJ mjDila
2. fk nrkf gUk 10% mfkhwJ.
jhtuf, yFf nghw sho bghUf ijw
cUs _yfUJ bgw VwFiwa 50,000 MLf MF.
gL nrkf fk nrkf
MF. rhW: uj, bkGF, iAnuh ~q my
vbz, rfiu nghwit. fzhoia fiuf tyJ.

215
 myF 5

5.5.3 nrkf gaf

ehnjhW e th gagLJ y nrkf gafis mltiz
gLjyh.

bghJbga ntbga gFbghUf gaf

Fouhf kW
iAu# iAu# kW
fiughdhf
MirL M#
gagLwJ.
e mwhl cz
Ka gF twJ.
nrhoa nrhoa kW
rhjhuz c , iw nghwit
FnshiuL Fnsh
bflhk ghJfhf
gagLwJ.

f, lhf,
fhg, iAu#
rfiu Rnuh gHrhWf jahf
kW M#
gagLwJ.
ma

aizF rhjdf,
nrhoa, iAu#,
nrhoa ig ng l jah
buho nrhlh fhg kW
fhgnd nf, buho jah
M#
gagLwJ.
nrh
nrhoa nrhoa, fhg ikahahf
ryit nrhlh
fhgnd kW M# fod iu bkuhf
gagLwJ.
ryit bjhY,
fha
fha, M# U ehahf,
ryit M
kW Fnsh Fo RfY
FnshiuL
gagLwJ.
bk kW
fha fha kW
Rl Rzh fzho jah
MirL M#
gagLwJ.

a fha fha iAu# Rtf btis

Rzh iAuhirL kW M# mogjF gagLwJ.

Rzh fha fha, fhg Rzfo jahf

f fhgnd kW M# gagLwJ.

216
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

5.5.4 nrk _yTW thghL H2O v, m

uL iAu# mQf
uL myJ mjF nkgl
kW M# izJ xU
btntWtif mQf iw
_yTW cUthwJ. xU _yTW
mogil, xU Fl j
uL iAu# mQf
nrJ cUthdit _yTWf
csd vgij Ff H
MF. vLJfhlhf, xU
2 vd FlgLwJ. X mQ
iAu# FnshiuL _yT
kL Ujh 1 vd Fl
xU iAu# mQ kW xU
njitiy vgij ftf.
Fnsh mQ csd. njngh xU
_yT uL iAu# eh tU gl _y
mQf kW xU M# mQ thghL vGj fW bfhsyh.
csd.

Mg
Cl
Na Cl
Cl Cl
H

ma
thghL NaCl thghL MgCl2

H H Ca
Cl
K Cl Cl
5.6. thghL vwh vd?
X mQit FgjF FpL
gagLjgLwJ. mnjngh xU thghL______ thghL_______
jk _yTiw FgjF
thghL gagLjgLwJ.
thghL vgJ xU jk
myJ nrk xU _yT
mls jkf mQ Zn
f vifia FgjhF. Cl
vLJfhlhf H2 vgJ H Cl Cl
iAu# xU _yTwhF. mJ
uL iAu# mQf
izJ cUthsJ. thghL _____ thghL ______

217
 myF 5

5.7. izw vwh vd? vyh jkfS iAu#Dl

iz wid bgUfhJ.
uL iAu# mQf,
X M# mQl izJ vdnt, mJnghw jkf
xU _yTW cUthwJ. xU izwid kw jkfshd
iAu# mQ, xU Fnsh Fnsh myJ M#id
mQ izJ xU _yTW bfhL tiuaWfyh. Vbd,
iAnuh Fnsh my cU thwJ. bgUghyhd jkf Fnsh
M# mQF iAu#Dl kW M#Dl izwd.
iz w Fnsh mQit Fnshid mogilahf bfhl
fhoY mf. J vgo csJ izw
vwh y, gyUl egfshf
Fnsh izw xW
Ughf. Mdh, ntWy xnu
vgjh xU jk X mQl
xU egiu bgUghf.
izaToa Fnsh mQf
btntW jkf mQf vifna mjk iz
izJ nrkf cUthwd. w vW tiuaWfgLwJ.
nrkf _yTWf clhF
nghJ mQf xU iyahd
jny izwd. Vbd,
ma

btntW mQf btntW Zn

iz wid bgWsd. Cl
K Cl Cl
xU jk iza Toa
wnd izw MF.
iAu#id mogilahf bfhl K- izw 1 Zn- izw 2
izw
iAu# izw xW
vd akkhf bfhL kw
jkf izw fzl Mg
gLwJ. xU jk izw Cl
Na Cl Cl
vgJ mjk X mQl
iza Toa iAu# mQ
f vif MF.
Na- izw Mg- izw
_______ _______
M#id mogilahf bfhl
izw
M# izw uL
O
Cl
vgjh xU jk X mQl
H
H H
izaToa M# mQf
uo vifna mjk
izw vW tiuaWf
Cl- izw 1 O- izw 2 gLwJ.

218
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

Ca- izw 2 Mg- izw 2 Zn- izw Ba- izw

_______ _______
cnyhff y xWF nkgl izwfis bfhLsd.
vLJfhlhf
FeCl2 Fe izw 2
FeCl3 Fe izw 3
a, ah nghw jkf vj jkJlD iza Toait
my. mjkf izw {akhF.

ma
bra 5.14
Mtjd mltiziabfhL {a izw cs jkfis
goaLf.

bjhl fwYfhf
uju bgaL tiu a jkf myJ fLofgl bjhF
Kiw jahfgl rirFa jkf bgaf mQ
vnfg _W vGJ Fpodh FfgLwd.
vf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
FpL n u b t q p h s o e
bga nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn

bghJthf Kiw jkf bga ium Fia nrf

ntL.
j Kiwia sFtjF mQ v 112 bfhl jkid bgal
vLJbfhnth.
mQ v 1 1 2
bga Un un bium
FpL Uub

219
 myF 5

FGbraghL 5.15
jkf FpLf kW izw nghwtiw f id
TjYfhd crhfkhd isahL J. fl gjidfSnfg
Lfis jahf, xj khztfis bfhL W FGfis
cUthf.
bra ntoait
1. 39 Lf jkf bgaf Flgl ntL. jkf
bga goa nH FfgLsJ.
xbthU jkF 3 Lf jahf.
iAu# fhg bka M#
nrhoa U rg
bghlha by fha Fnsh
bkF

2. 39 LfY jkf FpLf Ffgl ntL. xbthU

jk FpoF 3 Lf jahf.
ma

H Cu Mg O Na Zn Fe S K Pb Ca Cl Hg
3. 2 vW vGjgl 30 Lf jahfgl ntL. 1 vW vGjgl
12 Lf jahfgl ntL. 1, 2 Ma vf jkf
izwfis Fwd.
4. Mf bkhj 120 Lf jah iy Uf ntL.
vthW isahl ntL?
xnu neu 8 isahL uf isahlyh. vyh Lfis
isahLgtfSF gjj ntL. xbthUtUF 15 Lf
ilF. xbthU RY isahL u tU braghLf xiw
brayh.
1. jkf bga, FpL kW izw Mait nrj _W
Lfis xU FGthf nrj ntL.
2. jkJ mU lwkhf cs ulUJ xU il vLf ntL.
mJ muUF FGthf mikjh mij midtU ghF tz
itfntL.
vtnuD rahd FGit fhliyba, mt R xU thig Hf
neL. if itUF Lf midJ FGthf fhlgl iy
isahL Kowjhf fUjgL. iyba, vj u midJ
Lfis gagLUjhnyh j if Fiwj vif
Lfis itUjhnyh mtnu bt uuhf fUjgLth.

220
 eik Rs jkf kW nrkf

kL
1. iAu# kW M# Ma uL jkfsh cUthditna
MF. xU k. Mdh, iAu# kW M# thf.
iAu# v va ToaJ. M# vjYF Jiz.
aizf gagLwJ.
nkFLs jftfUJ tU nffSF g
mf.
m) cs jkf vd?
M) mj jkf vj iy csd?
) iAu# X gig vGJf.
<) M# X gig vGJf.
c) gf mj gFbghUshd M# kW iAu#
gfUJ ntWgLwjh?
2. gho milfgl jkfis gagL _W nrkf
thghil cUthFf.

ma
3. nH monfhL L bfhLfgl nrkf izwidfis
vGJf.
i) H2O ii) KCl iii) Al2O3 iv) Fe2O3 v) CH4

4. bfhLfgl nrkf nta bgafis vGJf.

i) MgO ii) HCl iii) NH3 iv) ZnO v) NaCl

5. tUtdtW vj nfhfUJ jkf cUthdit, vgij

vGj.
m) Snlha M) beoa ) nua
y braKiwfhd nahridf
1. tU bghUfis nrff.
m) rfiu M) rhjhuz c ) <) fhg f
c) bg by C) mgh (ug) v) U
mbghUfis ghJ mj iyf kW njhwij FLf.
221
 myF 5

d mbghUfis vJ jk? vJ nrk? vgij tifgLJf.

2. U, fhg, mYa nghw bghJthd jkf cUthd
bghUfis cdJ o myJ cdJ il Rs gF
ftUgh. mbghUf bga m fhzgL jkf
bga kW FpLfis goaLf.
3. fk gntW tzf kW a _ Ffis gagL
cdF bjj jkf kW nrkf fk khia
mikf.
nrhjid
vLJbfhsgl U, a fhg f kW mLfia
gagL tU nrhjidfis brJ jFj cW nehfiy ()
bra. cWnehf mogil vLJbfhsgl bghUf
cnyhf kW mnyhfij tifgLJf.

cWnehf
nrhjid
U fhg f mLf
fiuwJ / fiuwJ / fiuwJ /
ma

nrj
fiuaiy fiuaiy fiuaiy
x vGwJ / x x vGwJ / x vGwJ /
nH eGt Lf
vGgiy x vGgiy x vGgiy
rhu flJ
flJwJ / flJwJ / flJwJ /
jik (fhg,
fljiy fljiy fljiy
f, ngl)

Ko:
vLJbfhl bghUf
U xU _______. fhg f xU _______. mLf xU _______

nkY ma

Inorganic chemistry - Puri and Sharma - Vishal publications.
izajs
www.freshney.org
www.authorstream.com

222
 myF 6

msa
 myF 6

msa
nfhil LKiw xU eh eh aa msfis
mUzh jdJ njh Rth msgjF gytifahd
tUiffhf o fhUwh. myF Kiwfis gagLJ
beLneu fJ if xU nwh. vLJfhlhf nyhl,
Fill Rth tUwh. ik, brol, mo Mad
mUzh : vd Rth! kiHah sfhd myFf. ijngh
bgwJ? Fill tUwhna? nyhuh, uh, g nghwit
Rth : iy mUzh. btna iw myFfshF.
fLikahd bt Ugjh Fil gdhL myF Kiw (SI myF Kiw)
vLJ nghFgo vdJ mkh 1971 M Mo vilf kW
Tdh. msf ga bghJ Tlik
mUzh : Mkh Rth. bjhiy ToaJ. midtU xnu uhf
fh br Tl neiwa btg gagLjjf myF Kiwahf SI
iy 42C vd Tdhf. W myF Kiw mfglJ. SI myF
ma

mijl mfkhf UF ngh

Kiw gntW msfSfhf
csnj!
myFf iyahf tiuaWf
Rth : btgiyia Ff
gLsd. nkY, Kiw kw
eh gagLJ myFjh vdF
FHgkhf csJ. eh midtU myF Kiwfisl wghdjhF.
btgiyia bra vw J mQ gf mogil
mynyna TWnwh. Mdh, vdJ mikjJ. vdnt, fhyij bghUJ
mzh W fhiy btgiy khwhjJ. nkY, J gagLJtjF
myF bf jh vW Tdh. f vaJ.
mUzh : rnjfij vdJ SI myF Kiw VG mogil
jijl nfL bjJbfh msfis, gy t msfis
nth.(mUzh jij X Ma) cslaJ.
(mtf mUzh jijl s, iw, fhy Mat
rnjfij nffnt mt myFfis g eh mnth.
myFfis g mtfSF jnghJ nkY y mogilms
bjthf sfkjh). f myFfis bjJ bfhnth.
xU Fl msit msj btgiy
vgJ mj kig iyahd xU bghU vts Nlhf
kbwhU knghL xL myJ Fahf csJ
TWtnjahF vgij eh mnth. vgij Fgnj mbghU
j iyahd ms myF vdgL. btgiy vgij eh mnth.
vLJfhlhf 300.. vg 300 btgiyia msl bra,
vgJ vk, .. vgJ myF. ghu nghw msL Kiwf
vj xU msit myF yhk gagLjgLwd.
msf KoahJ.
224
 msa

ltiu nk ltiu
msL Kiw
(a gfo cUFiy ) ( bfhiy)
bra 0OC 100OC
ghu 32OF 212OF

bf msL Kiw vgJ 100
btgiyia msL kbwhU C = (F-32) X
180
msL KiwahF. SI Kiw
btgiy myF bf MF. 5
ciwiy bra mso C = (F-32) X
9
0OC. Mdh mj btgiy
_yTWf afnyna ij gagL ghu
Uwd. mit -273OC jh msoid bra[hf khwyh.
X iyia milwd. njngh bra msoid
vdnt -273 C vgJ jR
O ghulhf khw
btgiyahF. mJnt bf C
btgiy ltiuahf (F-32) = X 180
100

ma
bfhsgLwJ. vdnt,
9C
-273OC = 0 K (F-32) =
5
0OC = 273 K
9C
nkY bra myFKiw F= + 32
5
cs vF btgiy bf
my jfgLwJ. bf msoid bra
btgiy msL Kiwfis msthf khWj
khWj -273OC = 0 K
ghu msoid bra 0OC = 273 K
msthf khWj
100OC = 373 K
nkl, ltiufSF
ilnas f fzFf
vif bra msnfh 1. 37OC ia ghu msthf khWf
100 Mf, ghu msnfh 9C
F= + 32
180 Mf csJ. vdnt 5
9 X37
F= + 32
5
C F-32 F = 98.60F
=
100 180

225
 myF 6

2. 100OF I bra msthf khWf 3. 40OC I bf msthf khWf

-273OC = 0 K
5
C = (F-32) X 0OC = 273 K
9
5 40OC = 273+40
C = (100-32) X
9
C = 37.7 40OC = 313 OK
1000F = 37.70C

fh:
1. 98OF I bra msthf khWf
2. -40OC I ghu msthf khWf
3. 32OC I bf msthf khWf

myF IS myF FpL

m
ma

s l

iw nyh uh kg

fhy dho s

btgiy bf K

ndhl Ma A

bghU
nkh mol
ms

xbr nfoyh cd

ndhl x ms
SI myF Kiw
ndhlfhd myF Ma SI myF Kiw x brit
MF. msf gagL myF nfoyh
bghU ms MF. v bkGFt xW bt
L x br njhuhakhf xU
SI myF Kiw bghU
nfoyhF rk.
ms nkh (mol) vw myfh
msfgLwJ. .
226
 msa

SI myF Kiw gw ntoa kuf

1. myFf FpLfis FLnghJ My vGj a
vGij gagLjglntL. v.fh. l vgij m vW,
nyhuh vgij kg vW vGjntL.
2.ma mPf bgaf cs myFf Fpil My
vGj bga vGij gagLj ntL. v.fh. N-Newton, W - watt
3.ma mPf bga bfhl myFfis My KGikahf
vGJnghJ a vGjh vGj ntL. v.fh. newton, joule, watt.
4. FpLfis gik vGj TlhJ. v.fh 30 kg, 30 kilogram vd
vGjntL.
5. Wj Fpil myFf Ko gagLjTlhJ. v.fh m. vW
vGjTlhJ m vd vGjntL.

x msid blg vw myid gagL msnwh.

ma
yeLf msid l msnfhyh msnwh.

tU myF khwf nj nehffhf my.

s myFf
10 .. = 1 br.
10 br. = 1 bl.
10 bl. = 1 = 100 br.
10 = 1 blfh.
10 blfh. = 1 bA. = 100
10 bA. = 1 . = 1000
. l, br. brol,
bA. - bAlh l, . - nyhl
iw myFf
10 . = 1 br.
10 br. = 1 bl.
10 bl. = 1 = 1000= .
10 = 1 blfh.
10 blfh. = 1 bA. = 100
10 bA. = 1 . = 1000
1000 . = 1 bkfh.
= 1 bk l
. - uh, br. - bro uh,
bA. - bAlhuh, . - nyhuh

227
 myF 6

ut gUk myFf
10 . = 1 br.
10 br. = 1 bl. = 100.
10 bl. = 1 = 1000 .
10 = 1 blfh.
10 blfh. = 1 bA. = 100
10 bA. = 1 . = 1000
.- l, br. bro l,
bA.-bAlh l, .- nyh l
gu myFf
100 r.. = 1 r.br.
100 r.br. = 1 r.bl.
100 r.bl. = 1 r..
100 r. = 1 r.blfh. = 1 V
100 r.blfh. = 1 r.bA. = 1 bAnl
100 r.bA. = 1 r..
r.. rJu l, r.br. rJu brol, r.bl. rJu bll, r. rJu l,
r.bA. rJu bAlhl
ma

nkY mJ bfhnth
ekJ mwhl th tHf cs y msL brhf
1 mo = 30.48 br..
1 rJu mo = 30.48 br. x 30.48 br.
= 929.0304 rJu br..
1 u = 2400 rJu mo
1 F = 145.2 rJu mo
1 br = 435.60 rJu mo
1 Vf = 43560 rJu mo = 300 F = 100 br
eilKiw t KGikgLjgl kfns
gagLjgLwd.

bra 6.1
f tF gF tht gagho cs msL Kiwfis
bjhFJ vGJf.

228
 msa

kL
1. uhK, kJ UtU egf. mtf miw msid msf KaY
nghJ, uhK mjid mo vw myfhY kJ l vw myfhY
msf Udhf. Ut ah gdhL myF Kiwgo rahd
myF Kiwia gagLJwh?
2. bghUJf
t. v ms myF
1. btgiy nfoyh
2. bghUms bf
3. xbr nyhuh
4. iw dho
5. fhy nkh

3. fltW vJ rahd tha?

m) ir myF Newton M) ir myF newton

ma
4. KUf ndhlid msf Uwh. mt vj myid
gagL msfyh vd TWf.
5. rah, jtwh? vdTWf.
m) myFf Fpoid vGj a My vGij gagLj
ntL.
M) my Ko Wj Fpil gagLj ntL.
) myFfis vGjh vGJnghJ gik vGjTlhJ.
<) iw SI myF Kg
bral : gntW msL fUf glfis nrfJ
glbjhF xiw jah brf.

nkY ma
f 1. P
 hysics vol (1) and(2) - Satya Prakash - Rahul Jain V K (India)
Enterprises, NewDelhi-2

2. The Physics Quick reference guide - E.Richard Cohen 1996 -

American Institute of Physics.

izajs www.metrication.com
www.surfnet.org/wiki/A-level-physics
www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/unit

229
 myF 7

myF 7
ma

ir mGjK
230
 ir mGjK

7. ir mGjK
KUfD yh 8M tF gY khztf. ehnjhW mtj
th eilbgW braghLf ytiw nH glfshf bfhLfgLsd.

ma
wj, Fj, cijj,
Gj, jSj nghw braf ir myF
ehnjhW e th eilbgW gdhL myF Kiw (SI myF
braf ythF. braf Kiw) ir myF l(N)
midJ mit vbghUJ MF.
bragLwdnth mt
iyia khWwd.
nkny gl cs braf
midJ Gj myJ jSj
vw brafSFnsna mlF
tij ftfsh? j_y
bghU iyia khw Gj
myJ jSj nghw VnjD xU r Ir l (1642-1727)
Ka njitgLwJ vgij ma cy fwj
mnwh. jifa Kaiana mayhsfS xUt. t
ir vnwh.
yhJ ehil rhj
xU bghU iyia khw myJ fjayhs, aayh,
khw KaF tif mjJ
bragL jSj myJ Gj
thayh. ir SI myF
brany ir MF. t bga tHfgLwJ.

231
 myF 7

vdnt, ir xU bghU
ntfij khWwJ myJ mj
irF ntWy myFfS aF iria khWwJ. y
cL. il, nyhuh ir, neuf uilnk khWwJ.
g ir Mait ir
xU bghU ntfnyh, mj
myFfns.
aF irnyh uoYnkh
7.1. bghUf af iy VgL khwij bghU af
iy Vgl khwkhf Twyh.
ir xU bghUJ bragL
nghJ mbghU iy VgL vdnt, irahdJ xU bghU
khwfis Jbfhs nfh af iy khwij
FLfis bfhL xU isahL VgLJwJ.
isahLnth. ir vnghJ xU bghU iy
A vw nfhFil Xl Lf. khwij VgLj ntoa
mj dhUJ B vw nfh mtaiy. vLJfhlhf cfsJ
Flh mojh vd fwJ? miw Rtiu iffsh j
vd fhngh. nfhFL A ghUf. f vts ir
Kig l D ntfkhf XLwJ. bfhLjhY Rt eftiy. jdh,
Vbd, nfhFL B MdJ f ir brYjiy vd MfhJ.
ma

A J xU iria brYJwJ. f bfhLj ir, Rtiu efj

nghJkhdjhf iy. mtsnt!
nkY, uL nfhFLf C ,
Dia vLJ bfhnth. uL bra 7.1
nfhFLfis gl xU bf kilia
fhoathW vbu ir oJbfhf. cdJ egid
XlL mtiw nkhj Lnth. cid neh xU bf gij
nkhjYF C kW D vw vkhW TWf. vagL gij
uL nfhFLf XL kilah X mo. nghJ g
ir khLtij fhnwh. af iy VnjD khw
F C kW DF ilna ir fwjh?
bragLtnj irkhwF
fhuz.
B A

C D

232
 ir mGjK

7.2.ir braghL kW zz Vbfdnt af cs xU

isf bghU ntfij khwyh.
tU mltiz y zz xU Fl ir aF
Niyf mltiz Kj bghU iria khwyh.
bjhFY, y braf glf z z xU b g h U t o t i j
ulhtJ bjhFY khwyh.
bfhLfgLsd. NiyF
VwthW glfis bghUJf. zz tW VnjD y myJ
midJnk ir isthf
nkfl braUJ irahdJ
eilbgwyh.
zz X iyYs xU bghUis
af brayh. nkfl midJ brafSnk
ir braglhk eilbgwhJ vgij
bra 7.2 eh Fghf mJ bfhnth.

bjhF 1 bjhF 2
7.3. bjhL irf
ekh xU ghidia bjhlhknyna
f Kokh? xU nkiria e
X ifah bjhlhknyna js Kokh?

ma
iyYs
xU bghUis bghJthf, xU bghUJ
efj iria brYj mbghUnshL eh
xU bjhlig VgL bfhs
ntosJ. bjhLtj_y xU
Vbfdnt bghUJ iria brY, mj
af af iy khwid VgLJ
cs xU
bghU
ntfij
khWj

xU Fl
ir
aF
bghU
iria
khWj

xU
bghU
totij
khWj

233
 myF 7

nthkhdh mjifa iria

bjhLir vnwh. bjhlh irf
nkfl braf ghidia
fnth, nkiria jsnth
jirf braghlhjh ekh fhj < iy
iria bfhLf KojJ. j ir ir ir
iria jir ir vd
Twyh. jir _y bfhLfgL
7.4.1. fhj ir
ir bjhLir jhnd? bra 7.3
bjhLir ntW VnjD U rl fhjfis vLJ
tiff csdth? vd Muhnth. bfhnth. xU fhjij nkir
nghwbjhU bkikahd guJ
isahLl cUnlhL itngh. nghJ kbwhU fhj
xU gJ gogoahf ntf FiwJ xU Kidia nkir Js
W W LwJ. isahL
fhj xU KidfU bfhL
l f tGtGghf Ujh
tUnth. vd fwJ? vgij
gJ D mf u
ftngh. mLJ, U fhjfis
cUnlhoUF myth? V?
jna vLJL, ekJ if cs
ma

g ntf Fiwa fhuz, fhj kbwhU Kidia nkir

gF isahL lYF cs fhj KidfUnf bfhL
ilna xU ir bragLwJ. j brnth. L vd fwJ?
irna g ntf Fiwa vgij ftngh.
fhuz. ir cuh ir
vdgL. cuh ir vnghJ
aF bghU irF v
ir mikJ, mj afij
vF tif UF.
F cuh irahdJ
isahL lYF gJF
ilna VgL bjhldh
cUthwJ. cuh ir VnjD
U bghUfSilna VgL
bjhldh cUthwJ. mU
bghUf VnjD xnwh,
U fhjfSilna cs
uLnkh af Uf
iria czu fhjf uL
ntL. cuh ir xU bjhL
xiwbahW bjhLbfhoUf
irjhnd? M.
ntoaJ mtakhdjh? mta
7.4. bjhlh irf iy. F xU fhj kbwhU
fhjJ iria mjndhL
xU bghUJ neuo vj bjhlna VgLJwJ.
bjhl bragL irf vdnt, fhj ir vgJ xU bjhlh
bjhlh irf vdgL. ir MF.
234
 ir mGjK

7.4.2. < ir 7.4.3. iy ir

xU bf u moj
gJ V L jiunf tUwJ
vd aUfsh?
kuUJ G khfhnah
myJ Mnsh vnghJ jiuia
nehna Gwnj? bghUf
vbghGJ jiuia nehna
Gwdnt V?
Vbd, ahdJ bghUfis
neh GwJ. ahdJ
bghUf J brYJ
neha Girna <
ir vdgL. < ir vgJ
X < irahF. nkY, ir
xU bjhlh irahF.
bra 7.4

ma
ekJ o bjhiyfh bgoia
mizf KgLnghJ, ekJ iff
cs Ko, bjhiyfh bgo
iuF mU FL gij
ftUnwh myth? V
mthW fwJ?

jF fhuz bjhiyfh
bgo iu }l bgWtnj
MF. }l bgw iu ekJ
iff cs KoJ xU iy
a iria bragLJwJ.
J xU bjhlh irna.

}l bgw xU bghU
< ir vgJ ekJ }l bgw myJ }lkw
F kLnk cila g mW. kbwhU bghUJ bragLJ
cik ekJ ml irna iy a ir
cs midJ bghUfSnk vdgL. J bghUf xnwh
(aitnah, bgaitnah) kw
blhW bjhLbfhshj iy
bghUf J xU < iria
brYJwd. irna < bragLwJ. vdnt, J xU bjhlh
ir vdgL. ir MF.

235
 myF 7

7.5. mGj
bra 7.5
uL jfigfis vLJ
bfhnth. xU ig th
gilahf, kwj th
bkjhf UfL. nghJ
gilahd thcs ig
jffis itJ igia e
njh th_y bjhfLnth.

jfig vilia ekJ

njhgil czU ir _y
czJ bfhnth. mLJ
jffis migUJ
vLJL bkjhd th cs
ig itngh. j igia ekJ
njh bkjhd th _y bjhf Lnth. nghJ czU ir
ma

VnjD khw csjh?

mfykhd th cs jfigia ekJ njh FnghJ Fiwthd
vilia cznwh myth? V?
jfhd ilia tU gFUJ bjJ bfhnth.

bra 7.6
tgl bg xiw,
jhis vLJbfhnth. jh
bg jilahd Kidia
bfhL xU Jisia VgLj
Kanth. nghJ bg Tuhd
Kidia bfhL jh Jisia
VgLj Kanth. bg
viy v Jis VgLj
KojJ?
uL ffY rkkhd ms
iria eh bfhLjhY bg
Tikahd Kidah ekh v
Jis VgLj KowJ. Vbd
mGj bfhLF TKid gu, jilahd Kid guigl
aJ. jdh ir bra mfkhf csJ

236
 ir mGjK

nkfl brafUJ eh xU
ir is, mj bragL
guig bghUjJ vgij J
bfhsyh.
j_y eh xU a aa
brhiy tiuaWfyh. XuyF
gu bragL irna mGj
vdgL.
ir
mGj = --------------------------------------
ir bragL gu
gh ghf (1623-1662)
gdhL myFKiw (SI myF
t gndHh who
Kiw) mGj myF / 2 MF.
ghf (Pa) vw myfhY f wj mayhs. t
msfgL xU FHij Ph. t uh
tU gl xU brf _W ehil nrj fjayhs,
iyf itfgLsJ. aayhs, fLoghs,

ma
viy mj brf mf vGjhs, jJt Ph.
mGjij bfhLF vd
mGj SI myF t
cfsh Tw Kokh? V?
bganl tHfgLwJ.
M
kfis ul
100 l
mGj = -----------------------
2 2

= 50 l/ 2
mGj = 50 l/ 2
m fzif f
Ka brnth!
fgl fzF :
xU ut ir 4 2 gu
xU ut 100 l iria bragLwJ. mj mGj
22 gu brYJwJ v, 25 l/ 2 v, mjJ
mGj vts? bragL ir vts?
ir = 100 l
7.6. kfY thfY
gu = 2 2
VgL mGj
mGj = ?
kf kW thfis ghk
ir f vd miHfyh vgij Kng
mGj = --------------------------------------
ir bragL gu mf. kf vnghJ
237
 myF 7

nehna mGjij bfhLwd. Mdh, ghkf mt midJ

irfY mGjij bfhLwd.
kfsh VgL mGj
bra 7.7
x CLUt Toa xU fzho FHhianah,
xU sho FHhianah vLJ bfhnth.
FHh s 15 br Mf mj l 5
br UJ 7.5 br tiu UfL. ey xU
lkhd W ug Jil vLJ bfhnth
(xU ug g W JlhfTl
Ufyh)
ug Jil FHh xU Kid Wf
fLnth. FHhia neuhf oJ bfhL
FHhF J CWnth. ug JL
btna bgUfkiltij ftngh.
nghJ FHhF msit FJ
bfhL nkY CWnth. ug JL
ma

bgUfkiltj msit ftnjhkhdh

ms mff ug Jo bgUf mfkhtij czuyh.
vdnt, kf mogF mGj, mk bkhj cauij
bghUjJ vgij j _y mayh.

bra 7.8
cgnahfyhj xU sho j ghoiy vLJ bfhnth. mj
moKidfU xU W fzho FHhia bghUJnth. fzho
FHhia brUf mj Kidia J neu
NLgL, d sho gho vjhf
brUfyh. j brUfgl lUJ
fah tz brJ bfhnth. fzho
FHh kWKid xU W ug Joid
Wf fLnth. nghJ gho jiu
ghasF unth. vd fhnwh?
fzhoFHh Kid cs ug JL
JFwJ. nghJ D mfkhf j
CWnth. nghJ ug JL D
mfkhf JFtij fhzyh.

j _y kf mit cs fy gffY mGj

bfhLwd vgij J bfhsyh.

238
 ir mGjK

bra 7.9
sho j ghoiy
vLJ bfhnth. mj
moUJ rk cau
RY ehF W Jisfis
Lnth. nghJ gho
jiu unth. eh
fhgJ vd? ehF
Jisf tna
bttU j rk
u brW Gtij
fhnwh.

j _y utf
xnu MH xnu ms
mGjij bfhLwd
vgij J bfhsyh.

ma
bra 7.10

sho j
ghoiy vLJ
bfhnth. gho
btntW cauf
_W Jisfis
Lnth. nghJ
gho iu unth.
eh fhgJ vd?
_W Jisf
tna bttU
j btntW
uf Gtij
ftnwh. MH
mff j G
uK mfwJ.
j _y utf MH mff mGjK mfF vgij
mayh.

239
 myF 7

bra 7.11
uL rkkhd mss fzho Kfitfis vLJ bfhnth. xU
fzho Kfit js jU kbwhU Kfit jUF
rkkhd ms ghjurij vLJ bfhnth. uL Kfitfis
xbthwhf ekJ if itJ mtW vj Kfit mf fdkhf
njhWwbjd fhngh.

U KfitfS rk mGjij e iffJ brYJwdth? iy.

uo mGjfS rkkhf Ugiy. ghjur cs Kfit j
cs Kfitial mf
mGjij bfhLwJ. Vbd
ghjur ml j ghjur
mlial mf. vdnt
utf mGj mt
mlia bghUjJ vd eh
mayh.

bra ghjurF gyhf

nj myJ sbfbzia
ma

gagL brJ ghf.

j cs xU fzho
Ftis Y, yY xnu ms
mGjij bfhLFkh? iy. fl MHkhd gFf
<ir y < mGj f mf. jdh
iria l mf. jdh, j fl Fgtf (Sea divers)
Ftis yit l mf
jfis ghJfhJ bfhs,
mGjij bfhLwJ.
jbfd jahfgl
vdnt, utf mGj
wghd cilfisna
< iria rhjJ vd mayh.
gagLJt.
mGjij tU rkgho
_y flayh. mizfLf mogF
nk gFial f
P = hdg
jokdhf, cWahf,
P = ut mGj
flgLwd. Vbd
h = utjg cau
mogF mGj
d = ut ml
f mf.
g = < KLf

240
 ir mGjK

bra 7.12
xU ug gij vLJ
bfhnth. g RY Vuhskhd
Jisf Lnth. nghJ gij
D mK, mjD iu
unth. nghJ gij btna
vLJ e ifah gij mGJnth.
vd fwJ?
g midJ Jisf
UJ j rkkhd ms
bttUwJ. j_y eh mtJ mGj bttUtij
vd? fhzyh. l bfhLfgL
mGj midJ Jisf
tahf rkkhf flj
gLtij nrhjid fhLwJ.
Jnt ghf ahF.

brJ ghngh

ma
gl fhosthW _W
ghufis vLJbfhnth.
7.7. ghf mt mogFUJ rk
_lgl iy xU ut cauF Jisf L mt
xU gF bfhLfgL mGj rk cauF CWnth.
khdJ, mj midJ gFfY vghu Jis tna mf
rkkhf fljgLwJ. gig mGj tUwJ? fhuz
KjKj brJ fhoat ghf TWf.
vw ma mP. vdnt, J
ghf vW miHfgLwJ.
e mwhl th gagLJ
a fUfshd (Hydraulic
devices) k mf (JCB - Earth
excavator), kG jilf
nghwit jJt
mogilnyna ntiy brwd. 7.8. thf VgL mGj
FLitia RY iwa gykhf fhW RnghJ
Jisf cs X cUilahd eh mjid vJ rhiy
FLitia vLJ bfhnth. elUngh. fhiw vJ
FLit fGJ gF nkY elF eh VnjD iria
G afjf tif l czUnwhkh? ekJ
xiw bghUJnth. FLit to laf cs fhW
u, lid nH jSnghJ, uggl o btojh bgU x
midJ Jisf tahf rk nfwjyth? vjdh?
241
 myF 7

tkly mGjij msj

tkly mGj vyh l
fY xnu msthf Ugiy.
UJ nkny bry bry
tkly mGj FiwwJ.
tkly mGjij msf
gagL fU ghukh (Barometer)
MF.
. 1643 lhbr vw
jha ma mP, Kj
ghjur ghukhia cUthdh.
muhL ghukh kW gho
ghukh Ma ghukhfS
thfS mit UF tkly mGjij msf
gagLwd.
fy gff mGjij
bfhLwd. bra 7.13
7.9. tkly mGj xU Ftis vLJ bfhnth.
ekJ ahdJ fhwh xU cRFHh (Straw) vLJ m
ma

Fl cauF NH ghas iu cRnth. ekJ

gLsJ ekJ ia R Mfho uyh cRFHh
s fhW ciwiana nk Kidia _Lnth. nghJ
tkly vnwh. tkly cRFHhia iuL btna
nkny gy nyhlf vLngh. vd fwJ? eh uiy
cauF guJsJ. fhW vLJlh vd fwJ?
kly J brYJ
mGjnk tkly mGj
vdgL.
mGj vgJ XuyF gu
bragL ir vgij eh
mnth. nk XuyF
guig fUJnth. mguJ
f caukhd fhWcUis bra 7.14
tkly cauksF
xU ikuia
csjhf fgid brnthkhdh
mjifa fhWcUis vilna vLJ bfhnth.
tkly mGj MF. mj F gFia
flkl ms tkly mG fhiw
mGj k 1,00,000 btnaL,
2 5 2
l/ (10 l/ ) MF. mj KKidia
UJ eh nkny brybry ikD itJ ifia vLjh
tkly mGj ms vd fwJ?
FiwwJ.
242
 ir mGjK

uL guf xw J
bt uf btF kbwhW efU nghnjh efu KgL
brYnghJ w cilfis nghnjh cUthF irna cuh
mwhf. V bjkh? ekJ ir vdgL.
clD cs uj mGjkhdJ
cuh Vgl fhuz guf
clYF btna cs fhW
mGjij <Lbr tif
cs nkLgsfns MF. ekJ
mfkhf csJ. bt ffSF f tGtGghf bj
fhW iy. jdh, mF bt gufTl cik Vuhskhd
mGjK iy. jdh ekJ nkLgsfis bfhoUF.
clD cs mf mGj j nkLgsfis bfhl U
fhuzkhf ekJ cl cs guf xwJ kbwhW efU
ujFHhf btoJL. nghJ nkLgsf xWbfhW
jid jgjfhfnt bt izJ bfhwd. jdh,
uf mGj bfhLF w bghUf efu, j izig
cilfis mwhf. Kaof eh mf iria
bfhLf ntosJ. brhubrhu
7.10. cuh ghd guf nkLgsf f
mf. vdnt, cuh ir

ma
FHijf fh rfufis
brhubrhughd guf mf.
fo bfhL rW isahLtij
ghUnwh. ekh btW 7.10.1. cuhit ghF
fhyh rW isahl Kokh?
fhuf
ekJ fhiy jiu njf
KgL nghJ fh afij cuh ir tU fhufis
vF irna cuh vdgL. rhJsJ.
cuh ir xU bjhLir 1. iw
vgij Kdnu goUnwh. 2. bjhl bfhS gu
jik.
bghU iw mfjh,
cuh ir mfF. xU
U Fil bf gij
xnu neu jiu cUo lh
bf gJ U Fill
mf u brwJ. V?
gu tGtGghf UFnghJ
cuh ir Fiwthf UF. xU
gij isahL ikjhd kW e
L jiu cUo LnghJ
j ntWghil mayh.

243
 myF 7

7.10.2. cuh-mwhl th cuh ikf

gF 1. cuh fhuzkhf btg
e mwhl th cuh xU cUthwJ. nkY, j
Ka gF twJ. cuh fhuzkhf vuf ghff
afij jLgjh mJ ik njwd.
gawJ vd eh idfyh. 2. thfdf laf kW
Mdh, mJ njitahd xU F. fhyf moghf nghwit
mJ vthW vd fhngh? cuhdh njkhd
cuh mta milwd.
1. cuh ir csjhjh eh
jiu elfnth Xlnth 7.10.3. cuhit mfjY
KowJ. cuh ir Fiw FiwjY
jhnyh iybawhnyh ekh ehnjhW e th cuh
jiu elf KoahJ. nH njitia g eh mnjh.
GJ Lnth. cuhit mff Kokh?
2. bgoF, FF fhyf mogF nkL
ilna cuh iy v, gsf Ugij eh gh
ma

Fia gwitf KoahJ. Unwh. mJ V? mnkL

3. ngUJ, kGJ nghw thfd gsf Ugjdh jh cuh
f rfufSF, rhiy mfJ jiunahL ey oig
F cuh ir Ugjhnyna VgLJwJ.
mit rhiy bry KowJ.
laf fhzgL nfhLnfhlhd
4. ekJ ngdh KidgFF gsf kGJf, ouFf,
jhSFilna cuh ir nlhrf jiunahL ey
iyba, ekh vGj izig VgLj cjwd.
KoahJ.
tGtGghd jiuf kz
myJ shfgl ff (gravel)
nghwtiw tj _y
cuhit mffyh.

244
 ir mGjK

cuhit mfgJ nghynt guilna bghU cUthf

cuhit Fiwf Ko. gLwd. it Tiu f
cuhit Fiwj (Ceiling fan) tof (bicycles)
1. jFj ca bghUfis ga nkhlh tof (motor cycles)
gLJtj _y cuhit nghwt mRF FlJF
Fiwfyh. v.fh. vbz (hub) il bghUjgL
(a vufSF) cuhit bgUks Fiwf
(bga vufSF). gagLwd.
cUil jh

2. gufis tGtGghFtj
_y mtiw bkikah
mj_y cuhit

ma
Fiwfyh.
3. rfuf uL gufS
ilna cs cuhit
bgUks Fiwwd.

cUil
jh

cuhit xU nghJ KY
4. cUil jhfis (Ball xf KoahJ. midJ
bearings) gagL gufS nkLgsfis
cuhit Fiwfyh. njD cilaitna.
cUil jhf (Ball bearings) nkLgsfsw gufns iy
a v~F gJfis cnyhf vdyh.

245
 myF 7

kL

1. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

m) mGj myF / 2 j myif ____________ vd Twyh.
(ghf, l, #&)
M) fl kl ms tkly mGj k ____________
( 105 l/ 2, 107 l/ 2, 103 l / 2 )
2. nfhol lij uf
cuh xU _______________ ir (bjhL/bjhlh)
3. bghUJf
m) rfufS cUil jhfS bjhlhir
M) nfhLnfhlhd gsf ghf mogil
) k mff (JCB) cuhit mfF
<) M, kuUJ Gj cuhit FiwF
ma

4. fl brhbwhl cs iHia UJf.

y < irahdJ < irF rk.
5. fl brafis bjhLir myJ bjhlhir vd tifgLJf.
m) ehfhia Fj
M) bjid kuUJ njfh Gj
) rhiyF to rfuF ilna cs cuh ir
<) W fhjJLf gh <fgLj
c) U fhjfSF ilna cs ir
6. mUYs glij cW neh fl dhfSF ilaf..
m) A vw cs mGjK B vw cs mGjK
vthW ntWgLwJ?
M) B vw mGjkhdJ D vw jugL
mGjijl mf TW rah? ckJ ilF fhuz
TWf.
) A kW C Ma f mGjfis
xLf.
<) gl UF gyhf ghjur Ujh A
kW D Ma f mGj vthW
UF?
246
 ir mGjK

7. mGj = ir / gu vgij mnth.

xU ut J 50 l ir bragLwJ. jdh, mut
25 l/ 2 mGjij czwJ. mGj bragL gu vts
vgij fhf.
8. mD mtU ehF brffis bfhL isaho
bfhoUjd. m jlUj ehF brffis gl
A csthW mLdh. mt, gl B csthW rW caukhf
mLdh.
fltiw rahd thijia njbjLJ uf. (rkkhf,
mfkhf, Fiwthf)
m. jiuJ A bfhLF irahdJ B
bfhLF irF ______ csJ.
M. jiu A milJbfhS gu B
milJbfhS guF ______
csJ.
 iuJ A brYJ mGj B brYJ
. j

ma
mGjF ______ csJ.
9. mGj p=hdg vw rkgho cjbfhL msfglyh vgij
mnth.
xU brtf totbjho ghu ut usJ. bjho
cau 2 . ghu ml 800 ./ 3 . < KLf k
10 /2 vd bfhlh, mbjho mogF mGj vts
UF? bjhoD 1 MH mGj vts UF?
10. Rntjh caukhd TKids mogFia cila fhyia
mJsh. kJ jilahd mogFia cila fhyia
mJsh. UtU rkms cauK vil cilatf.
tf UtU cf fhiy jh ahUila fhy mf tia
VgLJ? V?
11. Rth brw thu CoF kG brwh. kGJ kiyJ
VbfhoUFnghJ jDila fhJf milJ bfhtij,
J neuF wF rahtij czjh. kiy VWnghJ kL
mthW ftjfhd fhuz vd?
12. eh UJ nkny bry bry tkly mGj _________
( mfF/ Fiw)
13. Fku jDila to mUYs filF brwh. to
brY t mf Xiria vGaJ. LF Ual
to y gFf vbz lh. nghJ to
Xir iy. V?

247
 myF 7

14. cuh ir, bghU iwia rhjJ vgij mnth. eh xU

U Fil fhgij jiu cUslh vgJ mf
uF brY V?
15. xU cRFHh tna cRnghJ ut nkny tUwJ. V vd
sFf.
16. xU fh y gFf cuh Fiwfgl ntL. kW y gFf
cuh mtakhdJ. fltF uL vLJfhLf jUf.
m) fh cuh mtakhd gFf
M) cuh Fiwfgl ntoa gFf
17. muR, xU bghUfhF brwh. mF X mu xU juth
Tikahd Mfis cila xU MgLif gLJ vGtij
flh. nkY mjuthF vj fhaK Vgliy. muR
ijfL f ajh. j d cs jJtij
muRF cfsh sf Kokh?
lg
ma

xU brfiy vLJbfhf. mj s, mfy kW cauid

msJ bfhf. brf vilia ca juh cjbfhL msJ
bfhf. nghJ brfiy nkirJ btntW iyf kh
kh itJ xbthU Kiw mJ nkiria bjhL guig fhf.
brf vilna mJ nkirJ bfhLF ir kghF.
nghJ btntW iyf brf nkirJ bfhLF
mGj kig fhf. cfsJ kLfis mltizgLJf.
njngh jf, kufil nghw bghUf njitahd msfis
msJ mit nkirJ brYJ mGjid fzL
mltizgLJf.

248
 ir mGjK

bkblbg miunfhs
17M whil nrj b#k ehil nrj ma mP
Mnlhth FUnf vgt xU fy cs fhiw btnaW
g xiw fljh. mgig bfhL tkly mGj
iria fwghdbjhU nrhjidia bfhL sdh. mt 51
br.. lKila uL miunfhsfis xW nrJ, mjD cs
fhiw g cjbfhL btnadh. d, xbthU gfY
8 Fiufis bfhL Gf brjh. mtwh miunfhsfis
f ayiy. tkly mGj mjifa tikilaJ.

ma
nkY ma

f Advanced Physics - Keith Gibbs-

Cambridge University Press (1996)
Physics Foundations and Frontiers - G.Gamov and
J M Cleveland - Tata McGraw Hill 1978
Complete Physics for IGCSE - Stephen pople-
Oxford University Press

izajs www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pressure

www. starwars.wikia.com/wiki/the force

www.powermasters.com/heat energy.html

www.thetech.org/exhibits/online/topics/lla.html

www.kidwind.org

249