Beruflich Dokumente
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Chapter 2
Limit of a Function
8 (2, 8)
6
4 (2, 3) 3
-4 -2 2 4
-4 4
3. No2 limit
2 as x 0. 4. lim2 2 x 1 = 2
x5
4
5
(5, 2)
-4 -2 2 4 -5 5
-5
-4
x 1 x 3x
2 2
5. lim2 2 = lim (x + 1) = 2 6. lim2 2 = lim (x 3) = 3
x1 x 1 x1 x0 x x0
5 5
(1, 2)
-5 5 -5 5
(0, 3)
-5 -5
73
74 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
7. No limit as x 3. 8. No limit as x 0.
3 3
3 6 -3 3
-3 -3
x3 x4 1
9. lim =0 10. lim =2
x0 x x1 x2 1
3 3
(1, 2)
-3 (0, 0) 3 -3 3
-3 -3
11. lim f (x) = 3 12. No2 limit
2 as x 2.
x0
(0, 3) 3 3
-3 3 -3 3
-3 -3
3 3
(2, 0)
-3 3 -3 3
-3 -3
19. Correct
20. Incorrect; lim+ 4
x=0
x0
2.1. LIMITS AN INFORMAL APPROACH 75
21. Incorrect; lim 1x=0
x1
22. Correct
24. Correct
25. Correct
27. Incorrect; lim 9 x2 = 0
x3
28. Correct
29. (a) Does not exist (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 2 (e) 0 (f) 1
30. (a) 2.5 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) Does not exist (e) 0 (f) 0
22 22
31. 4 32. 4
-4 4 -4 -2 2 4
-2
-4 -4
22 22
33. 4 34. 4
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
-2 -2
-4 -4
22 22
-1
-0.5 0.5
-2
-0.5 -3
The
limit is 0.25. The
limit is 3.
22 22
39. 40.
-0.5 0.5 5
-1
-0.5 0.5
-2
-5
-3
1 cos x
44. Since is an even function, it suffices to consider only x 0+ .
x2
x 0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
f (x) 0.49958347 0.49999583 0.49999996 0.50000000
lim f (x) = 0.5
x0
x
45. Since is an even function, it suffices to consider only x 0+ .
sin 3x
x 0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
f (x) 0.33838634 0.33338334 0.33333383 0.33333334
2.2. LIMIT THEOREMS 77
tan x
46. Since is an even function, it suffices to consider only x 0+ .
x
x 0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
f (x) 1.00334672 1.00003333 1.00000033 1.00000000
lim f (x) = 1
x0
2. cos = 1
3. 12
4. 3
5. 4
78 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
6. 125
7. 4
8. 136
9. 8/5
11. 14
12. 4
13. 28/9
x2 6x x(x 6) x 6
14. lim = lim = lim =
x6 x2 7x + 6 x6 (x 1)(x 6) x6 x 1 5
15. 1
16. 16
17. 7
18. 3
20. 16
y 2 25
21. lim = lim (y 5) = 10
y5 y + 5 y5
u2 5u 24
22. lim = lim (u + 3) = 11
u8 u8 u8
x3 1 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
23. lim = lim = lim (x2 + x + 1) = 3
x1 x 1 x1 x1 x1
t3 + 1 (t + 1)(t2 t + 1) t2 t + 1 3
24. lim = lim = lim =
t1 t 1
2 t1 (t + 1)(t 1) t1 t1 2
(x 2)(x + 5) 8(15)
25. lim = = 60
x10 x8 2
2x + 6 2(x + 3) 1 1
26. lim = lim = lim =
x3 4x 36
2 x3 4(x + 3)(x 3) x3 2(x 3) 12
x3 + 3x2 10x x(x + 5)(x 2)
27. lim = lim = lim x(x + 5) = 14
x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
t3 2t + 1 (t 1)(t2 + t 1) t2 + t 1 1
29. lim = lim = lim =
t1 t + t 2
3 2 t1 (t 1)(t + 2t + 2)
2 t1 t + 2t + 2
2 5
x3 1 1
30. lim x3 (x4 + 2x3 )1 = lim = lim =
x0 x0 x4 + 2x3 x0 x + 2 2
(x + 2)(x5 1)3 2(1) 1
31. lim+ = =
x0 ( x + 4) 2 16 8
32. lim x x + 4 3 x 6 = 2 2 3 8 = 4 2
x2
x2 + 3x 1 1 x2 + 3x
33. lim + = lim = lim (x + 3) = 3
x0 x x x0 x x0
1 6 1 6
34. lim 2 = lim
x2 x 2 x + 2x 8 x2 x 2 (x 2)(x + 4)
x+4 6
= lim
x2 (x 2)(x + 4) (x 2)(x + 4)
x2 1 1
= lim = lim =
x2 (x 2)(x + 4) x2 x + 4 6
35. does not exist
37. 2
2 2
38. 3
4
r 2 2 r
h h 16 h 128
39. lim = lim (h2 + 8h + 16) =
h4 h+5 h4 h4 h+5 3
40. 16
r r
5 x3 64x 5 x2 64
41. lim = lim = 2
x0 x2 + 2x x0 x+2
42. 100, 000
43. a2 2ab + b2
p
44. lim u2 x2 + 2xu + 1 = lim u2 2u + 1 = lim (u 1)2 = |u 1|
x1 x1 x1
(8 + h)2 64 16h + h2
45. lim = lim = lim (16 + h) = 16
h0 h h0 h h0
1
46. lim [(1 + h)3 1] = lim (h2 + 3h + 3) = 3
h0 h h0
80 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
1 1 1 1 x (x + h) h
47. lim = lim = lim
h0 h x+h x h0 h (x + h)x h0 hx(x + h)
1 1
= lim 2 = 2
h0 x + hx x
x+h x x+h x x+h+ x
48. lim = lim
h0 h h0 h x+h+ x
(x + h) x 1 1
= lim = lim =
h0 h( x + h + x) h0 x + h + x 2 x
t1 t1 t+1 1 1
49. lim = lim = lim =
t1 t 1 t1 t 1 t + 1 t1 t + 1 2
u+43 u+43 u+4+3
50. lim = lim
u5 u5 u5 u5 u+4+3
u5 1 1
= lim = lim =
u5 (u 5)( u + 4 + 3) u5 u+4+3 6
25 + v 5 25 + v 5 25 + v + 5 1+v+1
51. lim = lim
v0 1+v1 v0 1+v1 1+v+1 25 + v + 5
v 1+v+1 1
= lim =
v0 v 25 + v + 5 5
4 x + 15 4 x + 15 4 + x + 15
52. lim = lim
x1 x 1
2 x1 x2 1 4 + x + 15
1x
= lim
x1 (x + 1)(x 1)(4 + x + 15)
(x 1)
= lim
x1 (x + 1)(x 1)(4 + x + 15)
1 1
= lim =
x1 (x + 1)(4 + x + 15) 16
53. 32
54. 64
1
55.
2
r
4
56. = 2
2
57. does not exist
58. 8
59. 8a
3
60.
2
2.3. CONTINUITY 81
x100 1 x100 1
61. (a) lim = lim
x1 x2 1 x1 (x + 1)(x 1)
1 x100 1 1
= lim = 100 = 50
x1 x + 1 x1 2
x50 1 x50 1 x50 + 1
(b) lim = lim 50
x1 x 1 x1 x 1 x +1
x100 1 1 1
= lim 50 = 100 = 50
x1 x 1 x +1 2
(x100 1)2 x100 1 x100 1
(c) lim = lim = 100 100 = 10, 000
x1 (x 1)2 x1 x 1 x1
2x 1 lim 1
62. (a) lim = 2 lim = 2 x0 =2
x0 sin x x0 sin x sin x
lim
x x0 x
2.3 Continuity
1. Continuous everywhere
2. Continuous everywhere
3. Discontinuous at 3 and 6
4. Discontinuous at 1 and 1
n
5. Discontinuous at , for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2
6. Discontinuous at 3 and + n, for n an integer
2
7. Discontinuous at 2
8. Discontinuous at 0
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9. Continuous everywhere
1
10. Discontinuous at x < 0 and
2
11. Discontinuous at e2
12. Discontinuous at 0
24. Since f (x) is defined and continuous exactly on (1, 5], it is continuous on [2, 4] and discontin-
uous on [1, 5].
25. Since lim f (x) = 4m and lim+ f (x) = 16, we have 4m = 16 and m = 4.
x4 x4
(x 2)(x + 2)
26. Since lim f (x) = lim = 4 we have f (2) = m and m = 4.
x2 x2 x2
27. Since lim f (x) = 3m, lim+ f (x) = 3, and f (3) = n, we have 3m = 3 = n, so m = 1 and
x3 x3
n = 3.
28. Since lim f (x) = m n, lim f (x) = 2m + n, and f (1) = 5, we have m n = 5 and
x1 x1+
2m + n = 5. Adding, we obtain 3m = 10, so m = 10/3 and n = 5/3.
2.3. CONTINUITY 83
n
29. Discontinuous at , n an integer
2
3
-3 3
-3
-3 3
-3
x9 ( x + 3)( x 3)
31. Since lim = lim = lim ( x + 3) = 6, define f (9) = 6.
x9 x 3 x9 x3 x9
x4 1 (x2 + 1)(x2 1)
32. Since lim = lim = lim (x2 + 1) = 2, define f (1) = 2.
x1 x 1
2 x1 x2 1 x1
2 3
33. lim sin(2x + ) = sin lim (2x + ) = sin =
x/6 3 x/6 3 3 2
34. lim2 cos x = cos lim2 x = cos = 1
x x
35. lim sin(cos x) = sin lim cos x = sin(cos ) = sin 0 = 0
x/2 x/2 2
36. lim [1 + cos(cos x)] = 1 + cos lim cos x = 1 + cos(cos ) = 1 + cos 0 = 2
x/2 x/2 2
t2 2
(t )(t + )
37. lim cos = cos lim = cos 2 = 1
t t t t
t t
38. lim tan 2 = tan lim = tan lim = tan = 3
t0 t + 3t t0 t(t + 3) t0 t + 3 3
39. lim t + cos2 t = cos2 = 1 = 1
t
h i3
40. lim (4t + sin 2t)3 = lim (4t + sin 2t) = (4 + sin 2)3 = 43 = 64
t1 t1
84 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
x+3 x+3
41. lim sin 1
= sin1
lim
x3 x2 + 4x + 3 x3 x2 + 4x + 3
x+3
= sin1
lim
x3 (x + 3)(x + 1)
1 1
= sin1
lim = sin1
=
x3 x + 1 2 6
lim cos 3x
42. lim ecos 3x = ex = ecos 3 = e1
x
1
43. Since (f g)(x) = , f g is continuous for x + 3 > 0 or on (3, ).
x+3
5(x 2)2 5(x 2)2 5(x 2)2
44. Since (f g)(x) = = = , we see that f g is continuous
(x 2)2 1 x2 4x + 3 (x 1)(x 3)
for x 6= 1 and x 6= 3 or on (, 1) (1, 3) (3, ).
45. f (1) = 1, f (5) = 15. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 1 8 15, there exists
c [1, 5] such that c2 2c = 8. Setting c2 2c 8 = 0 gives us (c 4)(c + 2) = 0 or c = 2, 4.
On [1, 5], c = 4.
46. f (2) = 3, f (3) = 13. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 3 6 p13, there exists
1 1 4(1)(5)
c [2, 3] such that c2 + c + 1 = 6. Setting c2 + c 5 = 0 gives us c = =
2
1 21 1 + 21
. On [2, 3], c = .
2 2
47. f (2) = 3, f (2) = 5. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 3 1 5, there exists
c [2,
2] such that c3 2x + 1 = 1. Setting c3 2c = 0 gives us c(c2 2) = 0. On [2, 2],
c = 0, 2.
48. f (0) = 10, f (1) = 5. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 5 8 10, there exists
10 5 1 1 1
c [0, 1] such that 2 = 8. Setting c2 + 1 = or c2 = 0 gives us (c + )(c ) = 0
c +1 4 4 2 2
1 1
or c = . On [0, 1], c = .
2 2
49. Since f (0) = 7, f (3) = 242, and 7 50 242, then by the Intermediate Value Theorem
there exists c [0, 3] such that f (c) = 50.
50. Since f (a) > g(a), then (f g)(a) > 0. Since f (b) < g(b), then (f g)(b) < 0. By the
corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists c (a, b) such that (f g)(c) = 0.
Then f (c) = g(c).
51. The equation will have a solution on (0, 1) if f (x) = 2x7 + x 1 is 0 on (0, 1). Since f (0) = 1
and f (1) = 2, then by the Intermediate Value Theorem f (c) = 0 for some c (0, 1).
x2 + 1 x4 + 1 1 1 1 2
52. Let f (x) = + . Then f (0) = > 0 and f (1) = < 0. Thus, by the
x+3 x4 3 4 2 3
corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, f (c) = 0 for some c between 0 and 1, and hence
between 3 and 4.
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2.3. CONTINUITY 85
53. Let f (x) = ex ln x. Then f (1) = e1 ln 1 = e1 > 0 and f (2) = e2 ln2 < 0. Thus,
by the corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, f (c) = 0 for some c (1, 2).
sin
54. Since 2 = 2 , sin = 0, and 0 1 2 , then by the Intermediate Value Theorem,
2
2
sin x 1
there exists c between and such that = .
2 x 2
3
55. In [2, 1] the zero is approximately 1.21. In [1, 0] the zero is approx-
imately 0.64. In [1, 2] the zero is approximately 1.34.
-3 3
-3
3
56. In [0, 1] the zero is approximately 0.75.
-3 3
-3
58. Applying the bisection method to f (x) = 2x7 + x 1 on [0, 1], we find c 0.75.
59. In the solution of Problem 52 we saw that there is a zero in [0, 1]. Applying the bisection
method on this interval, we find c 0.78.
60. (a) If h is the height of the cylinder, then the volume is given by V = r2 h and the surface
S
area is S = 2r2 + 2rh. Solving the latter equation for h, we obtain h = r.
2r
1
Substituting into the formula for V , we find V = Sr r3 or 2r3 Sr + 2V = 0.
2
(b)
5000
10 20
-5000
(c) From the graph, we observe zeros in [3, 4] and [14, 15]. The bisection method gives
1800
r 3.48 ft and r 14.91 ft. The corresponding values of h are h = r 78.84 ft
2r
1800
and h = r 4.29 ft.
2r
86 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
61. Since f and g are continuous at a, then lim f (x) = f (a) and lim g(x) = g(a). From this, we
xa xa
get:
Thus, f + g is continuous at a.
62. Since f and g are continuous at a, then lim f (x) = f (a) and lim g(x) = g(a). From this we
xa xa
get:
Thus, f /g is continuous at a.
63. f g will be discontinuous whenever cos x is an integer. In the interval [0, 2), this will be
the case whenever x = 0, /2, , or 3/2. Thus, f g will be discontinuous for x = n/2, n
an integer.
|x + 1|, x < 0
64. (f g)(x) = is continuous at x = 0.
|x 1|, x 0 3
-3 3
-3
-3 3
-3
65. (a) For any real a, lim f (x) does not exist since f takes on the values 0 and 1 arbitrarily
xa
close to any real number. Therefore, the Dirichlet function is discontinuous at every real
number.
(b) The graph consists of infinitely many points on each of the lines y = 0 and y = 1. In
fact, between any two real numbers, there are infinitely many points of the graph on the
line y = 1 and infinitely many points of the graph on the line y = 0.
(c) Let r be a positive rational number. If x is rational, then x + r is rational so that
f (x+r) = 1 = f (x). If x is irrational, then x+r is irrational so that f (x+r) = 0 = f (x).
sin(4t)
2. lim = 4
t0 t
sin x 0
3. lim = =0
x0 4 + cos x 4+1
1 + sin x 1+0 1
4. lim = =
x0 1 + cos x 1+1 2
cos 2x
5. lim =1
x0 cos 3x
tan x 1 sin x 1 1 1
6. lim = lim = (1 1) =
x0 3x 3 x0 x cos x 3 3
1 sin 4t
7. lim = lim cos t = 4 1 = 4
t0 t sec t csc 4t t0 t
t cos 2t 1
8. lim (5t cot 2t) = 5 lim = 5 lim cos 2t
t0 t0 sin 2t t0 (sin 2t)/t
1
1 5
= 5 lim cos 2t lim =51 =
t0 t0 (sin 2t)/t 2 2
2 sin2 t sin t sin t
9. lim = 2 lim =210=0
t0 t cos2 t t0 t cos2 t
sin2 (t/2) sin(t/2) t sin(t/2)
10. lim = lim
t0 sin t t0 t sin t
sin(t/2) sin(t/2) 1 0
= lim lim = =0
t0 t t0 (sin t)/t 2 1
2
sin2 6t sin 6t
11. lim = lim = 62 = 36
t0 t2 t0 t
t3 t2 1 1
12. lim = lim t = lim t lim =0 2 =0
t0 sin2 3t t0 sin2 3t t0 t0 [(sin 3t)/t]2 3
sin(x 1) 1 sin(x 1) 1
13. lim = lim =
x1 2x 2 2 x1 x 1 2
x 2 x 2 1
14. lim = lim = lim =1
x2 sin x x2 sin(x 2) x2 sin(x 2)/(x 2)
cos x
15. lim does not exist.
x0 x
1 + sin
16. lim does not exist.
/2 cos
cos(3x /2) sin 3x
17. lim = lim =3
x0 x x0 x
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sin(x 2) sin(x 2)
31. First, rewrite lim as lim .
x2 + 2x 8
x2 x2 (x 2)(x + 4)
sin u 1 1 1
Letting u = x 2, we get lim =1 = .
u0 u u+6 6 6
2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS 89
x2 9 (x 3)(x + 3)
32. First, rewrite lim as lim . Letting u = x 3:
x3 sin(x 3) x3 sin(x 3)
h u i
1 1
lim (u + 6) = lim (u + 6) = 6 = 6
u0 sin u u0 (sin u)/u 1
2 sin 4x + 1 cos x 2 sin 4x 1 cos x
33. lim = lim + =8+0=8
x0 x x0 x x
4x2 2 sin x 2 sin x
34. lim = lim 4x = 0 2 = 2
x0 x x0 x
1 + tan x
35. Start by multiplying the function by , producing:
1 + tan x
1 tan x 1 tan x 1 + tan x
lim = lim
x/4 cos x sin x x/4 cos x sin x 1 + tan x
1 tan2 x
= lim
x/4 (cos x sin x)(1 + tan x)
1 1
39. Since 1 sin 1, then |x| x sin |x|. Since lim (|x|) = 0 and lim |x| = 0, then
x x x0 x0
1
by the Squeeze Theorem, lim x sin = 0.
x0 x
40. Since 1 cos 1, then x2 x2 cos x2 . Since lim x2 = 0 and lim x2 = 0, then
x x x0 x0
by the Squeeze Theorem, lim x cos = 0.
2
x0 x
1
41. For both limits, we use the result from Problem 39, lim x sin = 0:
x0 x
1 1 1
(a) lim x3 sin = lim x2 x sin = lim x2 lim x sin = 0 0 = 0
x0 x x0 x x0 x0 x
1 1 1
(b) lim x2 sin2 = lim x sin lim x sin =00=0
x0 x x0 x x0 x
42. |f (x)| B means that B 0 and therefore B f (x) B. Thus, Bx2 x2 f (x) Bx2
in that interval. Since lim (Bx2 ) = 0 and lim Bx2 = 0, then by the Squeeze Theorem,
x0 x0
lim x2 f (x) = 0.
x0
43. Since lim (2x 1) = 3 and lim (x2 2x + 3) = 3, then by the Squeeze Theorem, lim f (x) = 3.
x2 x2 x2
44. Since |f (x) 1| x2 , then f (x) 1 x2 , or f (x) x2 + 1 when f (x) 1 > 0. However,
f (x) x2 + 1 is in fact true for all x, since x2 0 for all x. Similarly, we have x2 f (x) 1,
or x2 + 1 f (x) for all x. Since lim (x2 + 1) = 1 and lim (x2 + 1) = 1, then by the Squeeze
x0 x0
Theorem, lim f (x) = 1.
x0
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45. Let t = x . Thus, x = t + and we have the following substitutions:
4 4
2 2
sin x = sin(t + ) = sin t cos + cos t sin = sin t + cos t
4 4 4 2 2
2 2
cos x = cos(t + ) = cos t cos sin t sin = cos t sin t
4 !4 4 2 ! 2
2 2 2 2
sin x cos x = sin t + cos t cos t sin t = 2 sin t
2 2 2 2
sin x cos x 2 sin t
With these substitutions, lim = lim = 2.
x/4 x (/4) t0 t
46. Let t = x . Thus, x = t + . Substituting, we get:
x t t
lim = lim = lim
x tan 2x t0 tan(2t + 2) t0 tan 2t
1 1 1 1
= lim = lim = =
t0 tan 2t t0 1 sin 2t 12 2
t cos 2t t
48. Let t = . Substituting in the same way as in Problem 47, we get:
2 x
cos(/x) (sin t)( 2t) sin t 2t
lim = lim = lim lim =
x2 x2 t0 4t t0 t t0 4 4
sin x
49. f is continuous at x = 0 because lim = 1 = f (0).
x0 x
x, x>0 sin x
50. Since |x| = , knowing that lim = 1 means:
x, x<0 x0 x
x2 3x 1 3/x 1
9. lim = lim =
x 4x + 5
2 x 4 + 5/x 2 4
x2 1
10. lim = lim =
x 1 + x2 x 1/x2 + 1/x4
11. 5
6 1
12. lim3
+
5
=0
x x x
8 x (8/ x) 1 1
13. lim = lim =
x 1 + 4 x x (1/ x) + 4 4
1+73x 1/ 3 x + 7 7
14. lim = lim =
x 23x x 2 2
3x x1 3 1 1/x 1 5
15. lim = lim =3 =
x x + 2 2x + 6 x 1 + 2/x 2 + 6/x 2 2
3 3
4x2 + 1
x 1 4 + 1/x2 1 8
16. lim = lim = 23 =
x 3x + 1
2x2 + x x 3 + 1/x 2 + 1/x 3 3
r s r
3x + 2 3 + 2/x 1 2
17. lim = lim = =
x 6x 8 x 6 8/x 2 2
r s r
2x 1 2 1/x 2 1
18. lim 3
= lim 3
= 3
=
x 7 16x x 7/x 16 16 2
x + x2 + 1
1
19. lim x + 1 = lim x
x2 +1 x2 = lim =0
x x x+ x +1
2 x x + x2 + 1
p p x2 + 5x + x
20. lim x + 5x x = lim
2 x + 5x x
2
x x x2 + 5x + x
5x 5 5
= lim = lim p =
x x + 5x + x x 1 + 5/x + 1
2 2
5 5
21. lim cos = cos lim =1
x x x x
x 1
22. lim sin = lim sin = sin lim =
x 3 6x x 3/x 6 x 3/x 6 2
2.5. LIMITS THAT INVOLVE INFINITY 93
x x
|x|
23. lim sin1
x
= lim sin1 p = lim sin1 p x
x 4x + 1
2 x 4 + 1/x2 x 4 + 1/x2
" !#
1 1
= sin 1
lim p = sin
1
=
x 4 + 1/x 2 2 6
x 1 1
24. lim ln = lim ln = ln lim = ln 1 = 0
x x+8 x 1 + 8/x x 1 + 8/x
4x 1
+
4x + 1 |x| |x| 4 1/x
25. Start with = p . From this, lim f (x) = lim p = 4 and
x +1
2 1 + 1/x 2 x x 1 + 1/x2
4 + 1/x
lim f (x) = lim p = 4.
x x 1 + 1/x2
p p
9x2 + 6 9 + 6/x2 9 + 6/x2 9
26. Start with = . From this, lim f (x) = lim = =
5x 1 5x 1 x x 5 + 1/x 5
p|x| |x|
3 9 + 6/x2 9 3
and lim f (x) = lim = = .
5 x x 5 1/x 5 5
2x 1
+
2x + 1 |x| |x| 2 1/x 2
27. Start with = p . From this, lim f (x) = lim p = =
3x + 1
2 3 + 1/x 2 x x 3 + 1/x 2 3
2 3 2 + 1/x 2 2 3
and lim f (x) = lim p = = .
3 x x 3 + 1/x2 3 3
6 3
5 + +
5x2 + 6x + 3 |x| x2 5 6/x + 3/x2
28. Start with =p . From this, lim f (x) = lim p =
x4 + x2 + 1 1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4 x x 1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4
5 5 + 6/x + 3/x2 5
= 5 and lim f (x) = lim p = = 5.
1 x x 1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4 1
lim e x
lim e x
0 lim e x
ex ex x x x
29. lim x = =
x e + ex
lim ex + lim ex 0+ lim ex
x x x
ex
= lim = lim 1 = 1
x ex x
ex ex lim e lim ex
x
lim ex 0
lim = x x = x
x ex + ex
lim ex + lim ex lim ex + 0
x x x
ex
= lim x = lim 1 = 1
x e x
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lim 2ex
2ex x
30. lim 1+ x =1+
x e + ex
lim e +
x lim e x
x x
lim 2e x
2ex
x
=1+ = 1 + lim = 1 + lim 2 = 3
x ex x
0+ lim ex
x
lim 2ex
2ex x 0
lim 1+ =1+ = 1 + lim x = 1
x e + ex
x
lim ex + lim ex x e
x x
|x 5| x + 5 1 + 5/x
31. lim = lim = lim = 1
x x5 x x 5 x 1 5/x
|x 5| x5
lim = lim =1
x x 5 x x 5
|4x| + |x 1| 4x (x 1) 5x + 1
32. lim = lim = lim
x x x x x x
5 + 1/x
= lim = 5
x 1
|4x| + |x 1| 4x + x 1 5x 1 5 1/x
lim = lim = lim = lim =5
x x x x x x x 1
35. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: x = 1
Horizontal asymptote: none
-5
2.5. LIMITS THAT INVOLVE INFINITY 95
36. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: x = 1
Horizontal asymptote: y=1
-5
37. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: x = 0, x = 2
Horizontal asymptote: y=0
-5
38. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: none
Horizontal asymptote: y=4
-5
39. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: x=1
Horizontal asymptote: y=1
-5
10
40. 10
Vertical asymptote: x=0
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1
-10
10
-10 10
41. Vertical asymptote: none
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1, y = 1
-10
10
47.
-5 5
-5
48. -5 5
-5
49. -5 5
-5
-5 5
50.
-5
3 3 3/x sin 3/x
51. lim x sin = lim x sin = lim x(3/x)
x x x x 3/x x 3/x
3 sin 3/x sin 3/x
= lim x lim = lim 3 lim
x x x 3/x x x 3/x
m0 m0 m0
52. lim p = lim = lim ; so as v c , m .
vc 1 v 2 /c2 vc 1 1 vc 0
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55. -5 5
-5
(a) lim f (x) = (b) lim f (x) 2.7 (c) lim f (x) = 1
x1+ x0 x
1
56. (a) The area of the right triangle shown in Figure 2.5.18 is r2 sin cos . Since there are
2 n n
2n such right triangles, the area of the polygon is:
1 2 1 2 n 2
A(n) = 2n r sin cos = nr 2
sin = r2 sin
2 n n 2 n 2 n
x2
57. (a) lim [f (x) g(x)] = lim (x 1)
x x x + 1
2
x (x 1)(x + 1) x2 (x2 1)
= lim = lim
x x + 1 x+1 x x+1
1
= lim =0
x x + 1
(b) The graphs of f and g get closer and closer to each other when |x| is large.
(c) g is a slant asymptote to f .
98 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
58. All points P are of the form (x, x2 + 1) while all points Q are of the formp(x, x2 ). When the
y coordinates of P and Q are the same, we have x2P + 1 = x2Q or xQ = x2P + 1, and thus
p
the horizontal distance between P and Q is |xQ xP | = | x2P + 1 xP |. Thus:
!
p p x 2 + 1 + x
lim | x + 1 x| = lim
2 x +1x
2
x x x2 + 1 + x
2
x + 1 x2 1
= lim
= lim = 0.
x x +1+x
2 x x + 1 + x
2
26. We need to show that |1/x 1/2| < , whenever 0 < |x 2| < , for an appropriate choice of
. Without loss of generality, we may assume that < 1. Then |x 2| < 1 or 1 < x < 3. For
these values of x, 1/3 < 1/x < 1. Then, for = 2, we have
1 1 1 1 1 1
=
x 2 2 x |2 x| < 2 (1)|x 2| < 2 (2) =
27. Assume lim f (x) = L. Take = 1. Then there exists > 0 such that |f (x) L| < 1 whenever
x1
0 < |x 1| < . To the right of 1, choose x = 1 + /2.
Since 0 < |1 + /2 1| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (1 + /2) L| = |0 L| = |L| < 1,
or 1 < L < 1.
To the left of 1, choose x = 1 /2.
Since 0 < |1 /2 1| = | /2| < ,
we must have |f (1 /2) L| = |2 L| < 1,
or 1 < L < 3.
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Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 1 < L < 1 and 1 < L < 3, we conclude that
lim f (x) does not exist.
x1
28. Assume lim f (x) = L. Take = 1. Then there exists > 0 such that |f (x) L| < 1 whenever
x3
0 < |x 3| < . To the right of 3, choose x = 3 + /2.
Since 0 < |3 + /2 3| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (3 + /2) L| = | 1 L| = |L + 1| < 1,
or 2 < L < 0.
To the left of 3, choose x = 3 /2.
Since 0 < |3 /2 3| = | /2| < ,
we must have |f (3 /2) L| = |1 L| = |L 1| < 1,
or 0 < L < 2.
Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 2 < L < 0 and 0 < L < 2, we conclude that
lim f (x) does not exist.
x3
29. Assume lim f (x) = L. Take = 1. Then there exists > 0 such that |f (x) L| < 1 whenever
x0
0 < |x 0| < . To the right of 0, choose x = /2.
Since 0 < |/2 0| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (/2) L| = |2 /2 L| < 1,
or 1 /2 < L < 3 /2.
To the left of 0, choose x = /2.
Since 0 < | /2 0| = | /2| < ,
we must have |f (/2) L| = | /2 L| < 1,
or 1 /2 < L < 1 /2.
Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 1 /2 < L < 3 /2 and 1 /2 < L < 1 /2,
we conclude that lim f (x) does not exist.
x0
30. Assume lim f (x) = L. Take = 1. Then there exists > 0 such that |f (x) L| < 1 whenever
x0
0 < |x 0| < . Since |f (x) L| < 1 for all x such that 0 < |x| < , we may assume that
< 2. To the right of 0, choose x = /2.
Since 0 < |/2 0| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (/2) L| = |2/ L| = |L 2| < 1,
or 2/ 1 < L < /2 + 1.
To the left of 0, choose x = /2.
Since 0 < | /2 0| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (/2) L| = | 2/ L| = |L + 2/| < 1,
or 2/ 1 < L < 2/ + 1.
2.6. LIMITS A FORMAL APPROACH 101
31. By Definition 2.6.5(i), for any > 0 we must find an N > 0 such that
5x 1 5
< whenever x > N.
2x + 1 2
Now by considering x > 0,
5x 1 5 7 7 7
2x + 1 2 = 4x + 2 = 4x + 2 < 4x <
35. We need to show |f (x) 0| = |f (x)| < whenever 0 < |x 0| = |x| < for an appropriate
choice of . For = ,
(
|x|, x rational
|f (x)| = < whenever 0 < |x| < .
0, x irrational
1. -10 -5 5 10
change in x = h = 2.5 2 = 0.5
change in y = f (2 + 0.5) f (2) = 2.75 5 = 2.25
change in y 2.25
-10
msec = = = 4.5
change in x 0.5
10
2. -10 -5 5 10
change in x = h = 0 (1/4) = 1/4
change in y = f (0 + 1/4) f (0) = 17/16 0 = 17/16
change in y 17/16 17
-10
msec = = =
change in x 1/4 4
10
3. -10 -5 5 10
change in x = h = 1 (2) = 1
change in y = f (2 + 1) f (2) = 1 (8) = 7
change in y 7
-10
msec = = =7
change in x 1
4. -5 5
change in x = h = 1 0.9 = 0.1
change in y = f (1 + 0.1) f (1) = 10/11 1 = 1/11
-5 change in y 1/11 10
msec = = =
change in x 1/10 11
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2
5. change in x = h = =
3 2 6
2 2
change in y = f + f = sin 1 = 3/2 1
-3
2 6 2 3
change in y 3/2 1 3 36
msec = = =
change in x /6
6. change in x = h = =
3 2 6
3 1
change in y = f + f = cos
3 6 3 6 2
-3
3 1 31
= =
2 2 2
change in y ( 3 1)/2 3 33
msec = = =
change in x /6
7. f (a) = f (3) = 3; f (a + h) = f (3 + h) = (h + 3)2 6
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 3)2 6] 3 = [(h2 + 6h + 9) 6] 3 = h2 + 6h = h(h + 6)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h + 6)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (h + 6) = 6
h0 h h0 h h0
With point of tangency (3, 3), we have y 3 = 6(x 3) or y = 6x 15.
8. f (a) = f (1) = 7; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = 3(h 1)2 + 10
f (a + h) f (a) = [3(h 1)2 + 10] 7 = [(3h2 + 6h 3) + 10] 7 = 3h2 + 6h = h(6 3h)
f (a + h) f (a) h(6 3h)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (6 3h) = 6
h
h0 h0 h h0
With point of tangency (1, 7), we have y 7 = 6(x + 1) or y = 6x + 13.
9. f (a) = f (1) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = (h + 1)2 3(h + 1)
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 1)2 3(h + 1)] (2) = (h2 h 2) (2) = h2 h = h(h 1)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h 1)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (h 1) = 1
h
h0 h0 h h0
With point of tangency (1, 2), we have y + 2 = (x 1) or y = x 1.
10. f (a) = f (2) = 17; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) = (h 2)2 + 5(h 2) 3
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h 2)2 + 5(h 2) 3] (17)
= (h2 + 9h 17) (17) = h2 + 9h = h(9 h)
f (a + h) f (a) h(9 h)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (9 h) = 9
h0 h h0 h h0
With point of tangency (2, 17), we have y + 17 = 9(x + 2) or y = 9x + 1.
104 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
8
16. f (a) = f (1) = 12; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = 4
1 + h
8 8 8 8h + 8 8h
f (a + h) f (a) = 4 12 = 8= =
1 + h 1 + h h1 h1
f (a + h) f (a) 8h 1 8
mtan = lim = lim = lim =8
h0 h h0 h 1 h h0 h 1
Since the point of tangency (5, f (5)) is on this tangent line, then
4 48
f (5) = (5) + 4 =
7 7
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 2a + 6,
yielding 2a = 6 and a = 3. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (3, f (3)) = (3, 10).
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 4a + 24,
yielding 4a = 24 and a = 6. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (6, f (6)) =
(6, 94).
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 3a2 3,
yielding 3a2 = 3 and a = 1. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (1, f (1)) = (1, 2)
and (1, f (1)) = (1, 2).
108 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 3a2 +2a,
yielding a(3a 2) = 0 and a = 0, 2/3. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (0, f (0)) = (0, 0)
and (2/3, f (2/3)) = (2/3, 4/27).
s 14t 4t2
v(3) = lim = lim = lim (14 4t) = 14.
t0 t t0 t t0
1 5t3 + t2 5t
34. s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = f (t) f (0) = t2 + 1= = 5
5t + 1 5t + 1
The instantaneous velocity at t = 0 is
s 5t3 + t2 5t 5t2 + t 5
v(0) = lim = lim = lim = 5.
t0 t t0 (5t + 1)t t0 5t + 1
35. (a) s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = f (1/2 + t) f (1/2) = 4.9(1/2 + t)2 + 122.5 121.275
= 4.9t2 4.9t
The instantaneous velocity at t = 1/2 is
s 4.9t2 4.9t
v(1/2) = lim = lim = lim (4.9t 4.9) = 4.9 m/s.
t0 t t0 t t0
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s 49t2 49t
v(5) = lim = lim = lim (49t 49) = 49 m/s.
t0 t t0 t t0
p
36. (a) Setting 12 gt2 + h = 0 and solving for t > 0, we obtain t = 2h/g.
p
(b) Earth: timpact = 2(100)/32 = 2.5 s
p
Mars: timpact = 2(100)/12 4.08 s
p
Moon: timpact = 2(100)/5.5 6.03 s
1 1 1
(c) s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = g(t0 + t)2 + h ( gt20 + h) = gt2 gt0 t
2 2 2
The instantaneous velocity at timpact is
1
s gt2 gt0 t 1
v(timpact ) = lim = lim 2 = lim gt gt0 = gt0 .
t0 t t0 t t0 2
(f) From (d), the projectile impacts at t = 16 s. From (e), v(t) = 256 32t so v(16) =
256 32(16) = 256 ft/s.
(g) The maximum height is reached when v(t) = 0: 256 32t = 0 gives us t = 8 s. Since
s(t) = 16t2 + 256t, we have s(8) = 16(82 ) + 256(8) = 1024 ft.
38. (a) s(4) 1.3 ft; s(6) 2.7 ft
s(6) s(4) 2.7 1.3
(b) vave = = 0.7 ft/s
64 2
(c) The instantaneous velocity at t = 0 is the slope of the tangent line to the graph at t = 0.
In this case, v0 1 ft/s.
(d) t 3 s
(e) The velocity is decreasing where the slopes of the tangent lines are decreasing; in this
case, for 0 < t < 3.
(f) The velocity is increasing where the slopes of the tangent lines are increasing; in this
case, for 3 < t < 7.
39. The slopes m of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) and m0 of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) are:
f (a + h) f (a) f (a + h0 ) f (a)
m = lim ; m0 = lim
h0 h h0 0 h0
As defined in Section 1.2, an even function is a function which is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis: f (x) = f (x) for all x. Since f is even, then f (a) = f (a) and f (a + h0 ) =
f ([a + h0 ]) = f (a h0 ), resulting in:
f (a h0 ) f (a) f (a + [h0 ]) f (a)
m0 = lim = lim
0
h 0 h0 h0 0 h0
CHAPTER 2 IN REVIEW 111
40. The slopes m of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) and m0 of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) are:
f (a + h) f (a) f (a + h0 ) f (a)
m = lim ; m0 = lim
h0 h 0
h 0 h0
As defined in Section 1.2, an odd function is a function which is symmetric with respect to
the origin: f (x) = f (x) for all x. Since f is odd, then f (a) = f (a) and f (a + h0 ) =
f ([a + h0 ]) = f (a h0 ), resulting in:
f (a h0 ) [f (a)] [f (a h0 ) + f (a)]
m0 = lim 0
= lim
0
h 0 h 0
h 0 h0
Without loss of generality, we apply the substitution h0 = h to obtain:
[f (a h0 ) + f (a)] [f (a + h) f (a)]
m0 = lim 0
= lim =m
0
h 0 h h0 h
41. To show that the graph of f (x) = x2 +|x| does not possess a tangent line at (0, 0), we examine
h2 + |h| h2 + h
lim+ = =h+1=1
h0 h h
whereas
h2 + |h| h2 h
lim = = h 1 = 1
h0 h h
f (0 + h) f (0)
Since the right-hand and left-hand limits are not equal, we conclude that lim =
h0 h
h2 + |h|
lim does not exist, and that therefore f has no tangent line at (0, 0).
h0 h
Chapter 2 in Review
A. True/False
1. True
2. False; lim x 5 = 0.
x5+
|x|
3. False; lim = 1.
x0 x
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2
4. False; lim e2xx = 0.
x
1
5. False; lim tan 1
= .
x0+ x 2
6. True
7. True
1 1
9. False; consider f (x) = , g(x) = 4 , and a = 0.
x2 x
1 1
10. False; consider f (x) = , g(x) = , and a = 0.
x 2 tan2 x
12. True
15. True
(
1, x<0
16. False; consider f (x) = and a = 0.
1, x>0
(
1, x3
17. False; consider f (x) = .
2, x>3
18. True; since lim [(x a)f (x)] = [ lim (x a)][ lim f (x)] = 0 f (a) = 0.
xa xa xa
19. True
x
21. False; since is undefined for x < 0.
x+1
22. False; the slope m of the tangent line at (3, f (3)) is 1. There is not enough information to
determine the value of f (3).
CHAPTER 2 IN REVIEW 113
2. 1
3. -1/5
4. -1/2
5. 0
6. 3/5
7.
8. 0
9. 1
10. 1/4
11. 3
12. 4
13.
14. 0+
15. 2
x2 f (x) x2
16. Dividing by x2 we have 1 2 1. Since lim 1 = 1 = lim 1, by the Squeeze
3 x x0 3 x0
f (x)
Theorem we have lim = 1.
x0 x2
17. 10
18. 8
19. continuous
20. 2
21. 9
22. Since f (x) = x2 is continuous, lim f (g(x)) = f ( lim g(x)) = f (9) = (9)2 = 81.
x5 x5
114 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
C. Exercises
5
5
1. 2.
-5 5 -5 5
-5
-5
3
5
3. 4.
-3 3
-5
-3
-5
3 6
18. For f (x) to be continuous everywhere, we must have f (1) = 5 = lim+ (ax + b) and f (3) =
x1
3a + b = lim+ (3x 8). Thus, we get two equations 5 = a + b and 1 = 3a + b. Solving for a
x3
an b yields a = 2, b = 7. Therefore:
x + 4, x1
f (x) = 2x + 7, 1 < x 3
3x 8, x>3